Electron Multiplier CCD Camera
C9100-13
Instruction Manual
Thank you for your purchase.
CAUTION
• Follow the safety precautions in Chapter 1 in order to avoid personal
injury and damage to property when using this camera. The manual
describes the correct handling method of camera and provides
cautions in order to avoid accidents. Read this manual carefully
beforehand use the camera correctly. After reading the manual,
store it in a location where you can refer to it at any time.
Ver. 1.6
Mar. 2008
HAMAMATSU PHOTONICS K.K.
8275172-06
~ Blank page ~
C9100-13 Ver.1.6
1. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
1-1
INDICATION OF SYMBOLS
The symbols shown below are used for this camera.
Protective conductor terminal
Alternating current
ON (Supply)
OFF (Supply)
1-2
CLASSIFICATION OF WARNINGS
We have classified the warning symbols that appear in this operating manual and on the
camera as follows for better comprehension of their meaning. Make sure that you fully
understand them and obey the instructions they contain.
WARNING
Improper handling of the camera without observing these warnings could
lead to serious injury to the user and even death.
CAUTION
Improper handling of the camera without observing these cautions could
lead to personal injury to the user or damage to property.
Note
This symbol indicates a note to help you get the best performance from the
camera. Read the contents of the note carefully to ensure correct and safe use.
Failure to observe one of these notes might impair the performance of the camera.
This symbol indicates a cautionary item that should be obeyed when handling the
camera. Read the contents carefully to ensure correct and safe use.
This symbol indicates an action that is forbidden.
Read the contents carefully and be sure to obey them.
This symbol indicates a compulsory action or instruction.
Read the contents carefully and be sure to obey them.
1
C9100-13 Ver.1.6
WARNING
Power supply
Use the camera with the voltage indicated on the rating sticker. Using a
different voltage can damage the camera and lead to fire or electric
shock.
Cables
Be careful not to place heavy objects on the cables or bend them
excessively. Doing so can damage the cables and lead to fire or electric
shock.
Do not touch the plug with wet hands. Doing so can lead to electric
shock.
Power supply cord
Use the accessory power supply cord when this camera is used.
Do not attempt to dismantle or modify the camera
Doing so can also lead to damage and even injury, as some internal
components become very hot. Only touch parts as indicated in this
manual.
Do not insert a foreign substance into the camera
Do not allow foreign objects such as combustible substances, metal
objects or water to get inside the camera. They can damage the camera
and lead to fire or electric shock.
If an abnormality occurs
Such as the image suddenly disappearing or a strange noise, smell or see
smoke coming from the camera, stop the power supply immediately and
contact Hamamatsu subsidiary or local distributor. Never attempt to
repair the camera yourself.
2
C9100-13 Ver.1.6
CAUTION
Power supply cord
When unplugging the power supply cord, always pull by the plug, not the
cord. Doing so can lead to fire or electric shock.
Remove the power supply cord from the outlet when not using the camera
for long periods of time. Doing so can damage the cable and lead to fire or
electric shock.
Connecting and disconnecting cables
Always turn off the power before connecting and disconnecting cables.
Fitting the camera head
When fitting the camera head to a tripod or other fixture, use the screw
(1/4-20UNC) in the center of a camera mount or the threaded sleeve (M3)
about the mount's perimeter. Be careful not to allow the fitting screw to
enter more than 5 mm from the surface of the mount. Screwing this in
excessively may impair normal operation.
Lenses
Be careful not to screw the lens more than 7 mm onto the C-mount of the
camera. Doing so can scratch the protective glass. (Some wide angle
lenses in particular can have a thread of 7 mm or more.)
Shipping precautions
When transporting the camera by truck, ship, airplane, etc., wrap it
securely in packaging material or something similar.
Do not subject the camera to strong shocks
Dropping the camera or other shocks can damage the camera.
Disposal
When disposing of the system, take appropriate measures in compliance
with applicable regulations regarding waste disposal and correctly
dispose of it yourself, or entrust disposal to a licensed industrial waste
disposal company. In any case, be sure to comply with the regulations in
your country, state, region or province to ensure the system is disposed
of legally and correctly.
3
C9100-13 Ver.1.6
CAUTION
Electron Multiplier gain (EM gain) precautions
Do not set an EM gain and get incident light quantity more than necessary
to keep the camera performance fine. Especially do set minimum EM gain
when the lens is exchanged. And CCD chip has the following
characteristic: 1) Higher EM gain leads bigger EM gain shift down at same
incident light quantity. 2) More incident light quantity leads bigger EM gain
shift down at same EM gain setting.
Prevention of splashing cooling water
Be careful not to pour cooling water on this camera or the peripheral
equipment when the camera is used with water-cooling. Remove and
install hoses only when the power supply of the camera and the peripheral
device are off and the water is not flowing.
Cooling water
Use distilled or deionized water for the cooling and be sure to use the
appropriate temperature range of the cooling water that is recommended
for your circulating water cooler. If you plan on using antifreeze with
your cooling water, please consult us first as this may cause problems
with the camera.
Handling of cooling water
Refer to the instruction manual of the circulating water cooler to determine
how to properly use that device. Keep the 1.2 liter/min cooling water
flowing constantly.
Remains of the data
The reference image data taken for real time background subtraction or
shading correction remains in the flash memory after the main power
switch is turned off. For confidentiality, the user should take new reference
image data with a non-private specimen prior to finishing with the camera.
Wrong signal output
When the input light becomes gradually larger, the output signal also
becomes higher, and at last reaches the full bits. Additionally when the
input light becomes much larger, the output signal becomes smaller. The
excess light input sometimes makes the wrong signal output.
4
C9100-13 Ver.1.6
CAUTION
Condensation
When the cooling water temperature is lower than the ambient temperature,
condensation can appear on the surface of the hose and inside of the
camera. Condensation inside the camera will cause trouble. When using
cooling water that is cooler than the ambient temperature, ensure that the
ambient humidity is low and use the camera in an environment where
condensation never happens inside the camera.
The relations
between the ambient temperature and humidity
各水温において結露を始める周囲温度と湿度の関係
which condensation begins to appear on
100.0
Ambient
humidity (%)
周囲湿度 （％）
90.0
80.0
70.0
Water
temperature
水温20℃
20 °C
水温15℃
15 °C
10 °C
水温10℃
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
0
10
20
30
40
50
Ambient
temperature (°C)
周囲温度 （℃）
The above graph shows the relations between the ambient temperature,
humidity, and when condensation happens for different temperatures of
the cooling water. When the surface of the hose is seen, the occurrence of
condensation can be confirmed. The ambient humidity when condensation
appears is possible to calculate by the cooling water temperature and the
ambient temperature. When the camera is used with the humidity which is
higher can be calculated from water temperature and the ambient
temperature in the graph, condensation is caused inside the camera.
For example, when the water temperature is 20 °C and the ambient
temperature is 25 °C, condensation appears inside the camera if the
ambient humidity is 75 %. That time, the camera must use under the
environment which keep lower humidity than 75 %. When the ambient
temperature is 25 °C and the ambient humidity is 75 %, condensation
appears inside the camera if the water temperature set under 20 °C.
Condensation does not appear if the ambient temperature is lower than the
water temperature.
5
C9100-13 Ver.1.6
2. CHECK THE CONTENTS OF PACKAGE
When you open the package, check that the following items are included before use. If the
contents are incorrect, insufficient, or damaged in any way, contact Hamamatsu subsidiary
or local distributor without attempting to operate the camera.
C9100-13 camera head
C9100-13 camera control unit
Power supply cord
Camera cable: 5 m
Lens mount cap (attached to the camera)
Spare fuse: T 2 A 250 V (stored in fuse holder)
C9100-13 instruction manual (this booklet)
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
[Option]
Commercially available software
CameraLink interface cable
Circulating water cooler
Hose set for water circulator (2 hoses): A10424-02
Note
• Consult with Hamamatsu subsidiary or local distributor for options.
• The cable listed in option is highly recommended for use with the camera. The camera
system may not comply with CE marking regulation if another type of cable is used.
• Proper performance may not be achievable if a non-recommended circulating water cooler
is used.
• Handle the circulating water cooler and the cooling water according to an instruction
manual of the circulating water cooler.
6
C9100-13 Ver.1.6
3. INSTALLATION
Avoid using or storing this camera in the following places
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Where the ambient temperature might fall below 0 °C or rise above 40 °C
Where the temperature varies extremely
In direct sunlight or near a heater
Where the humidity is 70 % or more or where there is dripping water
Where condensation occurs
Close to a strong source of magnetism or radio waves
Where there is vibration
Where it might come into contact with corrosive gases (such as chlorine or
fluorine)
Where there is a lot of dust
Do not block ventilation openings
•
To prevent overheating in the camera’s interior, do not wrap the unit in cloth
or other material or in any way allow the power supply unit’s ventilation ports
to become blocked. If the camera is being operated in an enclosed
environment, ensure to have a clearance of at least 10 cm from both the
intake and exhaust vents when setting up the camera.
