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Assessment of Dietary Exposure Level of Aluminum in Residents Aged 15 Years or Above in Shanghai
WU Chun-feng", LUO Bao-zhangb, ZHU Zhen-nib, LIU Hong}', FANG Ya-minC, YU Hui-tingd, ZOU Shurongb, GUO Chang-yi, WU Fan (a.Division of Profession Management b.Division of Health Risk Factors
Surveillance and Control c.Division of Chemical Toxicity Testing dDivision of Information Management,
Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China). Address
correspondence to WU Fan, E-mail: wufan@scdc.sh.cn • The authors declare they have no actual or
potential competingfinancial interests.
Abstract: [ Objective ] To assess the dietary exposure level of aluminum among residents aged 15 years or above in
Shanghai. [ Methods ] Residents (n=1 944) aged 15 years or above who lived in Shanghai were enrolled by multi-stage stratified
random sampling. A diet survey was carried out in different seasons by 24-hour diet recall and weighing method in three consecutive
days, followed by food aggregation according to total diet study, food sampling and preparation, and determination of aluminum
concentration in the analytical samples to assess the dietary exposure level of aluminum in residents. [ Results] A total of 1748
valid questionnaires were returned with a response rate of 89.92% (1 748/1944). Higher concentrations of aluminum were detected
in flour product samples such as deep-fried dough sticks. The concentration in deep-fried dough sticks exceeded the national
limit standard in each season, and the mean was 469.33 mg/kg in spring which was 5 times as much as the national standard. The
means of dietary aluminum intakes among the subjects in four seasons were 1.39, 0.51, 0.72, and 0.35-0.52mg/kg body weight,
respectively, with significant differences. Grains, vegetables, and drinks and water were major sources of dietary aluminum exposure.
The result indicated that the dietary aluminum intakes among residents living in downtown area were higher than those in rural area
in each season. Moreover, the proportion of residents in downtown area whose dietary aluminum intakes exceeded the provisional
tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) was up to 21.29% in spring. In addition, the dietary aluminum exposure had no significant
differences across various sex or age subgroups. [Conclusion] Dietary aluminum intakes are high among residents aged 15
years or above, especially among those living in downtown area in spring. The government should strengthen regulation of flour
products such as deep-fried dough sticks, and the citizens should decrease the intake of food containing aluminum, especially
deep-fried dough sticks.
Key Words: diet survey; total diet study; aluminum; risk assessment; exposure assessment
DOl: 10.13213/j.cnki.jeom.2016.16270
[ {~=i!fllJ1l' ]~~Jilt( 1981- ), :'ij , :@!±, ±'if~§ill;
[ ilmf~=i!f ]~fL. E-mail: wufan@scdc.sh.cn
Wf~:/JIIiJ : it&lt:t(~~)Xt.~; E-mail: wuchunfeng@scdc.sh.cn
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Table 1 Regional, age, and gender distributions of residents enrolled in diet survey in Shanghai
~r!f
&p~ijl(~)
Age(Years)
<P ,c_,:l&[[
