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Indiana Geological Survey Occasional Paper 67
The Euclid Bluestone of Northeastern Ohio:
Quarrying History, Petrology, and Sedimentology
Joseph T. Hannibal, Benjamin A. Scherzer, and David B. Saja
The Cleveland Museum of Natural History
Abstract
Euclid bluestone (the Euclid Member of the Upper Devonian Bedford Formation) is a dense, well-indurated, very
fine grained sandstone that crops out in northeastern Ohio
in and near Cleveland. The unit was quarried early in the
nineteenth century, even earlier than documented quarrying of the more famous bluestones of New York State. Euclid bluestone was most famous for its use as flagstone for
sidewalks. It was used extensively in the Cleveland area, and
was shipped outside of northeastern Ohio to towns and cities between Milwaukee and New York and southward as far
as Washington, D.C. Most Euclid bluestone quarries were
closed in the first decades of the twentieth century because
of the lessening demand for sidewalk stone. Only one quarry,
located on the eastern edge of the Cuyahoga Valley in southern Cuyahoga County, has produced stone in recent decades.
The stone quarried there has been broken to produce blocks
suitable for riprap and landscaping. The Euclid at this quarry
is quartz-rich, with minor albite (±microcline), muscovite,
chlorite (±biotite), and accessory minerals (zircon, apatite,
and magnetite), all enclosed in a ferroan-dolomite matrix.
Euclid bluestone is a distal Catskill wedge deposit composed
of finer material than that of the more proximal New York
and Pennsylvania bluestones.
Introduction
Euclid bluestone is a very fine grained sandstone that
has been quarried in northeastern Ohio for most of the last
two centuries. It is considered to be an informal unit by the
Ohio Geological Survey. The Euclid is the densest of the major northeastern Ohio sandstones; it was known for its compact nature and strength (Bownocker, 1915, p. 69–70; Van
Horn, 1931, p. 107–111). Euclid bluestone was especially
recommended for use as flagstone. The Euclid historically has
been used for elegant sandstone sidewalks that once graced
most of the streets of Cleveland and other northeastern Ohio
cities (Hannibal and Palermo, 1980). Sidewalks in other cities and towns in the region between New York and Chicago
were also paved with Euclid bluestone flagging (Bownocker,
1915, p. 70). In addition, the Euclid bluestone was used for
exterior steps, foundations for homes and other structures,
tombstones, windowsills, capstones and other cut-stone
building trim, fences, laundry tubs, and even billiard tables,
as well as for aggregate and crushed stone (Bownocker, 1915,
p. 70; Van Horn, 1931, p. 107–111; personal observations of
the authors). It has occasionally been used for exterior walls
of buildings, including the old Euclid City Hall in Euclid,
Ohio. Euclid bluestone was also crushed for use as a component of concrete, but recently it has been used mainly for
riprap along the Lake Erie shore and along stream banks, and
as decorative landscape stone.
This paper provides a comprehensive review of the
quarrying history of the Euclid bluestone, documents the
last producing quarry, and comments on the petrology and
sedimentology of the unit on the basis of samples from this
quarry. Brief comparisons also are made to the classic bluestones of New York and Pennsylvania. In this paper, the initial letters of both parts of the name of formal rock units, for
instance, “Berea Sandstone,” are capitalized, but only the first
part of informal rock units, for instance, “Euclid bluestone,”
are capitalized.
What is the Euclid Bluestone?
The Euclid bluestone is a very fine grained sandstone
that crops out on the east side of Cleveland, and in areas east
and south of Cleveland, and is mainly exposed east of the
Cuyahoga River. The Euclid crops out in several Cleveland
area parks, including the Euclid Creek and Brecksville reservations of the Cleveland Metroparks, and along Doan Brook
at the Cleveland/Cleveland Heights border. The lip of one
of the largest waterfalls in Cuyahoga County, on Mill Creek
in southeast Cleveland, is composed of the Euclid bluestone.
Prosser (in Morse and Foerste, 1909, p. 166; see also Prosser,
1912, p. 373) formally named the Euclid bluestone for Euclid Creek, where the unit is 26.25 ft (8 m) thick, and was
long quarried.
The word “bluestone” refers to its reputed color. Matthew Read (1879, p. 215), an early Ohio Geological Survey
geologist, called it a blue quarry-rock. John Strong Newberry
(1873, p. 188), Ohio’s most prominent nineteenth-century
geologist, noted that it was the “blue stone” of the Cleveland
market. George Merrill (1891, p. 278), the great nineteenthcentury building stone expert, called it a “deep blue-gray
color.” Prosser (1912, p. 367) described it as a bluish-gray
sandstone at its type locality, and Bownocker (1915, p. 68)
called it a blue sandstone. However, only one of the samples
noted by Van Horn (1931, p. 108) was light bluish gray; another was light yellow. The rock’s name is perhaps more colorful than the rock itself, as the stone has a bluish cast only
when it is freshly exposed. To complicate things, the term
“bluestone” has long been used for types of rock other than
sandstone. “Sandusky blue stone,” for example, is a limestone
(Bownocker, 1915, p. 61). Thus the name “bluestone” was,
and remains, more of a commercial appellation than an accurate descriptive term (Dickinson, 1903, p. 5; Bowles, 1917,
Please reference this paper in the following manner: Hannibal, J. T., Scherzer, B. A., and Saja, D. B., 2007, The Euclid Bluestone of northeastern
Ohio--Quarrying history, petrology, and sedimentology, in Shaffer, N. R., and DeChurch, D. A., eds., Proceedings of the 40th Forum on the
Geology of Industrial Minerals, May 2–7, 2004, Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana Geological Survey Occasional Paper 67, p. 70-81
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Proceedings of the 40th Forum on the Geology of Industrial Minerals
History of Quarrying
Historically, the three most important rock units quarried for building stone in northeastern Ohio were the Euclid
bluestone, the Berea Sandstone, and the Sharon Formation.