7
C9100-13 Ver.1.6
Contents
1. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS............................................................................ 1
1-1
1-2
INDICATION OF SYMBOLS ............................................................................... 1
CLASSIFICATION OF WARNINGS .................................................................... 1
2. CHECK THE CONTENTS OF PACKAGE................................................... 6
3. INSTALLATION........................................................................................... 7
4. OVERVIEW................................................................................................ 10
5. FEATURES................................................................................................ 11
6. NAME AND FUNCTION OF THE PARTS ................................................. 13
6-1
6-2
CAMERA HEAD ................................................................................................ 13
CAMERA CONTROL UNIT ............................................................................... 16
7. CONNECTION........................................................................................... 18
7-1
7-2
7-3
CONNECTION OF CABLES ............................................................................. 18
WHEN THE CAMERA HEAD IS FIXED ............................................................ 19
CONNECTION OF WATER-COOLING HOSES (WATER-COOLING ONLY) .. 20
8. OPERATION.............................................................................................. 21
8-1
8-2
8-3
8-4
8-5
PRECAUTIONS................................................................................................. 21
SELECTION OF COOLING METHODS............................................................ 22
PREPARATION FOR IMAGING ....................................................................... 22
IMAGING ........................................................................................................... 23
END OF IMAGING............................................................................................. 23
9. DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS FUNCTIONS ............................................. 24
9-1
9-2
9-3
9-4
9-5
DUAL READOUT MODE .................................................................................. 24
MULTI SCANNING SPEED............................................................................... 25
EXTRENAL TRIGGER/ SYNCHRONOUS READOUT TRIGGER .................... 27
BINNING READOUT AND BINNING SETTINGS VALUES.............................. 29
REAL-TIME IMAGE PROCESSING FEATURES.............................................. 30
9-5-1
9-5-2
9-5-3
9-5-4
9-5-5
FUNCTION 1: REAL TIME BACKGROUND SUBTRACTION .............................................. 30
FUNCTION 2: SHADING CORRECTION............................................................................. 30
FUNCTION 3: RECURSIVE FILTER .................................................................................... 30
FUNCTION 4: FRAME AVERAGING.................................................................................... 31
FUNCTION 5: SPOT NOISE REDUCER ............................................................................. 31
9-6
9-7
9-8
9-9
9-10
PHOTON IMAGING MODE (PATENT PENDING) ............................................ 32
EM GAIN PROTECTION ................................................................................... 33
EM GAIN READJUSTMENT ............................................................................. 34
DIRECT EM GAIN CONTROL .......................................................................... 34
PROGRAMMABLE SYNCHRONIZATION OUTPUT ........................................ 35
10. PRECAUTIONS WHEN USING THE CCD................................................ 36
8
C9100-13 Ver.1.6
11. MAINTENANCE ........................................................................................ 38
11-1 FUSE REPLACEMENT ..................................................................................... 38
11-2 CARE................................................................................................................. 38
12. TROUBLESHOOTING CHECKLIST ......................................................... 39
12-1
12-2
12-3
12-4
THE POWER WAS TURNED ON...................................................................... 39
IMAGES NOT TRANSFERRED ........................................................................ 39
ALTHOUGH IMAGES ARE TRANSFERRED ................................................... 39
BUZZER SOUND .............................................................................................. 40
13. SPECIFICATIONS ..................................................................................... 42
13-1 CAMERA SPECIFICATIONS ............................................................................ 42
13-2 INTERFACE SPECIFICATIONS ....................................................................... 46
13-2-1
13-2-2
CAMERALINK INTERFACE SPECIFICATIONS................................................................... 46
TIMING I/O SPECIFICATIONS ............................................................................................ 48
14. DIMENSIONAL OUTLINE ......................................................................... 52
14-1 CAMERA HEAD ................................................................................................ 52
14-2 CAMERA CONTROL UNIT ............................................................................... 53
15. WARRANTY .............................................................................................. 54
16. CONTACT INFORMATION ....................................................................... 55
9
C9100-13 Ver.1.6
4. OVERVIEW
C9100-13 evolved from the popular C9100-12 electron multiplier CCD camera. This new
generation camera incorporates the latest Hamamatsu engineering and technology to
provide a high speed readout rate of 32 frames/s at full spatial resolution and 16 bit
digitization. With QE over 90 % and cooling down to – 90 °C, both low noise and high gain
are realized in one camera. C9100-13 includes dual readout modes to take advantage of
these features. In the EM-CCD readout mode, the on-chip gain provides high speed
imaging at very low light levels. In the NORMAL-CCD readout mode, the low noise readout
and deep cooling provide exceptional images even in long integration situations. High
dynamic range, high resolution, high signal to noise ratios and high speed are all hallmarks
of this new generation EM-CCD camera. In addition, Photon Imaging mode enables ultra
low light detection.
Other new features included in C9100-13 are real-time image processing (Background
subtraction, Shading correction, and a Recursive filter) plus special internal and external
synchronization features. It is now possible to optimize frame synchronization for spinning
disk confocal microscopes at up to 32 frames/s with the synchronous readout trigger.
10
C9100-13 Ver.1.6
5. FEATURES
(1) -90 °C cooling with Hermetic sealed head
A newly designed hermetic sealed head includes a specially developed4 stage peltier cooler for the CCD
and the entire camera head has been designed to optimize heat radiation. With both air and water cooling
capabilities built-in, temperature at the CCD can be maintained as low as -90 °C with the water cooling
operational and a water temperature of 10 °C or less.
(2) Temperature stability and Gain stability
Temperature stability is the key to gain stability in an EM-CCD camera so the camera provides temperature
stability to within ± 0.01 °C at -80 °C with water cooling.
(3) Stability of the Digitizer offset
Stability of the digitizer offset is an important issue for reliable data in an EM-CCD camera. Fluctuation of the
digitizer offset in the camera is very well controlled; showing only a few counts even at full 16 bit digitizer
resolution and maximum EM gain.
(4) Anti-reflection (AR) coatings on both sides of the vacuum head window
The AR coating on both sides of the window provides greater than 99 % transmission efficiency between
450 nm and 750 nm and greatly reduces reflections from both outside and inside the vacuum head. A mask
is applied on the metal components of the CCD chip to further minimize reflections from inside the vacuum
chamber.
(5) Optimization of Dark current
The camera provides optimized driving methods for the CCD based on using the different characteristics
CIC and thermal charges to minimize the contribution of both. For ease of use, these driving methods are
combined with multiple readout speeds such as High scan mode for short exposure measurement, Middle
or Slow scan mode for long exposure measurement.
(6) EM Gain protection
It is important to operate the camera in ways that minimize the rate of EM gain ageing and extend the life of
the camera. The camera now provides user adjustable protection levels to reduce excessive EM gain
ageing from unintentional events.
(7) EM Gain readjustment
When EM gain degradation does occur, a built-in feature of the camera readjusts the gain to the original
values without removing the camera from the laboratory setup.
(8) Direct EM Gain control
The camera provides direct selection and setting of the EM gain in the gain register.
(9) Dual readout mode
The camera has both an EM-CCD readout and a NORMAL CCD readout. With recent innovations, the
NORMAL CCD readout offers very low noise readout and very low dark current for long integration
exposures. This creates tremendous flexibility in applications. From ultra low luminescence samples to
routine fluorescence microscopy, the conventional readout provides high S/N images. With the EMCCD
readout, high frame rates at low intensities are possible for live cell imaging and spinning disk confocal
applications.
(10) Multiple pixel clock selection
The camera offers a selection of pixel clock speeds in both EM-CCD readout mode and normal CCD
readout mode. According to the application, it is possible to select a clock speed that offers the best S/N.
Faster clock speed offer faster frame rates and lower clock speed provides lower noise.
11
C9100-13 Ver.1.6
(11) Photon imaging mode (Patent Pending)
Due to the excess noise factor in the multiplication register, EM-CCD cameras have traditionally had limited
use in photon counting applications. Intensified CCDs have dominated this field for many years. Using over
20 years of experience in the design and production of image intensifiers and electronic circuit technology,
Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. has incorporated a unique photon counting imaging mode into the camera.
(12) Real time image processing
Traditionally, background correction and sensor non-uniformity corrections in images required separate
software operations and processing time in a computer. The camera is equipped with on-board digital signal
processing functions that offer real time image processing that replaces the software and computer
processing. When implemented, highly corrected images emerge directly from the camera at full frame rates.
A special recursive filter function is also included to dramatically reduce the effects of excess noise when the
EM-CCD operation is selected. This real time filter provides full frame rate images of averaged images;
creating exceptional quality EM-CCD images.
(13) External trigger / Synchronous readout trigger (Patent pending)
When an EM-CCD camera is combined with a real-time confocal microscope, it is very important to
synchronize the camera readout with the rotation of the disk in the case of spinning disk type or with the
galvanometer in case of a mirror scanning type. Vertical smear or a non-uniform intensity (banding) appears
in images unless the same number of scan points are created in every point in the image. To overcome this,
the camera is designed with a specially developed synchronous readout trigger that assures even intensity
in every image.
(14) Programmable trigger signal output
To simplify the control and synchronization of peripheral devices, the camera is equipped with a versatile
programmable trigger signal output. It is possible to freely control delay time, pulse width, and polarity of the
trigger signal output with external commands.
(15) Multiple heads capability
Scientific imaging often requires the simultaneous acquisition of data from multiple cameras. Until now this
has been difficult but a new feature of the camera is the ability to synchronously drive two or more cameras.
Synchronization is accurate to within one pixel clock operation. To take full advantage of this feature over a
wide range of applications, each camera is able to operate synchronously even with individual exposure
settings and individual EM gain settings. With this option, multiple wavelength imaging and multiple
polarization angle imaging is simply and reliably done with high precision.
12
C9100-13 Ver.1.6
6. NAME AND FUNCTION OF THE PARTS
6-1
CAMERA HEAD
⑧
⑧
①
①
⑧
②
⑨
③
②
②
④
⑤
⑥
⑦
Fig. 6-1
① Lens mount
C-mount lens or optical system with C-mount can be attached.
