REHAU EVERLOC™
HEATING AND PLUMBING SYSTEMS TECHNICAL MANUAL
www.rehau.co.uk
Building Solutions
Automotive
Industry
1
Introduction
6
2
2.1
2.2
2.2.1
2.2.2
2.2.3
Polymer Pipe – Cross Linked Polyethylene
Polymerisation
PE-Xa Characteristics
Chemical Resistance
Oxygen Permeability/Opacity
A Widely Used Engineering Polymer
8
8
8
8
10
10
3
3.1
3.1.1
3.2
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.3
3.3.1
3.3.2
3.3.3
3.3.4
3.3.5
Product Range
Pipe Range and Descriptions
Pipe Markings
Jointing Technology
Tooling
Jointing Method
Fittings and Ancillaries
Pipe-in-Pipe
Modular Manifolds
Heating Manifolds
Wall Plate Fittings and Brackets
Branch/Cross Fittings
11
11
11
12
12
12
13
13
13
13
14
14
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
Standards, Approvals and Performance
General Approvals
Water Quality Statement
Disinfection of REHAU Pipework
Approvals
Quality Systems
15
15
15
16
16
16
5
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.3
5.3.4
5.3.5
5.3.6
5.3.7
5.3.8
5.3.9
5.3.10
5.3.11
5.3.12
5.3.13
5.3.14
Applications – The System in Use
Principle Advantages
Typical Layouts
System Design Information
Flow Rates
Pipe Sizing
Pipe-in-Pipe
Fixing Distances – Concealed Pipework
Pipe Support
Corrosion Inhibitors
Anti Freeze
Connection to Boilers
Expansion and Contraction
Bending RAU PE-Xa
Pressure Testing
Insulation Requirements
Trace Heating
Storage Conditions
19
19
20
21
21
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
25
26
26
26
26
26
6
Summary
27
7
Appendix
28
5
1.
INTRODUCTION
THE REHAU EVERLOC™ HEATING AND PLUMBING SYSTEM IS AN INTEGRATED RANGE OF RELIABLE
AND HIGH QUALITY FLEXIBLE POLYMER PIPES. THE TOTALLY RELIABLE, SLIM, NEAT BRASS FITTINGS
ARE ALL DESIGNED SPECIFICALLY TO WORK TOGETHER.
Manufactured by REHAU since the early 1980’s, the system is used extensively worldwide and is considered
to be one of the most effective systems available. From the Far East and Asia to Australia and the Americas,
the system meets all performance standards and requirements. No other company comes close to REHAU
flexible pipework for quality, reliability and performance.
Removing the need for traditional copper pipework and fixings, REHAU flexible heating and plumbing
pipework is proven to save time, money and effort. There is no heating or plumbing application that REHAU
flexible pipework can’t do more simply than traditional materials, bringing with it a host of benefits:
6
1
2
3
1 REHAU EVERLOC™ joint
2 Cut away
3 Pipe-in-Pipe
- One pipe serves all service applications from
16 to 32mm, with 40 to 63mm options available
for mains, risers and other applications. Larger
sizes are available on request.
- High quality system allows the discerning
engineer to achieve an effective system, with
features making it easy to conceal.
- Pipe flexibility means easy routing, as long
lengths of pipe (available as coils or straight
lengths) can be threaded and pulled through
walls and floors effortlessly.
- The extensive range of superbly engineered
DZR brass compression sleeve fittings form
part of the unique REHAU cold jointing system
which allows assembly of joints quickly, securely
and permanently.
- The REHAU Pipe-in-Pipe option offers even
greater flexibility by offering ‘in-floor’ pipe
installations. The combined pipe and sleeve can
be fitted prior to laying the floor screed, removing
the need to construct special ducts, thereby
saving a considerable amount of time and money.
- Delivered on a roll, REHAU flexible pipe maximises
efficiency by reducing the number of joints and
minimising waste from cut-offs.
- No naked flames and no swarf, flux, grease or
oil means a safer working environment. Also
the absence of heavy pipework lying around a
building means accidents are less likely.
- The durable flexible pipework has a service life in
excess of 50 years, due to its excellent heat age
resistance, high tensile strength and resistance
to deformation and impact damage.
- The jointing tools that work with REHAU flexible
pipe are available to contractors from REHAU
and other outlets. Robust and easy to use, the
tools are available in foot pump hydraulic and
electrical versions.
- A REHAU manifold keeps the heart of the
installation in one place, allowing services to
be run from a central point out to radiators
or sanitary fixtures, and allowing for simple
fault finding and maintenance. The ability to
run all pipework out from a single point keeps
installation simple and saves time.
- Ultra smooth inner lining minimises limescale
build up, for long life and consistent flow rates.
The pipework has an in-service pressure
rating of 6 bar at 95˚C and 12 bar at 20˚C
(BS7291:1990). Corrosion free, as EVAL polymer
oxygen diffusion barrier prevents oxygen getting
into the system to corrode ferrous components.
The growth of micro-organisms within the pipe is
inhibited by the opacity barrier which blocks out light.
- REHAU offers a full range of purpose made
brackets enabling firm and secure fixing of
fittings, for all common heating and plumbing
application, for example, showers and
washbasins. The brackets provide convenient
junctions for fixture connections and can be
concealed or left visible, according to preference
and/or task. Support channeling and stainless
steel radiator tails are available for specific tasks.
7
2.
POLYMER PIPE
CROSS LINKED POLYETHYLENE
2.1 Polymerisation
REHAU Heating and Plumbing Pipes are based on RAU PE-Xa,
high pressure cross-linked polyethylene. The base material is
polyethylene, with a high molecular weight and a high density,
which is then cross-linked by a special process which dramatically
improves its physical properties.
Hydrogen
Carbon
The process used by REHAU is based on the Peroxide crosslinking process, giving an optimal and consistent level of crosslinking. The resulting pipes are designated RAU PE-Xa.
HDPE Polymer prior to
crosslinking
Simplified Cross linking
PE-Xa
2.2 PE-Xa Characteristics
- Optimally cross-linked for flexibility and long-term heat
aged performance
- Can tolerate short exposure to operating temperatures up to
110˚C at normal operating pressure
- Resistant to abrasion and impact
- Resistant to crack formation
- Exhibits a memory effect, as once deformed it can be returned
undamaged to its extruded shape.
