th
5 Coal Summit 2014
Conference & Expo
Theme : Coal–A Relook on the way forward
23rd & 24th September, 2014 l
Hotel The Ashok, New Delhi
Souvenir
Supporters :
lR;eso t;rs
Sponsors :
Ministry of Coal
Ministry of Power
Ministry of Mines
Ministry of Steel
Ministry of Railway
ACB (India) Limited
Coal India Limited
(A Maharatna Company)
Co-Sponsors :
NL
C
(A Government Company)
The Singareni
Collieries Co. Ltd.
Mahanadi Coalfields Ltd.
A Govt of India Undertaking
Essel Mining &
Industries Ltd.
BEML Limited
Gilbarco
Veeder-Root
Jindal Power Ltd.
Neyveli Lignite
Corn Ltd.
General Electric
(A Navratna Enterprise)
Associates :
Central
Coalfields
Ltd.
Global Coal
& Mining
Pvt. Ltd.
Vayunandana
Power Ltd.
Adani Group
Ambey
Mining
Pvt. Ltd.
METSO
Allmineral
Asia
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Organisers :
Hazemag
India
Thermo Fisher
Scientific
&
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INSTITUTE OF INDIA
India Energy Forum
Mining Geological & Metallurgical
Institute of India - Delhi Chapter
United Coal
Carriers
Expo Organiser
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(A Miniratna - Cat.)
Govt. of India Undertaking
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Eastern Coalfields Ltd.
Indian School of Mines
Alumni Association - Delhi Chapter
TAFCON
Geosun
Pty. Ltd.
23rd & 24th September, 2014
5th Coal Summit 2014
5th Coal Summit
Theme : Coal - A Relook on The Way Forward
23th & 24th September, 2014
Hotel The Ashok, New Delhi
Contents
Sl. No.
Particulars
Page No.
1.
Messages
3
2.
About 5th Coal Summit 2014
19
-
Introduction
21
-
Objectives
22
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Organisers
22
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Summit and Expo
23
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Programme
24
-
Committee
28
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National
Advisory Board
l
Organising
l
Working
Committee
l
Technical
l
Souvenir
l
Expo
Committee
28
29
30
Committee
30
Committee
31
Committee
31
3.
Glimpses of Previous Conferences
32
4.
Recommendations
35
-
Round Table Conference on Coal 2013
37
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4th Coal Summit 2012
39
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Round Table Conference on Coal 2011
41
5.
Coal - Backbone of World Economy
44
6.
Abstracts, Papers & Bio-data
51
7.
Advertisements
109
Section-1
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Messages
INSTITUTE OF INDIA
DELHI CHAPTER
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5th Coal Summit 2014
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SHASTRI BHAWAN, NEW DELHI-110001
S.K. Srivastava
SECRETARY
Dated 18th September, 2014
Message
I am happy to note that India Energy Forum and Indian School of Mines Alumni Association
(ISMAA) Delhi Chapter along with Mining, Geological and Metallurgical Institute (MGMI)
are organizing the 5th Coal Summit and Expo* on 23- 24 September, 2014 at New Delhi with
the theme of "Coal - A Relook on the Way Forward".
Energy is the critical input for economic growth and coal being the primary source of energy for
India, its proper development in a sustainable manner is all the more important. Enhancing
domestic coal production is crucial for sustaining the rapidly increasing demand particularly
for power generation. In spite of a number of odds in augmenting coal production in the country,
the coal producing companies have been performing in a commendable manner with the
cooperation from all the stakeholders. However, we need to carry the coal mining in an inclusive
manner addressing the aspirations of the people.
I am sure that the Summit will deliberate upon the various issues that are required to be resolved
for carrying forward coal production and doubling the same in next four years from the current
level.
I wish the Event all success.
(S. K. Srivastava)
Ph.: 011 -23384884 Fax : 011 -23381678 secy.moc@nic.in
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5th Coal Summit 2014
Message
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23rd & 24th September, 2014
5th Coal Summit 2014
Message
The country is passing through a very important phase where coal demand is
out stripping its availability and thereby increasing dependence on import of
Coal. The Summit has, therefore, appropriately chosen a theme "A Relook on
the Way Forward". I am happy to note that India Energy Forum, Indian
School of Mines Alumini Association, Delhi Chapter and Mining, Geological
and Metallurgical Institute, Delhi Chapter are Organising Conference and
Expo on 23 -24 September 2014 at New Delhi.
The domestic coal production is targeted to produce about 2 billion tonnes
by 2031-32 and this will throw big challenges in developing desired
infrastructure to cater to such growth.
I am sure the topics for deliberation will bring in new ideas for meeting the
challenges.
I wish conference a grand success!
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5th Coal Summit 2014
Rahul Guha
Date : 16.09.2014
Director General of Mines Safety
Message
I am indeed very pleased to note that India Energy Forum (IEF) jointly with MGMI, Delhi chapter and
ISMAA is organizing a two-day Coal Summit and expo at New Delhi. The subject of the summit is not
only timely but is of immense importance to the future of our country.
Indian Coal industry stands today at crossroads. While opportunities are enormous, constraints also
abound and without massive investment combined with a cultural shift, the overall goals may not be
realized. Safety and health concerns for the workers employed in coal mines must be given its due
priority. There is an urgent need for improving cost-effectiveness of the operations, there is also an
equally urgent need for introduction of high-technology to achieve the projected targets. Commitment
to the purpose and working hand in hand by all concerned to reach a common goal will definitely go a
long way in positioning the coal mining industry of India as a global mining giant.
Much has been achieved in the recent past in the economic reforms and legislative changes to facilitate
investments in the minerals sector, but much remains to be done. India being a developing economy is
dependent on the growth of energy sector in order to achieve the desired economic growth. Coal being
available in large quantities as compared to other energy sources provides a ready answer to the
problem of energy generation. The dominance of coal as primary energy source, therefore, will continue
in India at least in the near foreseeable future.
I wish the summit grand success.
(Rahul Guha)
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Message
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5th Coal Summit 2014
Message
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5th Coal Summit 2014
Message
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5th Coal Summit 2014
Message
It gives me immense pleasure to learn that the Mining Geological and
Metallurgical Institute (MGMI), Delhi Chapter jointly with Indian School of Mines
Alumni Association (ISMAA) and Indian Energy Forum (IEF) is going to organize
‘5th Coal Summit and Expo’ on 23rd & 24th September’ 2014. The proposal to
commemorate the Summit by publishing Souvenir is inspiring and praiseworthy.
MGMI the second oldest professional body of its kind has been promoting
the cause of Mineral Industry since its inception in 1906. The organization like
MGMI has been encouraging and will keep on encouraging the participants from
various streams like, Academia, Research Organizations and Mining Companies
by arranging National and International Seminars, thus encouraging them to
keep on adding knowledge to their already existing Knowledge bank.
The topic of the Summit “Coal: A relook on the way forward” is of topical
interest. Today, the Coal sector needs a new thinking for increase in coal
production in the country. The widening demand-supply gap of coal now
requires planning for higher production. Several high capacity mining projects
have been planned, but still many more are required to be planned and
implemented amidst several constraints and challenges.
Meeting the
burgeoning demand needs a committed role play by the Coal producing
companies, Government and Stake holders by addressing the various issues
effectively. I hope that the Summit will be effective in identifying these issues
and solution thereof.
I wish the event a grand success.
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? / Phone No. :
+91 651 2230001 & 2230002
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? / Fax No. : +91 651 2230003, 2231447
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/ Website Address : www.cmpdi.co.in ?
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cmd@cmpdi.co.in
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Message
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5th Coal Summit 2014
ACB India Limited
7th Floor, Corporate Tower, Ambience Mall,
NH-8, Gurgaon (Haryana) - 122002
Capt. Rudra Sen Sindhu
Chairman and Managing Director
Message
India is among the fastest growing economic in the world. Energy is one of the
major prerequisite and input for the economic development. In a developing
economiy, energy sector assumes a critical importance, in view of ever
increasing energy demand.
Coal will dominate in the energy mix of India. The accelerated rate of growth in
coal production throws an enormous challenge to Coal India.
The topic of the 5th Coal Summit "Coal - Relook on the Way Forward" has been of
great importance in the present crisis of coal availability. I am sure the
deliberations at the conference will help in taking with concrete steps for
augmentation of coal production.
I wish the 5th Coal Summit a grand Success.
Capt. R S Sindhu
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5th Coal Summit 2014
Message
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5th Coal Summit 2014
India Energy Forum
P S BAMI
President, India Energy Forum
Former CMD, NTPC Ltd.
Message
The Govt has recently announced a plan to double India's coal production in next 4 years.
It is an ambitious target of reaching One BillionTonnes by 2019 from the current level of
production. Large parts of the country are in grip of long power outageespecially in the
North and West as power plants have little coal stock.
It is, therefore, an appropriate time for all stakeholders to deliberate in an open manner to
have a relook into policy intervention and also in the action plan to enhance production also
keepin mind mitigation of damage to environment. We also need to relook in the
technology in the mining equipments.
India Energy Forum (IEF) jointly with Mining Geological and Metallurgical Institute
(MGMI), Delhi Chapter and Indian School of Mines Alumni Association (ISMAA) are
organising 5th Coal Summit along with the Exhibition on the theme "Coal: A Relook on
the Way Forward" on 23rd & 24th September 2014 at Hotel Ashok, New Delhi to bring all
the stakeholders how to meet these challenges.
I am confident that all participants will be benefitted from deliberations. I wish the
Conference a great Success!
(P S Bami)
President, IEF
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5th Coal Summit 2014
India Energy Forum
N N Gautam
Date: 15th, September 2014
Chairman, Coal Gp., India Energy Forum
Vice president, MGMI,
Secretary General, ISMAA DC
Former Advisor Ministry of Coal & UNDP
Message
It is indeed a matter great happiness that Mining Geological and Metallurgical Institute of
India (MGMI), India Energy Forum (IEF) and Indian School of Mines Alumni
Association (ISMAA) are organizing the 5th Coal Summit on " Coal- A Relook on the
Way Forward" and Coal Summit Expo 2014 on 23rd & 24th September at Hotel The
Ashok, New Delhi.
Coal Mining Industry is passing through a tough and challenging phase as it is trying
very hard to keep up with rising coal requirement of the growing economy of the country.
The Coal mining industry has glorious past and risen to great heights but at the current
stage, it needs appropriate Policy changes, Technology up gradation, Infrastructure and
Human resource development etc. to have sustained accelerated growth to meet the energy
requirement of the country.
The Summit with a very relevant theme " Coal- A Relook on the Way Forward" will
provide the Policy makers, eminent mining experts, research scholars academicians and
captains of coal industry, a platform to join hands and minds for serious interaction that
would help the coal industry to meet the challenge of the energy security of the country.
I wish the conference all the success.
N.N.Gautam
Resi. : F 1/12 Model Town, Delhi 110009, E mail: nityagautam@gmail.com
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Section-2
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About
Coal Summit 2014
INSTITUTE OF INDIA
DELHI CHAPTER
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23rd & 24th September, 2014
5th Coal Summit 2014
5th Coal Summit 2014
Introduction
The modern industrial civilisation is having energy as its fundamental basic input. Without
adequate growth of energy resources, it is impossible to raise the living standard of our
countrymen. It is imperative that more and more energy is made available to better the prosperity of
the nation.
In India, coal is the most important energy resource as also the main contributor to the basket of
commercial energy of the country. it is foreseen, as per the Integrated Energy Report, that for next few
decades coal will continue to dominate our energy scenario with its requirement rising to more than 2
billion tonnes by 2031-32 from the current level of 700 million tonnes in 2012-13. what is alarming the
huge widening gap between demand and availability of Coal. Already this gap has gone much above
the projected gap for the year 2016-17. such a dire situation has effected the power generation industry
badly both in terms of procurement and price and the crisis is putting severe pressure on the economic
growth of the country.
On one hand energy security of the country is endangered by increasing cost of coal imports while on
the other hand because of various adverse developments the growth of the national coal mining
industry too has nose dived. The country is thus poised between the "devil" of high cost imported coal
and the "deep sea" of poor availability of indigenous coal. The result is that the national growth rate has
already touched a low of 4-5percent from 8-9 percent in recent past.
Towards finding out the various ailments that the coal sector is facing and the consequent counter
measures and policy changes needed to be taken, the India Energy Forum (IEF), Mining Geology
Metallurgical Institute (MGMI) and Indian School of Mines Alumni Association (ISMAA) have
decided to organize the "5th Coal Summit 2014" during 23rd and 24th Sept., 2014 at Hotel The Ashoka,
New Delhi. The theme of the summit would be "Coal - A Relook on the way forward".
This uphill task cannot be achieved without the active support of the entire mining sector-including the
Ministry of Coal and other concerned ministries of Central and State Govts.
With the theme of the summit as "Coal - ARelook on the way forward", the main objective is to have a
serious Relook at the entire gamut of challenges and strategies to achieve a quick turnaround in the
sluggish growth and reduce the widening demand - supply gap. Obviously this will need a fresh
dynamic time-bound approach for surmounting the various bottlenecks-be they in exploration,
mining technology, infrastructure growth, mining equipment, clearances involving land,
environment and forests etc and last but not the least the political stalemate involving the allocation of
coal blocks.
As can be seen this time the obstacles are many and varied in nature and would new strategies to be
formulated out and so concurrently with the conference an Exhibition is also being organized.
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5th Coal Summit 2014
Objectives
Challenges to deal with :
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Increase in indigenous Coal Production
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Delays in Statutory/Governmental Clearance including Environmental, Forest, Land etc.
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Slow
Progress of Development of Government dispensed captive blocks to industry, States and
PSUs.
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Lack of Infrastructure development in new coalfields.
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Volatility of imported Coal Prices and its impact on domestic market.
Strategies for achieving the goal are :
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Accelerated Coal Exploration
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Quickly arrange transparent procedure for allocating coal block by auction
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Blocks allocated to be developed in an agreed firm stipulated timeframe with defined role of the state
Govts and Central Ministries.
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Redefine environmental policies to facilitate coal production.
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All stake holders including coal companies under guidance of State Government should pursue land
acquisition and policy for project affected persons.
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Land on lease rather than outright sale also to be an option.
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Issues relating to procurement of coal blocks outside India
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Coal imports bottlenecks, transport logistics/ ports connectivity
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Adoption of New efficient technologies for Coal Mining and use of coal.
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Firm and effective legislation to debar structure/ habitation over coal bearing areas.
Organisers
India Energy Forum
India Energy Forum is a unique, independent, non-profit research organization and
represents energy sector as a whole. The Forum's mission is the development of a
sustainable and competitive energy sector, promoting a favourable regulatory
framework, establishing standards for reliability and safety, ensuring an equitable deal for consumers,
producers and the utilities, encouraging efficient and eco-friendly development and use of energy and
developing new and better technologies to meet the growing energy needs of the society. Its membership
includes all the key players of the sector including Coal India, Neyveli Lignite, NTPC, NHPC, Power Grid
Corporation, Power Finance Corporation, Reliance Energy, ONGC, Indian Oil Corporation, Tata Power,
Jindal Power, Vestas RRB, Unocal, Alstom and over 80 highly respected energy experts.
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The Mining Geological & Metallurgical Institute of India (MGMI), Delhi Chapter
INSTITUTE OF INDIA
DELHI CHAPTER
MGMI is one of the oldest professional Institutes of its kind in Asia having being founded in
1906. It has been organizing conferences and seminars on issues impacting the mineral
sciences. MGMI is a unique, independent, non-profit organization and represents
professionals of the mineral sector as a whole. It is manned by highly qualified and
experienced mining engineers, geologists and metallurgists and energy experts.
Indian School of Mines Alumni Association (ISMAA)-Delhi Chapter
Mineral wealth and value addition to it has always been the yard stick for the affluence of a
country. Realising the importance of Mineral wealth the then Government of India proposed
for an All India Mining Institution financed by the Central Government in 1920 and named it
Indian School of Mines (ISM), which was formally opened by His Excellency The Viceroy Lord
Erwin on 9th December, 1926. Today ISM, Dhanbad is a full-fledged University and produced
thousands of high quality Engineers for the Mineral Industry who have made their mark in the
International Mineral arena. The ISM Alumni Association continues to provide yeoman service to the
mineral industry in India as well as abroad with complete dedication and commitment to the mineral
industry.
SUMMIT AND EXPO
The Summit provides an ideal forum for miners, planners and policy makers to discuss the various issues
affecting the coal, mining and allied industries across the globe.
The Summit will be an unique platform for Entrepreneurs, Decision Makers, Senior Government Officials,
Investors, Industry Members, Traders, Equipment Buyers & Suppliers, Academia, Miners, Engineers and
Trade Delegations to congregate, brainstorm, showcase and forge meaningful partnerships for business
development.
Concurrent with the 5th Coal Summit Conference 2014, an International Expo - Coal Summit Expo
(CSE) 2014 is being organized by TAFCON under the aegis of IEF, MGMI (DC) & ISMAA (DC) at
Conventional Hall of Hotel The Ashok, New Delhi.
TAFCON
The Expo provides an excellent business opportunity for coal, mining and allied industries to
showcase their new initiatives, technologies, products and services to the global audience.
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5th Coal Summit 2014
PROGRAMME
DAY I : TUESDAY, 23RD SEPTEMBER 2014
8:30 a.m. - 9:30 a.m.
: Registration
9:30 a.m. - 10:30 a.m.
: INAUGURAL SESSION
Welcome Address by
: Shri P S Bami, President, India Energy Forum
Address by
: Shri G.C. Mrig. Chairman, Vayunandana Power Ltd
: Shri T K Lahiri, CMD, BCCL
: Dr A K Dubey, Chairman, Organising Committee & Chairman, CIL
Key-note Address by
: Shri S K Srivastava, Secretary, Ministry of Coal
Inaugural address by : Shri Piyush Goyal, Hon'ble Minister of State (IC) for Coal*
Vote of Thanks by
: Shri N N Gautam, Convenor, Org. Committee & Chairman, Coal Group, IEF
10.30 - 11.00 a.m.
: INAUGURATION OF THE EXHIBITION
11:00 - 11:15 a.m.
: Tea
11:15 - 01:00 p.m.
: TECHNICAL SESSION - I
Relook into Policy Interventions
Chairpersons
: Shri Anil Razdan, Former Secretary, Ministry of Power
: Shri B. Surender Mohan, CMD, NLC
Speakers
: Key Challenges facing Coal Industry
Shri Partha Bhattacharyya, former CMD, CIL
: Policy initiatives for the coal sector
Shri A.K.Bhalla, Jt. Secy, Ministry of Coal
: Relook at the Coal Sector
Shri Sunjoy Joshi, Director, ORF
: Action Plan for boosting production
Shri A.N. Sahay, CMD, MCL
: Short-term Vision for Ramping up Coal Production
Shri Gopal Singh, CMD, CCL
Session Coordinator
: Shri Ashok Mehta, Former CMD, WCL
1.00 - 1.45 p.m.
: Lunch
1:45 - 3:00 p.m.
: TECHNICAL SESSION-II
Production : Revisiting Action Plan for Enhancing Production
Chairpersons
: Shri C. Balakrishnan, Former Secretary (Coal)
: Shri M K Thapar, CEO, Adani
Speakers
: Thrust on Development of Lignite Resources
Shri B Surender Mohan, CMD, NLC
: Planning for Higher Production by CIL
Shri A.K. Debnath, CMD CMPDI
*confirmation awaited
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5th Coal Summit 2014
: Centre for Excellence in Mining
GMDC
: Boosting Underground Production
Shri B Ramesh Kumar, Director (Operations), SCCL
Session Coordinator
3:00 p.m. - 4:15 p.m.
Chairperson
: Shri A K Tooley, Former Director, Emta Group
: TECHNICAL SESSION III
Accelerated Development of New Coal Blocks for Private Sector
: Shri Alok Perti, Former, Former Secretary, Coal
: Shri A.N. Sahay, CMD, MCL
Speakers
: Boosting production from Captive Coal Blocks
Shri P.R. Mandal, Essel Mining & Former Advisor, MoC
: New coal block allotment policy and coal sector Regulation
Shri D.N.Prasad, Advisor, MoC
: Development of Underground Mining captive blocks
Shri M.N.Jha, JP Associates
: Application of Emerging and Integrated Methodologies of Geostatistics and
Geometallurgy modelling
Mr Suresh Tripathi, Director, Geosun Pty Ltd, Melbourne
: Accelerated Coal Exploration for New Blocks
Shri Naeem Ahmad, GM (Exploration), CMPDIL
Session Coordinator
: Shri P S Upadhyaya, Sr Consultant, Golder Associates
4.15 - 4.30 p.m.