Note
• C-mount has a depth of 7 mm. Screwing the lens too far into the
camera may scratch the glass surface.
② Blow hole (Air-cooling only)
The fan circulates the air in order to decrease interior temperature.
• Do not block ventilation openings in order to prevent the camera’s
interior from overheating. If the camera is being operated in an
enclosed environment, ensure to have a clearance of at least 10 cm
from both the intake and exhaust vents when setting up the camera.
③ Connector for maintenance only
This part is for the maintenance. It does not usually open and close.
• Do not open the cover.
13
C9100-13 Ver.1.6
④ Timing I/O connector [TIMING I/O]
This connector is used for input and output of timing signals when synchronizing with external
equipment.
Note
• Please refer to Chapter 13-2-2 [TIMING I/O SPECIFICATIONS] for the
details about each pins.
⑤ Camera connector [POWER]
This is for connecting the camera head to the camera control unit with a camera cable.
⑥ Mode switching switch
From the factory, this switch is set in the following position.
1
2
3
4
SW ON
SW OFF
Air-cooling/Water-cooling mode is selected with SW4.
From the factory, cooling mode is set to air-cooling (SW4=OFF).
If this camera will be used with air-cooling, do not change SW4.
If this camera will be used with water-cooling, change SW4 to the “ON” position.
• Do not change the switch except for SW4.
• When changing this switch, turn off the power to the camera.
• Use a flathead screwdriver to change the switch.
⑦ CameraLink interface connector [DIGITAL OUT]
This is for connecting the camera head to an image capture board using a CameraLink
interface cable.
⑧ WATER connector [WATER] (Water-cooling only)
This connects the camera head to the circulating water cooler with a cooling water hoses. And
this connector is the Stop valve style*. The insert position of WATER IN/OUT is not specified.
* Stop valve style: The valve shuts automatically when the hose is taken off from the connector.
• Confirm that water is flowing in when water-cooling is started.
• Do not stop water flow while the camera is powered and keep the
1.2 liter/min cooling water flowing constantly.
• Please refer to the manual of the circulating water cooler for
instructions on how to use the water cooler.
Note
• Proper performance may not be achievable if a non-recommended
circulating water cooler is used.
CAUTION
14
• Be careful not to pour cooling water on this camera or the
peripheral equipment when the camera is used with
water-cooling. Remove and install hoses only when the power
supply of the camera and the peripheral device are off and the
water is not flowing.
C9100-13 Ver.1.6
• Do not touch the water connectors or the surrounding metallic
base while the camera is on as the temperature of these parts
can get very high. Please shut off the camera and allow it to
cool before touching the water connectors.
• Never touch this part when a buzzer alarm (beep sound)
sounds.
WARNING
[Top view of camera head]
⑨ Camera mount base
This is used to secure the camera head in place when using a tripod.
Note
• Be careful not to allow the fitting screw to enter more than 5 mm from
the surface of the mount. Screwing this in excessively may impair
normal operation.
15
C9100-13 Ver.1.6
6-2
CAMERA CONTROL UNIT
[Front panel]
①
②
[Rear panel]
⑦
⑧
⑨
④
⑤
⑥
③
Fig. 6-2
① Power switch [POWER]
This is the power switch. Press it to “ | ” to turn on the power to the camera.
② Power LED
This green LED is turned on to indicate that the power is turned on.
③ Camera connector [CAMERA POWER]
This is for connecting the camera control unit to the camera head with a camera cable.
④ Air outlet
This is the outlet for the heat ventilation.
• Do not block the air outlet. Make sure a space of at least 10 cm is
available at the back of the unit for ventilation.
⑤ AC inlet [LINE]
This is the power supply connector. Use the supplied power supply cord to connect it.
16
C9100-13 Ver.1.6
⑥ Fuse holder
This is the holder for the power supply fuse.
Note
• Please refer to Chapter 11-1 [FUSE REPLACEMENT] when replacing a
fuse.
⑦ TIMING IN connector [TIMING IN 1]
This is the connector for input of the timing signal at time of external synchronization.
This has the equivalent function to 1 pin of the timing I/O connector [TIMING I/O] on the
camera head and either connector on the camera head or on the camera control unit can be
selected for this function by the application software.
⑧ TIMING OUT connector [TIMING I/O 2]
This is the connector for output of the timing signal at time of external synchronization.
Exposure timing is output.
This has the equivalent function to 3 pin of the timing I/O connector [TIMING I/O] in the
camera head.
Note
• Please refer to Chapter 13-2-2 [TIMING I/O SPECIFICATIONS] for the
details about each pins.
⑨ TIMING OUT connector [TIMING I/O 3]
This is the connector for output of the timing signal at time of external synchronization.
The timing signal which synchronized in the exposure timing is output. The timing signal can
set the delay time and the pulse width.
This has the equivalent function to 5 pin of the timing I/O connector [TIMING I/O] in the
camera head.
Note
• Please refer to Chapter 13-2-2 [TIMING I/O SPECIFICATIONS] for the
details about each pins.
17
C9100-13 Ver.1.6
7. CONNECTION
7-1
CONNECTION OF CABLES
Connect each cable based on the connection diagram below.
Circulating water cooler
④ 2 Cooling water hoses (Water-cooling only)
Camera head
[Rear panel]
Power supply cord ③
Camera control unit
① Camera cable
② CameraLink Interface cable
Computer
Image capture board
Fig. 7-1
• When cables are connected, confirming the power switch is in the OFF position.
18
C9100-13 Ver.1.6
① Camera cable
This cable is used for connecting the camera head to the camera control unit.
• Tighten the screws of the connector securely.
② CameraLink interface cable (Option)
This cable is used for connecting the CameraLink interface connector to the image capture
board mounted on the host computer.
• Tighten the screws of the connector securely.
③ Power supply cord
This cord is used for supplying a power source to the camera control unit. This cord is used for
supplying a power source to the camera control unit.
• Connect this cord after confirming that power supply voltage of the
camera is in the range of the specifications.
④ Cooling water hoses (Water-cooling only) (Option)
2 hoses are used for connecting the camera head to the circulating water cooler.
Note
• The WATER IN/OUT positions are interchangeable.
Note
• Please see the instruction manual of the circulating water cooler for the
details of the circulating water cooler.
Note
• Proper performance may not be achievable if a non-recommended
circulating water cooler is used.
CAUTION
7-2
• Be careful not to pour cooling water on this camera or the peripheral
equipment when the camera is used with water-cooling. Remove and
install hoses only when the power supply of the camera and the
peripheral device are off and the water is not flowing.
WHEN THE CAMERA HEAD IS FIXED
The camera head is fixed by using the fitting screw at the bottom of the camera head.
Fix the camera head with a tool such as a laboratory jack so that a load may not be
imposed to the part of C-mount when the camera is fixed by C-mount.
Note
• Be careful not to allow the fitting screw to enter more than 5 mm from the surface of the
mount. Screwing this in excessively may impair normal operation.
• To prevent overheating in the camera's interior, do not wrap the unit in cloth or other
material or in any way allow the power supply unit's ventilation ports to become blocked. If
the camera is being operated in an enclosed environment, ensure clearance of at least 10
cm from both the intake and exhaust vents when setting up the camera.
19
C9100-13 Ver.1.6
7-3
CONNECTION OF WATER-COOLING HOSES
(WATER-COOLING ONLY)
(1) Camera head
Connect the hose to the camera head as shown in Figure 7-2.
1 up towards the hose side of ○
2 .
To remove the hose, pull ○
②
①
Fig. 7-2
• Push the hose until it is fixed on the connector.
CAUTION
• Be careful not to pour cooling water on this camera or the peripheral
equipment when the camera is used with water-cooling. Remove and
install hoses only when the power supply of the camera and the
peripheral device are off and the water is not flowing.
(2) Circulating water cooler
3 (Internal diameter: 4 mm / External diameter: 6 mm) and ○
4 (Internal
The hose has ○
diameter: 8 mm / External diameter: 13.5 mm). (Refer to Fig.7-3)
3 , the hose of ○
4 can be removed when the hose of ○
3 is
When the hose is used in ○
5 into ○
4 side.
pulled with pushing the part (Refer to Fig.7-4) of ○
③
④
⑤
④
Fig. 7-3
CAUTION
20
③
Fig. 7-4
• When the cooling water temperature is lower than the ambient
temperature, condensation can appear on the surface of the hose and
the inside of the camera. Condensation inside the camera will cause
trouble. When using cooling water that is cooler than the ambient
temperature, ensure that the ambient humidity is low and use the
camera in an environment where condensation never happens inside
the camera.
• Refer to the details about condensation to page 5.
C9100-13 Ver.1.6
8. OPERATION
8-1
PRECAUTIONS
Be careful of the following when you operate the camera.
(1) Water-cooling
When the camera is used with water-cooling, use distilled or deionized water for the
cooling and confirm that water of 1.2 liter/min is always flowing. For the appropriate
temperature range of the cooling water, confirm with the instruction manual of your
circulating water cooler. Consult us before using any antifreeze with your cooling water
as the ingredients may damage the camera.
Note
• Please see the instruction manual attached to the circulating water cooler for
more information about your circulating water cooler.
Note
• Proper performance may not be achievable if a non-recommended circulating
water cooler is used.