The Berea (Hannibal, 1985; Hannibal and others, 2006),
still quarried for dimension stone, is the best known of these.
The Sharon was used for dimension stone in the nineteenth
century and is used for crushed stone today (Hannibal and
Foos, 2003; Hannibal, 2006). Although it was an important
dimension stone quarried for most of the nineteenth and
twentieth centuries in the Cleveland area, the Euclid is the
least studied of these rock units.
Euclid bluestone has been quarried along a northeastsouthwest–trending, arcuate outcrop area in and east of
Cleveland (fig. 1) (Cushing and others, 1931, pl. 20;
Lewis, 1988, fig. 5). It was one of the first stones quarried in
the Cleveland region, as the Euclid was the closest available
dimension stone both stratigraphically and geographically to
the growing town of Cleveland in the early 1800s.
Portions of the Euclid are composed of or weather to
thin, flaggy beds (fig. 2) utilized early in the first decades of
the nineteenth century. Slabs pried from rock outcrops along
streams and elsewhere could be directly used for sidewalk
stone after trimming. Indeed, Van Horn (1931, p. 107) noted that thin beds were used without sawing into the twentieth
century, although to a limited extent. Beds a few inches thick
could also be trimmed for use as tablet-style gravestones, in
vogue during the early 1800s (Bauer and others, 2002), and
as capstones for field- or rough-stone walls. As water power
and then steam power were harnessed for cutting stone in
the nineteenth century, thicker slabs could be cut using gang
(multiple-blade) saws into desired thicknesses, ready for use
as sidewalks or steps.
Euclid
Creek
81 45’ N
41 30’ W
4
Cleveland
5
6
7
BLUESTONE
3
2
1
N
ga
aho
Cuy iver
R
p. 94; Albanese and Kelly, 1991, p. 191). One of the best
classic definitions of eastern U.S. bluestone is that of Berkey
(1908, p. 156), reiterated by Bowles (1939, p. 97–101), who
defined the stone as “an indurated arkose sandstone.”
The Ohio Geological Survey now considers the Euclid
bluestone to be an informal unit, as did Van Horn (1931),
but others have considered it to be the Euclid Member of
the Bedford Formation (for example, Pashin and Ettensohn,
1995). It has also been called the Euclid sandstone lentil
(Morse and Foerste, 1909, p. 166); the Euclid lentil (Prosser,
1912, p. 373); the Euclid Siltstone Member (for example, de
Witt, 1951; Pepper and others, 1954, p. 12); and the Euclid
sandstone (Prosser, 1912, p. 370). The unit is Upper Devonian (Famennian) in age (Pashin and Ettensohn, 1995), but has
been considered to be Mississippian by a number of authors
(for example, Pepper and others, 1954).
The Euclid is a discontinuous, lens-shaped layer. When
seen at any particular locality, the unit appears to consist of
thick horizontal layers, but these layers thin out laterally and
become discontinuous. Thus the Euclid is found only in part
of the outcrop area of the Bedford Formation.
0
0
5 Miles
5
Kilometers
Figure 1. Sketch map of Cuyahoga County, Ohio, showing representative localities where Euclid bluestone has been quarried.
The Cuyahoga River and Euclid Creek are shown, as is the present outline of the city of Cleveland. More than a dozen quarries
once dotted Cuyahoga County. Locations shown: 1) Independence quarry, Independence Township; 2) Boyas quarry, Valley
View, Independence Township; 3) Caine quarry, southeast Cleveland (once part of Newburgh Township); 4) Lake View Cemetery
quarry, Cleveland Heights; 5) Rockefeller quarry, Forest Hill Park,
Cleveland Heights; 6) Maxwell/Malone quarry, South Euclid (once
part of Euclid); 7) Forest City (McFarland) quarry, South Euclid
(once part of Euclid). The star indicates the site of the quarry
town of Bluestone, South Euclid (once part of Euclid).
Several quarries in the early 1800s were opened just east
and south of what was then the little town of Cleveland. This
predates the documented beginnings of the famous bluestone
quarries of the state of New York, which began production
in the mid-1800s, according to Bowles (1939, p. 97) and
Albanese and Kelly (1991, p. 196). The quarries may have
opened slightly earlier, however, as Merrill, writing in 1886,
Figure 2. Photograph (1985) of weathered flaggy beds of Euclid
bluestone at Lake View Cemetery.
72
noted (1889, p. 454) that the quarries in Ulster County, New
York, (the classic early bluestone quarries) were “worked for
upwards of forty years.”
Euclid bluestone was quarried in the early 1800s along
Doan Brook (a quarry locality noted by Prosser, 1912, p.