: Tea
4:30 - 6:00 p.m.
: TECHNICAL SESSION- IV
Infrastructure Development for Coal Evacuation
Chairpersons
: Shri Devi Pande, Member (Traffic), Railway Board
Shri R S Sharma, Mg Director, Jindal Power Ltd
Speakers
: Railways Programme for Handing Enhanced Production
Shri Devender Singh, ED (TP), Railway Board
: Planning for Evacuation of Increased Coal Production
Shri B K Saxena, Director (M), CIL
: Land Acquisition - Challenges
Shri T K Nag, Director, CCL
: Developments of Ports for Coal Handling
Shri Subrat Tripathy, Chief Operating Officer (COO), Dhamra Port Company
Ltd .(DPCL), Adani Group
: Crushing Solutions for ROM (Run-of-Mines)
Mr Carlos A. Pena - Chief Operating Officer, Hazemag & EPR Gmbh, Germany
: Effective Coal Freight Handling Solutions
Shri Nalin Jain, President, & CEO, GE Transportation & Aviation (South Asia)
Session Coordinator : Shri Uma Shanker, Adviser, Adani Group
7.30 p.m.
: Dinner
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5th Coal Summit 2014
DAY II : WEDNESDAY, 24TH SEPTEMBER 2014
9:00 a.m. - 10:30 a.m.
Chairpersons
: TECHNICAL SESSION V
Technology
: Shri U Kumar, Adviser, Essel Mining
Shri N Kumar, Director, CIL
Speakers
: New Technology and Planning
Shri R K Chopra, Director, CMPDI
: Paper from Australia
Shri K.B. Trehan
: Upgradation of HEMM
Shri K V Krishanmurthy, CGM (R&D), BEML
: Latest Advances & global trends in Drive Technology for Heavy Haul Dumpers
Mr Bill Halli, Executive Product Manager, GE Mining
: Advancement in Rockbolting and Strata Monitoring Technology Assisting in
Successful Mechanisation in Indian Underground Coal Mines
Mr. Atul Gandhe, Golder Associates
Session Coordinator
10.30 - 12.00p.m.
Chairpersons
: Shri M S Cheema, Adviser, Today Energy
: TECHNICAL SESSION - VI
Environment
: Shri Rahul Guha, DG, DGMS (NNG)
Shri Gurdeep Singh, VC, Vinoba Bhave University
: Expediting Environmental Clearance for Coal Block
Shri M.S. Nagar
: Environment Vs Mining
Dr Manoranjan Hota, Additional Director, MoE&F
: Mitigation of Damage by Mining to Environment
Shri Pradeep Chaturvedi, President, Indian Assn for the Advancement of Science
: Latest usage of Mine Explosives
Mr Carl Lindgren, President, TAN Business
: Fuel Management Solution
Gilbarco Veeder-Root India Pvt. Ltd.
Session Coordinator
: Shri Piyush Kumar, Director, MoC
12:00 - 12:15 p.m.
: TEA
12.15 - 1.45 p.m.
: TECHNICAL SESSION VII
CBM & CMM
Chairpersons
: Shri G C Mrig, M.D. , Vayunandana Power Ltd
Shri P.R. Mandal, Former Adviser, MoC
Speakers
: CBM
Shri N N Gautam, Former Adviser, MoC
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5th Coal Summit 2014
: CBM Development in India
Shri P.N. Hajra Former GM, ONGC
: Coal Mine Methane Development in Coal India
Shri B N Prasad, Adviser (CBM), CMPDI
: Prospects for UGC Development in India
Shri. R K Sharma, ED-HOI,IRS,ONGC
Session Coordinator : Shri Ramesh Khanna, Former Adviser, Aryan Group
1:45 - 2:30 p.m.
: LUNCH
2:30 - 4:00 p.m.
: TECHNICAL SESSION VIII
Clean Coal Technology
Chairpersons
: Capt. R.S Sindhu, Chairman, ACB (India) Ltd.
Shri V K Sehgal, MD, Global Coal
: Development of Ultra Super Critical Technology for Improving Coal
Combustion Efficiency
Mr Neeraj Kaul, Director, Sales & Marketing, STBOBSMS Sales, Alstom India
Limited
: Heavy Media Coal Benefication - An Update
Shri Sunil Yadav, VP- Metso
: Heavy Media and Jigging - Rational Selection but not Alternatives
Shri G Mustaffi, Director & CEO, MBE Coal & Mineral Technology India &
Shri Monomit
: Dry Air jigging: Efficient Beneficiation of High Ash Indian Coal & Char
Mr Suresh Kedia, Chief Manager Marketing, All Minerals Asia Pvt Ltd
: Effective and Economic Blending
Mr Ankush Koul, Applications and Product Specialist, Thermo Fisher
Session Coordinator : Shri B Bhambhani, Former ED, BHEL
4.00 - 4.15 p.m.
4.15 - 5.15 p.m.
: TEA
: VALEDICTORY SESSION
Chief Guest
: Dr B K Chaturvedi, Former Member (Energy), Planning Commission
Panel
: Capt. R.S Sindhu, Chairman, ACB (India) Ltd.
: Shri U.Kumar, Advisor, Essel Mining
: Shri Rahul Guha, DG, DGMS
: Dr. M.M. Seam
Draft Recommendations : Shri S.K. Grover
of the Summit by
Vote of Thanks by
: Shri Amarjit Singh
Session Coordinator
: Shri S K Grover
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23rd & 24th September, 2014
5th Coal Summit 2014
Committee
National Advisory Board
Chief Patron
Shri S.K. Srivastava
Secretary, Ministry of Coal
Shri Alok Perti
Former Secretary, Ministry of Coal
Patrons
Shri C. Balakrishnan
Former Secretary, Ministry of Coal
Mr Anil Razdan
Former Secretary, Ministry of Power
Chairman
Shri A.K. Dubey
Chairman, CIL & Add. Secretary, MoC
Co-Chairmen
Shri P.S. Bami
President, IEF
Convenor
Shri P.R. Mandal
Former Advisor, Ministry of Coal &
Chairman, MGMI, Delhi Chapter
Shri T.K. Lahiry
President, ISMAA & MGMI & CMD, BCCL
Co-Convenor
Shri V.K. Sehgal
Shri A.K. Tooley
MD, Global Coal & Mining
Director, PANEM
Pvt. Ltd.
Members
Shri D.R.S. Chaudhary
Secretary, Ministry of Steel,
New Delhi
Shri Anup K Pujari
Secretary, Ministry of Mines
New Delhi
Dr. V Rajagopalan
Secretary, Ministry of
Environment & Forests, New Delhi
Shri Devi Pande
Member (Traffic), Railway Board
New Delhi
Shri Devendra Chaudhary
Additional Secretary
Ministry of Power, New Delhi
Shri B Surender Mohan
CMD, NLC Ltd., Neyveli,
Tamil Nadu
Shri S. Bhattacharya
CMD, Singareni Collieries
Company Ltd., Hyderabad
Shri D.N. Prasad
Advisor (Project),
Ministry of Coal, New Delhi
Dr M M Seam
Former Adviser
Essar
Dr. D.C. Panigrahi
Director, Indian School of Mines
Dhanbad, Jharkhand
Dr. A. Sinha
Director, Central Institute of Mining &
Fuel Research, Dhanbad, Jharkhand
Shri Rahul Guha
DG, DGMS,
Dhanbad
Shri Arup Roy Choudhury
Chairman, NTPC Ltd.
New Delhi
Shri C.S. Verma
Chairman, SAIL
New Delhi
Capt. R.S. Sindhu
Chairman, ACB (India) Ltd.
Gurgaon
Shri S.K. Chowdhary
Former CMD, CIL & Exec. President,
Indian Coal Forum, New Delhi
Dr. M.P. Narayanan
Former Chairman, Coal India Ltd.
New Delhi
Shri Sunjoy Joshi
Director
ORF
Shri S.K. Grover
Advisor , Tata Power Ltd
New Delhi
Shri G.C. Mrig
Chairman, Vayunandna Power Ltd.,
Gurgaon
28
Shri M.K. Thapar
CEO
Adani Mining Pvt. Ltd.
Shri Naveen Jindal
Chairman , Jindal Steel & Power Ltd.
New Delhi
Shri Sanjay Sagar
Jt Mg Director, JSW Energy Ltd.,
Mumbai
Shri U.K. Upadhaya
CMD, Emta Coal Ltd.
New Delhi
Shri Ansuman Das
CMD
NALCO
Shri Anil Sardana
MD, Tata Power Co. Ltd.
Mumbai
Shri Tuhin Mukherjee
MD, Essel Mining & Industries Ltd.
Mumbai
Shri N.N. Gautam
SG, ISMAA-DC & Chairman, Coal
Group, IEF, New Delhi
Shri Amarjit Singh MBE
Secretary General, IEF
New Delhi
23rd & 24th September, 2014
5th Coal Summit 2014
Organising Committee
Chairman
Shri A.K. Dubey
Chairman, CIL & Add. Secretary, MoC
Co-Chairmen
Shri. G C Mrig
Chairman, ISMAA, Delhi Chapter
Shri. N Kumar
Director (Tech), Coal India Ltd
Convenor
Shri. N N Gautam
Chairman, Coal Group, IEF &
SG, ISMAA, Delhi Chapter
Dr M M Seam
Former Advisor, Essar Minerals
Co-Convenors
Shri. V K Tiwari
GM, CIL & SG, MGMI DC
Shri Ashok Mehta
Former CMD, WCL
Members
Shri A K Bhalla
Joint Secretary, Ministry of Coal
New Delhi
Shri. Amit Acharya
Coal Controller,
Kolkata
Mr Uma Shankar
Advisor, Adani Group
New Delhi
Shri G Sai Prasad
Joint Secretary (Thermal)
Ministry of Power, New Delhi
Shri N K Nanda
Director (T), NMDC,
Hyderbad, Andhra Pradesh
Prof. B.B. Dhar
Former Director
CMRI
Shri Devender Singh
Executive Director (Traffic Rly.)
Railway Board, New Delhi
Shri R K Sharma
Secretary General, FIMI
New Delhi
Shri K.A. Sinha
Chairman, Min Mec Consultancy
New Delhi
Shri T K Lahiry
CMD, BCCL &
President, MGMI
Shri Om Prakash
CMD, WCL
Nagpur, Maharastra
Shri Arun Srivastava
VP - Regulation & Advocacy
Tata Power Co Ltd., Noida, UP
Shri P R Mandal
Chairman, MGMI
Delhi Chapter
Shri U. Kumar
Advisor, Essel Mining
New Delhi
Shri P S Bhattacharyya
Former Chairman
Coal India Ltd
Shri A N Sahay
CMD, MCL
Sambalpur, Orissa
Shri B P Singh
Member
DERC
Shri A.K. Tooley
Director, Emta Group
New Delhi
Shri Gopal Singh
CMD, CCL
Ranchi, Jharkhand
Shri V.K. Sehgal
MD, Global Coal & Mining
Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
Shri Peeyush Kumar
Director (Tech)
Ministry of Coal
Shri Rakesh Sinha
CMD, ECL
Sanctoria, West Bengal
Shri S K Roongta
MD, Vedanta Aluminium Ltd.
New Delhi
Shri. B S Saxena
Director (Marketing), CIL
Kolkata
Shri A K Debnath
CMD, CMPDI,
Ranchi, Jharkhand
Shri S.C. Khera
Former CMD, CCL & Vice
Chairman, ISMAA, DC
Shri. V K Arora
President - Coal Services
KCT Coal Sales
29
23rd & 24th September, 2014
5th Coal Summit 2014
Working Committee
Chairman
Shri U. Kumar
Advisor, Essel Mining
Co-Chairmen
Shri. V K Seghal
Managing Director
Global Coal & Mining Pvt. Ltd.
Shri S.K. Grover
Advisor
Tata Power
Convenor
Shri. A.K. Tooley
Director, Emta Group
Members
Shri N. N. Gautam
Chairman, Coal Group, IEF &
Convenor of the Summit
Shri Ashok Mehta
Former CMD, WCL
Shri Manoj K Akhouri
Executive Director (TT&F)
Railway Board
Shri P.R. Mandal
Chairman, MGMI
Delhi Chapter
Dr. M.M. Seam
Advisor
Essar Mineral Resources
Shri Peeyush Kumar
Director (T)
MoC
Shri Umashankar
Advisor, Adani Group Ltd.
Technical Committee
Chairman
Shri D N Prasad
Adviser (Projects), Ministry of Coal
Co-chairman
Shri P S Upadhaya
Sr Mining Consultant
Golder Associate
Mr Ashok Mehta
Former CMD, WCL
Convenor
Dr. M.M. Seam
Former Advisor
Essar Mineral Resources Ltd.
MEMBERS
Shri Piyush Kumar
Director (T), MoC
Shri V.K. Jain
Independent Mining Consultant
30
Shri N N Gautam
Former Adviser, MoC
23rd & 24th September, 2014
5th Coal Summit 2014
Souvenir Committee
Chairman
Shri. S K Grover
Advisor
Tata Power Ltd
Co-Chairman
Shri V K Seghal
MD,
Global Coal & Mining Pvt. Ltd.
Shri. V.K. Tiwari
GM, CIL &
SG, MGMI - DC
Convenor
Dr M M Seam
Former Adviser
Essel Mining
Members
Shri Ashok Mehta
Former CMD
WCL
Shri Uma Shankar
Adviser
Adani Group
Shri N N Gautam
Advisor
ACB India
Mr A K Tooley
Former Director
Expo Committee
Chairman
P R Mandal
Chairman, MGMI
Delhi Chapter
Co-Chairmen
Shri M K Thapar
CEO
Adani Mining
Shri I P Wadhwa
Managing Worker
TAFCON
Shri B S Saxena
Director (M)
CIL
Members
Shri N K Nanda
Director (T),
NMDC
Shri C N Durgesh
Director (Mining & Construction Bus)
BEML
31
Shri L K Mishra
GM (Sales)
CIL
23rd & 24th September, 2014
5th Coal Summit 2014
Glimpses of Previous Conferences
32
23rd & 24th September, 2014
5th Coal Summit 2014
Glimpses of Previous Conferences
33
Section-3
L
TA
RG
IC
1906
LU
AL
MI
NI
NG
&
ME
GE
OL
OG
IC
A
L
Recommendations
&
Coal - Backbone of
World Economy
INSTITUTE OF INDIA
DELHI CHAPTER
35
23rd & 24th September, 2014
5th Coal Summit 2014
ROUNDTABLE CONVERENCE ON COAL
Theme : Coal : In the Dynamics of India's Energy Sector
28th October, 2013 at New Delhi
RECOMMENDATIONS
I.
Land Acquisition *
New Land Acquisition Act is more unfriendly than the earlier one. Leasing of land is more viable
solution which should be adopted. After payment of initial agreed amount at the time of
possession of land, the lease charges be linked to per te of coal produced or deemed produced.
II.
MoEF clearance
The procedure should be streamlined in agreed time schedule so as to cut down the delays. Also
fix up responsibility of timely clearance & its execution. More emphasis on monitoring of MoEF
conditions laid for clearance.
III.
Forest Clearance *
To expedite this, a bank of compensatory land suitable for reforestation should be identified in
each state. After payment of initial agreed amount for commencement of reforestation work, the
balance payment be linked to per te of Coal produced or deemed produced.
IV.
Role of States *
Minerals & land being a state subject, the role of state need to be made more effective and
accountable for mining projects.
Law & order is again State subject & this need to be improved for faster implementation.
V.
Speedy Exploration
l
Focus on establishing Coal Reserves lying between 300-600 mts depth with special focus on
proving dip side extension of already established Coal mines / blocks
l
Priority of establishing Coking Coal reserves.
l
3D class Seismic Exploration, a world class technology, for expediting Coal Exploration.
l
Mixing
of Coring & non-coring drilling coupled with geophysical logging for accelerating
the exploration work.
l
Prospecting license & forest clearance be obtained.
VI.
Master Plan of Coalfield including infrastructure for Coal evacuation
l
Need to be prepared
l
Intensive
monitoring of Rly lines like Tori – Shivpuri, Mand – Raigarh, Ibvalley, Talchir
Areas to Cater needs of coal offtake in 13th Plan.
37
23rd & 24th September, 2014
5th Coal Summit 2014
l
Rapid
loading System for large O/C mines specially mines above 10 mte/an capacity for
faster turn around of wagons.
VII. Technology upgradation – Stepping up Coal Production
l
Bench marking of Productive norms
l
Focus on Expanding underground Coal Production.
l
Focus on bringing in International mining companies as MDO / JV Partners.
l
Improving availability of indigenously manufacture of mining equipments / spares.
l
Government
to approve operating mines both in Govt and Private Sector to step up
production upto 20-30% over the sanctioned capacity, wherever feasible.
VIII. Manpower *
l
Focus on training manpower for upgrading its skill both in private and public sectors.
l
Rationalisation of HR Policies within PSUs.
IX.
Mismatch of mine Development Vis a Vis end use plant *
Coal Sector be opened up without captive use restrictions
X.
Supplementary Energy from Coal resources
l
Substantial
additional energy can be obtained through new technologies of
CBM/CMM/Shale Gas/Underground gasification.
l
A
separate subsidiary within CIL to be formed to harness the above and to act as
independent Profit centre.
XI.
Improving Coal Utilisation
l
Adoption of clean Coal technologies for improved Coal utilization.
l
Adoption of modern combustion technologies like IGCC, Fluidised Bed Combustion etc for
more efficient use of Coal and significant reduction CO2 emissions.
XII. Restructuring of Coal Industry
l
Greater autonomy to subsidiaries of CIL by granting them status of independent PSUs.
l
Setting
up of Coal regulatory authority to be expedited to have uniform controlled over
both public and private sectors.
l
Only fully explored blocks to be put for auction for future allocations.
* Recommendations of earlier Coal Summit 2012. These earlier recommendations are being repeated as they require urgent
immediate attention and delaying their implementation would have further adverse impacts on the mining industry.
38
23rd & 24th September, 2014
5th Coal Summit 2014
4th COAL SUMMIT
19th & 20th November 2012
Hotel The Ashok, New Delhi
RECOMMENDATIONS
1.
There is urgent need for proper co-ordination between Central & State Govts and timeline for
various approvals be identified and accountability fixed up for delays, if any. State Governments
be apprised well in advance of various blocks being allocated thereby unnecessary delays are
avoided. To cut delays it is important that a Group of CMs of 7(seven) major coal producing
States (comprising of AP, Chhatisgarh, Jharkand, MP, Maharashtra, Odissa & WB) be constituted
by the Hon'ble Prime Minister of India to address the issues relating to Coal Sector in the country.
Ministry for Coal, Ministry for Power, Ministry for Steel, MoEF and Deputy Chairman, Planning
Commission should also be members of this Group. Deputy Chairman, Planning Commission
may head the Group and Principal Secretary to PM be the Convenor.
2.
Instead of getting individual projects processed for EMP clearance clustered approach for
several mines in a region of coalfield be adopted, fix up production capacity of the region and
keep on extending clearances within such clearance limits.
3.
Instead of outright purchase of land, leasing it may be tried and reclaimed land be handed back to
the owners of land.
4.
Coal Sector be opened up without captive use restrictions. It would bring in healthy competition.
It will attract Foreign Ventures, who can bring in latest mining technologies and capital to
develop large size coal mines within a fixed timeframe, of course, basic clearances will need to be
in place.
5.
Benefits of many Joint Working Groups with countries like Australia, Japan, China, Indonesia,
South Africa, UK, USA etc be extended to players of mining industry in private sector by
adopting them as members of such Joint Working Groups.
6.
Government to approve operating mines both in Govt and Private Sector to step up production
upto 20-30% over the sanctioned capacity, wherever feasible for immediate relief for various
end-users.
7.
Coal Exploration be stepped up - 3D class Seismic Exploration, world class, Technology be
adopted.
8.
In addition to stepping up coal production it's reaching to end-users in cost effective manner
need to be addressed. To meet this challenge some innovative approach by transportation of coal
by Slurry Pipeline as stand alone or supplementing with Indian Railway System for long distant
end - users in conjunction with Dedicated Freight Corridor (DFC) of railway system need to be
looked into.
39
5th Coal Summit 2014
23rd & 24th September, 2014
9.
Combination of open-cast and underground mining must be planned simultaneously and all
capital intensive developmental activities like shaft sinking, roadway developments etc be taken
up concurrently with open-cast mining operations thereby offset the cost of underground
operations.