- Chemically inert
- Non corroding
- Free of heavy metals and halogens
Physical Properties of RAUTHERM Universal Pipe (RAU PE-Xa)
Density
(to DIN 53497)
0.93g/cm3
Modulus of elasticity
(to DIN 53457)
600 N/mm approx.
Impact resistance
(to DIN)
at 20°C
at -20°C
No damage
No damage
Co efficient of expansion
at 20°C
at100°C
1.4 x 10-4K-1
2.0 x 10-4K-1
Thermal conductivity
0.35 W/mK
Oxygen diffusion
at 40°C
≤ 0.1 mg/lxd
Pipe internal roughness
0.007mm
The smooth bore of RAU PE-Xa, the long radius made bends and fitting
design mean that flow rates are improved over copper and steel.
The flexible nature of the pipe means that it absorbs fluctuations in
pressure, thereby significantly reducing noise transmission through
fluid flow and water hammer compared to other pipe systems.
70
60
bar
er
pp
Ste
50
Pressure (bar)
Pressure shock level
60
Co
el/
40
30
PVC-C
20
PP Typ
10
PE-Xa
3
15
bar
0
0
1
2
3
4
Flow rate (m/s)
PE-Xa:
25 x 3,5
8
2.2.1 Chemical Resistance
The pipes described in this brochure are designed for use in heating
and plumbing applications. The base material has excellent chemical
resistance due to the chemical bonding of the polymer chains. Contact
with chemicals to which the polymer is not resistant, usually results
in swelling or some dissolving of the polymer. The results of exposure
tests are given below.
PVC-C:
25 x 2,8
PP Typ 3:
25 x 5,0
Steel/Copper
5
The data given here is general and cannot be taken as typical
of the performance of a pipe filled with the chemical and placed
under pressure. If non-standard pressurised applications are being
considered, please contact the REHAU Technical Department for
further details.
Chemical Resistance
Substance
20˚C
60˚C
Substance
20˚C
60˚C
Substance
20˚C
60˚C
Acetic acid
+
+
Diethyl ether
0
Petroleum
+
0
Acetone
+
Engine oil
+
0
Phenol
+
0
Acrylonitrile
+
+
Ethyl acetate
+
0
Phosphates, hydrous
+
+
Allyl alcohol
+
0
Ethyl alcohol
+
+
Phosphoric acid 95%
+
+
Aluminium chloride, anhydrous
+
+
Ethylene glycol
+
+
Phthalic acid 50%
+
+
Aluminium sulphate, hydrous
+
+
Esters, aliphatic
+
0
Plant protection agents
+
+
Ammonia, hydrous
+
+
Esters, aromatic
0
0
Polyglycols
+
+
Ammonium chloride, hydrous
+
+
Fluorine
--
--
Potassium bichromate 40%
+
+
Ammonium sulphate, hydrous
+
+
Formic acid
+
+
Potassium chloride, hydrous
+
+
Aniline, pure
+
+
Formaldehyde 40%
+
+
Potassium hydroxide, 30% solution
+
+
Aqua regia
--
--
Freon
0
--
Potassium permanganate,
20% solution
+
+
Beer
+
+
Glycerine
+
+
Propanol
+
+
Benzene
0
+
Glycols
+
+
Propionic acid, 50%
+
+
Benzoic acid, hydrous
+
+
Heating fuel oil
+
0
Propyl alcohol
+
+
Bitumen
+
+
Bleach
+
Bromine
+
--
Hexane
+
+
Pyridine
+
0
Hydrochloric acid, concentrated
+
+
Silicon fluid
+
+
Hydrofluoric acid 70%
+
0
Butane diol
+
+
Hydrogen peroxide 30%
+
+
Butanol
+
0
Hydrogen peroxide 100%
+
--
Soap solution
+
+
Butanone
+
+
Hydrogen sulphide
+
+
Sodium hypochlorite
+
0
Butter
+
+
Linseed oil
+
+
Styrene
0
--
Butyl acetate
+
0
Liquid paraffin
+
+
Sulphuric acid, up to 50%
+
+
Butyric acid
+
0
Magnesium salts, hydrous
+
+
Sulphuric acid, up to 98%
0
--
Carbon tetrachloride
0
--
Maleic Acid
+
+
Sulphur trioxide
--
--
Carbonic acid
+
+
Mercury
+
+
Tetrahydrofurane
0
--
Chlorine, liquid
--
--
Methanol
+
+
Tetralin
+
0
Chlorine gas, damp
0
--
Methylene chloride
0
--
Tincture of iodine
+
0
Chloroform
0
--
Milk
+
+
Toluene
0
--
Chromic acid 50%
+
--
Naphtha
+
0
Transformer oil
+
0
Chromic acid/sulphuric acid
+
--
Naphthalene
+
--
Trichloroethylene
0
--
Citric acid
+
+
Natron
+
+
Turpentine oil
+
0
Cod liver oil
+
+
Nitric acid, 30%
+
+
Vaseline
+
0
Cresols
+
0
Nitric acid, 50%
0
--
Washing agents
+
+
Cyclohexane
+
0
Nitrobenzene
+
0
Water
+
+
Cyclohexanol
+
+
Oils, essential
+
0
Wine
+
+
Cyclohexanon
+
0
Oils, vegetable
+
0
Xylene
0
--
Dekalin
+
--
Oleum
--
--
Detergents, synthetic
+
+
Oxalic acid 50%
+
+
Dibutyl phthalate
+
0
Ozone
0
--
Dichlorethylene
0
--
Ozone, hydrous <0.1%
+
-0
Dichlorobenzene
0
--
Petrol
+
Diesel oil
+
0
Petroleum ether
+
Key to symbols
+
= resistant
0
= partial resistance
-= not resistant
9
2.2.2 Oxygen Permeability/Opacity
Heating applications demand that the pipe is impermeable to oxygen
to prevent corrosion of ferrous components, such as radiators and
heat exchangers. RAUTHERM pipes use an EVAL oxygen barrier
tested to BS 7291:1990 and DIN 4726.
1
2
Water Regulations Advisory Scheme (WRAS) and BS7291:1990
requirements are that water contained in pipes be screened from
UV light, to prevent microbiological growth in potable water systems.
RAUTHERM Universal Pipe has a deep red coloured layer which
performs this function (16 to 32mm sizes) and RAUHIS pipes
(40 to 63mm sizes) have a silver coloured layer which blocks all light.
The EVAL and pigmented layers are co-extruded onto the pipe
during manufacture.