361; see also Post, 1930, p. 125), and probably in Cedar
Glen and vicinity, near today’s border of Cleveland with the
inner-ring suburb of Cleveland Heights. This area was then in
the northern part of Newburgh Township, a large township
south of Cleveland known simply as Newburgh (also spelled
“Newburg”). In this region, township names were commonly
used without the epithet “township” (Kilbourn, 1833, p. xv).
Thus some of the early quarries, such as those along Doan
Brook, were noted as being in “Newburgh” in older references, but are no longer located in that township because of
its subsequent shrinkage and dismemberment.
One of the very first railways in the Cleveland area was
the Quarry Railroad operating from 1834 to 1849, which
ran from bluestone quarries at the top of Cedar Hill to East
101st Street and then to Cleveland’s Public Square (Post,
1930, map in front of book and p. 124–127). The relatively
high position of the bluestone beds in the section facilitated transport via gravity and horse-power on this primitive
railway. (A downtown Cleveland stretch of a horse-powered
railway is depicted in an 1874 atlas of Cuyahoga County
[Lake, 1874]).
In an 1838 cross section, Whittlesey (1838, plate inserted
between p. 56 and 57) depicted Kingsbury’s quarry, probably
owned by James Kingsbury (1775–1847), on the bluffs just
south of the then-small town of Cleveland. This quarry was
located in what is now the southeastern part of Cleveland,
then part of Newburgh Township. A possible location for
Kingsbury’s quarry is along Kingsbury Run, near the intersection of today’s Woodhill and Kinsman Roads, but the Euclid
has not been mapped as occurring in this area (see Cushing
and others, 1931, pl. 1). Whittlesey (1838, p. 57) described
the rock now known as the Euclid near the Kingsbury’s quarry as being a 25-ft-thick (7.6-m-thick) layer of “fine-grained,
compact, blue sandstone … with ripple marks.” At that time
the Euclid remained unnamed. He noted that “[t]his bed furnishes building and flagging stone of a good quality, and is
extensively quarried for use, and also for exportation. It splits
with the greatest precision.”
The heart of Newburgh Township (the “town” of Newburgh on the geological map of Cuyahoga County in Newberry, 1873; not to be confused with the township itself ),
now part of southeast Cleveland, was the site of important
early quarries. Falls in this area, along Mill Creek, provided
water power for mills and industry (Ostrowski, 2001), and
the Euclid was quarried at places along the stream (Lake,
1874, p. 87; Prosser, 1912, p. 348–349; Bownocker, 1915,
p. 71–72). Quarrying here began very early. In his memoirs,
Theodatus Garlick (1869) noted that by 1820 his brother
Abel had been making tombstones from a “fine blue sandstone” that was subsequently used for sidewalks. Abel
Indiana Geological Survey Occasional Paper 67
Garlick’s 1818 advertisement (reprinted in Butler, 1963,
p. 140) notes that his stone was from Dr. Long’s quarry,
which, according to Theodatus Garlick (1869), was along
Mill Creek where Dr. Long (probably physician David Long)
and others had established a stone saw mill “some years before” (that is, before 1820). The 1880 U.S. Census (Table 1)
records the largest and best-known quarry at this location,
that of W. H. Caine, as opening in 1865. At the time of the
census, “Ohio Blue Stone” was quarried and dressed here for
shipment by rail, principally to Detroit, Michigan. In the
1880s, insurance maps (Sanborn, 1886) show that the Caine
Stone Company used six gang saws at its stone works, located
500 ft (about 152 m) south of Broadway and Miles Street, to
cut the stone at their stone works near the Mill Creek quarry.
Samples from the Caine quarry were analyzed for crushing
tests (see Van Horn, 1931, p. 109) as was the Berea Sandstone
from the quarries in Berea, Ohio. The average crushing load
Van Horn recorded for the Berea was 9,980 psi, and that of
the Euclid was 13,957 psi.
Thick beds of the Euclid along Euclid Creek in what
was then Euclid Township (see Newberry 1873, p. 188) but
now is South Euclid first drew attention in the 1860s. Several quarries (Table 1) (Lake, 1874, p. 121; Flaningam, 1934)
were opened along or near Euclid Creek. The Euclid was also
quarried from about 0.5 to 1 mile (0.8 to 1.6 km) to the west
of Euclid Creek along the easternmost branch of Nine Mile
Creek. The first such quarry in Euclid Township may have
been that of Duncan McFarland, which opened in 1867, according to Flaningam (1934; see also South Euclid Golden
Jubilee Book Committee, 1967, p. 12), along the east bank
of Euclid Creek. However, the opening date was reported as
1876 by the U.S. Census (1880).
By the late 1870s, Read (1879, p. 215) was able to report
that “at the Newburg, Kingsbury and East Cleveland quarries
the deposit is … a serviceable stone for walls, window sills,
etc., and for sawing into flagging stone.” He noted that one
firm at East Cleveland (almost certainly one of the quarries
in old Euclid listed in Table 1) produced about 50,000 cubic ft (1,415.8 cubic m) of flagstone per year, and that stone
from Newburgh was much used in and outside of Cuyahoga
County. Orton (1884, p. 581) described the stone (mistakenly under the name “Berea grit,” which also was quarried
in the region and sometimes used for flagstone) as being extensively quarried at Newburgh and Euclid and used “almost
exclusively for paving the sidewalks of Cleveland and of many
other northern cities, especially in the state of Michigan.”