10.
Urgent need to work out Coal Import Strategy-instead of 15 years Coal Supply
Agreement (CSA) for satisfying Lenders to the End-User plants option for 5+5+5 years CSA be
looked into. Import of coal be limited as an interim arrangement. With fairly vast coal resource in
the country, coal production is bound to pick up.
11.
In water shortage areas, Open-cast mines (after de-coaling) may act as water reservoirs and such
stored water be supplied to public at large.
12.
There is capacity utilization constraint due to non-availability of skilled manpower. This
shortage is increasing. Coal companies should asses their needs much in advance and take help
of professional platforms like MGMI, ISMAA, IEF on Manpower Planning, Environment and
Planning Mine Planning etc. be taken up. MOC, MOP, MOEF, Planning Commission, PMO
should involve MGMI, ISMAA on policy formulation on Coal Related issues.
40
23rd & 24th September, 2014
5th Coal Summit 2014
ROUNDTABLE CONVERENCE ON COAL
Theme: Way forward to Meet Demand of Coal
21st September, 2011 at New Delhi
RECOMMENDATIONS
The Indian School of Mines Alumini Association (ISMAA) Delhi Chapter and India Energy Forum
(IEF) jointly organized one day Round table Conference with a theme of “Way Forward to Meet
st
Demand of Coal” on 21 September 2011 at Hotel Le Meridien, New Delhi.
A total of 16 Presentations were made in the technical sessions on various aspects of the problems being
faced by the Coal sector. The Conference was inaugurated by Hon'ble Minister of Coal, Shri
Sriprakash Jaiswal. Shri N.C. Jha, Chairman, Coal India Ltd. Presided over the Inaugural Session.
To make the Conference to have its sustainable impact, the organisers decided to compile the
recommendations made in the Conference. The gists of the various suggestions made by the
participants are enumerated below.
These recommendations are being presented where required changes/ reforms/interventions needs
to be put in place in order to accelerate growth in Coal production in the quick span of time.
I.
Policy Initiatives
Discussions brought out the following salient suggestions:
II.
i)
The possibility of issuing a prospecting license along with block allotment letter in case of
regionally explored or unexplored blocks should be considered to cut down the delay in
opening of new projects.
ii)
Once the block is allocated by MOC, Each coal bearing State will fix up responsibility of
respective DM for the project falling in his district for all pre project development activities
The alloteee however will give assistance and will deposit a mutually agreed corpus of
Fund decided by DM the role of concerned state should be mandatory in facilitating the
start up of the project.
iii)
The Blocks holders may be allowed to produce coal more than the as stipulated in the
approved mine plan to atleast of 10% annually to meet the increased demand.
iv)
Uniform policy on R&R be formulated with the help of centres for all the states where coal
mining operations are to take place.
Infrastructure – Domestic & Imported
i)
Both rail and road infrastructure needs to be upgraded for evacuation of coal from the pit
head for existing & Greenfield projects.
ii)
Dedicated rail corridors for coal transport need to be speeded up both at pit head and port
connectivity.
41
5th Coal Summit 2014
23rd & 24th September, 2014
iii)
New rail links in North Karanpura in Jharkhand, Mand Raigarh in Chhatisgarh and Talchir
and Basundhara in Orissa need immediate action.
iv)
Development of New Ports and expansion of existing port handling capacities.
v)
Possibility of rail network on PPP format be explored for sharing of capital and O&M cost
by block allottee / PSU to Railways
vi)
Rapid wagon loading system may be considered for mines for ensure quick turn around of
wagons.
vii) High moisture Indonesia Coal to be upgraded by moisture reduction at the mine
end prior to its export thereby making the process of import of Indonesia coal more cost
effective for end users.
III) Development Of New Coal Blocks
The biggest hurdle currently brought into focus by both PSU's and private captive blocks owners
is that of obtaining statutory clearances such as Environmental and forest. The following
suggestions have come up:
i)
Master Plans for geographically contiguous coal belts / coal fields should be prepared so as
to reduce the time required for block wise clearances. The expenditure on this should be
initially borne by the Govt and subsequently charged to block allottees.
ii)
It is suggested that to expedite clearances standard formats for Terms of Reference (TOR)
for O/C and U/G mines may be prepared.
iii)
For obtaining Environmental Clearance, substantial delay is caused due to delays in
holding public hearing. A time bound schedule jointly prepared by Central Govt. and State
Govt. be implemented in full.
iv)
Often land records are not updated. Land recorded as Revenue land (forest/Jungle) should
be clearly notified as non-forest or forest land to avoid land ownership disputes between
Revenue authority and the Forest Department.
v)
A suitable corpus based on the area of the coalfield may be created for enumerating land
details. The norms could be suggested by CMPDI for arriving at the corpus. The state govt
could charge the expenses to the block allottee.
IV) Consumers Perspective
i)
Once Long Term linkage is accorded its implementation should be assured to the
satisfaction level of atleast 85% of linkage otherwise power project cannot be financed.
ii)
The Fuel Supply Agreement (FSA) need to be to the satisfaction of Buyers & Sellers and has
to be acceptable to the Lenders to the power project or end users project. The process FSA
being focussed on consumers is one sided, thereby project of end user is not bankable. In
case of transportation of coal is involved, Indian Railway should also be actively associated.
42
5th Coal Summit 2014
IV
23rd & 24th September, 2014
GENERAL
i)
The long term FSA should be concluded with clause acceptable commercially.
ii)
Delegation of powers to project incharge/General Manager be commensurate with the
project costs to avoid routine referral to higher ups.
iii)
Existing mines having potential for Expansion be taken up for increased production in
principal approval of all statutory clearance be given subject to compliance of directions by
approving authorities.
iv)
State identify Rehablitation sites and sites for compensatory afforestation which can be
stared in initial stages so that forest cover is developed to the satisfaction of forest dept.
Mine opening permission will be subject to their satisfaction. The degraded forest may be
take up for afforestation by Govt. of Kolkata.
v)
Land on long lease be considered on lease rent and after the mining activities the
land be restored back to near original or better conditions with irrigation facility from the
voids created during mining.
vi)
For Coal India and PSUs separate UG & OC mines Organisation be created to augment
Production from underground.
viii) The deeper seams below opencast mines be taken up by UG technology suitable
methodology.
ix)
To encourage energy be given in infrastructure status. UG Coal Mining Custom duties may
be waived for UG development and mechanised coal mining and transport system.
43
23rd & 24th September, 2014
5th Coal Summit 2014
Coal - Backbone of World Economy
— Uma Shankar
Global Value of Coal
Coal plays an important role in our global energy mix, particularly for power generation; and through
that to the alleviation of energy poverty. The use of coal continues to grow rapidly and will continue for
decades to come, to support world economic and social development particularly in rapidly
developing world economies such as China and India. Coal provides 30.1% of global primary energy
needs and generates over 40% of the world's electricity. It is also used in the production of over 70% of
the world's steel. Total world coal production reached a record level of 7822.8 Mt(e) in 2013, or 0.4%
more than 2012.
Attributes of Coal
l
Abundance and accessibility:
Coal is the world's most prevalent and widely distributed fossil fuel, accounting for 64% of global
economically recoverable fossil resources compared to 19% for oil and 17% for natural gas. Coal
reserves are available in almost every country worldwide, with recoverable reserves in around
70 countries. The biggest reserves are in the USA, Russia, China and India. More than 80% of the
world's total proved coal reserves are located in just 10 countries. The US tops the list with more
than a quarter of the proven coal reserves, while China, which ranks third, is the biggest producer
and consumer of coal.
Countries with biggest proved recoverable coal reserves(2012):
Country
Reserves(BT)
Mostly distributed over
USA
237.295
Montana, Wyoming, Illinois, western Kentucky, West
Virginia, Pennsylvania, Ohio and Texas
Russia
157.01
Donetskii reserves in Moscow, the Pechora basins in
Western Russia and the Kuznetski, Kansk-Achinsk, Irkutsk
and South Yakutsk basins in Eastern Russia
China
114.50
More than 70% of China's proved recoverable coal reserves
are located in the north and north-west parts of the country,
Shanxi and the Inner Mongolia
Australia
76.40
New South Wales and Queensland, which together account
for more than 95% of Australia's black coal output, Victoria
hosts about 96% of the country's brown coal reserves. Peak
Downs coal mine in the Bowen Basin of central Queensland,
followed by the Mt Arthur coal mine in the Hunter Valley
region of New South Wales, are the biggest Australian coal
mine in terms of reserves.
44
23rd & 24th September, 2014
5th Coal Summit 2014
India
60.6
The major hard coal deposits of the country are located in the
eastern parts of the country. The eastern states of Jharkhand,
Chhattisgarh, Orissa and West Bengal account for more than
70% of the country's coal reserves. Andhra Pradesh, Madhya
Pradesh and Maharashtra are the other significant coal
producing states in India. Gevra-Dipkaare the biggest open
cast mine in Korba, Chhatisgarh, India, producing 70 million
tonne per annum. The southern state of Tamil Nadu hosts
most of the country's lignite deposits.
Germany
40.70
The Ruhr Coal Basin in the North Rhine-Westphalia state
and the Saar Basin in the south-west Germany account for
more than 75% of the country's hard coal production. The
Rhineland region hosts the country's largest lignite deposits.
The Garzweiler open-cast coal mine in the North RhineWestphalia state is considered to be Europe's biggest brown
coal mine.
Ukraine
33.87
Most of the country's coal reserves are located in Donets
Basin in Eastern Ukraine. Also known as the Donbas Coal
basin, the Donets Basin is spread across three Ukrainian
provinces, namely Dnipropetrovsk, Donetsk and Luhansk.
Ukraine has 149 operating coal mines, out of which 120 are
state-owned and 29 are private mines. The Komsomolets
Donbasu coal mine in the Donetsk Oblast is one of the
biggest coal mines in the country.
Kazakhstan
33.60
The country's proved coal reserves are mostly concentrated
in three provinces including Karaganda Oblast in Central
Kazakhstan and the Pavlodar and Kostanay Oblasts in
North Kazakhstan. Karaganda and Ekibastuz are the two
major coal producing basins in the country. Turgay, NizhneIliyskiy and Maikuben basins are known for their lignite
reserves. Bogatyr Access Komir is the biggest open cast
mining company in Kazakhstan.
Colombia
6.74
Colombia hosts the biggest coal reserves in South America,
with reserves mostly concentrated in the Guajira peninsula.
The La Guajira and Cesar departments of Colombia account
for more than 85% of the country's coal reserves. Correjon is
the biggest coal mine in Colombia, followed by the La Loma
coal mine.
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23rd & 24th September, 2014
5th Coal Summit 2014
Canada
6.58
More than 90% of Canada's coal reserves are located in
sedimentary basins in the western part of the country.
Nanaimo, Bowser, Skeena, Moose River, Maritime and
Bowron River are among the principal coal bearing
sedimentary basins.
Proved recoverable reserves are the quantity within the proved amount in place that can be
recovered in the future under present and expected local economic conditions with existing
available technology."
Indian coal offers a unique ecofriendly, cheap fuel except for high but useful quality of ash source to
domestic energy market.Indian hard coal resources are mainly confined to eastern and south central
parts of the country. Lignite resources are confined mainly in Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan and Gujarat of
which 80 % occurs in Tamil Nadu.
A total of 3,01,564.45 Million Tonnes(1.4.2014) of geological resources of coal have so far been
estimated in India. The type wise and category wise breakup is given below:
Type of Coal
Proved (Mt)
Prime Coking
Indicated(Mt)
Inferred(Mt)
Total(Mt)
% Share
4614.35
698.71
0.00
5313.06
1.76
Medium Coking
13303.02
11866.78
1879.47
27049.27
8.97
Semi Soft Coking
482.16
1003.68
221.68
1707.52
0.57
18399.53
13569.17
2101.15
34069.85
11.30
106915.60
128837.78
30248.58
266001.96
88.21
593.81
99.34
799.49
1492.64
0.49
125908.94
142506.29
33149.22
301564.45
100.00
41.75
47.26
10.99
100.00
Sub Total of Coking
Non Coking
Tertiary Coal
Total Al Types
% Share
l
This inventory dealt with net geological resources assessed, so far, and has not taken into account
the mined over reserves.
l
Total
mine out resources from Godavari Valley coalfield upto 2013-14 since commencement is
1136.32 million tonne (Source: SCCL)
l
Total coal extracted from the coalfields of India during 2013-14 is 565.64 million tonned and since
1950 upto 2013-14 is around 12534.97 million tonne. (source; Coal Controller's Organization,
Ministry of Coal, Govt. of India).
l
Secure energy
Coal reserves are distributed widely across the globe. This global distributionprovides energy
security across broad political arenas.
46
23rd & 24th September, 2014
5th Coal Summit 2014
Top ten Coal Producers of the world(2013):(Figure in Million Tonne)
PR CHINA
3561
RUSSIA
347
USA
904
SOUTH AFRICA
256
INDIA
613
GERMANY
191
INDONESIA
489
POLAND
143
AUSTRALIA
459
KAZAKHSTAN
120
Top Ten Steam Coal Producers (2013e):(Figure in Million Tonne)
PR CHINA
3034
AUSTRALIA
239
USA
756
RUSSIA
201
INDIA
526
KAZAKHSTAN
103
INDONESIA
486
COLOMBIA
81
SOUTH AFRICA
255
POLAND
65
Top Ten Coking coal producers (2013e) : (Figure in Million Tonne)
PR CHINA
527
CANADA
34
AUSTRALIA
158
MONGOLIA
20
USA
78
UKRAINE
20
RUSSIA
73
POLAND
12
INDIA
42
KAZAKHSTAN
12
Top Coal Importers (2013e) : (Figure in Million Tonne)
PR CHINA
327
CHINESE TAIPEI
68
JAPAN
196
GERMANY
51
INDIA
180
UK
50
SOUTH KOREA
126
l
Reliability :
Coal's abundance and distribution, coupled with its relatively low and stable price pattern, set
the stage for a reliable supply of energy. In many countries, coal-based generation is one of the
first sources to be dispatched throughout the electric grid. Coal's characteristics makeit a very
attractive base load fuel. Consistently, the amount of electricity generated from coal significantly
exceeds coal's relative capacity compared to other fuels. In 2009, for instance, coal accounted for
only 32% of total generation capacity but produced 41% of the world's electricity.
47
23rd & 24th September, 2014
5th Coal Summit 2014
Coal in Electricity Generation (2012)
MONGOLIA
95%
ISRAEL
61%
SOUTH AFRICA
93%
INDONESIA
48%
POLAND
83%
GERMANY
44%
PR CHINA
81%
USA
38%
INDIA
71%
UK
39%
AUSTRALIA
69%
JAPAN
21%
l
Affordability: Based on IEA analyses of levelised costs of electricity, super critical plants are one
of the most affordable sources of power generation in China, costing USD 33/MWh compared to
USD 50 for hydro, USD 53 for nuclear and USD 71 for wind (IEA, 2010c). China is projected to
build between 500 GW and 1 000 GW of new coal capacity over the next 25 years.
Countries around the world have been initiating an increasing number of projects
converting coal to liquid fuel, substitute natural gas or chemicals. The scale of China's coal
conversion plans is especially informative and indicates that the goal is to develop an
additional1.2 billion tonnes of coal over the next decade and to utilise that coal in various
conversion projects (Jiachun, 2010). Furthermore, coal to liquids (CTL) will gain increasing
importance with the approach of global peak production of conventional oil.
l
Versatility:
Conclusion
Coal can continue to contribute as an energy source to aid global efforts to eradicate poverty, expand
economic growth and meet climate change goals. Clean coal technologies, especially high-efficiency
power generation and CCS (Carbon Capture & storage), are the pathways to unlocking the extensive
reserves of coal widely dispersed across the globe. Given the attributes of coal and the contribution of
advanced technologies, the road leading from the Copenhagen Accord can be outlined as follows:
l
eliminate energy poverty as a first order priority;
l
create access to energy for everyone, everywhere by 2050;
l
advance all energy forms for long-term, sustainable access; and
l
commercialise and deploy advanced clean technologies to eventually reach near-zero emissions
from coal and natural gas power plants.
Dramatically reducing CO2 emissions is a major challenge but it is tractable through continuously
evolving technologies. The parallel question is whether the world will actually deliver on the second
promise out of Copenhagen - eradication of poverty and energy deprivation. Current IEA projections
indicate that 1.2 billion people will still be without electricity in 2030.Just as importantly, perhaps as
many as two billion others will have only sporadic and limited access to power.
48
23rd & 24th September, 2014
5th Coal Summit 2014
Coal-driven progress in India:
India generates 71% of its electricity from coal. In India the increasing use of coal reflects significant
growth in the economy which in turn increases demand for electricity as well as materials in which coal
is a key component of production such as steel and cement. It is estimated that around 295 million
people today still live in energy poverty in India. Although other energy sources will play a role,
India's domestic coal reserves, relatively easy access to affordable imported coal and its ability to meet
the sheer scale of demand mean that much of the future energy demand in India will be met by coal. In
the XIIth plan, the massive capacity creation and the corresponding increase in thermal power
generation is envisaged. CEA has indicated coal based capacity addition of 79,010 MW (14560 in
central sector, 12080 MW in State Sector and 52370MW in Private Sector). Thus measure thrust (66%) in
capacity addition programme in XIIth plan is envisaged to come up through Private Sector.
Source of information and extracts:
l
World Coal Association
l
Mining-technology.com
l
World Energy Resources 2013 Survey, World Energy Council
l
Global Value of Coal, Working paper 2012,IEA
49
Section-4
L
TA
RG
IC
1906
LU
AL
MI
NI
NG
&
ME
GE
OL
OG
IC
A
L
Abstracts
&
Technical Papers
INSTITUTE OF INDIA
DELHI CHAPTER
51
5th Coal Summit 2014
23rd & 24th September, 2014
MCL – Production, Productivity and Future Plan
— A.N. Sahay*
Coal India Limited contributes about 82% of the total coal production in India and about 70% of its
production is supplied to power sector for generation of electricity. Besides power; steel & cement
sectors are the main consumers of coal. MCL is the second largest coal producing company in Coal
India Limited and is producing about 23-24% of total coal production of CIL. MCL started its journey in
1992 with a total coal production of 23.12 Million tonnes in 1992-93 and achieved a coal production of
107.89 Million tonnes and 110.44 Million tonnes in the year 2012-13 and 2013-14 respectively.
All the mines of MCL are situated in Odisha state with two important Coalfields of the country namely
Talcher and Ib-Valley, which together constitute about 25% of the country's coal resources. Both the
coalfields have vast virgin areas, for exploration and exploitation. With increasing demand of power
grade coal and opening up of coal mining to private sector, it is estimated that there will be 67 number
of mining projects in both the coalfields with production capacity of about 600 Million tonnes per year
of coal by (31-32), in which the share of MCL is estimated to be around 300 Million tonnes per year. It is
evident that coal production from MCL will be the highest amongst all the subsidiaries of CIL and the
prospect of coal mining in the state is very bright. However, commensurate with higher production,
many infrastructures like railway networking, road networking, power supply arrangement, water
management, etc. have to be developed. Similarly, issues like land requirement, mine waste
management, Rehabilitation and Resettlement and environmental issues are to be addressed. Other
than MCL, many other mine operators will operate their mines in the coalfields. This necessitates an
integrated and coordinated approach to deal with such big challenges and for sustainable
development of the coalfields.
*CMD, MCL
53
5th Coal Summit 2014
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Thrust on Development of Lignite Resources
— B. Surender Mohan*
ABSTRACT
The main theme of the 5th coal summit on "Coal: A relook on the way forward" is the need of the hour
and the topic 'Thrust on Development of Lignite Resources' and various issues in Lignite sector and
the Necessity for Exploitation of 'LIGNITE' a Low Value Calorific Fuel (LVCF) is aptly chosen for
delibration.
The Indian lignite has a calorific value ranging from 1000 to 3000 Kcal/Kg and is confined to the States
of Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Pondicherry, Jammu & Kashmir and Kerala where the coal is
almost absent. The lignite is mostly exploited for power generation and about 5.5% of production in
terms of coal equivalent thermal value is compensated by Lignite fuel. Other than deposits viable for
Opencast Mining, the exploitation of deep seated lignite deposits are to be addressed in this forum for
utilization of Power generation in order to achieve the target set for terminal year 2031-32 (XV Plan) by
means of adopting emerging Clean Coal Technologies (CCT) like Underground Coal Gasification
(UCG) and Coal Bed Methane (CBM).