Downtown area
~
Male
j;:
tNt #Jnxlt<% l
Female Subtotal Proportion
~~~{)-[[
:in;~:!&[[
1nt
Urban-rural fringe area
Rural area
Total
~
Male
j;:
tNt #Jnxlt<% l
Female Subtotal Proportion
~
Male
j;:
tNt #Jnxlt<% l
Female Subtotal Proportion
~
Male
j;:
tNt #Jnxtt~<% l
Female Subtotal Proportion
15-
136
131
267
15.27
68
69
137
7.84
76
70
146
8.35
280
270
550
31.46
45-
140
148
288
16.48
69
68
137
7.84
73
80
153
8.75
282
296
578
33.07
60-
152
154
306
17.51
72
71
143
8.18
88
83
171
9.78
312
308
620
35.47
1'Ht(Total)
428
433
861
49.26
209
208
417
23.86
237
233
470
26.88
874
874
1748
100.00
Table 2 Average aluminum concentrations in representative food samples for Shanghai residents
'l!t!JW#~ ( Food category )
~~;lt$11 lilt ( Grain and grain product )
ii!J~( Deep-fried dough stick)
~(Spring)
!((Summer)
t'c ( Autumn )
~(Winter)
rl!llO.ower limit)'
l:i!ll( Upper limit)'
44.50
13.54
31.55
15.92
16.35
469.33
285.53
465.83
341.68
341.68
~' ]~JI:!:~.&;It$11 lilt ( Bean, nut, and their product)
6.25
1.78
3.57
1.61
2.01
~;lt$11 lilt (Potato and potato product)
7.75
1.46
1.24
1.75
2.12
[1;J~;It$11 lilt ( Meat and meat product )
0.32
0.43
0.37
0.77
1.23
:lf.&:lf$11 lilt ( Egg and egg product )
7]()"'.&;lt$11 lilt (Aquatic product )
M~L$11 lilt ( Milk and dairy product )
Jillt~.&;lt$11 lilt (Vegetable and derived product)
l](U.&;It$11 lilt ( Fruit and derived product)
t!f.&61 lilt ( Sugar and sugar product)
1:X*4.&71< ( Drink and water )
0.39
0.00
0.38
0.00
0.71
1.60
4.52
9.23
1.34
1.95
0.31
0.22
0.31
0.00
0.63
1.03
ll!!i~( Liquor)
3jl-:kl]{il ( Mean )
7.24
0.54
1.73
0.68
1.27
0.31
0.00
0.36
0.00
0.63
3.88
0.83
11.00
11.14
0.40
0.66
0.39
0.89
7.20
1.06
2.53
0.68
0.88
6.99
2.32
4.40
2.85
3.31
-----------------------------------------------------
[ Note ] *: Not-detected value is counted respectively as 0 and LOD for lower limit and upper limit of dietary exposure.
. 532 .
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J]C,:§.~~jt~~o
f:k
~
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Summer
Autumn
Winter
819.86
999.39
764.39
940.83
22.98
17.52
15.41
7.17
2250.16
2357.71
2034.66
2174.20
i;X$1-.&7](
Drink and water
m~
Liquor
int
Total
[ 1:1: ]*: -9:i(t*ltt(,
I
ft.
P<0.05o #: -9~Wo/,(l:l\lt,!Z:~tt(, P<O.Olo
[ Note ] *: Compared with spring, P < 0.05. #: Compared with downtown
*mm~~~*~•s-tt~m••~#~•it
~~)(( F=3.51, P<0.05 ); ~p>J;fjJijtf:tlt, ~*1:)-~rJ!i
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2.4
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fk*~Z..~~ri . . ~M*a~*-~M~f~fS
··~r~*(P<0.05
),
Jtfi!!.*~Z.ISJ:JC~#a
#a~*' fk*:mxm9=t't:.'jf!!.IRm~rm~rl'i•:S:?tJJU:It
7.98, 7.69gld,
:mx~~-ftjf!!.IR~~~jf!!.IRm~~rm~
rl'i··~~~JjJt-*-o ~~3a
1JA:S:~
1.39mg/kg,
fk*~0.72mg/kg( ~~-kgf*
£it,~~), ~*MiMPTWia ~ . . fkM*M~f811
Aii:~P975 ~4.79,
3.77mg/kg,
:frjjlj~PTWI~2.40,
1.88ttf; li?tJJU~ 14.28%~6.18% ~m~a~m11
A:S:Mi:ii PTWia I*~~*-tl!~~ 2% Li::t"~m ~­
~f811A:S:Jiiili PTWia ~~4a
m001m~.~~*~*mm~•~ts11A~*
~~#7G·it~:tf)((f=0.35, P>0.05 ), _±~*~~
~1:)-~,jt~~ . . tx~lk*,-=:*~~~~~~*-%
Table
3
Seasonal average daily dietary consumption in residents
~. DY*~ittt$1!11'm~52%-70%, ~>50%; it~~ . .
aged 15 years or above in Shanghai
-k4WJ~~
Food Category
~U:Jti!J!J.R.