The town of Bluestone located in Euclid Township, in
what today is South Euclid, became a boomtown of sorts in
the 1890s, with five nearby quarries, and a post office, two
stores, two saloons, a church, and a temperance hall (Flaningam, 1934; South Euclid Golden Jubilee Book Committee,
1967, p. 12). Competing stone companies operated in this
area and railway spurs were put in to move the stone to market. The town appears on the U.S. Geological Survey Euclid,
Ohio, 1903 15-minute topographic map (and on plate 20
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Proceedings of the 40th Forum on the Geology of Industrial Minerals
Table 1. Euclid bluestone quarries in operation in Cuyahoga County between June 1, 1879, and May 31, 1880, from 1880 products of
industry reports of the census (U. S. Census, 1850–1880).
Name
Location
Year opened
Stone type
Mode of
transportation
Principal
market
W. H. Caine
Cleveland
1865
Ohio Blue Stone
rail
Detroit
Forest City Stone Co.1
Euclid
(now South Euclid)
1871
Blue Free Stone
wagon, rail, and water
Detroit, Milwaukee,
Buffalo,
Washington, D.C.
Slawson Meeker & Co.
Euclid
(now South Euclid)
1872
Blue Free Stone
wagon, rail, and water
Detroit, Milwaukee,
Buffalo,
Washington, D.C.
Maxwell & Malone
Euclid
(now South Euclid)
1872
Blue Free Stone
wagon, rail, and water
Detroit, Milwaukee,
Buffalo,
Washington, D.C.
MacFarland Bros.
Euclid
(now South Euclid)
18762
Blue Free Stone
wagon, rail, and water
Detroit
Geissendorfus3 &
Sherman
Independence
1880
Blue Stone
wagon and canal
Cleveland
Produced sawed stone flagging which was exhibited at the 1878 International Exhibition (U.S. Centennial Commission, 1876).
Reported as opening in 1867 in Flaningam (1934) and South Euclid Golden Jubilee Book Committee (1967, p. 12).
3
Spelling is difficult to read on original.
1
2
in Cushing and others, 1931). Business slowed in the early
1900s, the Bluestone post office closed in 1910, and the bluestone industry in this area closed down by 1920 (Flaningam,
1934). The appellation “Bluestone” has lived on, however, in
the roadway named Bluestone Road, which crosses Nine Mile
Creek in one old quarry area and extends to the western edge
of what was the Euclid Creek quarry area.
Euclid bluestone was also quarried in Independence
and South Park, Ohio, just west of the Cuyahoga River, during the nineteenth century, beginning at least by 1880 (see
Table 1). One quarry was known as Independence quarry
(Prosser, 1912, pl. 46A; see also Miller and others, 1979, p.
62–63), and according to Miller and others (1979, p. 63),
Theophilus G. Clewell operated another bluestone quarry
along Hemlock Road in Independence. Quarries here are indicated on maps in Lake (1874, p. 185) and Cushing and
others (1931, pl. 20).
The Newburgh and South Euclid quarries were the best
known of the Euclid bluestone quarries and were in operation into the twentieth century. Photos of bluestone quarries in South Euclid can be found in Ohio Geological Survey
(Prosser, 1912, pl. 42) and U.S. Geological Survey (Cushing
and others, 1931) publications published in the first decades
of the twentieth century. Prosser (1912) recorded measurements of the Euclid at one of the Maxville and Rolf quarries
(p. 368–369) at Euclid Creek and the nearby Malone Stone
Company quarry (p. 372) along Nine Mile Creek. Cushing
and others (1931, pls. 2b, 3) illustrated Euclid bluestone
quarries along Euclid Creek. Their quarry photographs record the quarrying techniques used at that time, including
drilling and the use of channeling machines to make vertical
cuts. The quarries along Euclid Creek were somewhat larger operations than the bluestone quarries of New York and
Pennsylvania (Bowles, 1939, p. 99). The chief use of stone
from the South Euclid quarries was for flagstone.
Euclid bluestone has also been used for the exterior of
some structures, including most of the exterior of the old
Euclid City Hall, which is located at 605 East 222nd Street
in Euclid, Ohio. This building was constructed in 1937 as
a Works Progress Administration (WPA) project (Cleveland
Press, 1970) but has a cornerstone dated 1938. It may be the
largest building faced primarily with Euclid bluestone. The
trim of the building, however, is Berea Sandstone. Squire’s
Castle, a ruined gatehouse built in the 1890s and now in the
North Chagrin Reservation of the Cleveland Metroparks,
has a stone marker stating that “much of the castle’s exterior was constructed with Euclid bluestone” (see also Palermo, 1979, p. 56; and Carey, 2006), but it is fashioned from
Berea Sandstone (misidentifying stone types in nongeological publications and signage is not unusual). The Euclid has
also probably been used for parts (“trimmings such as string
courses, sills, mullions, columns, capitals, and corbels”) of the
historic Healy Building (built in 1877–79; Durkin, 1963,
p. 103–109) on the campus of Georgetown University, the
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exterior of which was completed in 1879 (Washington Post,
1879, noted as “Euclid, Ohio, stone of a light neutral gray”;
and American Architect and Building News, 1880, noted as
“bluish gray Ohio freestone”) (Historic American Buildings
Survey, after 1933).