The projected Capacity addition during XII Plan is 2280 MW and XIII Plan is 3600 MW. It is expected
that demand projection up to XII Plan can be met through existing proved lignite resources. However,
beyond XII Plan period, availability of additional proved resources are required for meeting out the
demand.
The total geological resource of lignite of the country stands at 43,246.68 MT as on 01.04.2014. Of these,
6180.89 MT belongs to Proved, 26,282.67 MT belongs to Indicated and 10783.111 MT belongs to
Inferred categories. In India Currently there are 18 lignite mines in operation with cumulative
production capacity of 54.35 MTPA.
At the backdrop of increasing coal / lignite demand and reliability on coal/ lignite for power
generation, collective effort of the government, power producers, coal miners and service providers
are necessary to ensure modern and sufficient infrastructure.
The important nascent aspects like, Thrust on Exploration and Mining in Indian lignite deposits, Coal
Bed Methane (CBM) and Under Ground Coal Gasification (UCG) with a Thrust in Lignite Mining and
NLC's action plan for carrying out UCG project, Development of value added products from Lignite
are briefly highlighted.
*CMD/NLC
54
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5th Coal Summit 2014
Planning for Higher Production by CIL
— A.K. Debnath
ABSTRACT
Coal is the primary source of energy in India and its dominance as energy resource shall continue in the
foreseeable future. Ever increasing demand of coal drives the formulation of strategy for its production
planning. As per the XII Five Year Plan Document, the coal demand is expected to increase to 980.50 Mt
by its terminal year i.e., 2016-17 and the indigenous coal production is projected to be around 795 Mt,
out of which 615 Mt is expected to be contributed by CIL. The demand-supply gap is expected to rise to
185.5 Mt by the terminal year of XII Plan period.
The widening demand-supply gap now requires planning for higher production. Several high
capacity mining projects have already been planned by CMPDI, but many more are required to be
planned and implemented amidst several constraints and challenges. This paper deals with some of
the serious constraints and challenges in planning and implementation of high capacity coal mining
projects. A few suggestions have also been made as way forward in dealing with these constraints and
helping the country in its endeavour towards meeting the growing demand.
*Chairman-cum-Managing Director, CMPDI
55
5th Coal Summit 2014
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Boosting Underground Production
— B. Ramesh Kumar*
ABSTRACT
In an effort to meet the demands of a developing nation, the Indian energy sector has witnessed a rapid
growth leading to heavy imports of coal. As per the Expert Committee on Road Map for Coal Sector
Reforms, a shortfall of 185 MT of thermal coal is expected in the country. With the increase in coal
demand and growing awareness towards sustainable development; the coal industry has drawn a
consensus over the need for increased production from underground coalmines.
Coal is the second largest source of primary energy in the world after oil, and the first source of
electricity generation as Coal is cheap, abundant and reliable source of energy. About 40% of the world
electricity is coal based and Coal is the main stray of India's energy and will continue for quite some
time into the future. About 55% of the primary energy supply and about 70% of power generation in
the country is coal based.
In order to achieve economic growth of 8-9% in terms of GDP, country's total coal demand, even after
allowing for the slippages that have occurred in the current plan period, has been projected to increase
from the present ~ 730 million tons to ~ 2,000 million tons in 2031-32. At present 90 % of the production
comes from Opencast Mining (OC share in SCCL is 79%) where as the largest coal producing countries
like China, USA and Australia are producing coal from underground mining at 95%. 33% and 20 %,
respectively. With the depleting shallow reserves and earmarking of the remaining shallow reserves
for opencast mining, the reserves at 300 to 600 m depth requires a mass production technology with
safety and cost effectiveness. There are around 3536 MT of reserves in SCCL from 300m to 600m depth
range. Currently mining is done predominantly by opencast methods to exploit the proven reserves
situated up to a depth of even 400 m. As shallow seated seams are depleting at rapid pace and FL
diversion and acquisition of private land is becoming difficult day by day, it is essential to go for
underground mines with mass production to meet the ever rising demand.
India still has low level of mechanization and there is massive scope for improvement in underground
coalmines by introducing mass production technologies like Longwall mining in the immediate near
future. India has huge untapped potential for underground mining. SCCL being one of the major coal
producing companies in India has almost removed the manual mining in underground and
introduced technologies like semi-mechanization with SDL/LHD, Blasting Gallery, Longwall and
continuous miner technology.
This paper deals with technological scenario of underground mining in SCCL, the need for enhancing
bulk production from underground mining with conservation, safety and productivity and to be
competitive in Longwall technology.
*Director (Operations), SCCL.
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5th Coal Summit 2014
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Drivage of Inclines in Mandla North Coal Mine of Jaiprakash
Associates Limited, Chhindwara, Madhya Pradesh
— M. N. Jha*, M S Sandhu**
ABSTRACT
The process of nationalization of coal industry was started during the period from 1971 to 1973 in order
to ensure conservation, safety and scientific extraction of coal. This step was taken to enhance the
production of coal to match the energy demand of the country. At the time of nationalization, 80
percent of total coal production of the country was produced through underground mining methods
where the productivity in term of output per man shift used to be very low mainly because of low level
of mechanization of the operations. In order to meet the rising demand of coal, more emphasis was
given in planning big mechanized opencast projects through the deployment of heavy earth moving
machineries. This led to achievement of overall high productivity. This trend of switching over from
underground mining to opencast mining continued exploiting the favorable conditions and neglecting
the development of under ground mining. The present scenario is that the ninety percent of total coal
production comes from open cast mines. The workings in the open cast mines are becoming stringent
and difficult with increased depth and stripping ratio. This fact has been realized and once again
planners have started emphasizing on development of highly mechanized under ground mines to
achieve high productivity and production. It has been realized now that there is need to keep balance
of the production level from opencast and under ground mines
In order to achieve this Ministry of Coal has started identifying the coal blocks to be developed through
scientifically viable methods. Mandla North coal block having coal seams at a depth varying from 210
m to 300 m has been allotted to M/s Jaiprakash Associates Ltd. for development and production of
1.5 million tonnes per annum. The paper deals with the methodology deploying high capacity
machines to achieve the desired out put for captive use of company's cement plants and captive
power plants.
* Ex. CMD SECL & CMPDI, (ii). Presently Advisor (Coal), JAL
** Ex. Head (Explosives div.), IBP, (ii). Presently Sr. General Manager (Mines), JAL
57
5th Coal Summit 2014
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Application of emerging and integrated methodologies of
Geostatistics and Geometallurgy modelling to quantify
risk (uncertainties) from exploration to mining cycle and
enhance overall coal production and profitability”
—Suresh Tripathi
ABSTRACT
The Coal Industry is facing increasingly new challenges to minimize multiple uncertainties (risk)
while continuousely improving productivity & efficiency to maximizing the economic value of the
project while maintaining the safety and environmental sustanability. A cross-discipline approach
called geometallurgical modelling along with geostatistics approach enable us to integrate geology,
mining operations, processing and metallurgy and improve the fundamental understanding of
resource economics. The recent innovation in geoscientific tools and technologies have enabled global
companies to be well prepared to tackle such uncertainties arising from mining cycle of coal
exploration to production to significantly increase coal forecasting production by 5%-25%. Due to coal
scarce resources and increased demand of energy, fast growing and new emergence of integrated
approach of Geostats and Geometallurgical tools has become an integral part of scoping, pre-feasibility
and feasibility stages. An integrated approach of geometallurgy and geostatistics providing
opportunity to add significant values and reliable assessment to project while reducing geological and
grade risk, metallurgical variation risk, geotechnical and environmental risk, improving overall mine
to mill performance and forecasting. The case study has demonstrated a compelling results and new
strategies to implement this blended methodologies to mitigate multiple uncertainties while
increasing the coal production. This integrated methodology concurrently determines the optimum
and best practical mining sequence of coal ore reserves and dynamic and robust processing flowsheet
design over the life of mining projects and operations consists. This has resulted to reduce
environmental risk and maintain economic and social sustanability.
Suresh Tripathi
Suresh Tripathi BA, MA, MSc, MGM, Grad Dipl (Mining), MAusIMM, MIAMG, MSPE, MCIM.
Suresh Tripathi is a professional geostatistician and JORC Competent Person under the JORC Code
(2012) with 15+ years of working experience as a Director of consulting firm Geosun Pty Ltd based in
Melbourne. He is a Vice President of Ascension Minerals Limited and partner with corporate
geoscience group based in Australia. Previously he is the CEO of the Federation of Indian Mineral
Industries- MPGI, New Delhi and an advisor of Wadhawan Investment Group, Mumbai.
58
5th Coal Summit 2014
23rd & 24th September, 2014
Expediting Exploration in New Coal Blocks
— Naeem Ahmad*
ABSTRACT
The exploration for coal is a multistage, multi- disciplinary pursuit involving a plethora of activities
beginning from preliminary investigations and culminating into assessment and modeling of the
resources for projectisation. Although drilling is the most important activity involved, proper
conceptualization of the resource is essential to present a sound base for efficient and optimal
exploitation through mining with due consideration to conservation of this precious non-renewable
energy source.
In India exploration for coal is carried out in four stages viz. (i) Preliminary (ii) Regional(iii) Detailed
and (iv) Developmental. While stage i and ii activities bring out the potential new areas for taking up
stage iii activities to provide resource parameters with high confidence to enable mine
projectisation,stage (iv) is meant toprovide support to working mines for efficient and optimal
extraction of the resources.
Out of the known Gondwanabasinal area of around 35000sq km about 18000sq km has been covered by
Preliminary and Regional Exploration and around 8000sq km area has been covered by detailed
exploration. These efforts have established a total of 301.6 billion tonnes of coal resources (as on
01.04.2014) out of which 125.9 billion tonnes are in 'Proved' category and 175.7 billion tonnes are in
'Indicated' and 'Inferred' categories remaining to be proved.As on date about 256 new/identified
coal blocks having a requirement of about 70 lakh m of drilling remain to be taken up detailed
exploration.
In view of the renewed emphasis given, particularly,to coal based power generation in the country and
the resultant need for proving more and more coal resources for project planning and eventual mining
to make the required quantity of coal available to the power generating units, in particular, and other
industries in general, CMPDI, during last few years has enhanced its detailed exploration capacity to
meet the challenge. As a result its drilling capacity has grown from 4.70 lakh m in 2009-10 to 6.97 lakh m
in 2013-14 which means a growth of more than 48% with spectacular rate of 13% and 24% during 201213 and 2013-14 respectively.
CMPDI is aiming to take its drilling capacity to a level of 15.0 lakh meter by 2015-16, a growth rate of
115% over next two years,with the objective to explore as expeditiously as possible not only the already
identified new blocks but also the blocks which may be identified during these two years
andthereafter.The present papers outlines the steps planned to be taken up to achieve this stupendous
task which would need commensurate enhancement and further strengthening of thetechnical
support system including geology, geophysics, geo-system, hydrogeologyand survey, through
modernization, training and restructuring.
*General Manager (Exploration)
59
5th Coal Summit 2014
23rd & 24th September, 2014
Naeem Ahmad
Shri Naeem Ahmad did his MSc in Geology from Aligarh Muslim University in the
year 1975. He was awarded University Medal for his outstanding academic
st
st
performance as he secured 1 position with 1 division during his Post graduation.
He joined Coal India Limited as a Geologist in 1976 and reached to a level of
General Manager (Exploration) in the year 2011 in Central Mine Planning and
Design Institute Limited. He obtained Post graduate Diploma in Business
Administration from Annamalai University in the year 1995 while serving Coal India with all his zest
and vigor.
As an outstanding performer throughout his carrierShri Ahmad apart from his routine jobs has been
key member in formulation of XI and XII Plan Document on Coal and Lignite Exploration on behalf of
Ministry of Coal, Govt. of India. He has wide exposure to almost all the coalfields of India. He has been
a very active participant in all of Central Geological Programming Board and CGPB Committee V
meetings since 2003 and contributed heavily in formulating coal and lignite exploration strategies to
achieve high end results.
During his tenure as General Manager (Exploration), CMPDI registered not only the highest ever
exploratory drillingmeteragebut also the productivity per drill touched a new high. All associated
investigation including geophysical Surveys also recorded significant growth.
Shri Ahmad had exposure to Coal exploration practices in Canada during his business trip and
participation in Prospectors and Developers Association Conference (PDAC 2007). He also had
exposure to Mozambican coal during his deputation for six months. He participated,as Indian expert,
in the Meeting of the Expert Group on Resource Classification at United Nations, Geneva, Switzerland
from 23 to 26 April'2013 to finalise the specifications of United Nations Framework Classification-2009
(UNFC 2009).
He is Convener of the Geo-science Advisory Council (CAG) Committee on Misssion IIB since 2012
which is a body comprising of eminent geoscientists to advise Ministry of Mines, Government of India
on geo-scientific policy matters.
Shri Ahmad was conferred with the 'Individual Excellence & Outstanding Contribution' award by
CMPDI in the year 2013.
He is a Life member of Society of Geoscientists, Jharkhand and retired from services of CMPDI in
July'14 after having more than 38 year experience on all facets of coal exploration and resource
assessment.
60
5th Coal Summit 2014
23rd & 24th September, 2014
Land Acquisition - Challenges
— T K Nag
Land is an essential resource and in the present scenario is the most important resource for mining
industry and for other sectors/ industries as well. Coal Industry which meets 52% of primary
commercial energy needs of India, requires land to sustain its production and for its growth. In India,
78 % of domestic coal production is dedicated to power generation and coal will remain to be main
source of power generation in near future.
For development of the nation, meeting the energy requirement is a challenging job and Coal Industry
has rise to the occasion. India's coal demand is expected to increase to 980 million tonnes by the end of
XIIth Plan (2016-17), while domestic production is expected to touch 795 million tonnes. This leaves a
wide gap of 185 million tonnes, which has to be met by imported coal and it is costlier than domestic
coal. So, country expects not only to meet the target but also bridge the gap to minimize the imports.
This necessitates opening of new projects as well as expansion of existing projects. So, coal bearing land
is required for this purpose and land acquisition is an essential task for the Coal Industry. But this task
becomes difficult and uphill due to various socio-political reasons. A number of mining projects are
either delayed and some are even abandoned due to land problems.
* Director, CCL.
61
5th Coal Summit 2014
23rd & 24th September, 2014
Development of Ports for Coal Handling
—Rajeev Sinha
India's coal imports have been increasing dramatically over the last few years due to a combination of
surging demand and relatively stagnant domestic production.
The demand surge has been primarily driven by a rapid increase in installed coal-based power
capacity, which went up from 76 Giga watts (GW) in March 2008 to about 130 GW in March 2013, an
increase of 71% (CEA, 2008; CEA, 2013a). During the same period, productionof steam coal which is
mainly used for the power sector, went up from 423 million tons per annum (MTPA) to 508 MTPA, an
increase of only 20% (CCO, 2009; Reuters, 2013). As a result, imports of coal by the power sector have
surged by about 510% between 2007-08 and 2012-13 – from 10.2 MTPA to 62.5 MTPA
Coal accounts for more than 66% of the China's primary energy supply. Chinese coal demand is
primarily attributable to the massive scale of industrialization which makes the country the world's
second largest economy. China alone accounts for nearly half the world's coal consumption. It is
expected that raw coal demand in China to peak around 2025, at about 5100 MTPA from 4000 MTPA
currently.
The total domestic production of coal in India during 2012-13 was 557 MTPA against the total
consumption of 708MTPA. The total import was 138 MTPA in 2012-13. Assuming the historical growth
rate of 5%, India can produce 705 MTPA (including captive) by the year 2017-18. The total demand of
coal in 2016-17 will be 980 MTPA which will be increased to 1375 MTPA by 2021-22. Hence the total
requirement for coal import will reach 275 MTPA by 2016-17 which is almost double from FY 13 (Coal
India and Ministry of Coal).
The total capacity of dedicated coal import terminals in India is around 200 MTPA at present. Out of
this private sector ports have a capacity of 150 MTPA and the balance is at Major Ports. The total
capacity of general cargo berths at Major Ports is around 185 MTPA which is also catering to the
imports of coal presently.
The overall productivity of handling coal at a mechanised dedicated coal terminal is as high as 40,000
Metric Ton (discharge rate) per day as compared to 15,000 – 20,000 Metric Ton (discharge rate) per day
at a general cargo berth. This leads to faster turnaround of vessels at dedicated coal terminals
compared to general cargo berths resulting economic benefits to shippers and overall trade.
Looking at the growing coal demand, new dedicated coal terminals with a total capacity of 200 Mil T
will be required by FY 17. Considering a capacity of 10 Mil T per berth, atleast 20 new berths will be
required with an investment of approx. Rs. 9000 – 10,000 crore.
Among three modes of moving coal – rail, road and coastal, movement of goods by rail and road are
nearing saturation with limited scope of expansion. But coastal mode is not only more energy efficient
and environmentally friendly compared to land based modes of transport but has tremendous scope
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5th Coal Summit 2014
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for expansion in India. Despite having advantages, the Coastal Shipping in India has not been able to
get momentum and the share of the cargo handled through coastal movement is almost stagnant at
around 15%-20% of total cargo traffic handled by ports over last 10 years. Thus coastal movement of
thermal coal can alleviate coal transportation problems and can also mitigate environment pollution
engendered by land movement of coal.
Earlier power plants were load centre based and coal used to move over a large distance from mines to
power plant for consumption considering the land movement of coal and environment issues , pit
heads / coastal based power plants have the potential of lowering the cost of generation and removing
pressure on railways.
But coastal power plants are more beneficial than pit head due to option of using imported as well as
domestic coal (moved coastally) and using sea water for cooling thereby conserving fresh river or
ground water which can be used for agriculture and drinking water..
63
5th Coal Summit 2014
23rd & 24th September, 2014
Hazemag Crushing Solutions for RoM (Run-of-Mines)
—Carlos A. Pena*, Sandipan Majumdar **
Prashant Shukla***
Keywords : coal, feeder breaker, single stage (-) 100 mm sizing, impact roll crusher
ABSTRACTS
Crushing technologies have been used in underground mining since the 1960s. Even then, the cramped
conditions led to the use of horizontal crushers, the long-established conventional jaw crusher was
unsuitable because of restricted headroom, meaning it was no longer able to meet performance
requirements. This resulted in Feeder Breaker technology being introduced. Having undergone
continuous development, this technology is now in service in both underground and surface
mining.
HAZEMAG has a long history as an equipment supplier for coal production in many areas, including
crushing. As a supplier of coal mining equipment in general, the company particularly focuses on the
manufacture of primary-stage crushers associated directly with extraction.
*Chief Operating Officer, Hazemag & EPR Gmbh, Germany.
**Manager (Marketing), Hazemag India Pvt. Ltd (HIPL).
***Executive Engineer (Mining-Mktg), HIPL.
64
5th Coal Summit 2014
23rd & 24th September, 2014
Advancement in Rockbolting and Strata Monitoring
Technology Assisting in Successful Mechanisation in
Indian Underground Coal Mines
—A Gandhe*, Dr K M MacAndrew**, I D Gregson***
ABSTRACT
Demand of more coal production urges enhancement of mechanization in mining for improved
productivity. Under present geomining conditions introduction of Continuous Miners in India has
brought a new hope for faster extraction of developed pillars from underground coal mines. Since 2002
nine mechanised continuous miner room and pillar sections have been successfully introduced into
Indian coal mines. This progress would not have been possible without the concurrent introduction by
Golder Associates of advanced technology rockbolting to provide reliable safe support. The
application in India of this high capacity rockbolting system, including design based on in-situ
measurement, together with systems for monitoring ground control safety and for control of safety
standards, consumables and underground installation, is described. This system has allowed safe reaccess to existing room and pillar panels for pillar removal, as well as the development of new panels,
so that pillars can be extracted safely on panel retreat. The auto warning telltale device, developed for
use in mechanised pillar extraction in India, is described, along with other monitoring devices used to
ensure ground control safety. The success of these record breaking installations confirms the large
potential for further mechanised room and pillar operations in India.
With nine high capacity continuous miner sections now in operation in Indian collieries, the
application of mechanised room and pillar mining systems has proved very successful for both the
development of new districts and the re-establishment of old districts prior to pillar extraction on panel
retreat. This progress would not have been possible without the introduction of advanced technology
rockbolting. This comprises high capacity roofbolting systems, design based on in situ measurements,
systems for monitoring ground control safety and control of safety standards, consumables and
underground installation. Training and transfer of this technology has allowed both safe re-access to
existing room and pillar panels, and the development of new panels, so that pillars can be extracted
safely on panel retreat.