Grain and grain product
rill~
Deep·fried dough stick
~rlf<P,r.•:ltf!!K
Downtown area
~~il-:1!!!12!:
Urban-rural fringe area
@lll:ltf!!K
Rural area
.R~ • .!liHI~:~.&:Jti!J!J.li.
Bean, nut, and their product
H.&:Jti!J!J.li.
Potato and potato product
f1;JU:Jti!J!J.R.
Meat and meat product
:l!f.&:l!fi!J!J.R.
Egg and egg product
7]()"'.&:Jti!J!J .11.
Aquatic product
IDULi!J!J.R.
Milk and dairy product
JIJ[~.&:Jti!J!J.R.
Vegetable and derived product
l](J!:~.&:Jti!J!J.R.
Fruit and derived product
*li.&MJ!llr
Sugar and sugar product
Spring
Summer
Autumn
~
Winter
488.41
444.77
445.87
424.18*
ft.
I
it~~~%Li::t:i'aJt9='M~tsmA*~r-tt~~ii
f:k
6.76
3.89*
4.93*
3.89*
7.98
5.24
7.69
5.50
2.24•
2.78"
3.20°
2.57°
3.40'
2.43'
1.48'
2.12'
t'X~Jk*~~~$~Z, Jtjjlj~ 10%-28%,
6%-17%a
~-~?t~M~ts11A*~r-tt~9=t*#~~~~
tt#Jn~t,
moo 2m~. rm~~~ttttf!tl~MIM5o%,
Jt{i!!.~OO~ . . tAEk~0011ltl~~±, W*~r*~~­
~f811AtltY.a
2.5
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jf!!,!Rm~~o ~*:mxm9=t't:.'jf!!.IRm~•.m.Ja~ts11A
95.22
60.57
67.92
64.59
22.42
19.57
24.84
27.04
119.18
111.59
123.75
129.41
39.67
43.02
35.60
35.06
76.39
84.61
78.29
72.42
80.14
87.43
89.17
87.46
393.50
275.25
292.98
289.19
ffi -ti!?tJJU~ 9.17% ~ 7.16% ~m ~-~f811A:S:
MftfiPTWia
:mxm 9=t ,t:,,jf!!.IRm ~•~milA~ ±~*~~-tt
92.03
213.62
95.54
95.88
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0.36
0.39
0.91
0.98
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~:tlt!jl!Rill~.~~ ( J Environ Occup Med)
http://jeom.scdc.sh.cn:8081
• 533 •
2016, 33 ( 6)
Table 4 Weekly intake of dietary aluminum compared to PTWI in residents aged 15 years or above in different regions in Shanghai
*1¥
Season
:1&12!:
Spring
P,.,
X
1389.04
1303.39-1474.69
4 791.98
69.45
239.60
14.28
1520.91
1409.93-1631.89
5269.67
76.05
263.48
21.29
1074.50
952.44-1196.56
3898.67
53.73
194.93
9.17
939.59
840.72-1038.45
3537.01
46.98
176.85
7.16
509.42
457.24-561.60
1923.80
25.47
96.19
2.03
538.83
472.28-605.38
1931.67
26.94
96.58
2.45
458.84
378.37-539.31
2090.31
22.94
104.52
2.05
382.82
299.63-466.01
1699.76
19.14
84.99
1.28
716.64
597.97-835.31
3767.45
35.83
188.37
6.18
797.22
645.92-948.52
3868.88
39.86
193.44
9.53
~~{l-:1&12!:
Urban-rural fringe area
574.74
352.22-797.26
2774.31
28.74
138.72
4.05
:ll!;~:I&JR
Rural area
361.57
279.57-443.58
1991.35
18.08
99.57
2.04
~m
Total
349.90
292.89-406.92
1808.02
17.50
90.40
1.56
396.55
323.72-469.37
1885.82
19.83
94.29
1.88
~~{l-:1&12!:
Urban-rural fringe area
225.43
164.52-286.34
1401.18
11.27
70.06
1.49
:ll!;~:I&IR
Rural area
188.66
131.34-245.97
1088.19
9.43
54.41
1.03
518.34
458.81-577.87
1931.46
25.92
96.57
1.91
564.86
488.71-641.01
2026.47
28.24
101.32
2.46
~~{l-:1&12!:
Urban-rural fringe area
413.97
351.55-476.39
1516.87
20.70
75.84
1.79
:ll!;~:I&IR
Rural area
336.51
280.79-392.23
1245.23
16.83
62.26
1.03
:ll!;~:I&IR
Rural area
~*
Total
~~{l-:1&12!:
Urban-rural fringe area
~*
t'c
Autumn
Total
~CHlO
Winter( Lower limit)
~mott•L':I&IR
Downtown area
~<J:~l
~*
Winter( Upper limit)
Total
~mott•L':I&IR
Downtown area
••••••••••-========-•o
Summ~ ··········-=======:J•I:=]I
spri!