Euclid bluestone also was quarried for local uses. In the
early part of the twentieth century, John D. Rockefeller—
millionaire, robber baron, founder of Standard Oil, and ever
the thrifty one—had stone quarried from his country estate,
along a branch of Dugway Brook in Cleveland Heights, for
small bridges and other structures he had built on his property, which straddled the Cleveland Heights-East Cleveland
boundary. The quarry and quarry area were delineated and
described by landscape architect A. D. Taylor (1938, for example, p. 34, p. 76, map on p. 59, photo on p. 88) in development plans for a park on land donated by the Rockefeller
family. This park is now known as Forest Hill Park. Taylor
intended that the quarry locale become a picnic area (1938,
p. 76, photo and drawing on p. 88). This quarry has been
partly filled in, but its remains still exist in the upper, Cleveland Heights part of the park near Monticello Blvd. Portions
of the quarry walls are still visible.
Euclid bluestone was also quarried (fig. 3) along another
branch of Dugway Brook, in the Cleveland Heights section of
Lake View Cemetery, a grand garden-style cemetery founded
in 1869. The location of this quarry is indicated in the 1874
atlas (Lake, 1874, p. 107) and the 1903 U.S. Geological Survey 15-minute Euclid topographic map. Bluestone from the
cemetery quarry was used to construct buildings in the cemetery (fig. 4), a massive wall on the western (Mayfield Road)
side of the cemetery, and steps leading to the top of small
hills, as well as other structures. Quarrymen worked with
picks, iron bars, and other hand tools, and used dynamite.
Little stone was wasted; at least during part of the twentieth
century, a stone crusher, positioned on a basal layer of Euclid
bluestone flooring the quarry, was used to crush scraps which
were then used as foundations for cemetery monuments. The
Figure 3. Photograph of old Euclid bluestone quarry (locality 4
on Figure 1) and quarry workers at Lake View Cemetery. (Photo
courtesy of Lake View Cemetery Association Archives.)
Indiana Geological Survey Occasional Paper 67
Figure 4. Photograph (2001) of Egyptian revival building constructed of Euclid bluestone at Lake View Cemetery.
quarry here was active until the mid-1930s. It has not been
filled in, and part of the old quarry floor and quarry walls
remain. The quarry is part of geological walks periodically
sponsored by the cemetery (see Hannibal, 2007).
Most of the major Euclid bluestone quarries were closed
by the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries owing to
lessened demand. Sandstone, especially bluestone, was once
so highly desired for sidewalks that city ordinances demanded
that sandstone be used. But concrete, a much less expensive
material, came into wide use in the twentieth century and
most of the old quarries closed over a period of a few decades.
The South Euclid Stone and Supply Company, however, continued to operate a quarry into the 1940s (Palermo, 1979, p. 56).
The old historic South Euclid quarries have been filled
in, entirely or in part. Only traces remain of the old quarries aside from abandoned quarry blocks and a few partially
exposed quarry walls. There is little evidence, for example, of
the quarry that was once at what is now South Euclid Quarry Park. Much of the quarry area along Euclid Creek was
changed by the Civilian Conservation Corps in the 1930s,
but some effort was made to preserve original quarry stones
(Persche, 1939, p. 45). Still, evidence for quarrying along this
namesake section along Euclid Creek, in the Euclid Creek Reservation of the Cleveland Metroparks, is subtle. A metal loop
embedded in a block of bluestone, and pieces of quarried
stone strewn about in places are the most readily identifiable
remnants of the old quarry operations. Boyas Quarry: The Last Euclid Quarry
The only substantial Euclid bluestone quarry that has
operated in recent decades is the Boyas quarry (fig. 5) (Wolfe,
2002, p. 66, and accompanying Mineral Industries of Ohio
map, location number 595), a quarry located on the eastern
flank of the Cuyahoga River Valley in Valley View, Independence Township. The location is very close to the western
border of Garfield Heights. The quarry stretches several
hundred yards (meters) northwestward from Rockside Road
Proceedings of the 40th Forum on the Geology of Industrial Minerals
toward I-480. The locality is not far from the classic Granger
Road (Highway 17) cut of Pepper and others (1954, fig. 53),
and Szmuc (1970, fig. 6), which is now poorly exposed. The
Boyas quarry was opened in the 1970s. The Euclid there is
about 18 ft (5.5 m) thick (with some lateral variability). The
sandstone beds vary in thickness, from about 6.7 in (17 cm)
to up to about 3.3 ft (1 m). Thin shale partings commonly
separate sandstone beds. The basal sandstone beds retain more
or less constant lateral thickness, about 11.5 ft (3.5 m), across
the cut face of the quarry (figs. 5–7).
The Euclid at the Boyas quarry exhibits many classic
sedimentary structures, including ball-and-pillow structures
(fig. 7), flame structures (figs. 8–9), convoluted bedding, and
various sole markings including flute casts. It also contains
shale pebbles, pyrite nodules, and large, oblate (up to about
16.5 in [42 cm] high by 39 in [98 cm] horizontal diameter),
concretionlike structures. Van Horn (1931, p. 108) noted concretions in the Euclid at Newburg.) Wave ripples occur sporadically in the main sandstone sequence and are common in
the flaggy beds of sandstone above (fig. 7). These sedimentary
features also occur at other sites where the Euclid crops out
(see Pashin and Ettensohn, 1995, fig. 46).