Safety procedures undertaken during pillar extraction now include the use of auto-warning telltales
which begin flashing when roof movement exceeds a preset level. The AWTT makes a significant
contribution to operator safety during pillar extraction. Their relative effectiveness is however site
specific and consequently they should not be relied upon in isolation. The potential for the application
of mechanised room and pillar technology, including pillar extraction, in other Indian coal mines is
significant. Pillar extraction in particular has the potential to increase the recoverable coal reserves
throughout India, including the estimated 2 to 3 billion tonnes of reserves currently sterilised in old
room and pillar panels and to greatly increase the productivity of room and pillar operations in India,
towards world best production levels.
Keywords:
Rockbolting, Coal, Pillar, Telltale, Monitoring, Extraction
*M Tech, B E Mining, Golder Associates (India) Ltd.
**BSc, PhD, MIMMM C Eng, Golder Associates (UK) Ltd.
***BSc (Hons), FGS, Golder Associates (UK) Ltd.
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Improving The Mining Environment And Expediting
Environmental Clearance For Coal Blocks
— M.S. Nagar*
ABSTRACT
Admittedly, the Mining Industry, both of Fossil Fuels and Minerals has historically had a poor track
record as far as Environment Protection is concerned. But not any more. Though, breaking ground and
extracting the ore does hurt the surrounding environment, things have changed appreciably since the
last half a Century; both on account of the growing concern for the Nature around us and modern
environment friendly technologies. Still, the negative perception about Mining vs. Environment
persists. The recent comprehensive Legislative Measures (EPA 1986, and the two Notifications of 1994
and 2006) have achieved their basic objective to drive home the importance of 'Env. Protection' among
the Industries and move towards healthy environmental practices. A time has come to evaluate its
wide spread success across Industries, and also address the frequent complaints that the laid down
processes and procedures are far too 'time consuming' and perhaps excessively tend .to put Industrial
Operations on hold till all the 'Prior Env. Clearances' are secured by the Industry. The element of
'Mutual Trust' appears suspect.
It is therefore necessary that before we touch upon possible means of cutting out legislative delays, the
Industry (Coal Mining in the present context) should take confidence building measures to dispel any
such doubts and project squarely, their Policy wise and Practice wise 'Commitment', not only to
'protect' but also substantially 'improve; the Environment. In our chosen subject for this talk, we have
to have a critical look at the achievements of Coal India, Tatas, Neiveli Lignite Corporation, Gujarat
Mineral Development Corporation and other Coal and Lignite Producers in this regard and self
regulatory efforts being made as the case may be.
As regards the various means of curtailing delays in securing environmental clearances, it should be
clearly understood that such an exercise would be without the slightest prejudice to the basic objective
of sound Environmental Management, which is of paramount importance. The experience of last 20
years, the performance standards achieved and weaknesses still to be overcome will indicate which of
the delays are merely process/procedure related and which of them are born out of environmental
concerns. Such an Analysis should be able to point out how best the present two stage process could be
condensed and some of the procedural and data collection steps could be dispensed with or shortened
to save the overall time taken for getting the EC.
It is heartening to note that the present result oriented Govt. has decided to review the Enactments on
Environment by a high powered Committee, which in turn, has sought the comments of all the Stake
Holders. The Industry should make full use of such an opportunity to suggest how the avoidable
delays could be minimized and the whole System improved through necessary amendments to the
present Statutory Regime.
*Former CMD, IREL and Chairman, EAC (Mining, Non-Coal)
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Mitigation of Damage by Mining to Environment
— Pradeep Chaturvedi*
ABSTRACT
An inadequate conceptual framework is often behind the failure of mining reclamation projects,
including insufficient understanding of reference eco-systems short-term planning, and insufficient
consideration of contingencies. Good erosion models for reclaimed areas as tools for land-form design
have been developed. One major area in need of improvement is the application of laws for
rehabilitation of mined sites. Cooperation between mining companies and environmental institutions
is necessary to integrate reclaimed areas into conservation programmes at a regional scale.
Mining for energy, mainly coal is unavoidable as the global energy demand is predicted to increase by
1.5% per year through to 2035, and substantial part of it will be met from coal resources. Energy
sustainability dimensions include energy security, energy equity and environmental sustainability.
China and India and many of the other European and African countries are highly dependent on coal
and will remain so for substantial time to come and therefore mitigation of coal mining effects will
remain in focus.
India has undertaken mining and reclamation process on a large scale. Greening efforts of Singreni
collieries has become bench-mark for global comparisons for ensuring environmentally sound
greening of mined area. The lessons learnt from that project have indicated the evolution of best
practices in greening of open cast coal mining. Open cast mining is a source of sediments reaching the
oceans via rivers. At a local scale, mining impacts on biodiversity, water quality, and land use are
frequently very high. Mining is one of the anthropogenic activities causing serious disturbance on
nature. Technology for mining reclamation has been widely developed in the last two decades for
most regions of the world. However, in practice most of the reclaimed lands have achieved poor
results. Some conceptual models assume that change more than equilibrium is the essence of nature.
Reclamation efforts have largely depended on a number of unpredictable circumstantial events like: (i)
initial conditions; (ii) natural perturbations; (iii) influence of the surrounding eco-system and people;
and (iv) human contingencies.
Certain important elements observed include: (i) both mining and reclamation activities must be
carried out simultaneously; (ii) reclamation projects must be designed and developed by companies
and social actors together; (iii) a plan of monitoring and survey should be put in place for checking,
improving or redirecting the applied practices.
Australia has developed the Leading Practice Sustainable Development Programme in 2006. That is
being studied by a large number of companies and its adaptations have also been observed.
“Leading practice” is about identifying and implementing the best way of doing things for a given
mine site. As new challenges emerge and new solutions are developed, or better solutions are devised
for existing issues: (i) It is important that leading practice be flexible and innovative; and (ii) Help
develop solutions that match site-specific requirements.
*President, Indian Association for the Advancement of science
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Although there are underpinning principles, leading practice is a much about approach and attitude as
it is about a fixed set of practices or a particular technology. It is an evolving target – adaptive to
changing standards and situations, likened to the concept of 'continuous improvement' in economic,
environmental and social performance. The programme seeks to: (i) Promote proactive adoption of
leading practice principles; (ii) Provide practical guidance; and (iii) Encourage improvements in social,
environmental and economic performance.
An underpinning principle of the programme is to encourage, within the mining industry, a 'shift' in
approaches and attitudes, as well as in the practices and technologies available in the mining industry
and move towards Sustainable Mining, especially in the Post-2015 UN Agenda.
The most important decision, in India, has to be to provide sufficient funds and carry out mining and
mitigation actions simultaneously. The practices for mined areas are altogether different and care
should be taken to carefully plan the damage control phase. Latest technologies from different parts of
the world will have to be accessed even if they are costly. A favourable decision from management
authorities can be obtained if a sound damage control plan incorporating action plan for GHG control
can be prepared.
Pradeep Chaturvedi
Mr. Pradeep Chaturvedi, is an internationally recognized expert involved for over
40 years in energy and development sectors needing technological solutions for
infrastructure development and income generation in India and Asia Pacific
Region. He has worked mainly on projects under UN and other International
Agencies like UNDP, UNIDO, UNESCO, FAO and Commonwealth Secretariat.
Mr. Chaturvedi is a Fellow of Indian National Academy of Engineering.
He was the Member of the “Vision 2020 for India”, Member of “Expert Committee on Integrated Policy
of India” both under the Planning Commission. Involved with the drafting of the Energy Conservation
Act and the Electricity Act, he was also instrumental in drafting “Engineers Bill” and “Internal
Mobility of Engineers” and has proactively supported engineering profession in India.
Mr. Chaturvedi has been Chairmen of Delhi State Centre; Mechanical Engineering Division; R&D
Committee and Safety and Quality Forum of IEI. He has authored 7 books and edited 25 books relating
to energy management, planning and sustainable development.
He received several international recognitions, the latest being FEIAP Engineer of the Year 2011 Award
from the Federation of Engineering Institutions of Asia and the Pacific in 2013.
For his contribution for the growth of Engineering Profession, he is conferred with Life Time
Achievement Award.
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CBM Development in India-The Need for Change in Policy
and Strategy for Exploitation of Methane from Indian Coals
— P.N. Hajra, A.K Singh
ABSTRACT
In all countries after the easier target for open cast mining of coals at shallow depth have nearly got
exhausted the need for deeper underground mining came into practice. But deep underground mining
faced with the additional problem of higher methane content which need to be extracted to bring in the
admixture of methane and air to a level of less than 1% methane to avoid the hazard of mine explosion.
In initial days of underground mining mine ventilation system was followed. However, with passage
of time when mining further extended to deeper depths the ventilation method became economically
unviable proposition and naturally advanced technique of methane drainage from underground coal
mines/coals started in the industry.
The major quantity of CBM is locked in the areas under active mining or command areas of coal mining
companies for future mining in the coal fields of two river valleys viz., Damodar and Son river. To
increase in coal production mining has to be done for the deeper coals with higher gas contents. Under
the circumstances the policy of VCBM exploitation independent of mining has very little scope in these
two river valley coal fields. An integrated synergistic approach with possible changes in legal and
safety aspects need to be evolved with due consideration for application of techniques as followed
elsewhere in the world.
P N Hajra
Shri Hajra,Former General manager in ONGC was intimately involved in VCBM
exploration of the company for almost 20yrs.He was awarded ONGC Chairman's
award in 1997 and was recognised as a pioneer in CBM work through National
Mineral Award by Ministry of Coal, Govt. of India for 2000 awarded in 2002.As
Block Manager, CBM(Kolkata and Bokaro) he was responsible for entire CBM
exploration strategy, planning and execution in ONGC.During the last phase he
was Head, Centre of Delivery,CBM and was posted in New Delhi. At present he is
working as a Domain Expert, CBM with ONGC.
Dr. Ajay Kumar Singh
Dr. Singh is a Sr. Scientist and Head of the Methane Emission and Degasification
Department at CSIR-Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research, Dhanbad. With
a Ph.D. degree from Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Dr. Singh is one of the
most established scientists in India in the field of coalbed gases. He has more than
thirty five research papers to his credit in the national and international arena and
has published 127 technical reports. He is one of the contributor's to the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the panel that has been
conferred the Nobel Peace Prize of 2007 on climate change. IPCC has shared a copy of the award
certificate with Dr. Singh.
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Coal Mine Methane Development in CIL
areas : Opportunity and Challenges
— B N Prasad* & V K Sinha**
ABSTRACTS
Coalbed Methane (CBM) and its subset like Coal Mine Methane (CMM, methane from areas where
mining is going on or projectised) etc are an important source of clean energy. Development of CMM is
under focus in most of the coal producing countries keeping in view it's multifaceted advantages on
safety of mines, environment benefits and source of clean energy.
India being the 3rd larger producer of coal in the world has taken up steps for development of CBM and
CBM policy was announced in 1997 facilitating award of CBM Blocks for commercial development
which has started in few allotted blocks. Efforts are also being made for taking up commercial
development of CMM in India and for facilitating its development policy related issues are under
consideration of the Govt.
Coal India Limited, the largest coal producing company in the world, operates through over 470 coal
mines and is having about 4500 sq.km leasehold areas under its command. The coal mining operation
of CIL is going on in several coalfields which are characterized by occurrence of high rank coal seams
having high gas content, which may be amenable for commercial development of CMM.
Visualizing the opportunities and considering multifaceted benefits, CIL has made several endeavors
including implementation of GoI/UNDP/GEF CBM Demonstration Project in one of its mine which
proved the efficacy of the process in Indian geo-mining condition. In addition, five prospective CMM
areas have been identified and assessment of CBM made where CMM development could be taken up.
Commercial development in these areas could start after getting Government directives on this issue.
There are several opportunities for CIL in this new and high technology area of CMM development,
however it will be challenging on account of technical and administrative issues. The present paper
deals with the opportunities of CMM development within CIL areas and challenges which have been
perceived for such development.
* Advisor (CBM), CMPDI, Ranchi,
** Director (T/RD&T), CMPDI, Ranchi
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Development of Ultra Super Critical Technology for
Improving Coal Combustion Efficiency
— Neeraj Kaul
ABSTRACT
o
Steam boilers for power generation that employ temperatures in excess of 600 C together with
pressures that are higher than the critical pressure of 226 kg/cm2 (Ultra Super Critical) are well
established in the power Industry. The journey from Sub-Critical to Supercritical and finally to Ultra
Super Critical has been long and lots of lessons have been learnt along the way in terms of both the
boiler design as well as the material science involved. Benefits that have accrued are in terms of
improved efficiencies, lower emissions and flexibility of operation.
In the Indian context, most of the Super Critical boilers that are being built are using steam parameters
o
o
of 247/565/593 (Main Steam Pressure Kg/Cm2/ MS Temp C / Reheat Temp C.). Most recently, in the
past few projects/tenders, steam parameters of 268/593/593 are being employed. Move from SubCritical to these Super Critical parameters; from drum type natural circulation to once through
operation, represent a major jump as far as technology infusion in Indian power sector is concerned.
Even though such parameters are well established elsewhere in the world, Indian adoption requires
special attention due to high ash domestic coal together with need to blend with imported coal.Move
from current SC to USC parameters mainly require careful attention to materials being used for higher
temperature duty. Most other equipment required for USC cycle is subject to standard engineering
considerations.
For pulverized coal combustion there are two boiler types that are being employed; two pass and tower
types; two pass being most popular in India. Major challenge envisaged in the operation of these
boilers is to do with consistency of fuel supplied. While these boilers are designed for a certain coal
type, operation can cater to some degree of fuel quality variation but not a whole lot. The other issue of
course is availability of fuel and our dependence on imported fuel is on the rise.
In this context it's thus important that we look at yet another boiler type called the Circulating
Fluidized Bed boiler (CFB). This type of boiler is “fuel flex” capable and can be designed to burn a
whole lot of different fuels. Besides lower emissions, this boiler type is now commercially available up
to Ultra Super Critical range and sizes up to 660MW. In the Indian context, such flexibility will likely
allow the operator to use coal price arbitrage anywhere in the world and not be dependent on supply
from one source, especially when it comes to blending with imported fuel. At least some portion of new
power generation in the utility segment can be considered based on CFB technology.
Neeraj Kaul
Shri Neeraj has been associated with the Indian energy sector for past 32 years;
starting with NTPC, PowerGrid, GE and now in Alstom for past 2 years. In Alstom,
Neeraj is responsible for marketing of Alstom boilers. Prior to Alstom, Neeraj was
the Head of Energy Marketing for GE in India. Neeraj has wide experience of
Power Systems design and its operation and has a keen interest in new technology
development, its application and adoptability in India with potential of customer
benefit across the globe.
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Dry air jigging: Efficient beneficiation of high ash
Indian Coal & Char
— Suresh Kedia*, Carlos Pena**
Sabyasachi Mishra***, Dr.-Ing. Heribert Breuer****
ABSTRACT
Traditional practice in coal beneficiation includes wet processes such as heavy media cyclone, wet
jigging and spirals. But most obvious drawback is the need of water, dewatering of the fines produced
and slurry handling. Due to simple operation, no requirement of water and magnetite, dry jigging of
coal has emerged as a powerful means of coal beneficiation for non coking coal and is widely being
accepted by sponge iron and power plants in India. Dry processing eliminates the clean coal moisture
penalty. It is relatively easy to obtain permit for a dry washery as compared to wet or heavy media coal
washery. The Indian coal industry has given a very positive response to the allair jig®, allmineral dry
coal solution. Around 33 air jigs are in operation in the coal dominated states of Orissa, Chhatisgarh &
Jharkhand & Karnataka. Pre beneficiation of high ash Indian coal through allair jig®, reduces the % of
high grade imported coal in blending or it can directly be used in DRI, which consequently reduces the
cost of production of sponge iron. Rejects obtained in the beneficiation can be directly used in the AFBC
Boilers along with DRI rejects.
Dolochar generation, which is high in DRI Units due to use of inferior quality of coal, is a big problem of
the industry now a days. These days it is a common practice among the sponge iron plants to
beneficiate Dolochar also in allair jig®, to remove metallic content and upgrade in terms of FC and
GCV for finally using in AFBC/CFBC boiler.
Keywords : Coal, Dry jigging, coal preparation, Allair, Dolochar
*Chief Manager Marketing, Allmineral Asia Pvt Limited
**COO International, Allmineral Gmbh & Co. KG
***Managing Director, Allmineral Asia Pvt Limited
****Managing Director, Allmineral Gmbh & Co.KG
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Effective and Economic Blending
—Ankush Koul*
ABSTRACT
The largest operating cost of any coal fired power plant is the fuel itself, i.e. coal. Considering today's
complex coal market, power plants need to be ready for coals that they have never seen before and
which may not conform to the initial design considerations of the plant. Lower grade coals can lead to
higher fuel consumption. Coals with high iron (Fe) or Silicon (Si) content can result in fouling and
slagging of the boilers, which in turn can cause unplanned outages further increasing the amount of
coal burned to come back online.
In the light of all these possible situations, an effective blending process basis online, real-time analysis
of coal using PGNAA technology can lead to increased efficiency using lesser amount of fuel which
translates to cost savings from the reduced coal consumption.
On-line coal analyzers have been in use in coal mines, washeries, and coal-fired power plants forover
twenty years. These analyzers provide minute-by-minute analysis of SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO, TiO2,
K2O, and Na2O in the ash. In addition the can also report the Gross Calorific value of the coals passing
through the analysis zone. Using these results as the process control parameters, power plants can
improve their operating efficiency, reduce outages and optimize coal consumption by enabling better
blending practices.
For more than 2 decades Thermo Fisher Scientific has been offering online Elemental Analyzers with
PGNAA technology allowing personnel of coal mines and power plants to make proactive process
decisions to minimize variations in coal quality.
*Applications and Product Specialist (Coal and Cement Analyzers), Thermo Fisher Scientific.
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Planning for Higher Production by CIL
— A.K. Debnath
Introduction
Coal is one of the most plentiful energy resources of the world and its use is expected to increase several
fold in the coming decades. It is the primary source of energy in India as well and accounts for about
55% of the total energy supplies. Its domination is expected to continue for long with contribution
exceeding 50%. With progressively increasing energy demand, Indian coal industry assumes immense
importance not only for meeting the energy needs, but also in terms of significant contribution to the
economic development of the country. While it contributes huge sum of money to the coffers of the
governments of coal producing states and the Central Government by way of taxes, duties, etc., it also
enhances the quality of life of the local and nearby inhabitants of mining sites by increasing the earning
capacity through direct or indirect employment and by extending various welfare amenities to them. It
is, therefore, considered as one of the core industries of the nation and plays a vital role in
strengthening the Indian economy.
India has a fairly long history of mining, however, the Indian coal industry became organized only
after the nationalization of coal mines with the formation of Coal India Limited (CIL). Thereafter, with
active planning support of Central Mine Planning & Design Institute Ltd. (CMPDI) - a subsidiary of
CIL - the nation witnessed phenomenal growth in coal production by CIL over the years in a bid to
meet the ever growing demand of coal. The trend of coal production since nationalization has been
shown in the figure 1 below which shows that the production grew several fold from around 79 Mt in
1974-75 to 462.53 Mt in 2013-14. Since inception, CMPDI has continuously been playing a key role in
shaping each of the coal producing subsidiaries of CIL by fulfilling their mine planning requirements
apart from proving coal reserves on regular basis in the administrative areas of each of the subsidiaries
and rendering engineering and other allied services. CMPDI has to its credit a large number of coal
mining project reports prepared by it not only for subsidiaries of CIL, but also for Singareni Collieries
Co. Ltd. (SCCL), SAIL-ISP, MOIL Ltd. and others.
Figure 1: Trend of coal production by CIL since nationalization.
*Chairman-cum-Managing Director, CMPDI
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During the year 2013-14, CIL produced 462.53 Mt contributing around 82% of total coal production of
the country. The coal import during the year was around 148 Mt to meet the requirement of both coking
and non-coking coal of the country. The XII Five Year Plan Document of Ministry of Coal (March, 2012)
indicates coal demand to increase to 980.50 Mt by the terminal year of XII Plan i.e., 2016-17 considering
a CAGR of 7.09%. The indigenous all India coal production by 2016-17 is projected to be 795 Mt (615 Mt
for CIL) under optimistic scenario. The demand and indigenous supply gap, therefore, is expected to
rise to 185.5 Mt by the year 2016-17.