3
1 The polyethylene pipe (REHAU VPE)
2 Deep red opacity barrier
3 The EVAL barrier coating
10
2.2.3 A Widely Used Engineering Polymer
Aside from heating and plumbing applications, there are many other
specialist applications served by REHAU pipes made in RAU PE-Xa.
These including carrying water services and mains, district heating
networks and compressed air systems. Please contact REHAU
for further details.
3.
PRODUCT RANGE
THE COMPREHENSIVE RANGE OF PIPES AND FITTINGS MEANS THAT ANY HEATING OR PLUMBING
APPLICATION CAN BE SUCCESSFULLY TACKLED WITH THE SYSTEM. THE VARIOUS ADAPTERS MAKE
INTEGRATION POSSIBLE WITH COPPER AND STEEL, AS WELL AS OTHER MATERIALS.
For sizes up to 32mm, a single type of pipe is suitable for both heating and plumbing applications. From 32mm
to 63mm, there are two types of pipe for each diameter, one for heating and one for plumbing applications.
3.1 Pipe Range and Descriptions
To select the correct pipe size, reference should
be made to the flow rate required (rather than by
comparing to equivalent copper pipe size). The
inherent properties of the RAU PE-Xa Pipe (smooth
bore, reduced friction through fittings and reduced
furring) means that pipe sizes can normally be
reduced compared to traditional pipe materials.
Information on flow rates and head loss for the
various pipes is given under Section 5.3 Design
Information page 21.
3.1.1 Pipe Markings
REHAU pipes are marked with the following
information repeated at regular intervals along
the pipe:
- Manufacturers name: REHAU
- Commercial name: REHAU RAU PE-Xa
- Pipe diameter
- Wall thickness
- Temperature classification and maximum
operating pressure
- Production location reference and batch number
- Production date reference
- Metre markings for registering usage
Description
Application
Size-OD/wall
thickness (mm)
I.D.
(mm)
Supply Format
RAUTHERM Universal Pipe
With EVAL and Opacity layer
Heating and
Plumbing
16 x 1.5
20 x 1.9
25 x 2.3
32 x 2.9
13.0
16.2
20.4
26.2
6m Straight lengths and coils
6m Straight lengths and coils
6m Straight lengths and coils
6m Straight lengths and coils
RAUTHERM FW
With EVAL layer
Heating only
40 x 3.7
50 x 4.6
63 x 5.8
32.6
40.8
51.4
Straight lengths
Coils to special order
Straight lengths
Coils to special order
RAU HIS
With silver coloured layer
Plumbing
40 x 3.7
50 x 4.6
63 x 5.8
32.6
40.8
51.4
Straight lengths
Coils to special order
Straight lengths
Coils to special order
11
3.2 Jointing Technology
With the development of the REHAU EVERLOC System, the use
of PE-Xa in heating and plumbing applications has increased
dramatically. This system gives totally secure, reliable joints, in seconds.
Manufactured in traditional brass, with some in stainless steel, the
fittings are neat, slim and attractive to the eye. Most of all, they are
permanent, meaning that callbacks to projects to repair leaking
connections are eliminated.
1
3.2.1 Tooling
Central to the jointing method are the REHAU Compression Sleeve
Tools. These are available as mechanical, mechanical hydraulic,
electric hydraulic and rechargeable electric variants. Tooling is
available to contractors working with the REHAU system.
2
3
4
The pipe must be cut square and
without burrs. This is achieved
quickly and easily by using
REHAU pipe cutters.
The end of the pipe is opened
up using the expander pliers,
expanding twice, offsetting by
45˚ for the second expansion.
The compression sleeve is slid over
the pipe with the square end of the
sleeve first (the other side of the
sleeve has an internal chamfer).
The lining spigot of the fitting
is inserted into the fitting and
the compression sleeve
clamped home.
Due to the memory effect of the
pipe, the pipe will start to return
to its original size after expansion
and start to grip the fitting shortly
after it has been pushed into the
pipe. During this time, fittings
can be lined up before finally
securing them.
2
3
Making a joint - 32mm pipe sizes
3.2.2 Jointing Method
Joints are simple to make and the
system can be learnt in minutes.
The photo sequence shows how
simple the process is. During the
creation of a joint, the installer
can hear and feel a very firm and
secure connection being made.
The joints are permanent.
1
4
1 to 7 Making a joint with RAUTOOL
G1, 40 - 63mm pipe sizes
5
12
6
7
3.3 Fittings and Ancillaries
The full fittings range is shown in the REHAU EVERLOC™ Heating
and Plumbing Parts List 886:300.
There is an extensive range of fittings for all heating and plumbing
applications, manufactured mainly in brass, with stainless steel
radiator tees and elbows. Brass fittings are dezincification resistant
and the stainless steel fittings are made from DIN 2463 stainless steel.
The extensive range includes copper adapters and male / female
connectors making it easy to integrate REHAU pipework with
traditional plumbing materials. Attractive stainless steel radiator
tails are part of the range and should only be used for connecting
radiators. They are not to be used in plumbing applications.
3.3.1 Pipe-in-Pipe
This is essentially a corrugated pipe sleeve within which the pipe is
held. It can be supplied separately to the pipe or with the pipe already
in the sleeve.
The Pipe-in-Pipe is run in
a continuous length without
joints, for example, between the
manifold and a radiator. The
Pipe-in-Pipe is fixed directly to
the floor slab. At the manifold,
the sleeve is taken out above the
finished floor level. At the radiator
end, a floor access box (available
from REHAU) should be fitted.
The floor can then be screeded.
Should access be needed to
the pipe, it can be cut at either
end and a new length of pipe
connected to the old, using
a simple device fitted within
the pipe. The old pipe can be
withdrawn, pulling in the new
pipe in one operation.
The system complies with current water regulations and significantly
reduces duct costs, both the costs of constructing the ducting and the
costs associated with fitting pipework into ducts.
3.3.2 Modular Manifolds
These are simple DZR manifolds
in two or three port formats which
can be screwed together to make
up headers of any size. Pipe
connection to the manifold is
made using 16mm compression
sleeves which are ideal for
plumbing or heating applications.
3.3.3 Heating Manifolds
These are brass headers with
threaded connections, to which
control valves may be connected.
Controls may be fitted to the
manifold (sited in a secure place)
making it possible to supply and
control radiators in situations
where radiator mounted controls
may be tampered with.