The quarrying techniques used at the Boyas quarry are
unusual, contrasting with those used in quarrying the Euclid bluestone during the early and middle twentieth century.
At this quarry, workers first removed the overlying gray and
red shales of the Bedford Formation and then used a loader to scoop up a large iron wrecking ball and drop it onto
an exposed layer of bluestone. If properly done, the iron ball
(fig. 10) cracked the rock and did not roll. The rock layers
broke naturally into large blocks that were easily pulled away
from the edge of the outcrop using an excavator. The stone
broke into roughly cubic blocks because the Euclid’s horizontal bedding and vertical joint sets occur nearly at right angles.
Berkey (1908, p. 150) noted similar jointing in New York
bluestone. These rough, broken rock faces commonly exhibit
plume structures—feather patterns that develop along joint
faces.
Stone from the Boyas quarry can be seen at localities all
around Cleveland. The stone is used for shore armoring along
much of the Cleveland shoreline. It has also been used extensively for ornamental stone at places such as the Cleveland
Metroparks Zoo.
Composition of the Stone at the Boyas Quarry
Previous Descriptions. Pashin and Ettensohn (1995,
p. 16) determined the Bedford-Berea siltstone (that is, the Euclid) to be composed of monocrystalline quartz, with some
mica and a clay-mica matrix. They found it to be cemented
mainly by quartz, with lesser ferroan calcite and framboidal
marcasite. The Corps of Engineers (T. Stransky, oral commun.,
1981) found samples of the Euclid from the Boyas quarry to
be composed of subangular quartz and some lithic particles,
75
Figure 5. Photograph (2001) of the Bedford Formation, including Euclid bluestone, exposed in the Boyas quarry (locality 2 on
Figure 1). Upper third of the section seen is composed of gray
shale; most of remainder is Euclid bluestone. Measuring staff is
marked in decimeter increments. The two thick beds of sandstone are about 3.3 ft (1 m) thick.
all cemented with silica. They also found it to have interstitial
calcite and framboidal pyrite.
Analysis. The following description is based on X-ray
diffraction and petrographic analyses. The Euclid bluestone
from the Boyas quarry is a very fine grained (<125 μ) dolomitic micaceous quartz sandstone. Fresh samples typically are
nonfissile, dense (2.45–2.75, n = 8), and light-gray in color
(Munsell rock-color chart). Thin sections of fresh Euclid reveal abundant detrital quartz, albite (±microcline), muscovite,
chlorite (±biotite), and accessory minerals (zircon, apatite, and
magnetite), all enclosed in a ferroan-dolomite matrix (figs.
11–13).
The matrix, in hand sample and plane-polarized light,
closely resembles the clay matrix of a classic graywacke. Under plane-polarized light the matrix appears as a very fine
76
Indiana Geological Survey Occasional Paper 67
Figure 6. Illustration showing section of rocks exposed at Boyas quarry. The column reflects NW (left side of section)/SE (right side of
section) variation in the quarry. The lower sandstone layers are more uniform in thickness than the upper layers.
grained dark-brown (nearly opaque) filling. Under crossedpolarized light at low magnification (fig. 12), the matrix has
a distinct “poikilitic” mottled texture, but does not show carbonate twinning. In one sample, we observed disseminated
minute brown rhombs, and X-ray diffraction analysis of both
untreated and acid-etched samples confirms this material as
dolomite. Using the Delesse Principle (Delesse, 1848) of line
counting (as noted in Galehouse, 1971, p. 385), which can
Proceedings of the 40th Forum on the Geology of Industrial Minerals
Figure 7. Photograph (2001) of Euclid bluestone exposure at
Boyas quarry in Valley View. Sandstone beds of various thicknesses, separated by thin shale partings, can be seen. Vertical
and subvertical joints are also present. Also note the ball-andpillow structures in the layer just a few inches beneath the feet
of two geologists.
Figure 8. Photograph (2001) of a large (33.5 by 31 inches [85
by 80 cm]) quarried block of Euclid bluestone at Boyas quarry
showing flame structures as seen from below.
Figure 9. Photograph showing flame structure consisting of water-laden clays injected upwards into the overlying sand. The
photo is of a back-lit thin section 1 inch (2.5 cm) in height.
77
Figure 10. Photograph (2001) showing a large iron ball that was
used to break stone layers at Boyas quarry. The ball is about
2.3 ft (about 7 decimeters) in diameter. The broken pieces are
Euclid bluestone. The quarry wall is visible in the background.
be applied to printed photomicrographs of acid-etched thin
sections, the dolomite accounts for roughly 25 percent by
volume of this rock, clearly placing it in the “wacke” sandstone classification according to Pettijohn and others (1987,
p. 144). Furthermore, this classification scheme does not count
the abundant detrital micas as framework grains for determining classification.