(2) Protection circuit
A double protection circuit protects this camera’s thermoelectric cooling device. If the
heat dissipater becomes abnormally hot, the protection circuit sets off a buzzer alarm
from the camera head while simultaneously cutting the current supply to the peltier
element. If the camera is in water-cool mode, the camera head fan will automatically
start running. When the protection circuit operates like this, immediately turn off the
power switch. Then locate and remove the cause of the overheating. Once the
temperature of the heat dissipater returns to normal, the protection circuit will reset
itself and power will return to the peltier cooler.
When the protection circuit is set, serial commands are rejected and errors are
returned. The camera will continue to output image data.
• Turn on the power again after confirming the cause of the protection circuit
being set was resolved.
• When the cause of the protection circuit being set is not resolved, stop the
operation at once, and contact to Hamamatsu subsidiary or local distributor.
• If the CCD does not cooled normally after the cause of the protection circuit
being set has been resolved, contact to Hamamatsu subsidiary or local
distributor.
21
C9100-13 Ver.1.6
8-2
SELECTION OF COOLING METHODS
The cooling method is changed with SW4 of the mode selection switch on the camera
head's rear panel.
At factory shipment, this switch is set to the following position.
1
2
3
4
SW ON
SW OFF
From the factory, cooling mode is set to air-cooling (SW4=OFF).
If this camera will be used with air-cooling, do not change SW4.
If this camera will be used with water-cooling, change SW4 to the “ON” position.
8-3
•
Do not change the switch except for SW4.
•
When this switch is changed, turn off the power supply of all the devices.
•
Use a small flathead screwdriver to change the switch.
PREPARATION FOR IMAGING
Use the following procedure when starting operating of the camera.
(1) Connect the equipment as shown in Figure 7-1 before operating the camera.
(2) Switch the camera control unit's power switch to ON.
• Confirm that a power supply is being supplied to the camera.
• When the air-cooling, confirm that the fan is turning.
When the water-cooling, confirm that cooling water flows always. In
addition, be sure the amount of cooling water is 1.2 liter/min.
(3) Start cooling with the application software referring to its instruction manual.
After several seconds of switching the power of the camera on, start up the
application software.
• When the camera temperature is unstable like before the camera
temperature reaches the setting temperature, the dark signal output
also becomes unstable and sometimes becomes zero.
(4) After the cooling starts, wait approximately 40 minutes for the temperature to
stabilize; this completes preparation for imaging.
• Start the measurement after the sensor temperature becomes stable
because the Electron Multiplier gain depends on the temperature.
22
C9100-13 Ver.1.6
8-4
IMAGING
(1) Control timing with the application software referring to its instruction manual.
• If the camera might not start up properly even when its power is
turned on, immediately shut down the camera and application
software and restart them. Allow a suitable length of time before
restarting the application software.
Note
• The application software is not attached to this camera.
• Check that CCD temperature is always stable.
• The abnormal high temperature inside the camera sounds the buzzer (beep tone). Then turn
off the power supply immediately. And remove the factors which increase the temperature.
• Turn on a power supply again after removing the factors which increase the temperature.
• If the factors which increase the temperature cannot remove, stop the camera operation
immediately. And contact Hamamatsu subsidiary or local distributor.
• When the CCD is not cooled normally even after resolved the cause that a protection circuit
worked, contact to Hamamatsu subsidiary or local distributor.
Note
8-5
• Please refer to Chapter
phenomenon of the camera.
12
[TROUBLESHOOTING
CHECKLIST]
about
unusual
END OF IMAGING
Carry out the procedure below when imaging is finished.
(1) End the imaging or transmission of image data with the application software.
(2) Turn off the power to the camera and peripheral equipment.
Note
• The reference image data taken for real time background subtraction or shading correction
remains in the flash memory after the main power switch is turned off. For confidentiality, the
user should take new reference image data with a non-private specimen prior to finishing
with the camera.
23
C9100-13 Ver.1.6
9. DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS FUNCTIONS
9-1
DUAL READOUT MODE
General EM-CCD camera is mainly designed for rapid imaging in low light situations and is
commonly used for biological field, typically used for live cell imaging. The significant
improvement of the C9100-13 cooling performance minimizes the dark current to ultimately
low level and this improvement contributes to realize the longer exposure time imaging
(EM-CCD readout mode).
In addition to that, the C9100-13 also provides the NORMAL-CCD mode, which is
equivalent readout mode as a normal cooled CCD camera. This dual readout feature is
unique for the C9100-13.
Fig. 9-1 is a diagram of the CCD structure. When the camera is operated in the EM-CCD
readout mode, the accumulated charges are transferred from the register elements to the
multiplication elements and read out through the EM-CCD readout AMP. When the camera
is operated in the NORMAL-CCD readout mode, the accumulated charges are not
transferred to the multiplication elements. Those are read out through the NORMAL-CCD
readout AMP, which is located at the left end of the register elements. The performance of
this mode is equivalent to the normal cooled CCD camera. This mode realizes the low
noise and high S/N readout, keeping the readout noise at extremely low level.
Resister Elements
Multiplication Elements
EM-CCD Readout AMP
NORMAL-CCD Readout AMP
Fig. 9-1 The horizontal serial register structure of EM-CCD
The EM-CCD readout mode is effective for dynamic and real time image acquisition under
low light environment. The NORMAL-CCD readout mode is suitable for ultra-low
luminescence imaging which a cooled CCD camera is normally used. These two types of
readout mode widen the performance range of the C9100-13 to be suitable under various
experimental conditions.
The S/N crossover point of the two modes is where the incident photon number is around
100 photons/pixels/frame. Two readout modes are selectable to acquire the best images
depends on the sample conditions.
24
C9100-13 Ver.1.6
9-2
MULTI SCANNING SPEED
The C9100-13 provides not only the selectable readout mode (dual readout) but also
variable pixel clock (multi-scanning speed). The combination of these two modes
contributes to set the best readouts for the various applications. The multi-scanning speed
is available for both EM-CCD mode and the NORMAL-CCD mode.
The readout noise is the electrical noise, which is mostly caused by the CCD output
amplifier and the circuits. The pixel clock change strongly affect to the level of readout
noise. Typical readout noise figures at various pixel clocks are shown in the following table
(at minimum EM gain).
Pixel Clock
Readout Noise
11 MHz
2.75 MHz
0.69 MHz
25 electrons
20 electrons
8 electrons
EM-CCD
Readout mode
(Minimum EM gain)
Minimum
Exposure time
30.52 ms
122.11 ms
488.44 ms
As it is shown on the table above, the readout noise is as low as about 8 electrons at 0.69
MHz pixel clock speed. However, due to the structural reason of the CCD (FFT-CCD) on
the C9100-13, the time takes to readout the whole charges, which accumulated in the
storage areas should be as same as the minimum exposure time. In the case of 0.69MHz
readout, the frame rate may not be fast enough. It may be inadequate for the consecutive
and real time image acquisition.
In addition to that, the readout noise consists of the Clock Induced Charge (CIC), which is
generated by clocking and the dark charge, which is called the thermal charge.
Generally, when EM gain is set as low, the CIC and the thermal charge are negligible. The
result is as shown in the table above. However, when EM gain is set as high, the levels of
those charges need to be considered carefully. The relation of the exposure time and the
CIC or the thermal charge is shown in the following graph.
Dark Charge
10
1
Arbitrary unit
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.0001
0.01
CIC
Thermal
Total
0.1
1
10
Exposure Time
100
1000
Fig. 9-2
25
C9100-13 Ver.1.6
The CIC is constant per readout but the thermal charge is proportional. In the short
exposure time, the CIC is dominant and in the long exposure the thermal charge become
dominant. The CIC and the thermal charge is contradictory, the amount of those charges
will vary depends on the voltage setting of the camera. The C9100-13 is optimized as when
the pixel clock is 11MHz the CIC become low, and at pixel clock of 2.75MHz and 0.69MHz,
the thermal charge becomes low. Therefore, set pixel clock to 11MHz when EM gain is high
and exposure time is relatively short. Set the pixel clock to 2.75MHz or 0.69MHz when EM
gain is high and exposure time is long.
The following table shows the relationship of pixel clock, readout noise and minimum
exposure time in the NORMAL-CCD readout mode.
NORMAL-CCD
Readout mode
Pixel Clock
Readout Noise
2.75 MHz
0.69 MHz
17 electrons
8 electrons
Minimum
Exposure Time
122 ms
488 ms
As shown in the table above, the readout noise at the 0.69 MHz pixel clock is equivalent to
the extremely low noise performance of a general cooled CCD camera. This performance
is best for applications such as long exposures luminescence imaging. The 2.75 MHz pixel
clock provides almost 8 Hz frame rate, making this a good choice for routine live cell
fluorescence imaging.
• Approximately 2.5 seconds is necessary for changing pixel clock speed as a waiting time.
26
C9100-13 Ver.1.6
9-3
EXTRENAL TRIGGER/
SYNCHRONOUS READOUT TRIGGER
The camera has various external trigger modes for synchronization with peripheral devices.
In particular, the camera has both an External trigger IN where an external device is master
and the camera is the slave and an External trigger OUT where the camera is the master
controlling external devices. A unique and important external trigger mode called
Synchronous readout trigger, is designed to be used for the synchronization of the camera
with a con-focal microscope. This mode eliminates the vertical smearing or banding noise
that comes from a mismatch between camera readout and the confocal disk rotation speed.
(1) External Edge trigger
Using External Edge trigger, the camera starts an exposure at the (positive or
negative) edge of an external trigger signal. The exposure time is defined by the
application software. The camera ignores any additional trigger input until the
exposure is completed and frame readout is done completely, even if another trigger
signal is received during the exposure.