13
1
1 Radaitor bends not to be used in plumbing applications
110
3.3.4 Wall Plate Fittings and Brackets
It is always a problem when installing appliances to find firm, secure
fixing points. REHAU offer a range of brackets punched with holes for
screws and tapped to take M5 fixings as used on wall plate elbows.
These brackets facilitate installation in partition walls and timber frame
construction. Carpentry work is minimised, installation is quick and easy.
75
220
700-800
500
130
ß
One of the principle benefits of the bracketing system is that it enables
pipework to be kept out of sight, and with the REHAU system it is possible
to have a system with just female iron threaded fittings finishing flush
with the wall finish.
Number of Ports 2-3
Width (B)
400
Number of Ports 2
Length in mm
190
Overall width
295
14
4-6
550
3
245
350
4
300
405
7-9
750
5
355
460
10- 2
950
6
410
515
7
465
570
12
1150
8
520
625
3.3.5 Branch/Cross Fittings
16 x 16 x 16 fittings for branching off to appliances, in one slim unit,
useful in areas of poor access. (Not to be used as part of the Pipe-inPipe system).
9
575
680
10
630
735
11
685
790
12
740
845
4.
STANDARDS, APPROVALS
AND PERFORMANCE
4.1 General
Polymer pipe systems are covered by BS 7291: 1990 Thermoplastics
pipes and associated fittings for use in hot and cold water systems.
The REHAU Heating and Plumbing System conforms to BS 7291
Class S, for sealed systems, the highest level of specification under
this standard.
BS 7291:1990 categorises different system types and according to
this standard, it is suitable for maximum operating pressures and
temperatures of:
- 12 Bar 20˚C for direct mains fed cold water
- 6 Bar 95˚C for open vented systems
- 3 Bar 105˚C for sealed systems
The REHAU system also conforms to the French Avis Technique
15/95-217 issued by CSTB
(The French Agrément Authority).
4.2 Water Quality Statement
CAUTION Danger of corrosion!
All REHAU plumbing fittings are made of dezincification-resistant
brass, REHAU fulfils the highest level of requirements in accordance
with WRAS, BS EN 12164, BS EN 12165 and BS EN 12168 and we
continuing to develop this product further to fulfil ever greater quality
requirements.
Irrespective of the material used in the manufacture of fittings,
corrosion can occur in the drinking water installation as a result of
various influencing factors.
In isolated cases, corrosion can even occur when water quality
levels are within the permissible range set out by the Drinking Water
inspectorate. The chloride content and the hydrogen carbonate
content of the water have a considerable influence on this. A high
chloride content in combination with a low hydrogen carbonate
content may have a negative impact of the corrosion behaviour.
15
However, the interactions under the following factors in accordance
with BS EN 12502-1:2005 (En) also affect corrosion resistance:
-
Material properties (chemical composition, surface condition)
Water condition (physical and chemical properties, solids)
Planning and execution (geometry, mixed installation, connections)
Leakage test and commissioning (rinsing, emptying, disinfection)
Operating conditions (temperature, temperature changes, flow ratios)
The use of a water after-treatment system, for example water
softening, will, in principle, lead to a change in the chemical corrosion
behaviour of the water. To avoid corrosion damage due to incorrect
use and operation of a water after-treatment system, we expressly
recommend that you arrange for an expert, for example the system
manufacturer, to check your individual situation in advance.
To evaluate the probability of corrosion, practical experience of the
intended area of use should also be called on for the distribution of
the incoming water.
Within the area of responsibility of system planning, the factors
and influencing variables mentioned above with regard to corrosion
protection and stone formation for specific application should be
taken into consideration.
If necessary, you may contact our technical department for support
purposes in the area of use.
If the drinking water quality is outside the limit values of the Drinking
Water Ordinance, testing and approval by our technical department
is necessary in all cases for the use of REHAU pipework systems
Please contact your REHAU Sales Office regarding this matter.
They are therefore also suitable for areas of application with special
hygiene requirements in the area of drinking water. When the pipes
are used the domestic, commercial and industrial plumbing system
they have been proven not to lead to any increase in micro-organisms
on the surface and therefore do not promote bacterial contamination
or the growth of legionella bacteria.
Due to errors in planning, construction and operation, due to
stagnation or water of inadequate quality (e.g. dirty water, flood
water or maintenance work on the pipe network), impurity can occur.
Damage in the pipe network, e.g. supply line with infiltration water
penetration, is a cause of possible contamination.
Disinfection of a drinking water installation is only necessary in
exceptional cases (in the event of contamination) and the priority is to
eliminate all operating and technical system deficiencies. Repeated or
continuous bacterial exposure of the water in the domestic plumbing
system is often caused as a result of incorrect installation methods
(e.g. dead leg pipelines) or the operating methods (e.g. long periods
of inactivity causing stagnation periods) and, as such, does not justify
continuous disinfection.
4.3.1 Thermal disinfection in the event of contamination
In the case of well designed drinking water installations (no dead legs,
etc.), most impurities can be removed by sufficient rinsing with water,
as long as they remain water-soluble or dissolved in water.
If contamination is suspected, then procedures for disinfection of
water supply pipelines detailed in the UK Drinking Water Inspectorate
Regulations must be followed. At water temperatures of at least 70°C,
according to the current status of technology, it can be assumed that
bacteria found freely in the water, even legionella, will be destroyed.
Guidance from the water supply company must be obtained before
using this method of disinfection in the UK
4.3 Disinfection of REHAU Pipework
Disinfection
REHAU drinking water and universal pipes and REHAU compression
sleeve joint provide support during drinking water installation in line
with hygiene regulations. They comply with the recommendations of
the Drinking Water Inspectorate and the WRAS fittings directory.
16
It is important to prevent persons from being scalded by employing
suitable safety measures.
All pipes of REHAU’s Universal and RAU HIS domestic plumbing
systems are suitable for thermal disinfection at 70°C. It is necessary
to ensure that, during thermal disinfection, the permissible operating
pressures are not exceeded.
4.3.2 Chemical disinfection in the event of contamination
For decontamination, in addition to thermal disinfection, chemical
disinfection is also being increasingly used. Chemical and thermal
disinfection measures always put stress on the materials used in the
drinking water installation. According to current knowledge, a number
of disinfection measures are also unsuitable for modern materials of
installation technology. Among other things, this also affects materials
that were previously assumed to be sufficiently corrosion-resistant, for
example rust-proof steel, copper and some plastics.