The urgent need of the country is to check the progressively widening gap between demand of coal and
its indigenous availability and make efforts in reducing it in coming years thereby reducing the burden
of coal imports. In order to avert any impending formidable situation due to continuously burgeoning
demand of coal, opening and operating efficiently a large number of high capacity mining projects as
early as possible is urgently required amidst several challenges.
Mine Planning
CMPDI is a well-recognized mine planning and design institute not only in India, but overseas as well.
Over the years since its inception, it has developed unbeaten expertise in planning opencast and
underground coal and metal mining projects. CMPDI has prepared a total of 691 project reports for CIL
since inception contributing to the capacity addition of various coal producing subsidiary companies
of CIL by as much as around 1167 Mt (Figure 2 below). Additionally, around 420 odd project reports
were also prepared, which actually did not contribute to the incremental production capacity of the
mines of CIL due to various reasons viz., complex land, environment and R&R issues, geo-mining
conditions, merged with other projects, economic unviability, etc.
PRs-Exhausted
Projects, 50
PRs-Awaiting
Approval, 142
PRs-Completed
Projects, 330
PRs-Ongoing
Projects, 169
Note: Numbers indicate number of project reports.
(a) Catergory-wise distribution of PRs by numbers.
Figure 2: Project reports prepared by CMPDI since inception (as on 31.05.2014).
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PRs-Exhausted
Projects, 28.55
PRs-Awaiting
Approval, 388.55
PRs-Completed
Projects, 343.85
PRs-Ongoing
Projects, 406.57
Note: Numbers indicate capacity addition (in Mt).
(b) Catergory-wise distribution of PRs by capacity.
Figure 2: Project reports prepared by CMPDI since inception (as on 31.05.2014).
A total of 126 projects had been identified for XII Plan resulting in capacity addition of about 446 Mt per
annum, against which, project reports for 93 projects, with capacity addition of about 337 Mt per
annum have already been formulated. During the year 2013-14, 26 Project Reports have been prepared
with capacity addition of about 81 Mt per annum. Balance 33 Project Reports with capacity addition of
about 109 Mt per annum will be formulated in subsequent years of XII Plan. Capacity addition
projectised by CMPDI during the past few years has been shown in the Figure 3 below.
Incremental Capacity (Mt)
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14
Year
Figure 3 : Capacity addition projectised by CMPDI during past few years.
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During the last three years (i.e., from 2011-12 to 2013-14), project reports for 13 opencast projects each
having production capacity in excess of 10 Mt per annum have been prepared. The total production
capacity of these projects is 280 Mt per annum and these projects would contribute 115.5 Mt per annum
to the total incremental production capacity.
38 large opencast projects have been planned by CMPDI each having capacity in excess of 10 Mt per
annum, out of which twenty five are already approved while project reports for other 13 projects await
approval. Out of these 38 large projects, 33 projects have production capacity between 10 to 20 Mt per
annum, two projects of 25 Mt per annum, and three projects each having production capacity of 35 Mt,
40 Mt and 50 Mt per annum, respectively. Such large opencast mines have been planned with proposed
deployment of high capacity modern mining equipment. Calendar plans for excavation and handling
of enormous mass of waste rock and coal in the proposed high capacity mines are planned carefully
with modern mine planning software's.
Similarly, continuous efforts are made by CMPDI to introduce mechanization in underground mines
of CIL wherever geo-mining conditions permit. With the encouraging results from the first few
installations of continuous miner in underground mines of CIL under risk-gain sharing basis with the
equipment manufacturer/ supplier, this technology became the planners' choice with an endeavour to
enhance production capacity and productivity of mines. There are presently seven mines deploying
continuous miners with total envisaged production capacity of 2.835 Mt per annum. Project reports for
20 mines have been prepared by CMPDI which have been approved for total production capacity of
around 11 Mt per annum. Further, project reports for 10 more mines have been prepared by CMPDI
with envisaged production capacity of around 8.4 Mt per annum, but these project reports are yet to be
approved.
Longwall mining technology, which is considered to have the potential of mining at a comparatively
higher rate than any other underground mining technology under suitable geo-mining conditions,
failed unfortunately to perform satisfactorily in the past. A renewed effort is, however, being made in a
few mines under MDO mode (Mine Developer-cum-Operator; CMPDI has been instrumental in
formulating the RFQ and RFP documents for selection of successful MDOs.) namely, Moonidih,
Muraidih and Kapuria mines in BCCL and Jhanjra mine in ECL. Work orders for operating these mines
with longwall mining technology have already been issued to the successful MDOs and the likely
capacity addition with the implementation of this technology would be around 8.9 Mt per annum.
Further, three more mines namely, Nand, Murpar and Borda of WCL have been identified for
deployment of longwall mining technology.
Highwall mining and trench mining are another potential areas which can contribute significantly to
enhance the coal production of the country. Substantial amount of coal reserve remains blocked under
the batter of opencast mines and is usually considered unmineable. Also, extraction of coal seams in
thickness range of 0.9m to 1.5m is considered economically unviable by opencast or underground
method of mining. But, with the application of modern highwall miner either at the exposed highwall
of an opencast mine or in trenches, considerable amount of coal can now be recovered which otherwise
could not have been extracted economically either by opencast or underground method of mining.
This method, therefore, is advantageous from the conservation point of view also. At present, this
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technology has been implemented in Sharda opencast project of SECL. Efforts are being made by
CMPDI to identify more mines for the application of this technology.
All these clearly indicate CMPDI's capability of planning large projects with higher production
capacity. In view of the growing demand of coal, more number of such projects with high production
capacity is required to be planned. But, there are several constraints and challenges in planning and
implementing such projects, which need to be handled strategically.
Constraints & Challenges
There are several constraints and challenges in planning for higher production. Some of these which
affect the endeavour seriously are briefly mentioned below.
l
Continuously
increasing pressure of demand of coal necessitates to increase the pace of
exploration converting resources into reserves such that they can be projectised. Tough
challenges are ahead since the drilling target for the year 2014-15 has been substantially increased
by the Ministry of Coal (MoC) to 12 lakh meter which is further required to be raised to a level of
15 lakh meter by the year 2015-16, whereas, CMPDI achieved around 7 lakh meter of drilling
during 2013-14 registering a growth of about 24% over the previous year and the Geological
Reports prepared during the year have brought about 2.5 billion tonnes of additional coal
resources under 'Proved' category. Under the circumstances, CMPDI needs to enhance its
drilling capacity in near future to meet the target set for it.
l
Large
number of potential coal blocks fall under the forest cover of various categories requiring
forestry clearances from the Ministry of Environment & Forest (MoEF) and concerned state
governments for permission to undertake exploration and mining in forest covered areas, which
is a very time consuming and cumbersome process. Further, as per the existing norms, drilling of
only 20 boreholes are permitted per 10 square kilometers, while 12 to 15 boreholes per square
kilometer are required for estimating various geo-engineering parameters/ characteristics,
deciphering geological structures and estimating reserve of underlying coal seams with
acceptable level of confidence for mine planning purpose.
l
Heavily built-up surface areas over and around coal blocks generally lead to
u
intriguing
land acquisition problems, complexity of which is further increased by the
interferences by local political leaders;
u
requirement of huge capital for R&R affecting the economics of the project;
u
compromised
strategy in deciding mining limits and/ or even mining method at planning
stage in order to protect some important surface features;
u
shortage of space for overburden dumping;
u
requirement of diversion of roads, nalas, etc. increasing the capex load on the project, etc.
l
In
case of underground mines, requirement of surface rights prior to depillaring with caving is
usually imposed as a condition by DGMS (Directorate General of Mines Safety) while granting
permission to depillar. The complexity of land acquisition problem is well-known and due to this
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underground mines suffer delays in commencement of depillaring operation which is capable of
producing at a comparatively higher rate. Further, this leads to additional cost to the already
ailing underground mines with higher cost of mining. This usually lures the mine management
to resort to other methods such as partial extraction or extraction with stowing thereby affecting
the production potential of underground mines. If imposition of such condition is kept
continued, most of the underground mining projects in future might not be economically viable
under the present criteria of economic viability of mining projects.
In fact, with increasing depth of mining, there would be no appreciable surface subsidence due
to depillaring and hence, there is no need to have surface rights. Further, in places where there
are no important surface infrastructure and the land is being used for agriculture/
horticulture only, the condition of having surface rights should not be imposed as in the real
life situations, the land where subsidence had taken place is now being used extensively for
agricultural purposes.
l
High
capacity mines need to have rapid coal evacuation system from the pit head/ mine site for
uninterrupted operation and for sustaining higher rate of production from them. This in turn
require good rail network around operating mines in each coalfield and also in the green field
areas for proposed mining projects. But, lack of good rail networks in the green field areas and
even in some parts of the active coalfield areas poses a serious constraint for the mining industry.
l
Law
and order problems particularly for coal blocks situated in states of Jharkhand, Odisha and
Chhattisgarh are serious issues for the mining industry. Hindrances are often experienced even
during exploration stage and need to be addressed jointly by the concerned State Government
and the Central Government.
l
Size and geometry of coal blocks sometimes become a constraint for planning for higher capacity
mines. In case of opencast mines with shorter strike length, machine unproductive time increases
due to frequent marching of drilling and excavating machinery. Similarly, shorter extent along
dip restrains the maximum depth of mining. In case of underground mining also, shorter extent
along strike requires frequent salvaging and installation of panel equipment thereby affecting
their productivity.
Way Forward
The constraints and challenges mentioned above need to be handled carefully and strategically for
long-term impact on the Indian coal industry. The following could be a way forward addressing these
constraints and challenges.
l
Drilling
capacity need to be enhanced by mechanizing and modernizing the drilling operation
conducted by all agencies engaged in coal exploration to meet the drilling target set by MoC for
the forthcoming years.
l
Other modern techniques of exploration apart from drilling from surface may be resorted to viz.,
high resolution 2D and 3D seismic survey, borehole tomography, other advanced geophysical
techniques, etc.
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Revision
l
of existing norm for permitting drilling for exploration in forest areas need to be
considered by the MoEF. In order to avoid delays in forestry and environmental clearances, a
system needs to be evolved jointly by the MoC, MoEF and the coal industry.
l
Sensitive
law and order problems cropping up during exploration as well as mining may be
handled jointly by the mining industry, Ministry of Coal (MoC) and local administration of the
concerned State Government. Similarly, land acquisition problems may be handled jointly
taking into confidence the local community and the local political leaders.
l
For
establishing good rail network for the purpose of quick coal evacuation from the coalfields,
coordinated effort between the MoC and Ministry of Railways is required. Instead of the usual
practice of making provision for individual project, the approved master plan of coalfields
should be taken as basis for planned development of this badly needed infrastructure.
l
Larger
coal blocks need to be considered for planning for high capacity mining projects. Smaller
adjacent coal blocks may be joined together and if needed, even a joint venture may be
considered if the block is owned by a different company for better exploitation of in-situ reserves.
l
Possibilities
of implementing highwall mining and trench mining to recover coal should be
explored which otherwise cannot be economically mined by conventional opencast or
underground mining
l
Emerging
backfilling technologies may be tried in underground mines for exploitation of coal
beneath built-up surface areas. Suitability of some of these technologies such as backfilling with
high water content material (which solidifies without losing water), paste, flyash, etc. may be
examined by undertaking pilot projects.
l
Exploitation
of other coal based energy sources such as CBM (Coalbed Methane), CMM (Coal
Mine Methane), VAM (Ventilation Air Methane), UCG (Underground Coal Gasification), CTL
(Coal to Liquid), etc. should also be considered as far as possible.
Conclusions
Coal will continue to be the primary source of energy in the foreseeable future. CIL, being the largest
coal company of the country, has been playing and shall continue to play the key role in the endeavour
of the country to meet the in-house demand of coal. CMPDI, as one of its subsidiary companies, is a
premier institute for planning and designing mining projects for it. In view of the burgeoning demand
of coal, more number of high capacity mines need to be planned. Though, CMPDI has the capability to
plan for high capacity mines, a number of constraints usually experienced need to be addressed
strategically and carefully jointly by the coal companies, local community, state governments and the
Central Government. Modernising exploration activities, expediting forestry and environmental
clearances, establishing rail corridors for coal evacuation, pro-active support of and co-ordination
among various government agencies, etc. hold the key not only for the successful planning of higher
production but also for the successful implementation of high capacity mining projects
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Coal Mine Methane Development in CIL
areas : Opportunity and Challenges
— B N Prasad* & V K Sinha**
1.
Background:
Energy plays a vital role in the economic growth of a country and there is always quest for
increasing the energy supply to meet the envisaged growth. Traditionally energy supply was
mainly dependent on coal and petroleum product; however, in recent times there is increased
impetus on development of renewable and other non-conventional energy resources mainly on
account of:
l
Limitation in availability of energy resources like coal and oil
l
Harnessing of clean energy source to bridge the gap between demand and supply
l
Environmental
concern, as the usage of energy resources like coal and petroleum products
in its present form is not very environment friendly.
Keeping in view the aforesaid, development of renewable and other energy resources including
Coal Based Non-conventional Resources like Coalbed Methane (CBM), Coal Mine Methane
(CMM), Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) and new energy resource like Shale gas etc are
under focus.
2.
Indian Energy Scenario:
In India, there has been a spurt in the energy demand for meeting the envisaged GDP growth,
presently hovering around 6% and likely to increase in coming years. Going by the present
energy supply scenario, coal meets around 53% of the total energy requirement and studies
* Advisor (CBM), CMPDI, Ranchi,
** Director (T/RD&T), CMPDI, Ranchi
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indicate that this position is likely to remain unchanged in the foreseeable future. Although India
is bestowed with substantial coal resource which now stands at 301 Billion Tonne (GSI, April
2014), however, the position is not very comfortable as far the resource of oil and gas is
concerned. The energy security to the country therefore, is very much dependent on the supply
of coal and efforts are being made by the industry to increase coal production which is
challenging on account of several issues including technical, administrative, government
clearances and difficult geo-mining conditions. Attempts are being made for removal of these
hurdles so that coal industry could meet the expectation of the nation.
As it is widely known the usage of coal is not very environment friendly and making its usage
environment friendly is priority area both at Govt and coal industry level. For the purpose
adoption of clean coal technology in mining operation is being pursued by all coal producing
countries. Pre-drainage of methane before or during the mining operations is an important tool
for pursuing clean coal technology.
3.
Coalbed Methane : A mining hazard to source of clean energy
Methane, a powerful greenhouse gas, and other gases are generated during the process of coal
formation, part of which remains stored in the coal beds and associated porous strata.
Occurrence of methane-rich gas in coal, generally called Coalbed Methane (CBM), has long been
recognized as mining hazard as it forms an explosive mixture if its concentration in the mine
environment ranges between 4 to 14% which may result in explosions in the coal mines. For
bringing down the methane concentration within safety regulation, large quantity of air is
injected in the mine for safety of mine and personnel working underground.
Going by USEPA estimate, coal mining contributes to about 8% of the anthropogenic methane
emission to the atmosphere. With the advancement in recovery and utilization techniques,
Coalbed Methane (CBM, methane from coal seams where mining is not going on or planned),
Coal Mine Methane (CMM, methane from areas where coal mining is either going on or
contemplated) has established itself as a potential source of clean energy from otherwise wasted
resource.
4.
CBM/CMM development in
India
India is third largest producer
of coal in the world with
present production of around
565 million tonne, set to
increase manifold in coming
years. Going by USEPA
estimates, over 1BCM of
methane is annually released
from coal mining operation in
(Methane emission from coal mining operations, courtesy USEPA)
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5th Coal Summit 2014
India and with increasing coal production in the coming years; the estimated emission will be
much higher. It is therefore very important that harnessing and gainful utilization of methane as
a clean energy source may be given top priority and adequate support from Govt and industry.
In line with the international development, the CBM related studies in India started during early
90s by CMPDI; however the real thrust on CBM development came with pronouncement of CBM
policy in 1997 by the Govt. Under this policy, 33 CBM blocks have been allotted so far by the
Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, the administrative ministry for CBM development,
through 4 rounds of global bidding. Commercial production of CBM has already started in few
allotted blocks which is likely to increase manifold. Further, commercial production from two
CBM blocks allotted to the consortium of CIL and ONGC is likely to start soon although
presently incidental gas is being produced from one block which is being sold. The present
production of CBM in the country is around 0.5 MMSCMD which may support of a power
generation of about 100 MW.
Further to the pronouncement of the policy in 1997, a MoU was signed between Ministry of Coal
and Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas to impart direction for CBM development in the
coal/lignite bearing sedimentary basin. In the said MoU, the coal companies have been given the
right of CBM exploitation in their working mines including pre and post mining operation. For
facilitating development of CMM, Ministry of Coal has made CMPDI as a Nodal Agency for
development of CMM in India.
5.
Coal India Limited (CIL) initiative for Development of CMM/CBM
CIL, established in 1975, is a Government of India Undertaking Maharatna company having the
distinction of being the single largest coal producing company in the world. CIL employs about
382 thousand persons and is the largest corporate employer in the country. It is one of the largest
companies in the country having a turnover of USD 162 Billion (2013-14) and is one of the largest
tax payer in India. CIL is having 7 wholly owned coal producing subsidiaries operating around
470 OC/UG mines and 1 mine planning and Consultancy Company (CMPDI) spread over 8
provincial states of India. CIL also fully owns a mining company in Mozambique christened as
'Coal India Africana Limitada'. With a coal production of over 463 MT, CIL contributes to
around 83% of India's overall coal production. CIL operates in varied geological condition
which includes high ranking and gassy coalfields like Raniganj, Jharia, Bokaro, Karanpura
etc.
CIL is having large acreage of coal bearing areas under its command where coal production is
either going on or contemplated. In line with the best industry practice and meeting the overall
objective of pursuing green mining, CIL/CMPDI is making concerted efforts for harnessing and
gainful utilization of CMM from its mining/would be mining leasehold areas keeping in view
the associated advantages in present/future mining operation in term of safety and
environmental benefits in addition to incremental revenue especially pertinent for costly
underground mining operations. For the purpose, the following endeavors have been made:
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l
Attempts
were made to degasify a gassy mine of Jharia Coalfield namely Amlabad during
early 70's for mine safety purpose and as a part of undertaking mining activities.
l
The
real impetus of harnessing and gainful utilization of methane from mining areas came
with demonstration project under a UNDP/GEF/MoC funding which was taken up in
Moonidih mine of BCCL. It was the first attempt of harnessing methane from coal mining
area and the project was successfully completed in 2010 overcoming the technical,
technological and logistic problems. The methane started flowing out from the wells drilled
in the mining areas and was utilized for running two 250 Kw gas based generators and the
generated electricity was fed to the local mine colonies. Even with high CAPEX and OPEX
being a demonstration project, the economics of power generation by utilizing CMM was
almost at par with power generated through other sources. The project was formally closed
after successful implementation but only after firmly establishing the efficacy the process of
CMM development within Indian geo-mining condition.
l
Buoyant
by the success of this project and visualizing large scale opportunity for
development of CMM in large areas under mining lease held by CIL, CMPDI contemplated
to have commercial projects for CMM development. The process and technology was new
and therefore, a R&D project was taken by CMPDI to explore initial technical feasibility,
resource assessment etc in one hand and to devise operational model including
development contract, if any, on the other hand. The R&D project was implemented which
identified five prospective CMM blocks, 3 in Jharia Coalfield and 2 in East Bokaro Coalfield
in addition to identifying several other technical, commercial and administrative issues
which would be required to be addressed.
l
CMPDI/CIL
floated tender for selection of a suitable service provider to take up CMM
operation within the identified CMM blocks in 2011. Although several enquiries were
received and large scale interest generated by the service providers through this tender, the
issues related to ownership and other legal provisions cropped up and the tender was
subsequently cancelled. The matter was under deliberation between MoC and MoPNG
since then and after several round of high level meetings, the competent level of the in Govt
in December 2013 has reportedly approved harnessing of methane from CIL areas by CIL.
However a formal order from the ministry is awaited which could facilitate taking up
CMM development within CIL areas.
l
Further,
keeping in view the fact that CIL is operating several large Opencast Mines, predrainage of methane from the projectised mining areas is also being contemplated. CMPDI,
for the purpose, has carried out assessment in two such areas namely Moher Sub-basin,
Singrauli Coalfield and Korba Coalfield after generating CBM specific data.
l
In
addition to CMM, CIL/CMPDI has also initiated activities related to utilization of
Ventilation Air Methane (VAM) in selected mine and international collaboration is being
contemplated for taking up a project under NCEF funding.