Using this mode means the frame rate will be slower than the internal trigger mode
because the minimum frame rate is the sum of the exposure time plus frame readout
time. Fig. 9-3 shows the timing chart for the external edge trigger using the positive
edge. The minimum permissible exposure time setting is 10 µs, so the frame rate with
10 µs exposure time setting is close to the frame rate in the internal trigger mode.
Idle
Exposure time
Frame readout
Idle
Exposure time
Frame transfer
Fig. 9-3
(2) Level trigger
Using External Level trigger the exposure time is fully controlled by the trigger pulse. If
the trigger polarity is selected for a positive trigger, the camera starts an exposure at
the positive edge of external trigger, and maintains the exposure time during the
positive period. The, camera stops the exposure and begins the frame readout at the
negative edge of the trigger.
In this external level trigger mode the frame rate is slower than the internal trigger
mode because the minimum frame rate is the sum of the exposure time plus frame
readout time. Fig. 9-4 shows the timing chart for the external level trigger using the
positive edge. The minimum exposure time setting is 10 µs, so the frame rate with 10
µs exposure time setting is close to the frame rate in the internal trigger mode.
Idle
Exposure time
Frame readout
Idle
Exposure time
Frame transfer
Fig. 9-4
27
C9100-13 Ver.1.6
(3) Start trigger
This trigger mode is used for fast frame acquisition. A single trigger input from either
the positive or negative edge can be used to start the exposure. The camera can
simultaneously expose and readout in this mode and it operates in the internal trigger
mode. No additional trigger signals are needed for continuous imaging at high frames
rates.
(4) Synchronous readout trigger
Synchronous readout trigger is a special external trigger mode which is designed to be
used for synchronizing the camera with a confocal microscope.
There are two ways to do this.
① Synchronous Readout mode 1
In this mode, the external trigger IN is used and the trigger interval defines the exposure time.
When the trigger IN signal is synchronized with the spin cycle timing of the disk in a confocal
microscope, the camera readout cycle will synchronize properly even when the spinning disk
speed is not constant since the trigger interval depends on the disk speed. Without proper
synchronization, images will show uneven illumination (called banding noise). Fig. 9-5 shows
the timing chart for this mode. An added feature of this mode is that it is possible to get almost
the same frame rate as the internal trigger mode because the exposure and frame readout
can be done simultaneously.
Exposure time 1
Exposure time 2
Frame readout 0
Frame readout 1
Exposure time 3
Frame readout 2
Fig. 9-5
② Synchronous Readout mode 2
In this mode, the external trigger IN is used and the number of trigger pulses defines the
exposure time. Some spinning disk confocal microscopes use pulses from pinholes in the disk
for timing. Setting the trigger IN signal in the camera to start exposure on one pulse from the
spinning disk and finish exposure after some number of pulses will synchronize the exposure
and readout with the spin cycle timing of the disk in a confocal microscope. The camera
readout cycle will synchronize properly even when the spinning disk speed is not constant
since the trigger interval depends on the number of disk pulses. Without proper
synchronization, images will show uneven illumination (called banding noise).
As an example, if one confocal scanning disk rotation is completed by 4 pulses, the camera
should be set for one exposure time to equal 4 pulses from application software.
The camera starts the exposure on the first pulse, and finishes the exposure time when 4th
pulse is detected.
Fig. 9-6 shows the timing chart in this mode with 4 pulses for one exposure cycle. An added
feature of this mode is that it is possible to get almost same frame rate as the internal trigger
mode because the exposure and frame readout can be done simultaneously.
Exposure time 1
Frame readout 0
Exposure time 2
Frame readout 1
Fig. 9-6
28
Exposure time 3
Frame readout 2
C9100-13 Ver.1.6
9-4
BINNING READOUT AND BINNING SETTINGS VALUES
This camera has the normal readout mode (1x1) which readouts digital output pixels
without any process, in addition to that following readout modes are also available.
2×2 binning readout
Add 2 pixels horizontally and 2 pixels vertically
4×4 binning readout
Add 4 pixels horizontally and 4 pixels vertically
• Cooling temperature may become unstable right after binning mode is changed and it may
take a certain time the temperature to become stable again.
• After binning mode is changed, wait for a sufficient time before operating the camera.
In addition, 8×8 and 16×16 binning readouts are option.
(Name: binning option, Model name: M10453-01)
Note
• When the camera is operated in 16×16 binning readout mode at 0.69 MHz with no incident
light, low intensity vertical line will appear at the left end of image on NORMAL-CCD mode
and on EM-CCD mode the line will appear at the right end of image. This line only appears
when the camera is operated in this particular setting.
29
C9100-13 Ver.1.6
9-5
REAL-TIME IMAGE PROCESSING FEATURES
The design of camera incorporates a fundamentally different way of thinking about how to
produce the highest quality images from a digital camera. Rather than rely on software and
computer processing after the camera output, some of the most common image processing
functions are included in the camera itself. Selecting these functions provides real time
image improvement and increased S/N. Otherwise, the camera outputs raw data that is
preferred for quantitative analysis.
9-5-1
FUNCTION 1: REAL TIME BACKGROUND SUBTRACTION
The camera normally does not need dark current subtraction due to the superb cooling but in
very long exposures in the NORMAL-CCD readout mode, it may still offer some benefit to
subtract dark current. In brightfield images, it is often beneficial to subtract backgrounds to
eliminate spots and other image artifacts. In both cases, it is usually best to add a constant
value (offset) to the result to avoid zero values in a fluorescence image or to create a similar
intensity to the normal background in brightfield images. The value of this offset can be freely
adjusted to suit the requirements. The camera does all this and will store 3 different reference
images for this operation. Images with different binning, sub-array and exposure settings can all
be stored and used as reference images.
9-5-2
FUNCTION 2: SHADING CORRECTION
It is common in microscopy to find uneven illumination in images. Correcting this unevenness
improves the results and often reveals additional details in the image. The camera can calculate
an intensity difference map for every pixel, and apply this map to the original image to remove
the difference; correcting the shading of the microscope or other illumination system.
9-5-3
FUNCTION 3: RECURSIVE FILTER
A Recursive filter is used to significantly improve S/N in images by averaging noise in both the
signal and the camera. In EM-CCD cameras it is especially effective because of the low number
of signal photons and the excess noise factor in the multiplication process. Real time images
are produced by averaging the values in the same pixel over several images at the selected
pixel clock rate. Each output image is the result of an average of some number of previous
images. For static or slowly changing images this is not a problem. For dynamic images, image
smearing will result. Having these real time image processing features built into the camera is
an important and effective way to speed up image acquisition. Producing processed images in
the camera relieves the computer CPU of many very time intensive operations, especially when
high frame rate sequential images are required. When acquiring 4D and 5D images, the number
of peripheral devices and image handling operations can cause frame dropping due to CPU
stress. Entire experiments may become meaningless if frames are lost and the real time image
processing functions in the camera can help prevent this.
Calculation of recursive filter (e.g. N=4)
Vout(n) = Vout(n-1) + ( Vin(n) - Vout(n-1) ) / 4
Vout(n) : Present output image
Vout(n-1) : Output image of 1 previous frame
Vin(n)
: Present input image
30
C9100-13 Ver.1.6
9-5-4
FUNCTION 4: FRAME AVERAGING
Frame averaging is a processing of multiple frames that result in the output of a simple average
of the last current frame and a number of previous frames that equal the desired frame number.
During the averaging time, the last previously averaged image is used as the output until a new
average is completed. At that point the output is refreshed and the next average is started. This
form of temporal averaging provides significant increases in the S/N since both detector noise
and signal are averaged.
Calculation of frame averaging (e.g. N=4)
Vout(n) = ( Vin(n) + Vin(n-1) + Vin(n-2) + Vin(n-3) ) / 4
Vout(n)
Vin(n)
Vin(n-1)
Vin(n-2)
Vin(n-3)
9-5-5
:
:
:
:
:
Present output image
Present input image
Input image of one previous frame
Input image of second previous frame
Input image of third previous frame
FUNCTION 5: SPOT NOISE REDUCER
This image processing function operates on random spots of intensity by comparing incoming
images and eliminating signals that meet the criteria for noise in one image but not in others.
Small bright signals are compared to previous frames to see if they occur in more than one
frame. If they occur in only a single frame the value is replaced the value of the comparison
frame. If similar value occurs in two frames then the original value is kept in both.
This processing eliminates noise elements like cosmic rays to increase the signal to noise ratio
and overall quality in images.
Caution should be exercised using spot noise reducer if the signals of interest have properties
similar to random noise events.
31
C9100-13 Ver.1.6
9-6
PHOTON IMAGING MODE (PATENT PENDING)
Since there is no way to eliminate the excess noise factor from the electron multiplication
process in an EM-CCD, it has always limited the image quality at very low light levels.
Because of their smaller excess noise factors Image intensifiers have dominated
applications where the signal level is in the single photon range.
The camera has a special Photon Imaging mode to overcome this limitation. For many
years, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. has been making photon counting cameras with special
image intensifiers. Based on this experience, unique circuits for driving the electron
multiplication process have been designed and included in the camera to enable high
quality images in ultra low light.
[Features of the photon imaging mode]
- Must be used in the EM-CCD readout mode of operation, has no effect in
NORMAL-CCD readout mode of operation.
- Most useful for signal levels at which maximum EM gain has no apparent signal or very
little signal.
- Increases signal intensity 5× in mode 1, 13× in mode 2 and 21× in mode 3.
- Quantitative linear signal output in each mode means quantification is possible if mode
is constant.
- Improved spatial resolution at very low light levels.