Before such procedural measures are introduced, it is necessary
to ensure that all parts of the installation system are thermally and
chemically suitable for the relevant measure. If necessary, ask the
manufacturer of the disinfectant about its suitability for all system
parts of the installation.
The disinfection measures can be carried out without impairing
the functionality of a REHAU drinking water installation if the active
substances, concentrations, application durations and maximum
temperatures listed in table 1 are adhered to.
It should be noted that combined thermal-chemical disinfection at
temperatures greater than 25°C and permanent or regular disinfection
cycles (e.g. monthly) are not permissible. In relation to the service life
of the pipes, the overall number of disinfection cycles is limited to five
“standing disinfection” cycles. Otherwise it is not possible to ensure
that the specified service lives can be realised.
The person carrying out the disinfection process must ensure that no
drinking water is drawn during the disinfection phase, including the
subsequent rinsing phase.
4.3.2.1 Chemical “standing disinfection”
For chemical short-term disinfection (“standing disinfection”),
only special active substances that are stipulated in the relevant
regulations can be used.
TABLE 1
Chemical “standing“ disinfection (active substances and concentrations in accordance with
e.g. DVGW W 291)
Name
Commercial form
Storage
Safety information1
Max. application
concentration2
Application duration
and temperature
in the pipeline
Hydrogen peroxide
H 2O2
Aqueous solution in
various concentrations
Light-protected, cool,
dirt must be avoided
For solutions >5%,
safety gear essential
150mg/l H2O2
Max. 12h
Tmax ≤ 25°C
Sodium hypochlorite
NaOCl
Aqueous solution with
maximum 150g/l
chlorine
Light-protected, cool,
enclosed and in a
collecting tray
Alkaline, caustic, poisonous,
safety gear essential
50 mg/l chlorine
Max. 12h
Tmax ≤ 25°C
Calcium hypochlorite
Ca(OCl) 2
Granulate or tablets
approx. 70% Ca(OCl) 2
Cool, dry and
enclosed
Alkaline, caustic, poisonous,
safety gear essential
50 mg/l chlorine
Max. 12 h
Tmax ≤ 25°C
Chlorine dioxide
ClO2
Two components
(sodium chlorite, sodium
peroxodisulphate)
Light-protected,
cool, enclosed
Has oxidising effect, do not
breathe in chlorine dioxide
gas, safety gear
6 mg/l ClO2
Max. 12h
Tmax ≤ 25°C
1) The relevant information in the safety datasheets of the manufacturer is to be observed.
2) Approval of REHAU; this value must not be exceeded anywhere in the installation over the entire application duration.
17
4.3.2.2 Continuous chemical disinfection
Due to possible material damage on installation components, we
do not recommend the use of systems operating without any time
limits for chemical disinfection in the domestic plumbing installation,
particularly as a measure for legionella prophylaxis. In such cases, no
guarantee can be given.
In a number of cases, chemical disinfection may be necessary over
an extended period but for a limited time until complete structural
renovation is carried out. These kinds of disinfection measures may
only be carried out with permissible procedures. The parameters
given in table 2 must be monitored by means of measurements over
the entire duration of the disinfection measure directly downstream of
the active substance feed and documented. If the active substances,
concentration, application durations and maximum temperatures listed
in table 2 are adhered to, it is possible to carry out disinfection without
impairing the functionality of a REHAU drinking water installation.
Before any such procedural measures are introduced, it is necessary
to ensure that all parts of the installation system are thermally and
chemically suitable for the relevant measure. If necessary, please
contact the manufacturer of the disinfectant about this.
In the case of thermal disinfection, it is essential to prevent persons
from being scalded by the appropriate measures.
In the case of chemical “standing disinfection”, it is necessary to
ensure that no drinking water is drawn during the disinfection phase,
including the subsequent rinsing phase.
The safety information of the disinfectant manufacturer should be
observed.
TABLE 2
Chemical disinfection with a time limit (active substances and
concentrations in accordance with TrinkwV 2001)
Name3
Max. application
concentration4
Max. application
duration in the
pipeline5
Application
temperature
in the pipeline
Chlorine
Cl2
Max. 0.3 mg/l
free chlorine
4 months
60°C
Calcium hypochlorite
Ca(OCl) 2
Max. 0.3 mg/l
free chlorine
4 months
60°C
Chlorine dioxide
ClO2
Max. 0.2 mg/l
CLO2
4 months
60°C
3) The relevant information in the safety datasheets of the manufacturer is to be observed.
4) Approval of REHAU; this value must not be exceeded anywhere in the installation
over the entire application duration.
5) Maximum application duration accumulated over the entire service life of the system
In relation to the service life of the pipes, the entire application
duration is limited to four months. Otherwise it is not possible to
ensure that the specified service lives can be achieved.
We generally exclude the use of any other disinfectants not listed here,
particularly strong oxidising agents (e.g. ozone).
18
Chemical and thermal disinfection measures that are carried out
incorrectly may cause sustained damage to the components of a
drinking water installation.
4.4 Approvals
The system is approved by the Water Regulations Advisory Scheme
(WRAS) for connection to the UK potable water supply system.
4.5 Quality Systems
All REHAU Heating and Plumbing products are manufactured
to ISO 9001 quality management procedures approved by TUV
management services Certificate Nos ISO 9001-12 100 10634 /
ISO 14001-12 104 19288 ensuring the products are manufactured
to the highest standards.
5.
APPLICATIONS
THE SYSTEM IN USE
THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF RAU PE-XA, ITS TOUGHNESS, FLEXIBILITY AND THE FACT THAT IT IS
CONTINUOUSLY EXTRUDED AND CAN BE SUPPLIED IN LONG COILS, MAKES IT THE IDEAL CHOICE
FOR HEATING AND PLUMBING APPLICATIONS.
These characteristics mean that a new approach has to be taken to the layout and design of installations.
In particular, the system lends itself to the concealment of pipework.
5.1 Principle Advantages
Inherent characteristics:
Long life – Pressure stability across the temperature
range gives a projected life in excess of 50 years
– BS 7291:1990.
Corrosion free – Chemically inert, there is no risk
of corrosion, (often a problem with copper pipe in
soft water areas).
Non furring – The smooth internal walls and
chemically inert nature of the pipework prevent
scale build up.
Application advantages:
Overall ease of installation is one of the obvious
reasons for using REHAU Universal Pipe.