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6.
Situational Analysis for CMM development within CIL command areas:
As far as CMM development across CIL mining leasehold areas is concerned, the envisaged task
will be very challenging as it would require assimilation of exploratory data, mining data
including existing and abandoned mine working details and gassiness data, surface constraints
and environmental issues. Assimilation of such data will facilitate preparation of suitable data
dossiers incorporating relevant details including gas resources and other technical
parameters.
As indicated earlier, there is huge opportunity for development of CMM with CIL areas however
it is fraught with many challenges as enumerated below:
6.1. Opportunity:
CIL is having about 4500 sq.km of mining lease under its command. Coal Mining in CIL areas is
more than 100 of year old and operates over 470 coal mines. Out of the 300 UG mines, 102 mines
3
are Degree-II Gassy (methane emission 1 to 10 m /t) and 18 Nos are Degree-III Gassy (methane
3
emission >10 m /t of coal mined). Further, many of the coalfield where CIL is operating is
characterized by occurrence of very high rank and gassy coal seams and as such there a
potentiality of CMM/CBM development from these coalfields. In addition, in many of these
coalfields like Jharia, Raniganj, Bokaro etc. there is a multi-occurrence of coal seams and at times
the cumulative thickness of coal seams exists over 100m. The details of few coalfields where
CMM projects could be implemented are furnished below:
Coalfield
Area
(Sq Km)
No. of
Coal
Seams
Cumulative
Coal
Thickness (m)
Gas
content
3
(m /t)
VRo%
Raniganj
1550
10
Jharia
450
E Bokaro
30-40
5-7
0.6-1.2
40
18
>100
7-26
0.86-1.3
50
237
22
>100
10-22
0.8-1.69
30
W Bokaro
207
13
6-10
6-10
0.8-1.25
10
S Karanpura
194
42
5-10
5-10
0.6-0.9
20
Total
Prog. CBM
resource
(BCM)
150
(Technical details of coalfields where CMM Projects could be taken up)
CMPDI is contemplating to take up a detailed study for CMM resource assessment of the above
mentioned coalfields to firming up the resource for their commercial development.
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(Schematic log sections of different coalfields)
(Extend of mine workings of different seams, Moonidih Mine)
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(Geological cross section showing lay & disposition of different coal seams, Moonidih Mine)
Name of CMM Block
Area
Total
(Sq. Km)
Rank of Coal
Coal Thick (m)
Estimated
Coal
resource (Mt)
Estimated CBM
in-Place (BCM)
Moonidih
13
70-90
Low to Med Volatile
Bituminous
1077
7.8
Pootkee-Bulliary
16
40-70
Low to Med Volatile
Bituminous
1185
7.0
Mohuda Sub-basin
18
3-7
High Volatile
Bituminous 'A'
103
0.41
Asnapani-Jarangdih
Shaft
4
100-130
High Volatile
Bituminous 'A'
616
835
6.2
8.4
To
North Kathara Phase-I
& III and Uchitdih
Medium Volatile
5.6
30-130
(Technical details of prospective CMM Blocks within CIL Areas)
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Coal mining operation in the coalfields is very old and only the few upper seams have been
mined leaving several lower coal seams virgin. Such coal seams lying in the de-stressed condition
are perceived targets for CMM development within CIL leasehold areas. Further, CIL is putting
major thrust to increase its production from deeper coal deposits through underground mining
in near future and under this scenario, degasification of target coal seams is essential
6.2. Challenges:
As like for any industry, several challenges are to overcome for availing opportunities. Similarly,
CMM being a new high technology area and yet to be established on commercial level in India, its
development in CIL command areas will be challenging on the following grounds:
I.
Administrative
II.
Technological
III.
Safety/ environment/ economic
I.
Administrative Challenges:
The CMM extraction from mining areas on commercial scale in CIL areas is yet to be taken
up although initial activities have been taken up and few blocks have been identified for the
purpose within CIL areas. The harnessing could be taken up after getting clearance of the
Govt and issuances of guidelines related to development of CMM by CIL from its leasehold
areas. Further announcement of policy on simultaneous allotment of blocks for Coal
mining and CBM development also needs consideration.
Further, keeping in view the advantages associated with implementation of CMM development,
single window system for statutory clearances viz: PEL, environmental clearance, PML etc. may
be introduced.
II.
Technical Challenges:
Due to century old mining in CIL areas falling in the Damodar Valley Coalfields, the seams
occurring at shallower depth have mostly been mined / are being mined resulting in the
existence of large number of underground operative/ disused/ abandoned mines in these
coalfields. The coal reserves in virgin coal seams at depth are yet to be mined and are the
prime potential sources of methane. Recovery of methane from these underlying coal
seams (part of which are in de-stressed condition) require comprehensive approach for safe
and economic operations.
Going by the industry practice, harnessing of CMM is related to high producing
underground coal mines with fast moving coal faces. In India however, the focus is on the
development of large scale Opencast Mines and the production from underground mines is
limited to only about 15% which is mainly through board and pillar method and the level of
machination is low. It is therefore, not possible to adopt the technology of pre drainage of
methane from the seams under exploitation and the target would be virgin seams below the
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worked out seams.
It would therefore, be challenging to cross the goved/worked out the areas which are
invariably water filled to approach the target seams for exploitation. One additional factor
would be assessment of resource of the target seams as the coal seams would be under destressed condition and a comprehensive approach would be required for extraction
planning of the resources. The drilling technology would have to be adopted in such a way
so that the CBM operation could be simultaneously taken up with the coal mining
operation going on within overlying seam. Directional drilling would be helpful and closer
examination would be required to be carried out.
l
Small size of UG mines; av. production from 250 mines < 0.2 Mty;
l
occurrence
of age old water filled goaves/ mine working coupled with complex
geological conditions
l
For
safe operations and management, it is imperative that CMM extraction take due
consideration of on-going operational condition of the mine and no way can jeopardize
the safety concerns
l
Drilling
for methane drainage wells up to lower virgin seams to pass through worked
out/ goaved of upper seams, a very close coordination of the CMM operator with the
mine operators will be needed to protect safety of mines
l
Sharing
of Calendar programme and data between mine and CMM operator is
required
III.
Safety/ environment/ economic
l
Extraction
of CMM from the working mine areas particularly underground requires
issues of safety for men & mine of mines to be duly addressed
l
The
drilling of holes, associated activities must be carried out in a harmonious way
under one ownership to avoid mine accidents/ inundation of mine
l
Activity like hydro fracturing etc. requires, full understanding of its implication on coal
mining
l
Harnessing of CMM in association with coal mining will reduce methane venting in the
atmosphere which is otherwise being vented out
l
CMM development will reduce energy import bill and warrants fiscal incentives
l
Assessment of CMM resource of the coal seams occurring in de-stressed condition will be
challenging and it will have bearing on the economic evaluation of the CMM prospects.
l
Keeping
in view the high technology involved in CMM development which is capital
intensive, Govt may consider announcing support to this industry in line with the
support which has been provided for CBM development in terms of CBM Policy 1997.
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7.
International Development
In this regard it would be prudent to mention that CMM development is encouraged by all coal
producing countries because of its associated advantages. The international development in this
field is quite encouraging and almost all the coal producing countries are implementing CMM
development. Several industry friendly policies have been announced by the respective Govt,
some of which is enumerated below:
l
Chinese
implemented Tax benefits for coal enterprises conducting CMM recovery and
utilization. Preferential state policies on:
u
Resources tax
u
Value added tax (VAT)
u
Tariff tax
u
Income tax of enterprises
l
USA
tax policies are encouraging development of unconventional source of natural gas
including CBM and CMM
l
Ukraine
implemented Green Tariff Law that provides a feed-in tariff for CMM up to 20
years. Ukraine also adopted CMM law to legally clarify CMM and also issued CMM lease
with coal lease to mine operators.
In the field of CMM development, China has taken several proactive steps and is presently
producing about 12.5 BCM methane annually. To facilitate such large scale CMM extraction,
several industry friendly policies have been announced by the China resulting in tremendous
growth of this industry and CMM production increased from 2.2 BCM to 12.6 BCM in 2013 (GMI
website). As an example of Government support the regulator update issued by Chinese
Government in 2013 is furnished below:
Regulatory Update: Guideline on accelerating the CBM/CMM Exploitation and Utilization
issued by General Office of the State Council in China in Sep. 22, 2013.
l
Increase Government Oriental Support
l
Increase Indirect Financial Incentives
l
Encourage Private Capital Invest CBM
l
Market Pricing Mechanism
l
Encourage CBM/CMM to Power
Anticipated or planned projects:
l
Low Quality CMM Utilization?Concentration?30%: Enrichment and purification with PSA
for civil use or power
l
Comprehensive Utilization Project of Low Quality CMM and VAM
l
Recovery and Utilization of Abandoned Coal Mines
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Infrastructure development:
l
CBM/CMM Transportation by Pipeline
l
5 CBM/CMM pipelines have been built, and transportation capacity is 10.2 B m³.
l
3 CBM/CMM pipelines are under construction having transportation capacity of 3.4 B m³.
(source: GMI website)
8.
Conclusion
l
Coal
is the prime source of energy in the country and its production is likely to increase
manifold in coming years to increase GDP growth.
l
With
the increased production of coal, the methane emission in the atmosphere will also
increase and there is a need to harness this otherwise wasted energy resource for gainful
utilization.
l
Pre-drainage
of methane from the coal mining areas will be helpful in safety of mines and
also be a revenue generator in addition to be environment friendly.
l
Coal
India Ltd (CIL), Maharatna Company, is the largest coal producing company in the
world and is producing about 463 million tonnes which is about 88% of the total coal
produced in the country. The production is likely to be increase manifold in coming years.
l
Green
mining is the corporate objective of CIL and for the purpose it is pursuing clean coal
technologies.
l
Coal
India is having over 4500 sq.km areas within its leasehold and is seriously
contemplating for taking up CMM from areas suitable for the purpose.
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Although there are enough opportunities of CMM development within CIL areas, however
l
it will be challenging on administrative, technical and safety reasons.
l
Attempts
have been made by CIL/CMPDI to initiate CMM development after proving the
efficacy of such development in Indian geo-mining condition through a demonstration
project under GoI/UNDP/GEF funding.
l
The
efforts of CIL/CMPDI for commercial development of CMM could not materialize on
account of administrative reasons and there is an urgent need for issuance of the guidelines
in this regard by the Government so that the process may start without further delay.
l
It
would be extremely important to have full attention on the safety of the coal mines and
CMM development for which adhering to the existing and proposed DGMS regulations
would be essential. In this regard formulation of a best practices guideline for CMM
development in Indian geo-mining conditions in line with such guidelines published in
other CMM producing countries will be helpful.
l
Keeping
in view the high technology involved in CMM development which is capital
intensive, Govt may consider announcing support to this industry in line with the support
which has been provided for CBM development in terms of CBM Policy 1997.
l
CMM
development is encouraged by all coal producing countries and several industry
friendly policies have been announced by the respective Govt, which has encouraged
CMM development. Such policies require consideration in India also.
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Dry air jigging: Efficient beneficiation of high ash
Indian Coal & Char
— Suresh Kedia*, Carlos Pena**
Sabyasachi Mishra***, Dr.-Ing. Heribert Breuer****
ABSTRACT
Traditional practice in coal beneficiation includes wet processes such as heavy media cyclone, wet jigging and
spirals. But most obvious drawback is the need of water, dewatering of the fines produced and slurry handling.
Due to simple operation, no requirement of water and magnetite, dry jigging of coal has emerged as a powerful
means of coal beneficiation for non coking coal and is widely being accepted by sponge iron and power plants in
India. Dry processing eliminates the clean coal moisture penalty. It is relatively easy to obtain permit for a dry
washery as compared to wet or heavy media coal washery. The Indian coal industry has given a very positive
response to the allair jig®, allmineral dry coal solution. Around 33 air jigs are in operation in the coal dominated
states of Orissa, Chhatisgarh & Jharkhand & Karnataka. Pre beneficiation of high ash Indian coal through allair
jig®, reduces the % of high grade imported coal in blending or it can directly be used in DRI, which consequently
reduces the cost of production of sponge iron. Rejects obtained in the beneficiation can be directly used in the
AFBC Boilers along with DRI rejects.
Dolochar generation, which is high in DRI Units due to use of inferior quality of coal, is a big problem of the
industry now a days. These days it is a common practice among the sponge iron plants to beneficiate Dolochar also
in allair jig®, to remove metallic content and upgrade in terms of FC and GCV for finally using in AFBC/CFBC
boiler.
Keywords : Coal, Dry jigging, coal preparation, Allair, Dolochar
1.0. Introduction
Indian non-coking coals are classified as grades A–G, with grades A–C representing the superior
grades, while thermal coal is generally understood to represent coal of grades D–G. The quality
of thermal coal has deteriorated over the years and power plants and sponge iron plants mainly
receive grades E, F and G containing high levels of ash (often ranging between 35% and 50%) and
shale. Many power plants in the country are located more than 1000km away from the coalfields
that are concentrated mostly in Eastern and Central India. Consequently, the additional freight
charges that need to be borne in transporting high-ash coal generate much concern in addition to
the problems faced at the power plants in terms of emissions and associated problems of ash
handling and disposal.
Environment ministry has issued stringent notification effective from January 1, 2014 on quality
of coal used for power generation. As per the notification, thermal power plants located beyond
500km from the mine should use only treated coal that has gross calorific value below 4000
*Chief Manager Marketing, Allmineral Asia Pvt Limited
**COO International, Allmineral Gmbh & Co. KG
***Managing Director, Allmineral Asia Pvt Limited
****Managing Director, Allmineral Gmbh & Co.KG
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5th Coal Summit 2014
kcal/kg. The same applies for captive thermal power plants of more than 100 mw capacity and
located beyond 500 km from pit head. Therefore it is needful and also wise to beneficiate the coal
before its industrial use.
Traditional practice in coal beneficiation includes wet process such as heavy media cyclone, wet
jigging and spirals which are thought to be more efficient over dry beneficiation techniques. But
most obvious drawback is the need of water, dewatering of the fines produced and slurry
confinement. Due to simple operation, no requirement of water and magnetite, dry jigging of
coal has emerged as a powerful means of coal beneficiation for non coking coal and is widely
being accepted by sponge iron and power plants in India. Dry processing eliminates the clean
coal moisture penalty. There is almost zero dust production when fabric dust filters are
employed. It is relatively easy to obtain permit for a dry washery as compared to wet or heavy
media coal washery. The Indian coal industry has given a very positive response to the allair jig®,
allmineral dry coal solution, around 33 air jigs are in operation in the coal dominated states of
Orissa, Chhatisgarh & Jharkhand & Karnataka.
2.0. Problem of Dolochar: Waste Generation In Sponge Iron Plants
The problem of dolochar generation which is exorbitantly high due to use of inferior quality of
coal is a big problem of the industry. Sponge iron is produced from direct reduction of iron ore by
reducing gas produced from coal. The process of producing sponge iron through rotary kiln
generates many solid waste materials including dolochar which contains un-burnt carbon, iron
etc. The dolochar does not have any utility till now and is simply dumped in the plant premises
occupying valuable space. The industry operating one DRI kiln of 100 TPD capacities could
produce ~40 TPD dolochar containing 14-19 % of FC and 1450-1500 GCV kcal/ kg with very low
volatile matter. ABFC boilers using dolochar as fuel are designed for a gross calorific value (GCV)
of 2300-2400 kcal/ kg. It is difficult to use the maximum raw char directly in AFBC boilers
because of the presence of mineral matters like silica, iron particle which enhance clinker
formation in bed resulting in reduced boiler efficiency. For using maximum amount of dolochar
in AFBC/CFBC boiler and upgrading GCV up to 2300-2400 kcal/kg beneficiation of the dolochar
is very much important. Among the various beneficiation processes available in India like heavy
media, wet jigging, dry jigging, froth flotation etc. As char is highly porous in nature and friable
also, dry beneficiation is the right solution for it.
3.0. Why Dry beneficiation of coal & Char
At first glance, one may think heavy media as the right solution for cleaning India’s high ash coal
with typically high NGM. However, especially for power utilities with a 35 % ash requirement,
the required separating gravities will usually be in the range of 1.9 - 2.0, which would be a very
difficult separation to achieve with a heavy media process. Certain heavy media installations
recently constructed in India are experiencing problems maintaining such a high gravity
separation. The lack of availability of high quality magnetite further adds up to the problem for
heavy media operations. Therefore, coal preparation with jigging technology, both wet and dry,
is a superior choice for Indian coals. The separating gravity achieved by jigging processes is only
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5th Coal Summit 2014
limited by the relative density of the feed material. The fundamentals of jigging technology are
stratification and separation. Beneficiation of coal through Jigging involving wet and dry
techniques, dry jigging seems to be more promising due to its several advantages as mentioned
below:1)
A dry product, resulting in a higher calorific value per ton.
2)
The water source problem is acute in semi-arid areas. Wet processing of coal requires large
quantity of water. Water is consumed as product moisture, tailings disposal and evaporation.
3)
Waste generated from wet process after maximizing the recycle, the water is unsuitable for
disposal to water resources, because it contains good amount of waste solids fines, which
causes the pollution of water bodies. Dry processes avoid the problems associated with
treatment and storage of process waste water.
4)
The fines & rejects generated in dry processing are ideal fuel for fluidized bed combustor. Less
generating cost of electricity in captive power plant is accrued using dolochar as a fuel.
5)
It is relatively easy to get Environmental clearance for dry coal coal washery as compared to
wet washery.
6)
Even Dolohar can be beneficiated in the dry washery efficiently. Washed dolochar can be
used in the AFBC/CFBC Boiler as fuel which reduces the cost of production of electricity in
captive power plants.
4.0. The allair jig® : Allmineral Dry beneficiation technology
The allair jig® utilizes the basic principles of jigging; it stratifies the feed material by specific
gravity and subsequently measures and
discharges the high density (and high ash)
strata. To stratify the material, the allair jig®
uses pulsating and constant air flow through a
perforated jig bed. Vibrating mechanisms
assist the transport of material across the bed.
The feed star gate provides an even feed
distribution over the width of the bed, and the
discharge star gate provides an even removal
of the heavy particles (rock) from the jig,
thereby maintaining a residual layer of refuse
below the light particles (coal).
To measure the coal-rock interface, a nuclear
density measuring device is located towards
the discharge end of the jigging bed. This
device automatically controls the discharge
mechanism (the star gate) of the jig. If more
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5th Coal Summit 2014
dilution enters the jig, the star gate will speed up and discharge more rock; the opposite is true
too, if more coal enters the jig, the star gate will slow down thereby discharging less rock and
minimizing the loss of clean coal in the refuse. The entire operation of the separation function is
automatic. To complete the allair jig process, dust particles are removed via a bag house filter.
The allair jig® is designed to handle material up to a maximum particle size of 50mm. The
maximum feed capacity of the jig depends on the particle size distribution of the feed material. A
throughput for coarse material (50mm top size) of 40 TPH per meter of width, and 30 TPH per
meter of width for fine feeds (-6mm top size) will ensure optimum performance.
After the great success of 50 tph dry allair jig® and keeping in mind, the growing demand of
washed coal in the industry, Allmineral has come up with a 100 tph model of allair. It can operate
at double capacity and an improved efficiency as compared to the older model with same
operating parameters and feed sizes.
5.0. Results
Allair has given promising results with both coal and char. Operation of allair jig® with coal from
CIL mines of Mahanadi Coal Fields (MCL) , South Eastern Coal Fields (SECL) and other parts of
India has given good response. A few reports are shared in this paper.
5.1. Washery results for Indian non coking coal
Allmineral asia has supplied one 50 Tph allair jig® to Ms. B.R Sponge Pvt. Ltd. Bonai, Orrisa.
Washery report for the same is given in Table 2. An average up gradation of FC seems to be above
6-7% with an appreciable yield of product. Corresponding ash reduction is also 9-10 %.
Table 1 : Washery Report From-B.R Sponge Pvt. Ltd.