Fig. 9-7 clearly shows the benefits of the special Photon Imaging mode. Using a standard
test target, the image on the left, taken using the EM-CCD readout mode, is almost
unrecognizable as a test target but the image on the right, taken with the Photon Imaging
mode, can be clearly seen to be a test target.
Fig. 9-7
32
C9100-13 Ver.1.6
Fig. 9-8 shows a similar test using a dot chart. As shown in the image on the right, it is
possible to detect each dot clearly with the photon imaging mode. The photon imaging
mode offers new opportunities in microtiter plate readers, DNA chip readers and other
applications where the signal of interest is composed of isolated spots of low intensity.
Fig. 9-8
9-7
EM GAIN PROTECTION
EM-CCD devices are known to exhibit a loss of gain over time called gain ageing. This
deterioration in the gain factor can be overcome by adjusting the voltage applied to the
stages in the gain register but there is a limit to how much voltage can be applied before
destroying the device. It is important to operate the camera in ways that minimize the rate
of gain ageing and extend the life of the camera.
Since the rate of gain ageing depends on the incident light levels and gain settings
combined, it is possible to minimize both most of the time. Occasionally mistakes are made,
like changing lenses or objectives with the gain on or having illumination on the CCD for
long periods without knowing it. To prevent excessive gain ageing from such unintentional
events, the camera provides two levels of protection.
Level 1 is the EM gain warning. This warning is an audible alarm or software warning that
excessive output conditions have occurred which may damage the detector. This warning
can be set to one of three levels or disabled completely by the operator.
Level 2 is the EM gain protection mode. This feature will switch the camera to protection
mode, stopping the charge transfer through the gain register. The degree of protection is
based on a combination of the critical signal level and the number of frames the operator
selects in the gain warning dialog box. Like the warning feature it may also be disabled by
the operator.
33
C9100-13 Ver.1.6
9-8
EM GAIN READJUSTMENT
Over time, all EM-CCD cameras exhibit gain ageing, also called gain degradation.
Fortunately, the gain can be readjusted by raising the voltage in the gain multiplication
register, but only within limits. Reducing the rate of gain ageing by careful use of the
detector is helpful and the camera includes effective EM gain protection (see 9-7) but at
some point it will be necessary to readjust the gain to the original values.
The EM gain readjustment for the camera is simple and the software, labeled
“EMGREAD.exe”, can be found in the DCAM modules. For example, on the HCImage disk
included with the camera, look in “HCImage Drivers DCAMAPI Tools EMGREAD.exe” to
find the software.
Search for “EMGREAD.exe” in DCAM-API folder. “EMGREADW_ja.pdr” and
“EMGREADW_en.pdf” is the operational manual in Japanese and in English respectively.
DCAM-API folder can be searched using these file names.
9-9
DIRECT EM GAIN CONTROL
Previously, EM gain controls divided the actual EM gain range into 256 steps. Using a chart
in the camera manual, it was possible to estimate the actual EM gain of the camera. For
instance, if the gain 100 was selected from the EM gain control in the software window, the
actual gain was between 4× and 1200× for the camera and the chart in the manual would
indicate this to be equivalent to 40× gain in the multiplication register.
Direct EM gain control is now possible using any software that supports the Hamamatsu
DCAM application. Setting the software control to 100 means the gain register will provide
100× multiplication (See Fig. 9-9). Like all EM-CCD devices gain ageing occurs over time
and this value will change slightly but it can easily be checked and readjusted to the
nominal value as described before.
Fig. 9-9
34
C9100-13 Ver.1.6
9-10 PROGRAMMABLE SYNCHRONIZATION OUTPUT
The Programmable Synchronization output is an important feature of the camera.
For biomedical imaging, timing control of peripheral devices such as excitation light sources,
filter changers, mechanical shutters, stage and focusing controls is essential. Triggering
these peripherals with accurate timing directly from the camera can improve the speed of
image acquisition for high speed applications. The camera offers freely programmable
synchronization output, delay time, pulse width, and trigger signal polarity.
Note
•
Please refer to 13-2-2 [TIMING I/O SPECOFOCATIONS] for the details about Timing I/O
specifications.
35
C9100-13 Ver.1.6
10. PRECAUTIONS WHEN USING THE CCD
The camera uses a CCD. Read the following points regarding handling of the CCD
carefully.
(1) White spots
During long exposure times, imperfection in the CCD’s silicon wafer cause white spots
to be generated on the image. As of the present time, there is no workaround for this
phenomenon. Certain cooling temperature characteristics can cause these white spots
to multiple in relation to exposure time, but using dark subtraction* can compensate
for this phenomenon. Atomic rays may generate white spot.
* After acquiring an image using an arbitrary exposure time, the CCD is placed in a dark state for an equal amount of
time, and reacquires the image without any light exposure. Subsequently, the second image is subtracted from the
first, canceling dark-area information from the original image.
(2) Smear
When imaging very bright objects, bright vertical stripes (vertical smear) may be
visible in the images being taken. This is due to the incident light while transferring the
electrons from sensor part to memory part. The amount of smear is dependent on (the
ratio between) readout time and exposure time. Smear tends to appear more strongly
at shorter exposure time to readout time.
(3) Folding distortion
A rough-edged flicker may be visible when imaging striped patterns, lines, and similar
subject matter.
(4) Interference fringes pattern
Coherent light such as LASER light may generate interference fringes pattern on image.
(5) Afterimage
When strong light enters, it is known that several photons remain as an afterimage.
When EM gain is high, these are observed.
(6) Over light
When the input light becomes gradually larger, the output signal also becomes higher,
and at last reaches the full bits. Additionally when the input light becomes much larger,
the output signal becomes smaller. The excess light input sometimes makes the
wrong signal output.
(7) Electron Multiplier gain (EM gain)
Start the measurement after the inside cooling temperature becomes stable because
the Electron Multiplier gain depends on the temperature. The inside cooling
temperature usually becomes stable after approximately 40 minutes.
36
C9100-13 Ver.1.6
(8) EM gain shift
The camera employs a solid-state image sensitive device and EM gain may be
shifted depending on usage as its characteristic. The shift is observed more at bigger
EM gain setting to a certain incident light or at more incidents light to a certain EM
gain setting.
Note
• Incident light and EM gain setting more than necessary should be avoided for
long usage.
• Set the EM gain always to minimum when the lens is attached and detached.
(9) EM gain fluctuation
When the camera mode is changed, for example, binning, sub-array or pixel clock
speed settings, it is known the CCD chip cooling temperature and EM-gain may be
drifted. This is caused by the rapid change of CCD chip power consumption due to the
mode change.
37
C9100-13 Ver.1.6
11. MAINTENANCE
11-1 FUSE REPLACEMENT
Replace a fuse in accordance with the following process.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Turn off the power switch.
Unplug the power supply cord from the AC inlet.
Remove the fuse holder with something like a screwdriver. (Fig.11-1)
Before replacement, you must check that the new fuse has the same rating as
the previous fuse. (Fig.11-2)
(5) After replacement, return the fuse holder to its original location in the AC inlet.
Fuse holder
Fuse holder
AC inlet
Small flat screwdriver
AC inlet
Fuse
(Connected to circuit)
Spare fuse
(Not connected to circuit)
Fig. 11-1
CAUTION
• Always replace with the spare fuse, or a fuse of the same type as indicated
on the ratings sticker. The standard of the fuse is “T 2 A 250 V”.
• Be careful not to use excessive force when fitting the fuse holder. You might
damage the fuse.
11-2 CARE
Clean the exterior with a soft, dry cloth.
• Do not use a wet cloth, dirty cloth.
38
Fig. 11-2
C9100-13 Ver.1.6
12. TROUBLESHOOTING CHECKLIST
If an abnormality occurs, look up the possible causes in the following tables and, if
necessary, report the details to Hamamatsu subsidiary or local distributor.
12-1 THE POWER WAS TURNED ON
Cause
Countermeasure
Fuse has blown
AC inlet is loose
Power supply cord is broken
LED circuit is damaged
Power switch is damaged
Replace fuse
Reconnect
Chapter
11
7
Contact Hamamatsu subsidiary or distributor
16
12-2 IMAGES NOT TRANSFERRED
Cause
Countermeasure
Poor connection of cables
Cable is broken
The correct command has not
been sent to the camera
Reconnect
Replace the cable
Chapter
7
Recheck command
12-3 ALTHOUGH IMAGES ARE TRANSFERRED
(1) Scratches or discoloration visible on the screen
Cause
Countermeasure
Glass on front of camera head is dirty
Wipe with gauze soaked in alcohol
Chapter
(2) Image is blurred
Cause
Countermeasure
Back focus is incurred
CCD chip is dirty
Contact Hamamatsu subsidiary or
distributor
Chapter
16
(3) Only shadowed images are output
Cause
Countermeasure
Lens mount cap is still on
Amount of light is too much or too low
Contrast enhancement is too high or too low
Remove the cap
Reduce amount of light
Reduce gain
Chapter
(4) All screens overflow
Cause
Countermeasure
Too much amount of light
Contrast enhancement is too high
Reduce amount of light
Reduce gain
Chapter
(5) Noise appears on the screen
Cause
Countermeasure
Exogenous noise
Find and remove cause
Poor connection of internal connector
Defective circuit system
Contact Hamamatsu subsidiary or
distributor
Chapter
16
39
C9100-13 Ver.1.6
12-4 BUZZER SOUND
When buzzer sounds, what it indicates is different in “Normal operation” and in “EM gain
readjustment”.