Pipe-in-Pipe – The pipe in sleeve installation
method significantly reduces duct costs, both the
costs of ducting and the costs associated with
fitting pipework into ducts.
Long pipe coils – Long lengths reduce the number
of joints and allow the pipe to be pulled through
awkward areas.
Flexibility – When passing through joists.
Reduced Theft – The pipe has no scrap value.
19
accessible metal luminaire
accessible metal luminaire
plastic pipe
plastic soil pipe
metal pipe
metal shower
metal soil pipe
shower
metal heater
heater
metal hand rail
metal hand rail
metal water
radiator
taps
waste
taps
water radiator
waste
waste
bath
bath
plastic pipes
plastic pipes
metal waste
metal pipes
metal soil pipes to be main bonded
1
2
1 Plastic Pipe Installation 2 Metal Pipe Installation Supplementary bonding in a bathroom
Speed of installation – Flexible pipe can be installed quicker
than rigid materials. Joints are made extremely quickly.
Safe – No naked flames needed for jointing. Coils of pipe are
safer to move around busy sites or occupied premises.
Manifold systems – The location of the distribution centre in one
central position simplifies maintenance and speeds up installation.
Earth Bonding – According to IEE 16th Edition Regulations, earth
bonding of PE-Xa pipes is unnecessary which further simplifies installation.
6
1
2
3
7
4
5.2 Typical Layouts
Manifold Options Illustrated. Two
pipe ring systems also possible.
5
2 Manifolds of brass
construction with flow
and return sections.
4 Pipes should be laid as
shown and not direct between
radiator to appliance.
6 Pipes can be completely
concealed in floors or walls.
7 Floor screed placed after
1 Stainless steel or copper
radiator tails with access to joints.
20
3 Continuous lengths of
Pipe-in-Pipe – no joints.
5 Pipe-in-Pipe sleeve holding
flow and return pipes.
pipe installation.
1 Typical surface mounted
plumbing application
Ø16
Ø16
Ø16
Ø25
Ø16
Ø16
Ø16
Ø25
Ø20
Ø16
Ø16
Ø20
1
Radiator connection options
1 Top, bottom, opposite ends
2 Bottom, bottom, opposite ends
3 Combined flow/return valve
1
2
3
5.3 System Design Information
5.3.1 Flow Rates
REHAU fittings are designed to give minimum restriction to flow rates and the
pipes themselves have a smooth internal finish for maximised flow.
The smooth internal bore of polymer pipes does not pick up scale, a common
problem with metallic pipes. As a result, flow characteristics are maintained over
the life of the pipe.
Flow rates are higher than for the same ID size for copper pipe, due to the bore
smoothness, the reduced number of fittings and the long radius made bends.
21
TABLE 1
TABLE 2
Pressure Loss Chart
16 X 1.5 mm RAUTHERM Universal Pipe
Water at 80˚C - T = 10˚K
Pressure Loss Chart
20 x 1.9mm RAUTHERM Universal Pipe
Water at 80˚C - T = 10˚K
Heat
Output
Mass
Flow
Velocity
Pressure
Drop
Heat
Output
Mass
Flow
Velocity
Pressure
Drop
Q
W
m
l/h
V
m/s
R
pa/m
Q
W
m
l/h
V
m/s
R
pa/m
300
25.80
0.05
5.5
1,000
86.00
0.12
15.1
400
34.40
0.07
8.9
1,200
103.20
0.14
20.7
500
43.00
0.09
13
1,400
120.40
0.16
27
600
51.60
0.11
17.8
1,600
137.60
0.19
34.1
23.2
60.20
0.13
23.2
1,800
154.80
0.21
41.9
800
68.80
0.14
29.1
2,000
172.00
0.23
50.3
900
77.40
0.16
35.7
2,200
189.20
0.25
59.5
1,000
86.00
0.18
42.9
2,400
206.40
0.28
69.3
1,200
103.20
0.22
58.9
2,600
223.60
0.30
79.8
1,400
120.40
0.25
77.1
2,800
240.80
0.32
91
1,600
137.60
0.29
97.4
3,000
258.00
0.35
102.8
1,800
154.80
0.32
119.8
3,200
275.20
0.37
115.2
2,000
172.00
0.36
144.3
3,500
301.00
0.41
135.1
2,200
189.20
0.40
170.7
3,800
326.80
0.44
156.4
2,400
206.40
0.43
199.2
4,100
352.60
0.48
179
2,600
223.60
0.47
229.6
4,400
378.40
0.51
203.1
2,800
240.80
0.50
262
4,700
404.20
0.54
228.5
3,000
258.00
0.54
296.3
5,000
430.00
0.58
2.553
3,200
275.20
0.58
332.5
5,300
455.80
0.61
283.4
3,400
292.40
0.61
370.6
5,600
481.60
0.65
312.9
3,600
309.60
0.65
410.5
5,900
507.40
0.68
343.6
3,800
326.80
0.68
452.4
6,200
533.20
0.72
375.8
4,000
344.00
0.72
496.1
6,500
559.00
0.75
409.2
4,200
361.20
0.76
541.6
6,800
584.80
0.79
443.9
4,400
378.40
0.79
588.9
7,100
610.60
0.82
479.9
4,600
395.60
0.83
638.1
7,400
636.40
0.86
517.3
4,800
412.80
0.86
689.1
7,700
662.20
0.89
555.9
5,000
430.00
0.90
741.9
8,000
688.00
0.93
595.8
5,200
447.20
0.94
796.5
8,300
713.80
0.96
637
5,400
464.40
0.97
852.9
8,600
739.60
1.00
679.4
22
TABLE 3
TABLE 4
Pressure Loss Chart
25 x 2.3 mm RAUTHERM Universal Pipe
Water at 80˚C - T = 10˚K
Pressure Loss Chart
32 x 2.9 mm RAUTHERM Universal Pipe
Water at 80˚C - T = 10˚K
Heat
Output
Mass
Flow
Velocity
Pressure
Drop
Heat
Output
Mass
Flow
Velocity
Pressure
Drop
Q
W
m
l/h
V
m/s
R
pa/m
Q
W
m
l/h
V
m/s
R
pa/m
4,000
344.00
0.29
56.6
8,000
688.00
0.35
58.3
4,300
369.80
0.31
64.3
8,500
731.00
0.38
64.9
4,600
395.60
0.34
72.5
9,000
774.00
0.40
71.9
5,000
430.00
0.37
84.1
9,500
817.00
0.42
79.2
5,400
464.40
0.39
96.4
10,000
860.00
0.44
86.8
5,800
498.80
0.42
109.5
10,500
903.00
0.47
94.7
6,200
533.20
0.45
123.3
11,000
946.00
0.49
103
6,600
567.60
0.48
137.9
11,500
989.00
0.51
111.5
7,000
602.00
0.51
153.2
12,000
1032.00
0.53
120.4
7,400
636.40
0.54
169.3
12,500
1075.00
0.55
129.6