Framework grains are dominantly quartz, which are very
angular to sub-angular, sub-prismoidal to sub-discoidal (following Powers, 1989, sheet 30.1), and range from 60 to 100
microns in length. There is a strong preferred alignment of
inequant grains parallel to bedding, resulting in a “sedimentary” fabric that facilitates horizontal cleaving. Similar planes of
splitting have been called “reeds” in the New York bluestone
area (Dickinson, 1903, p. 7; Bowles, 1917, p. 94–95) and
are generally known as “rifts” in the dimension stone industry (Merrill, 1891, p. 436). Most quartz grains in the Euclid
bluestone are monocrystalline with either unit extinction or
weak undulatory extinction. Feldspar grains typically show albite-twinning (rarely “tartan” microcline twinning) and have
abundant inclusions. The feldspar grains show signs of decomposition. Mica grains, predominantly clear muscovite,
lie in the plane of bedding, and are commonly bent around
adjacent framework grains, which most likely were pressed
into the mica during compaction and burial. Most framework grains, when touching, commonly show impinging or
embayed contacts. The quartz grains are rarely sutured, and
only one grain was observed with an overgrowth.
The angularity of the quartz, the presence of feldspar, and
abundant mica grains suggest that this material was not in
transit very long. Although not well sorted by composition
(namely, it is an immature sandstone according to the terminology of Tucker, 2001, p. 20), the grains are uniform in size.
Sorting such as this is typical of deep-water graywackes that
are carried long distances and deposited far from their source
in one swift event such as a low-density turbidity currents or
gravity slumps (Shelley, 1985).
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Indiana Geological Survey Occasional Paper 67
Etched void space
Figure 11. Photomicrograph in plane-polarized light of typical
Euclid bluestone from the Boyas quarry. Patchy carbonate matrix is visible surrounding grains, mostly quartz.
Quartz
Chlorite
Figure 13. Photomicrograph of the Euclid bluestone from the
Boyas quarry at higher magnification, showing abundant voids
surrounding framework grains in the acid‑etched rock.
be seen on structures made of Euclid bluestone, including
sidewalks and the old Euclid City Hall building.
Comparison to Other Bluestones
Figure 12. Photomicrograph in plane-polarized light of Euclid
bluestone from the Boyas quarry. The left side has been etched
with hydrochloric acid, removing the carbonate matrix from that
side.
Pyrite. Pyrite is common in the Euclid, which has prevented its widespread use for building exteriors, unlike the
Berea Sandstone, which has been used extensively for the exterior of buildings. When exposed to the atmosphere, the pyrite blebs in the Euclid decay, turning black. Iron and sulfur
leaches into the surrounding rock, forming a reddish-brown
to yellowish spot or streak. John Newberry (1873, p. 188)
noted this, writing that the bluestone was a “fine, compact,
and serviceable stone, but it contains considerable iron in the
condition of sulfide.” Read (1879, p. 215) observed that this
stone “requires … careful selection to exclude that containing
iron sulfide, which by oxidation will color and disintegrate
the stone.” And Merrill (1889, p. 458) noted it to be safe only
for “bridge work and foundations or flagging, for which last
purpose it is eminently suited.” Such pyrite-related spots can
The well-known bluestones (flagstones) of New York State
(Hudson River Valley and south and central New York) and
adjacent areas of northern Pennsylvania are Upper Devonian
(Frasnian) Catskill wedge deposits (Krajewski and Williams,
1971; Albanese and Kelly, 1991). These deposits, including the
Walton and Slide Mountain formations (Frasnian) of New York,
are proximal portions of the Catskill wedge. Since at least the
time of Julien (1879, p. 372; also quoted in Merrill, 1889, p.
454; 1891, p. 270), the New York flagstones have been classified as graywackes. Recent workers have retained this lithologic classification with some modifications for Pennsylvania
and New York bluestones. Using Krynine’s classification, Krajewski and Williams (1971, fig. 33) have classified Pennsylvania bluestone as a low-rank graywacke. Albanese and Kelly
(1991, p. 192–193), using the Krynine classification, classified New York bluestone as a low-rank graywacke and, in the
Pettijohn system, as a sub-graywacke. More recently, Albanese and Kelly (1995, p. 26) described the New York bluestones as “moderately well sorted, fine to very fine sandstone
composed of quartz with subordinate rock fragments and
feldspar grains in a matrix of detrital and recrystallized clay
minerals cemented by quartz with small amounts of calcite.”
Flagstones are chosen because of their ability to resist
weathering. They are compact and relatively impermeable
(Julien, 1879, p. 372). Traditional bluestones of New York
State, which have also been called graywacke, contain chlorite
and other minerals that make them less permeable and more
durable, what Berkey (1908, p. 154) in his analysis of New
York bluestones called incipient metamorphism.
Proceedings of the 40th Forum on the Geology of Industrial Minerals
Krajewski and Williams (1971, p. 152) noted that the
resistance of Pennsylvania flagstone was due to “the character
and higher percentages of secondary, fibrous clay minerals”
when compared to lesser resistance of samples of Tennessee
flagstone. Their sodium-sulfate soundness testing (p. 129)
showed that permeability was the major factor in the amount
of resistance to weathering.
The Euclid is similar in overall composition to the New
York bluestones. However, the Euclid differs from these other
bluestones in being generally finer-grained and having dolomitic cement. Sandstones of the southern Appalachians,
however, can have ferroan dolomite/ankerite cement (Milliken, 1998). The interlocking dolomitic cement of the Euclid
strengthens the rock and makes it denser, helping to give the
Euclid bluestone its durability.