(1) Long intermittent beep of single tone at normal operation (Increased
temperature inside the camera)
Cause
Countermeasure
Trouble of heat radiation
Air-cooling
Water-cooling
Circulating water cooler is not
turned on
Cooling water is not flowing
Foreign object inside connector
or hose blocks water circulation
Circuit trouble
Chapter
Remove obstacles which
blocks ventilation opening
Circulate water
8
Turn on circulating water cooler
Contact Hamamatsu subsidiary or distributor
16
• Beep sound indicates protective circuit is activated because of a trouble of heat
radiation in the camera. When this beep sounds, turn off the camera immediately
and apply countermeasure to remove cause.
• Cause of heat radiation must be removed before turning on this camera again.
• If any cause of heat radiation cannot be solved or removed, stop operation and
make contact to Hamamatsu subsidiary or local distributor.
• If cooling performance of the camera does not recover, even after the cause of heat
radiation is removed, make contact to Hamamatsu subsidiary or local distributor.
(2) Short intermittent beep of single tone at normal operation (Excessive
output)
Cause
Countermeasure
Excessive output
Avoid excessive output circumstances by decreasing
volume of incoming light, decreasing EM gain or shorten
exposure time.
Chapter
9
(3) Long consecutive beep tone at normal operation (EM gain protection)
Cause
Countermeasure
EM gain protection
function is activated
Remove cause of excessive output circumstances by
decreasing volume of incoming light, decreasing EM gain or
shorten exposure time. Then operate the camera again, for
example to the LIVE mode.
Chapter
9
(4) Intermittent double blips at EM gain readjustment (Excessive light at EM
gain readjustment)
40
Cause
Countermeasure
Alarm of excessive light for EM gain
readjustment
See if a cap dedicated for this camera is
properly attached.
Chapter
9
C9100-13 Ver.1.6
(5) Intermittent triple blips at EM gain readjustment at EM gain readjustment
(End of EM gain readjustment)
Cause
Countermeasure
Notice of EM gain readjustment is ended
EM gain readjustment is ended
Chapter
9
(6) Long consecutive beep tone at EM gain readjustment (Reached to limit of
EM gain readjustment)
Cause
Countermeasure
EM gain readjustment did not completed
because readjustment feature is reached
to its limit
Reached to limit of EM gain
readjustment
Chapter
9
41
C9100-13 Ver.1.6
13. SPECIFICATIONS
13-1 CAMERA SPECIFICATIONS
(1) Electric specifications
Camera head type
Window
AR mask
Imaging device
Effective number of pixels
Cell size
Effective area
EM-CCD
Pixel clock rate
NORMAL-CCD
EM gain (typ.)
Ultra low light detection
Fastest readout speed
EM Gain
4x
EM-CCD
Readout noise
EM Gain
1200x
(r.m.s.) (typ.)
NORMAL-CCD
Full well capacity (typ.) *3
Analog gain
EM-CCD readout mode
Gain conversion
NORMAL-CCD
factor (typ.)
readout mode
Forced air-cooled
Cooling method
/ temperature
Water-cooled *4
Forced air-cooled
Temperature
stability
(-65 °C)
Water-cooled (-80 °C)
Forced air-cooled
Dark current
6
(typ.) *
(-65 °C)
7
Exposure time *
Water-cooled (-80 °C)
Internal sync mode
External trigger mode
A/D converter
Output signal / External control
Sub-array
Binning
42
Hermetic vacuum-sealed air/water-cooled head *1
Anti-reflection (AR) coatings on both sides, single
window
Yes
Electron Multiplier Back-thinned Frame transfer
CCD
512 (H) × 512 (V)
16 µm (H) × 16 µm (V)
8.192 mm (H) × 8.192 mm (V)
11 MHz, 2.75 MHz, 0.69 MHz
2.75 MHz, 0.69 MHz
1x, 4x to 1200x *2
Photon imaging mode (1, 2, 3)
31.9 frame/s to 404.4 frame/s
417 frame/s (Binning option)
25 electrons
(at 11 MHz)
20 electrons
(at 2.75 MHz)
8 electrons
(at 0.69 MHz)
1 electrons max. (at 11 MHz)
1 electrons max. (at 2.75 MHz)
1 electrons max. (at 0.69 MHz)
17 electrons
(at 2.75 MHz)
8 electrons
(at 0.69 MHz)
370 000 electrons (max. 800 000 electrons)
1/2 times to 5 times
5.8 electrons/count
1.4 electrons/count
−65 °C stabilized (0 °C to + 30 °C)
−80 °C stabilized (Water temperature: + 20 °C)
−90 °C stabilized (Water temperature lower than
5
+10 °C) *
±0.03 °C (typ.) (Room temperature: stable at +20 °C)
±0.01 °C (typ.) (Water temperature: stable at +20 °C)
[Operated with circulating water cooler]
0.01 electron/pixel/s
0.001 electron/pixel/s
30.5 ms or more
10 µs or more
16 bit
CameraLink
Every 16 lines (horizontal, vertical) size, position can
be set (refer to the table on the right)
2×2, 4×4, (8×8, 16×16) *8
C9100-13 Ver.1.6
External synchronization *9
Trigger output *9
Image processing features (Real-time)
EM gain protection
EM gain readjustment
Lens mount
Edge trigger, Level trigger, Start trigger,
Synchronous readout trigger
Available (Delay and pulse length are variable)
Background subtraction, Shading correction,
Recursive filter, Frame averaging, Spot noise
reducer *10
EM warning mode, EM protection mode
Available
C-mount
● Fastest readout speed; when Internal synchronization mode (typ.)
Binning
1×1
2×2
4×4
8×8
16×16
512
31.9
60.9
112
177
248
256
59.6
107
178
252
313
Sub-array (Effective vertical width)
128
64
105
170
172
248
254
323
320
369
360
389
(Unit: frame/s)
32
245
318
373
401
405
16
315
370
405
417
413
The hermetic sealed head maintains a high degree of vacuum 10-8 Torr, without re-evacuation.
Even with electron multiplier gain maximum, dark signal is kept low level at low light imaging.
Linearity is not assured when full well capacity is more than 370 000 electrons.
Water volume 1.2 liter/min.
The maximum cooling temperature may vary subject to set-up environment.
Typical thermal charge value (not guaranteed).
Image smearing may appear when the exposure time is short.
8×8 and 16×16 binning are available on special order.
Please consult with our sales office.
Fastest readout speed is at 8×8 binning, sub-array 16.
* 9 C-MOS 3.3 V with reversible polarity.
* 10 Recursive filter, frame averaging, spot noise reducer cannot be used simultaneously.
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
• When the camera is used with water-cooling, confirm that water of 1.2
liter/min is always flowing.
Note
• For the details of the circulating water cooler, please see the instruction
manual attached to the circulating water cooler.
Note
• Proper performance may not be achievable if a non-recommended
circulating water cooler is used.
(2) Power supply specifications
Input power supply
Frequency
Power consumption
Note
AC 100 V to AC 240 V
50 Hz / 60 Hz
Approx. 140 V·A
• Fluctuations of input power supply voltages are not to exceed ± 10 % of
the nominal voltage.
(3) Operating environment
Ambient operating temperature
Performance guaranteed temperature
Ambient storage temperature
Ambient operating humidity
Operating space
Environment conditions
0 ºC to + 40 ºC
0 ºC to + 30 ºC
-10 ºC to + 50 ºC
70 % , no condensation
Indoor, altitude up to 2000 m
Where there is no vibration, no corrosive
gases and no dust
43
C9100-13 Ver.1.6
(4) Dimensional outlines and weight
External dimensions
Camera head
Camera control unit
Note
Weight
110 mm (W) × 110 mm (H) × 213 mm (D)
232 mm (W) × 74 mm (H) × 308 mm (D)
Approx. 3.7 kg
Approx. 3.0 kg
• Please see Chapter 14 [DIMENSIONAL OUTLINES] for detail of dimensions.
(5) Applicable standards
Safety
EMC
EN61010-1: 2001
Overvoltage category: Ⅱ
Pollution degree: 2
Degree of protection (IEC60529): IP20
EN61326: 1997 + A1: 1998 + A2: 2001 + A3: 2003 Class A
(6) Spectral response characteristics
Following is the typical spectral characteristic of the CCD.
100
90
Quantum Efficiency (%)
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
400
500
600
700
Wave Length (nm)
Fig. 13-1
44
800
900
1000
C9100-13 Ver.1.6
(7) EM gain
Following is the setting value of SENSITIVITY and the typical EM gain.
C9100-13 EM Gain
10000
EM Gain
1000
100
10
1
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sensitivity
Fig. 13-2
45
C9100-13 Ver.1.6
13-2 INTERFACE SPECIFICATIONS
13-2-1 CAMERALINK INTERFACE SPECIFICATIONS
CameraLink interface is a standard of a digital interface for industrial application standardized
by digital camera manufactures and frame grabber board manufactures. 28 bits digital data
(TX0 to TX27) can be transferred as being changed into 5 signals (X0, X1, X2, X3 and XCLK)
by parallel serial transformation. This camera is based on CameraLink interface and Base
Configuration 16 bit digital camera standard.
(1) CameraLink connector pin assignments (MDR-26)
Camera connector
Frame grabber connector
Channel Link signal
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
1
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
13
14
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
26
Inner Shield
X0X1X2XclkX3SerTC+
SerTFGCC1CC2+
CC3CC4+
Inner Shield
Inner Shield
X0+
X1+
X2+
Xclk+
X3+
SerTCSerTFG+
CC1+
CC2CC3+
CC4Inner Shield
Note
46
• CC2 to CC4 are not used in this system.