7,800
670.80
0.57
186.1
13,000
1118.00
0.58
139
8,200
705.20
0.60
203.5
13,500
1161.00
0.60
148.8
8,600
739.60
0.63
221.8
14,000
1204.00
0.62
158.9
9,000
774.00
0.66
240.7
14,500
1247.00
0.64
169.3
9,400
808.40
0.69
260.3
15,000
1290.00
0.66
180
9,800
842.80
0.72
280.7
15,500
1333.00
0.69
191
10,200
877.20
0.75
301.7
16,000
1376.00
0.71
202.3
10,600
911.60
0.77
323.4
16,500
1419.00
0.73
213.9
11,000
946.00
0.80
345.9
17,000
1462.00
0.75
225.8
11,400
980.40
0.83
369
17,500
1505.00
0.78
237.9
11,800
1014.80
0.86
392.8
18,000
1548.00
0.80
250.4
12,200
1049.20
0.89
417.3
18,500
1591.00
0.82
263.2
12,600
1083.60
0.92
442.5
19,000
1634.00
0.84
276.3
13,000
1118.00
0.95
468.4
19,500
1677.00
0.86
289.6
13,400
1152.40
0.98
495
20,000
1720.00
0.89
303.3
20,500
1763.00
0.91
317.2
21,000
1806.00
0.93
331.4
21,500
1849.00
0.95
346
22,000
1892.00
0.97
360.8
22,500
1935.00
1.00
375.9
23
5.3.2 Pipe Sizing
Methods for calculating pipe
size are given by CIBSE and
other bodies. The methods for
RAU PE-Xa are similar to those
for conventional pipes.
Reference should be made to
Section B4 of the CIBSE Guide,
for information on the loading
of different appliances and
demand loading.
5.3.3 Pipe-in-Pipe
In order to comply with pipe
accessibility regulations, pipes
within sleeving run within floor
screed, must have accessible
ends. At the manifold end, the
sleeve should be run above the
screed, leaving the pipe accessible.
At the radiator end, the sleeve
should terminate in a REHAU
Floor Box or other termination
giving accessibility.
5.3.4 Fixing Distances Concealed Pipework
The flexibility of RAUTHERM
Universal Pipes makes
installation within suspended
ceilings and partition walls
very easy. Normal clips or pipe
hangers can be used to fix the
pipes. The recommended fixing
distances within BS 5955 Part
8 shown in the table below are
recommended – note different
distances for supported and
unsupported pipe.
max. 0.5m
Fixing Centres
Pipe Diameter
Horizontal
Vertical
16
0.3
0.5
20
0.5
0.8
25
0.5
0.8
32
0.9
1.2
40
1
1.5
50
1
1.5
Pipe Diameter
Fixing Centres
Cable Tie Centres
mm
m
m
16 and 20
1.5
0.3
25 and 32
1.5
0.4
40
2
0.5
50, 63
2
0.5
24
5.3.5 Pipe Support
In situations where the pipe
will be visible, REHAU Pipe
Support Channel can be used
to hold the pipe straight. It
may be used in both horizontal
and vertical runs of pipe. The
sequence of drawings shows
how to use the channel.
Cable ties at the recommended
centres should be used to hold
the pipe firmly in the channel.
max. 2.0m
5.3.6 Corrosion Inhibitors (Heating systems only)
Although RAUTHERM pipes will not themselves corrode, it is sensible
to include a corrosion inhibitor into the heating system. RAUTHERM
pipes are unaffected by the leading brands of corrosion inhibitor.
5.3.7 Anti Freeze
Anti freeze as used in heating circuits will not affect the pipework.
Please refer to the table of chemical resistances. REHAU EVERLOC™
Plumbing and Heating systems are susceptible to the same freezing
conditions as all plumbing and heating systems and should be
protected against freezing. Note: Anti freeze not to be used in
Plumbing systems.
5.3.8 Connection to Boilers
RAUTHERM pipework must be installed in accordance with BS 5955
Part 8 and not connected directly to any boiler. Metallic pipe has to be
used for the boiler connection and the transfer to polymer must be no
closer than 350mm from the boiler.
1
2
3
4
L = Pipe length
− Δλ1 /2
− Δλ1
FP
+ λ1 /2
+ Δλ2 /2
− Δλ2 /2
+ Δλ2
FP
SC
FP
LS
FP
FP = Fixed Point
LS
FP = Fixed Point
SC = Slip Clip
Deflection leg length
1/2 x Ls
GS
L
5.3.9 Expansion and Contraction
Cross-linked PE-Xa responds to changes in temperature, in common
with other materials. With increases of temperature, expansion will
cause slight distortion over the length of the pipe in long runs. RAUTHERM
pipe work is designed to be fixed out of sight, it is therefore recommended
that REHAU clip channel be used where the pipe will be visible.
160
Where expansion is likely to have an impact, the pipework should be
installed with fixed points and pipe clamps with low friction linings
or mineral wool sheathing. It may also be necessary to include an
expansion loop in some circumstances. Generally, the pipe absorbs
the movement itself, but some care should be taken against
shrinkage, particularly in corners.
D
160
16 20 25
32
40
50
63
75
90
110
80
140
140
70
Linear expansion (mm)
120
120
100
ure
?T
ce
en
fer
dif
60
100
50
rat
pe
m
Te
80
80
40
60
30
60
40
20
40
10
20
20
α = 1.5* 104
C = 12
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
10
0
Pipe length (m)
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
Deflection leg length
160
These graphs determine thermal linear expansion of RAUTHERM
PE-Xa Pipes. Refer to the graphs for guidance on the amount of
expansion for run lengths and temperature differentials.
140
α = 0,15 mm/m K
120
Linear expansion (mm)
200
100
70
80
e
tur
nce
ere
diff
50 K
era
p
Tem
60
K
60
K
ΔT
40
The use of REHAU pipe support channel, by restraining natural
movement, reduces the normal co efficient of thermal expansion
by approximately 50%.