Depositional Environment of the Euclid
The Euclid is part of a generally coarsening-upward sequence of Upper Devonian (Famennian) rocks (Ohio Shale
through Berea Sandstone) that were deposited in a foreland
basin to the west of the Acadian Mountains. The deposits
are distal Catskill wedge/distal Appalachian Basin deposits.
The Euclid was deposited at the beginning of an episode of
regional shoaling, which is a relative lowering of sea level, and
it was deposited on top of fine-grained muds and silts of the
lower part of the Bedford Formation.
The New York and Pennsylvania bluestones (Frasnian)
have been interpreted as originating as much shallower, more
proximal Catskill-facies rocks, as offshore bars and tidal channel
deposits (Krajewski and Williams, 1971; Albanese and Kelly,
1991). The slightly younger Euclid bluestone (Famennian) is a
distal Catskill wedge deposit composed of finer material than
the more proximal New York and Pennsylvania bluestones.
The Euclid bluestone shows evidence of rapid transport
and deposition. Wave ripples and hummocky strata are common sedimentary structures of the Euclid. Both structures are
known to be associated with deposition during periods of significant storming. Other structures also found in the Euclid
include current ripples and groove casts, structures common
in turbidity currents, as well as flame structures (figs. 8 and
9), which are indicative of rapid loading. Additionally, the
Euclid tends to be massive, having thick beds that lack internal sedimentary structures such as graded bedding and cross
beds, indicative of quick, punctuated deposition.
Various scenarios have been proposed for deposition of
the Euclid bluestone and the underlying and overlying rocks
of the Bedford Formation. In a now classic study, Pepper
and others (1954, p. 102, fig. 13B, and reiterated by Szmuc,
1970, p. 30) interpreted the Euclid bluestone to be an offshore barrier-bar complex. Coogan and others (1981, p. 133)
interpreted the unit as representing rapidly emplaced distal
bars that developed on a slope break. The latest work on the
depositional environment of the Euclid is that of Jack Pashin
and Frank Ettensohn (1995) who studied it as part of a larger
79
study of the Bedford Formation and Berea Sandstone. These
workers determined (1995, p. 45) that the unit consists of
localized, storm-related deposits that accumulated on a shelf
margin. Analysis of detrital micas from the Bedford Formation by Aronson and Lewis (1994) and Lux and Wells (1994)
identified an Appalachian, Acadian Orogeny, source area.
The angularity of the quartz and the abundance of detrital mica grains suggest short transit time, possibly along
an outer delta slope (Shelley, 1985, p. 25, 249). Although
not well sorted compositionally (namely, it is an immature
sandstone in the sense of Tucker, 2001, p. 20), the silicateframework grains are uniform in size, which is typical of
deepwater graywackes that were deposited via a low-density
turbidity current or gravity-slump mechanism (Shelley, 1985,
p. 249; Tucker, 2001, p. 84). That is, the sorting is typical
of sands carried long distances and deposited far from their
source in one swift event. Convoluted bedding is suggestive
of motion, and load casts, ball-and-pillow structures, and
flame structures are indicative of rapid loading (Tucker, 2001,
p. 35–36).
We interpret the beds in the Euclid to have been deposited from long-range but swiftly traveling storm events
that brought material from the mouth of one or more large
rivers that were eroding rising metamorphic terrains to the
northeast. This is consistent with the interpretation by Pashin and Ettensohn (1995, p. 45). Our interpretation of the
Euclid sandstone as a turbidite “wacke” is consistent with
classic studies of graywackes as flysch arenites (Crook, 1974).
Furthermore, the abundance of syndepositional sedimentary
structures—sole marks, flute casts, ripple marks, and convolute bedding—seen in outcrops suggests gravity-flow mecha-
Figure 14. Lower hemispherical plot showing the trends of 16
ripple crests collected from several inch-thick beds near the top
of the Euclid at the southeast end of the Boyas quarry.
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Indiana Geological Survey Occasional Paper 67
nisms such as turbidity currents. Paleocurrent directions from
ripple marks at the Boyas quarry indicate that transport was
from northeast to southwest (S48W, n = 16) (fig. 14), which
is in general agreement with the measurements of Pashin and
Ettensohn (1995, fig. 16) in this part of Cuyahoga County.
Pashin and Ettensohn, however, show a wide range of directions over the outcrop area of the siltstone and gray shale
lithofacies of the Bedford-Berea sequence.
Acknowledgments
We thank the Boyas Company for access to their quarry,
Claire Sturm for help in the field, and Greg Petusky for printing most of the photos. Benjamin Scherzer’s and Claire Sturm’s
work on this project was supported by the Kirtlandia Society
Adopt-A-Student Program of the Cleveland Museum of Natural History. Portions of this project used equipment funded by
National Science Foundation Award 0216039 (J. B. Keiper,
primary investigator). The Department of Geological Sciences at Case Western Reserve University provided access to its
Phillips X-ray diffraction equipment. The Corps of Engineers
and W. Kelly, New York State Museum, and Lynn Conway
and others at Georgetown University provided information.
M. Hackathorn and K. Farago read over versions of the manuscript. We also thank two anonymous reviewers for their comments on the manuscript.
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