C9100-13 Ver.1.6
(2) CameraLink bit assignments
28 bit Solution Pin Name
Input Signal Name
TX0
TX1
TX2
TX3
TX4
TX5
TX6
TX7
TX8
TX9
TX10
TX11
TX12
TX13
TX14
TX15
TX16
TX17
TX18
TX19
TX20
TX21
TX22
TX23
TX24
TX25
TX26
TX27
DB0
DB1
DB2
DB3
DB4
DB7
DB5
DB8
DB9
DB10
DB14
DB15
DB11
DB12
DB13
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
Spare
LVAL
FVAL
DVAL
DB6
● DVAL (Data valid signal)
This signal synchronizes in the image data from CCD, and it is outputted. Each digital data is effective
with the period of “ON” of this signal.
● LVAL (Line valid signal)
This signal shows the period during which the line part of the image data from the CCD is in effect.
This is “ON” when during the period the line is active.
● FVAL (Frame valid signal)
This signal shows the period during which the vertical part of the image data from the CCD is in effect.
This is “ON” during the period the frame is active.
● DB0 to DB15 (Digital image data)
This is the image signal data from the CCD converted A/D. DB0 is the LSB (least significant bit) and
DB15 is the MSB (most significant bit).
47
C9100-13 Ver.1.6
13-2-2 TIMING I/O SPECIFICATIONS
Output and input equivalent to timing I/O connector can be done in TIMING IN connector
(TIMING IN 1) on camera control unit. Selection of Trigger In connector should be done by own
application software.
(1) Timing I/O connector pin assignments [TIMING I/O]
The camera uses Hirose model HR10A-7R-6S connector for input and output signals.
No.
1
Signal
Trigger In
2
Digital GND
3
Integ Out
4
Digital GND
5
Programmable Timing Out
6
Digital GND
Pin connections
HR10A-7R-6S
● Trigger In: Input pin of the external trigger pulse
● Integ Out : Output pin of the integration timing signal
● Programmable Timing Out: Output pin of the timing signal synchronized
with the exposure timing and set the delay
time and the pulse width by the command.
(2) Trigger In timing
When the camera is set to external control mode, the camera accepts to input external
trigger pulse. Its signal level is TTL level or C-MOS3.3V level (1KΩ termination) and
the pulse polarity can be either positive or negative. The shortest pulse duration is
10us at edge trigger mode and synchronous readout mode and 790us at level trigger
mode.
The longest pulse duration is approximately 2 hours for any trigger mode. Normal
operation is not guaranteed for any input signal other than these conditions.
Additionally, refer to the frame rate table for the fastest repetition trigger pulse input.
Normal operation is not guaranteed for any repetition input pulse faster than that of
listed in the table.
48
C9100-13 Ver.1.6
① Edge trigger mode (pulse polarity is positive)
Trigger in cycle
10 µs min.
Trigger In
780 µs typ.
V-shift
Exposure time
Exposure
Readout time
Readout
Trigger in cycle > V-shift time + Exposure time +V-shift time + Read out time
In the Edge trigger mode, exposure time is set by the command.
Fig. 13-3
② Level trigger mode (pulse polarity is positive)
Trigger in cycle
780 µs +Exposure time
Trigger In
780 µs typ.
V-shift
Exposure time
Exposure
Readout time
Readout
Trigger in cycle > V-shift time + Exposure time +V-shift time + Read out time
In the level trigger mode, exposure time is set by the width of Trigger In.
Fig. 13-4
49
C9100-13 Ver.1.6
③ Start trigger mode (pulse polarity is positive)
Trigger in cycle
10 µs min.
Trigger In
780 µs typ.
V-shift
Exposure time
Exposure
Readout time
Readout
Trigger in cycle > V-shift time + Exposure time +V-shift time + Read out time
In the Edge trigger mode, exposure time is set by the command.
Fig. 13-5
④ Synchronous readout trigger mode (pulse polarity is positive)
Trigger in cycle
10 µs min.
Trigger In
780 µs typ.
V-shift
Exposure time
Exposure
Readout time
Readout
Trigger in cycle > V-shift time + Read out time
Fig. 13-6
50
C9100-13 Ver.1.6
(3) Integ Out timing (pulse polarity is positive)
The exposure-timing signal comes out. The signal level is C-MOS 3.3 V.
+3.3 V
0V
Exposure
Exposure time
Fig. 13-7
(4) Programmable Timing Out (pulse polarity is positive)
This function offers freely programmable synchronization output, delay time, pulse
width and trigger signal polarity. The output can be changed based on (3) Integ Out
timing. The signal level is C-MOS 3.3 V.
Integ Out
Delay
Pulse width
Programmable
Timing Out
Fig. 13-8
•
Control timing with the application software referring to its instruction manual.
51
C9100-13 Ver.1.6
14. DIMENSIONAL OUTLINE
14-1 CAMERA HEAD
(Unit: mm)
185.5 ±2
27.5
8
55 ±1.5
110 ±1
110 ±1
1-32UN C-MOUNT D=5
78 ±1
40.5 ±0.5
1/4-20UNC, D=8
52
4-M3 バーリング
C9100-13 Ver.1.6
14-2 CAMERA CONTROL UNIT
170 ±3
7 ±1
74 ±1
(Unit: mm)
232 ±3
23 ±1
260 ±3
308 ±3
53
C9100-13 Ver.1.6
15. WARRANTY
Hamamatsu Photonics have fully inspected this system and checked that its performance
conforms to specifications. In the unlikely event of breakdown or other malfunction, contact
Hamamatsu subsidiary or local distributor.
(1) Unless otherwise stated by Hamamatsu subsidiary or local distributor, this system is
under warranty for 24 months from the delivery date.
- Consumable parts, such as a fan, a mechanical shutter, and a fuse, are excepted.
- Degradation with atomic rays, the radiation (X-rays, gamma rays, UV light, etc.) of CCD is excepted.
(2) The warranty only covers defects in the materials and manufacturing of the system.
You may be liable for repairs during the warranty period in the event of a natural
disaster or if you handle the system contrary to the instructions in this manual, use it
without due caution, or try to modify it.
(3) We will repair the system or replace it, subject to availability, free of charge within
the terms of the warranty.
(4) HPK guarantees that the EM gain will not decrease by more than half of the
maximum gain within 6 months.
(5) We offer LIFETIME WARRANTY for the hermetically vacuum-shield head regarding
vacuum leakage. However, following cases are exceptional to the LIFETIME
WARRANTY.
- Outgassing is under warranty for 12 months from the delivery date.
- Peltier element deterioration is under warranty for 24 months from the delivery date.
REPAIRS
(1) If you notice anything wrong with the camera, confirm whether or not it is
malfunctioning by referring to the troubleshooting checklist in this instruction manual.
You must first clarify the symptoms in order to avoid any misunderstanding or error.
(2) If you have any trouble or are unclear about anything, contact Hamamatsu
subsidiary or local distributor giving the product name, serial number and details of
the problem. If Hamamatsu Photonics consider the problem to be a malfunction, we
will decide whether dispatch an engineer or have the camera returned to us for
repairs.
54
C9100-13 Ver.1.6
16. CONTACT INFORMATION
Japan
HAMAMATSU PHOTONICS K. K., Systems Division
812 Joko-cho, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu City, 431-3196, Japan
Telephone (81) 53-431-0124, Fax: (81) 53-435-1574
E-mail: export@sys.hpk.co.jp
U.S.A. and Canada
Hamamatsu Corporation, Systems Division
360 Foothill Road, Bridgewater, N.J. 08807-0910, U.S.A.
Telephone: (1)908-231-1116, Fax: (1)908-231-0852
E-mail: usa@hamamatsu.com
Germany
Hamamatsu Photonics Deutschland GmbH
Arzbergerstr. 10, D-82211 Herrsching am Ammersee, Germany
Telephone: (49) 8152-375-0, Fax: (49) 8152-265-8
E-mail: info@hamamatsu.de
France
Hamamatsu Photonics France S.A.R.L.
19, Rue du Saule Trapu, Parc du Moulin de Massy, 91882 Massy Cedex,
France
Telephone: (33) 1 69 53 71 00, Fax: (33) 1 69 53 71 10
E-mal: infos@hamamatsu.fr
United Kingdom
Hamamatsu Photonics UK Limited
2 Howard Court, 10 Tewin Road, Welwyn Garden City Hertfordshire
AL7 1BW, United Kingdom
Telephone: (44) 1707-294888, Fax: (44) 1707-325777
E-mail: info@hamamatsu.co.uk
North Europe
Hamamatsu Photonics Norden AB
Smidesvagän 12, SE-171 41 Solna, Sweden
Telephone: (46) 8-509-031-00, Fax: (46)8-509-031-01
E-mail: info@hamamatsu.se
Italy
Hamamatsu Photonics Italia S.R.L.
Strada della Moia, 1/E 20020 Arese (Milano), Italy
Telephone: (39) 02-935 81 733, Fax: (39) 02-935 81 741
E-mail: info@hamamatsu.it
z The contents of this manual are subject to change without notice.
z The unauthorized reproduction or distribution of parts or all of this manual is prohibited.
z If one of the following problems occurs, please contact Hamamatsu Photonics.
(See the CONTACT INFORMATION.) We will deal with the problem immediately.
y Some contents of the manual are dubious, incorrect or missing.
y Some pages of the manual are missing or in the wrong order.
y The manual is missing or dirty.
55