40 K
30 K
20 K
20
10 K
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Pipe length (m)
25
max. 0.5m
1 Pipe support channel – Cutting
2 De-burring
max. 2.0m
3 Fitting
4 Joint clip rail
ca. 2mm
6
5.3.10 Bending RAU PE-Xa
RAU PE-Xa in sizes to 32mm is easily bent, even when cold. Bend
formers can be supplied to form tight bends for certain applications.
For 40, 50 and 63mm pipe sizes, we recommend the use of elbow
and other fittings. A hot air gun can be used.
5.3.11 Pressure Testing
In accordance with good working practices, systems should be pressure
tested to 6 bar or 2.5 x Maximum Working Pressure. Due to the
expansion of the pipe, the pressure will drop slightly during pressure
testing, shortly after reaching test pressure. The pressure will stabilise
after re-pressurising the system up to test pressure two or three times.
5.3.12 Insulation Requirements
The treatment of RAUTHERM pipes is no different to other pipe
systems. Pipe work should be insulated in exposed locations
(as recommended by BS 6700 and BS 5422).
7 Assembly detail in rising main
7
– distance from fitting
Kinking of the pipe is to be avoided but, should this accidentally
happen, it is possible to restore the pipe to its former shape by
removing any stress from the pipe and then gently heating the pipe
to its extrusion temperature of 135˚C, taking care not to overheat and
damage the surface of the pipe. Due to the memory effect, the pipe
will return to its original shape. Allow to cool before using.
RAUTHERM Universal Pipe
Radius Bend
mm
mm
16 x 1.5
80mm
20 x 1.9
100mm
25 x 2.3
125mm
32 x 2.9
160mm
After pumping
bar
∆P2< 0,2 bar
∆ P1< 0,6 bar
1,5 x Working pressure
5
5 Distance from fitting
6 Pipe clip spacing
Preliminary test
10
20
30
5.3.13 Trace Heating
RAUTHERM Pipes are suitable for trace heating.
Main test
60 min
26
180 min
Thermal Conductivity W/(m.k)
of insulating material not exceeding:
0.035
5.3.14 Storage Conditions
There are no special requirements. Pipes should be stored free of
oil and grease. Once removed from its packaging, the pipe should
not be left in direct sunlight.
120 min
0.04
0.055
0.07
Pipe Diameter
OD
Thickness of Insulation
mm
mm
16 and 20
22
32
50
75
25 and 32
22
32
50
75
6.
SUMMARY
As a market leader in the field of polymer processing,
REHAU are involved in many diversified industries
– for example medical, automotive, electrical and
furniture to name a few. As an organisation one of
its overriding philosophies is to provide full support
in every market in which it operates – for the
Flexible Pipework market this is provided in a
number of ways.
The UK market is serviced by a network of five
regional sales offices strategically located to
ensure a rapid, local response and to build long
term partnerships. The Heating and Plumbing Area
Sales Managers based at each of these offices
form the first point of contact when assistance
is required. They are backed by a dedicated
Technical Applications Department based at the
UK Headquarters in Ross-on-Wye, who provide
technical support.
A full range of support literature in the form of
sales brochures, technical bulletins, installation
guides and parts lists is available. This manual
has been produced as a vital component of this
package to provide concise technical information
on all aspects of our Flexible Pipework System.
To complete the support package offered, the
REHAU EVERLOC™ Heating and Plumbing System
is backed by a comprehensive warranty. This
covers both products and consequential damage
amounting to a total claim sum of £100,000 for a
period of 10 years subsequent to putting a system
into operation. Full details of our warranty are
available on request – address details for our Sales
Offices are provided on the back of this manual.
27
Pressure loss Pa/m
1.0
10.0
100.0
1 000.0
10 000.0
0.01
Water Temperature: 30˚C
Head loss diagram for REHAU PE-Xa Pipes
0.10
m
m
Flow rate l/s
/s
0.1 m
16
.5
x1
.9
x1
m
m
/s
0.2 m
20
/s
.3
x2
0.3 m
25
/s
1.00
0.4 m
m
m
m
m
/s
x3
.7
m
m
50
x4
.6
m
m
x5
.7
m
m
/s
63
2.0
1.9 m/s
1.8 m m/s
1.7 m /s
/s
1.6
1.5 m m/s
1.4 m /s
1.3 m /s
1.2 m /s
1.1 m /s
/s
1.0 m
/s
0.9 m
/s
0.8 m
/s
40
0.7 m
/s
0.6 m
.9
x2
0.5 m
32
10.00
7.
APPENDIX
Pressure loss Pa/m
1.0
10.0
100.0
1 000.0
10 000.0
0.01
Water Temperature: 60˚C
Head loss diagram for REHAU PE-Xa Pipes
0.10
m
m
Flow rate l/s
/s
0.1 m
16
.5
x1
m
m
/s
.9
x1
0.2 m
20
0.3 m
25
.3
/s
x2
m
/s
32
x2
m
m
/s
.7
m
m
50
x4
.6
m
m
x5
.7
m
63
2.0
1.9 m/s
1.8 m m/s
/s
1.7
1.6 m/s
1.5 m m/s
1.4 m /s
1.3 m /s
1.2 m /s
1.1 m /s
/s
1.0 m
/s
0.9 m
/s
0.8 m
/s
40
x3
0.7 m
/s
/s
0.6 m
.9
0.5 m
1.00
0.4 m
m
m
10.00
Pressure loss Pa/m
1.0
10.0
100.0
1 000.0
10 000.0
0.01
Water Temperature: 80˚C
Head loss diagram for REHAU PE-Xa Pipes
0.10
.5
x1
m
m
Flow rate l/s
/s
0.1 m
16
m
m
/s
0.2 m
20
.9
x1
.3
/s
0.3 m
25
x2
m
/s
1.00
0.4 m
m
m
m
x3
.7
m
m
50
x4
.6
m
m
x5
.7
m
m
63
2.0
1.9 mm/s
1.8 m /s
/s
1.7
1.6 m/s
1.5 m m/s
/
1.4 m s
1.3 m /s
1.2 m /s
/s
1.1 m
/s
1.0 m
/s
0.9 m
/s
0.8 m
/s
40
0.7 m
/s
/s
0.6 m
/s
0.5 m
32
.9
x2
10.00
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