..
•••••••••••••c==J•K: : J•
Autu! . .
~ .....................1:~-----:JI:JI
Winter
• · •
0%
20%
40%
80%
60%
• Mlh.K
• :R.~ (Bean)
• ifi@ (Vegetable)
• J]<f'~ ( Aquatic pnxluct )
• ~~(Meat)
· w~ (Egg)
• !J!~ (Milk)
· ~ (Graio)
Jl<*~ (Fruit)
NlitllPrWI®JlH~lt~J(%)
Proportion of residents
exceeding PfWI
95%CI
~~{l-:1&12!:
Urban-rural fringe area
Summer
Proportion to PfWI
X
Total
!(
r:"JPrWI (i(Jlt~J(%)
Intake ( j.tglkg, bodyweight )
Region
~*
;f.
mA:i:( j.tg/kg, l!Hikgf*lli:it)
-~(Sugar)
( Liquor )
··············I[==:JI...III
Summ~ ············••r:::JI•
•
IID
••··············[:JIIII
Auru! . .
~ .IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII:JIIIIIIIII
Winter
100%
(Drink and water)
· ·~(Potato)
JW~
~I
Spring . .
0%
20%
• 7lh~ (Deep-frieddoughstick)
• ilff{g (Bread)
1112
60%
40%
• ilff~ (Noodle)
•*tli
(Rice)
80%
100%
• fl~ (Steamedbread)
• ;!tfl!! (Other)
*
J:#im 15 ~ R.~J:~ ~Jii1t~fa.A.*D -T~~ a9-&flll
!Ill J:7an1J 15 ~ liUJ.J:~~!51t~IH.IA.a9*D~P.lt
1tllm~P.lt
Figure 1 Sources of dietary aluminum intake in residents aged 15
Figure 2 Sources of dietary aluminum intake from grains and their
years or above in Shanghai
products in residents aged 15 years or above in Shanghai
. 534 .
2.6
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Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants: WHO
Technical Report Series 947[R]. Geneva: FAO/WHO,
2007.
[ 3 ] Joint F AO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives.
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Summary and conclusion: JECF A/74/SC [ R]. Geneva:
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~:tlt!jl!Rill~.~~ ( J Environ Occup Med)
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c 6 J:xrJ~$,
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Special Administrative Region, 2013.
[ 12] Food Standards Australia New Zealand. 23rd Australian Total
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gov.au/puhlications/Pages/23rdaustraliantotald5367.aspx.
[ 8 JOO*it~1C~JXL~i'f1i'i-w*~ln~. r:J:tOOJiii~B!itf8lJUi
[ 13 ] Rose M , Baxter M , Brereton N , et al. Dietary exposure to
JXL~i'f{jlj: No.2011-002[ R]. ~~;?:: OO*it~g(~JXL~i'f
metals and other elements in the 2006 UK total diet study and
1i'i-w*~ln~, 2012.
some trends over the last 30 years [ J ] . Food Addit Contam
[ 9 ] Egan S K, Tao S S, Pennington J A, et al. US food and drug
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