Source of Coal- MCL (Jagannathpur)
Sl. No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Types of Sample
%ASH
%FC
% VM
FEED TO JIG
45.51
28.16
26.33
CLEAN COAL
34.54
35.23
30.23
REJECTS
62.73
17.81
19.46
FEED TO JIG
44.92
28.04
27.04
CLEAN COAL
32.51
34.62
32.87
REJECTS
63.43
15.52
31.05
FEED TO JIG
45.74
26.46
27.8
CLEAN COAL
38.56
31.56
29.88
REJECTS
62.13
18.03
19.84
FEED TO JIG
41.65
29.78
28.57
CLEAN COAL
29.62
36.62
33.75
REJECTS
64.57
15.24
20.19
96
%ASH
Reduction
% FC
%
Upgradation Yield
10.97
7.07
61.96
12.41
6.58
66.96
7.18
5.1
76.28
12.03
6.84
69.28
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5th Coal Summit 2014
Allmineral asia has supplied one 50 Tph allair jig® to Ms. Bhaskar Steel & Ferro Alloys ltd. Bonai,
Orrisa. Washery report for the same is listed below in Table 3. It is noticeable that with nominal
decrease in the yield of product may increases the FC % above 8% also.
Table 2 : Washery Report From - Bhaskar Steel & Ferro Alloys Ltd.
Source of Coal- MCL (Basundhara)
Sl. No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Types of Sample
FEED TO JIG
CLEAN COAL
REJECTS
FEED TO JIG
CLEAN COAL
REJECTS
FEED TO JIG
CLEAN COAL
REJECTS
FEED TO JIG
CLEAN COAL
REJECTS
FEED TO JIG
CLEAN COAL
REJECTS
%ASH
44.57
35.8
63.06
44.57
34.07
60.57
42.24
34.64
58.05
42.48
34.19
65.05
39.98
33.4
63.64
%FC
28.66
35.32
18.44
28.66
36.59
20.89
30.74
37.36
23.03
30.4
36.92
17.77
32.18
37.62
19.15
% VM
26.77
28.88
18.5
26.77
29.34
19.55
27.02
28
18.92
27.12
28.89
17.17
27.84
28.98
17.2
%ASH
Reduction
% FC
%
Upgradation Yield
8.77
6.66
61.96
10.5
7.93
59
9.45
6.29
60.89
8.29
6.52
63.58
9.06
5.44
70.18
Few washery results for SECL coal in 50 Tph allair jig® are summarized in Table 4
Source of Coal - SECL (Baroda, Devra, Deepika)
Sl. No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Types of Sample
%ASH
%FC
% VM
FEED TO JIG
CLEAN COAL
REJECTS
FEED TO JIG
CLEAN COAL
REJECTS
FEED TO JIG
CLEAN COAL
REJECTS
FEED TO JIG
CLEAN COAL
REJECTS
FEED TO JIG
CLEAN COAL
REJECTS
43.86
33.97
63.73
46.11
36.88
62.61
42.36
33.29
61.9
46.13
34.76
67.99
45.29
35.32
62.35
29
35.07
15.77
26.34
32.86
18.36
31.53
37.32
17.18
28.47
34.55
14.14
29.08
34.64
17.64
27.14
30.96
20.5
27.55
30.26
19.03
26.11
29.39
20.92
25.4
30.69
17.87
25.63
30.04
20.01
97
%ASH
Reduction
% FC
%
Upgradation Yield
9.89
6.07
66.77
9.23
6.52
64.13
9.07
5.79
68.3
11.37
6.08
65.78
9.97
5.56
63.12
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5th Coal Summit 2014
5.2. Washery results for Dolochar Beneficiation
Dry Beneficiation of Dolochar from different Sponge iron units of Orissa, Chhattisgarh and
Jharkhand in allair jig® have produced good results, a few examples for 3-20 mm char are shown
in Table 6.
Table 3 : Char Washing Report From-shri. Bajrang Power & Ispat Ltd. & B.R. Sponge Pvt. Ltd.
Source of Char - Their Sponge Iron Units
Sl. No.
Types of Sample
1.
FFEED TO JIG
CLEAN COAL
REJECTS
FEED TO JIG
CLEAN COAL
REJECTS
FEED TO JIG
CLEAN COAL
REJECTS
FEED TO JIG
CLEAN COAL
REJECTS
2
3
4
%ASH
85
69.79
91.63
82.65
70.07
91.55
80.64
65.4
92.35
79.38
63.13
93.46
%FC
14.2
24.18
8.25
15.86
25
8.25
17.6
28.36
7.25
19.36
33.32
5.56
% VM
0.8
6.03
0.12
1.49
5.82
0.2
1.76
6.24
0.4
1.26
3.55
0.98
%ASH
Reduction
10.81
% FC
Upgradation
7.49
12.58
9.14
15.24
10.76
16.25
13.96
6.0. Conclusion
1.
The great benefit of the dry process is to exploit the given resources while providing a more
reliable and consistent quality fuel with low operating cost.
2.
Population of India is growing day by day, with around 1.21 billion present population it is going
to be a great challenge to use of ground water resources for industrial applications.
3.
Use of AFBC/CFBC boilers is being a growing trend in india specially in captive power plants of
Sponge iron plants. Allair rejects along with dust collector fines having an ash below 60% can
directly be fed to these boilers for power generation.
4.
Clean coal of the Airjig can be fed directly or by blending with imported coal to the pulverized
fuel fired boilers since it’s become mandatory according to ministry of environment to use feed
coal of below 35% ash in the boilers. Also it is wise to beneficiate the coal before transportation to
save the unnecessary loss of money in ash transportation.
5.
Dolochar (waste of sponge iron plants ,containing unburnt carbon and slag material ) is
becoming the great problem for sponge iron plant owners, they usually throw it away. Using air
jigging one can actually beneficiate char also with a great up gradation in FC. Beneficiated char
can be burnt directly or along with coal in the AFBC/CFBC boilers.
6.
With minimum environmental hazards and economically cheap operation, Dry beneficiation of
coal seems to be the best way of beneficiation for Indian noncoking coal and char.
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5th Coal Summit 2014
CBM Development in India-The Need for Change in Policy
and Strategy for Exploitation of Methane from Indian Coals
— P.N. Hajra, A.K Singh
Introduction
Availability of coal at shallower depth accessible through opencast mining is fast decreasing and
gradually it is becoming necessary to go for underground deeper mining. The coal seams at deeper
depth will have much higher gas content (Methane) than the coal seams at shallower depth. In Europe
the comparatively higher gas content of coal seams at moderate depths initially used to be demethanised in underground mining through mine ventilation system. Number of underground mines
operating through this method remained stable during 1970s.However,survey indicated that through
1980s deeper operating mines with high methane emission increased considerably and mining of coal
decreased in Europe. The natural gas, to a great extent, replaced use of coal in Europe. Moreover, large
scale use of methane drainage technology came in place for deep underground mining either through
pre-draining or during mining.
In USA, decrease in methane emission from underground mines is partially attributed to the increased
use of methane drainage technology in Black Warrior Basin, Alabama. An estimate indicates that
during early 1990s annual production and capture of coalbed methane for commercial sale increased
130% from 245 MMSCMD to 563 MMSCMD. 12% of US CBM comes from Black Warrior Basin and
84% from San-Juan Basin, Colorado & New Mexico. The various methods of Methane drainage are
used depending on the subsurface disposition and geological conditions of each coal Basin. It is
relevant to mention that vertical coalbed methane drainage wells are mainly used in USA in Black
Warrior Basin & San-Juan Basin. The wells in Black Warrior Basin are generally associated with mining
within a depth range of 300-600m whereas in the San-Juan Basin the depths vary in the range of >600m
to generally 1100m and are not associated with mining. However in case of Damodar valley coal basin
in India the coal seams occur from shallow depth down to 1200 m. So we are in a situation where the
coal seam disposition is a combination of two US basins as referred above. Under the circumstances
techniques are required to be developed on case to case basis taking cue from the experiences in the
above two US basins.
Even though stimulated vertical wells have been found to be effective means of draining methane from
virgin coal seams, the technology had not been initially (early 1990s) accepted in the mining industry.
The mining companies in early 1990s had the apprehensions that hydraulic-fracturing of the coal
seams to enhance the permeability may cause mine roof damage. However, the works of Diamond,
Oyler, Steidl, established that stimulations of the coalbeds has very insignificant roof penetration
which were generally less than 0.25 cm (0.1 in) wide with an orientation trend of natural occurring roof
joints in Black Warrior Basin. The typical roof penetrations elsewhere has been found to be generally
extended less than a foot vertically and few feet laterally in to the overlying strata. These work helped
in removing the initial scepticism of the mining industry. Case studies in Black Warrior Basin that few,
if any, new fractures were actually created by stimulation treatments. The stimulation fluid and the
sand proppant have invaded pre-existing planes of weakness in the coalbeds and roof strata. These
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23rd & 24th September, 2014
5th Coal Summit 2014
include coal cleats, roof joints and horizontal bedding planes along partings. In this regard the
following quote from the paper "Methane Control from Underground Coal Mines" by William P
Diamond, USBM was an eye opener for the miners in USA during early 90s : "it is of particular
significance that the Black Warrior coal basin has the highest incidence of roof penetration, but is also
the mining area with the greatest number of stimulated vertical wells being used for methane drainage
in the United States. Most of the wells drilled in the Black warrior basin are on mine property and are
intended for commercial gas production. In addition to revenue from gas sales, the mines will also
benefit from the mining of coal with lower gas content. With the continued drilling and stimulation of
vertical wells on mine property, it is quite evident that these mining companies have concluded that
the roof penetration have not been a problem, and any potential for adverse mining condition is an
acceptable risk".
Rock mechanical properties and present day stress determines the degree of roof penetration(non-coal
section- shale or sandstone) during hydraulic-fracturing. In Damodar Valley coal basins very good
contrast of rock mechanical properties are found between non-coal and coal sections. Fracture gradient
are also extremely favourable. From these data it is apparent that due to hydraulic fracturing vertical
fracture growth (roof penetration)would be negligible with no effect or little effect on future mining. It
is further necessary to mention that such type of coal in India can be available only at deeper depths i.e.
300m and below and to mine these coals it would be necessary to drain methane from the coal seams. It
is also relevant to mention that the methane drainage program requires substantial capital expenditure
and should not be undertaken if it is not necessary. For coal mining at depths (deep underground
mining i.e. 300 to 600m) is expensive and the techno-economics of draining only methane is in most of
the cases will not be commercially rewarding, however, techno-economics worked out on the basis of
both methane and coal is highly lucrative.
Before taking up the techniques to be adopted or developed for CBM exploitation, it is necessary to
look into the areas where deeper mining for higher rank coal (coking and prime coking)for the purpose
of steel manufacturing are located.
Categorisation of Coal Fields/ Coal Basins:
India's CBM policy is restricted to Virgin Coalbed Methane (VCBM) only i.e. its resource spread over in
the areas where mining was not envisaged in future. The potential of such virgin CBM in India was
estimated by DGH as 2.6 TCM (92 TCF) covering an area of 26,000 sq. km. Through 4 bidding rounds
since 2001 till 2010, GOI had given 17,327 Sq. Km. (~66.5%) of virgin CBM area for exploration and
exploitation of CBM. The estimated resource base for this area has been worked out by DGH as 1.8
TCM (i.e. 69% of the total resource of the country).
Before, proceeding further it is relevant to refer the early work by ONGC (James Peters et.al. Ind. Geol.
Cong.,Mar.16-18, 2001), wherein the Indian Coal Basins/ Coal fields are categorised as given in the
figure and the table below. The categorisation was done on the basis of few basic parameters on coal
quality, its rank and geological considerations. The Category-I Basin was rated as most prospective
and Category-IV being least prospective in terms of Virgin Coalbed Methane (VCBM).
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5th Coal Summit 2014
The coal fields of Damodar Valley Basin are mainly in Category-I and coal fields of Son River Valley are
placed in Category-II. The Category-III & IV Basins are mostly poor in rank resulting ininsufficient
generation and poor saturation.
Basin Categorization - CBM Prospects
CATEGORY
COAL RANK
Category I
Gondwana Coals Ranking High
Volatile Bituminous
‘A’ and
above.
Jharia, Bokaro, Raniganj and
North Karanpura
coalfields.Sohagpur coalfields.
Category II
Gondwana Coals Ranking High
Volatile Bituminous
‘A’ and
below.
South Karanpura,
RajmahalPench-Kanhan and
Sohagpur coalfields.
Category III
Low ranking Gondwana Coals.
Talcher, IB, Pranhita -Godavari
Valley and Wardha Valley.
Category IV
Tertiary coals / Lignite
occurrences.
Cambay, Bikaner
-Nagaur,
Barmer, Assam -Arakan, Cuvery
and Himalayan Foot Hill Basins.
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BASINS/ Coal Fields
23rd & 24th September, 2014
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Trend of Results of Exploration & Exploitation:
An analysis of the exploration, pilot and exploitation activities carried out so far is summarised in the
following table:
CBM
Round
No of
Blocks
Total
Area
(Sq
km)
Resou
rce
(BCM)
Resource
Density
(BCM/sq
km) *100
Inplace
In
place
densit
y
(BCM/
sq km)
*100
No of
Block
relinqui
shed/
Propose
d for
relinqui
shment
Prospect
established
No Area
of
Blo
ck
I+
Nomi
nation
8
2575
393
15.3
280.2
13.5
Nil
8
2075
II
8
5234
426
8.13
nil
nil
8
nil
nil
III
10
5791
636
10.98
nil
nil
5
nil
nil
IV
7
3727
330
8.85
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
Remarks
No in-place /
reserves
established
Remaining 5
blocks though
still under
assessment it is
envisaged that
no in-place
conversion is
likely from any
of the blocks.
Under
assessment,
however no
encouraging
results are
known and as
such unlikely to
add any inplace/ reserves.
It is clear from the above table that only the coal fields of Damodar (Raniganj, Jharia, Bokaro& North
Karanpura) and Son River Valley (Sohagpur) have emerged as prospective for CBM exploitation. Only
8 blocks given through 1st round of bidding in these two river valley Basins are in the development
phase with an in-place volume of 280 BCM out of total of 393 BCM i.e. 71% in-place. Out of remaining
113 BCM of resource, it is likely that around 50 BCM in-place may come from assessment areas as
indicated in the development plans submitted by different operators. Thus, in-place CBM in Damodar
and Son River Valley may be around 330 BCM.
All the round-2 blocks are either relinquished or proposed for relinquishment showing that resource to
in-place conversion is nil.
In 3rd round 5 blocks are either relinquished or proposed for relinquishment and as per our assessment
the remaining 5 blocks,in all possibilities, may meet the same fate.
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In case of blocks given in the 4th round of bidding, it is likely that only a minor addition in in-place, may
be possible from the blocks in NE and unpredictable bio-genic gas in lignite fields of Tamilnadu(
Navelli Lignite). Taking a highly optimistic view the in-place CBM reserve cannot be more than 380
BCM (280 BCM already reported, additional 50 BCM from assessment areas of Round-1 blocks and
optimistically estimated another 50 BCM from the round 4 blocks).
With the above observations it can be inferred that out of 2.6 TCM of VCBM resource only 380 BCM
(0.38 TCM: 13.41TCF) can be possibly available as in-place reserves i.e. a mere 15% only.
Strategy to be Adapted for Exploitation of Methane in Coals
In view of the above, a revision and change in strategy for exploitation of methane through other
methods in areas other than virgin areas are to be looked into. Such type of methane drainage are: Coal
Mine Methane(CMM) and Abandoned Mine Methane(AMM). These types of methane recovery will
obviously fall in the presently ongoing mining areas, to be mined areas and already mined areas. The
major portion of such methane again will be restricted inthe coal fields of Damodar and Son River
Valley only. Through shallow(~300m) open cast mining coking coals are almost recovered but huge
untapped coking and prime-coking coal resource lies beyond this depth for which deep underground
mining in large scale is required. This will invariably require methane drainage from these coal seams,
as methane content of these coals are very high in the Damodar and Son river valley.This same
situation had arisen in Europe and USA as discussed earlier.The coal resource of four Damodar Valley
coal fields (Raniganj, Jharia, Bokaro & North Karanpura) is around 80 BT and that of Sohagpur coal
fields is around 8 BT. A ball park estimate indicates that in these coal fields the in-place VCBM may be
around 600- 700 BCM (however, these areas may come under mining areas in future) and possible inplace CMM may be around 500-600 BCM. Recovery of methane from the areas where surface mining
were abandoned cannot be estimated because of lack of information on areal extend of such
abandoned mines. However, it may be placed at around 200-300 BCM. Thus the estimated methane in
place is about 1300-1600 BCM(46-56 TCF) in these river valley basins. With the above information it can
be safely concluded that from now onwards methane exploitation of Indian Coals would extend to
these coalfields if not for VCBM but for the purpose of coal mining itself.Exploitation of coal in these 2
river valley basins through underground mining will pose problems due to high methane content of
the coal seams upto 300-600mts depth or beyond. This problem can be mitigated only by
adoptingvarious pre draining methods of methane by drilling of oil and gas industry standard wells
with total synergy between mining and CBM/oil & gas industries.
Suggested Outline of Technologies & Approach
A good quantity of CBM potential (1.3-1.6 TCM)is locked in areas where active mining is in vogue and
command areas held by the Coal mining Companies. The possible technological approach to be
followed as described by Terry I. Logan in his paper titled "Drilling Techniques for Coal-bed Methane"
published in Hydrocarbons from Coal, AAPG Geology Series, 38, (1992), pp 269-285 is illustrated
below. The technologies can be suitability adopted for the coal seams occurring beyond the minable
depth and/or within minable depth.
(i)
In case of abandoned open cast mines, CBM can be produced by filling the surface with rubble
and carrying out drilling of wells by simultaneously installing casing while drilling, using water
based mud, as illustrated below :
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ii)Drilling through shallow underground mined-out coal to access the deeper un-minable coal seams
by air drilled hole and using external casing packers as illustrated below :
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iii)
Single group of minable coal seams drilled by landing casing few feet above the coal seams and
resort to bare foot completions as illustrated below.
iv)
Deeper coal seams can be produced for CBM in a minable area to be mined in future by
completing the well using fibre glass casing as illustrated below.
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v)
There are reports that drilling of wells (8 and1/2 inch hole and 5 and half inch casing)through
pillar section of mines are often drilled to access the deeper coal seams beyond minable depths
for methane exploitation.
vi)
Horizontal drilling in the deeper seams from outside the mining area may be the possible way out
for simultaneous mining at shallower depth and CBM production from deeper seams.
In this process a CBM resource within a vertical column i.e. the coal seams at deeper depth (say beyond
600m) can be exploited by CBM Company and coal seam at shallower depth (say up to 600m) can be
mined by Coal mining company by combining methane recovery through drilling of horizontal hole
on the mine face (CMM). There may be a possibility of a coal mining company exploiting CBM through
sub-contracting for pre-draining of methane for safe mining purpose. However, for implementation of
such technologies leading to sequential or simultaneous exploitation of CBM and coal may
requiresome changes in the legal and safety stipulations, as prevalent today.
Conclusion
1.
CBM policy of GoI covered the virgin CBM i.e. VCBM only.Other types of methane recovery
from coal viz. CMM and AMM is not covered under the same.
2.
It has been found that under VCBM category the in-place methane is only 15% (380 BCM) of the
resource, initially estimated as 2.6 TCM.
3.
A good amount of CBM potential (1.3-1.5 TCM) locked in areas under active mining or command
areas of Public/Private sector Coal mining Companies for future mining in the coal fields of two
river valleys i.e. Damodar and Son River. The huge coal resource in these fields are coking to
prime coking coals.
4.
To target the exploitation of these coals CBM recovery is must as the gas content of these coal
seams(>300m) are very high.
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5.
A total synergistic approach is required to be evolved between coal mining and VCBM industries
with possible changes in legal and mine safety aspects.
6.
Suggested outline of some of the techniques and approach followed elsewhere are cited.
References:
Diamond, William P , Methane Control for Underground Mines,1991,Chapter-11,Hydrocarbons from Coal, pp237-267.
Jian-Zhong, LIU, The Control of Coal Mine Gas and Coordinated Exploitation of Coalbed Methane in China,
Journal of Coal Science and Engineering, China, pp 267-272,vol-15,no.-3,sep,2009
Logan, Terry I , Drilling Techniques for Coalbed Methane,1991,Chapter-12,Hydrocarbons from Coal, pp-269285.
Lunarzewski, LW, Gas Drainage Practices, in Aziz, N (ed), Coal 2001: Coal Operators' Geotechnology
Colloquium, University of Wollongong & the Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 2001, 34-44.
Wicks D.E., Schewerer, F.C., Militzer, M.R., and Zuber, M.D.:" Effective Production Strategies for Coalbed
Methane in the Warrior Basin," paper SPE 15234,presented at the Unconventional Gas Technology
Symposium,Louisville,Kentucky,18-21 May 1986.
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