2012 Sixth International Conference on
Sensing Technology
Special focus on Sensors for Agriculture and Environmental Monitoring
Kolkata, India | December 18 - 21, 2012
Programme & Abstracts Book
Organised by
CDAC, Kolkata, India along with Massey University, New Zealand
IEEE Kolkata Section
2012 Sixth International Conference on
Sensing Technology
Special focus on Sensors for Agriculture and Environmental Monitoring
December 18 - 21, 2012
Program & Abstracts
Organised by:
CDAC, Kolkata, India along with Massey University, New Zealand
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Copyright
2012 by IEEE.
Welcome Message
We would like to take this great opportunity to welcome you all to the 2012
Sixth International Conference on Sensing Technology, ICST 2012, held from
December 18 – December 21, 2012 in Kolkata, India. This is the sixth
conference of the series; the first two were held at Massey University, New
Zealand, Palmerston North campus, the third at the National Cheng-Kung
University, Tainan, Taiwan, the fourth at the University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
and the last one was held again at Massey University, New Zealand,
Palmerston North campus. The conference this year has attracted 245 papers
in total, which is a great success. We would like to congratulate every author
and share this happiness with you all.
The applications of Sensing Technology include medical diagnostics, industrial
manufacturing, defense, national security, and prevention of natural disaster.
The correct detection of events by high performance sensors, and appropriate
analysis of sensor signals can lead to early warning of phenomena, such as
“Superstorm Sandy” which recently hit the eastern coast of the United States,
and help to prevent deaths from these types of catastrophic incident. There is
a need for interaction between researchers across technologically advanced
and developing countries working on design, fabrication and development of
different sensors. We sincerely hope ICST 2012 provides a forum for this
purpose.
On behalf of the organizer we would like to extend our sincere thanks to many
institutions and individuals alike. Firstly we would like to thank all the authors,
as they are the key people for any conference to succeed. The Technical
Programme Committee has done a tremendous and wonderful job. We are
very much indebted to everybody in the Technical Programme Committee for
accepting the invitation and for lending their help, support, time and effort to
make this conference the great success that it has become. In addition, we
give our special thanks to keynote, invited and tutorial speakers for their time
and support.
The conference is being jointly organized by the Centre for the Development
of Advanced Computing (CDAC), India, and the School of Engineering and
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Advanced Technology, Massey University, New Zealand. We whole-heartedly
thank the members of CDAC for extending their support to the conference.
We do sincerely believe that the conference will provide a platform for
discussion on the development of technical and scientific issues in the field of
sensing, and provide a stimulating, productive and encouraging platform for
interaction among participants to foster future technological advancements.
We wish you all a pleasant stay during the conference in Kolkata, and we
sincerely hope that you enjoy your time while you are in India.
N. Bhattacharyya, S. C. Mukhopadhyay, A. Mason and K.P.
Jayasundera
Centre for the Development of Advanced Computing, Kolkata, India
Massey University, Palmerston north, New Zealand
Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
Massey University, Palmerston north, New Zealand
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Technical Programme Committee
International Advisory Committee
H. Ewald, University of Rostock, Germany
K.T.V. Grattan, City University London, UK
Maki K. Habib, The American University in Cairo, Egypt
A. Lay-Ekuakille, University of Salento, Italy
E. Lewis, University of Limerick, Ireland
A. Madni, BEI Technologies, Inc., USA
E. Petriu, University of Ottawa, Canada
M. Seigel, Carnegie Mellon University, USA
H. Saha, Jadavpur University, India
D.P. Tsai, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
S. Ueno, Kyushu University, Japan
General Co-Chairs
N. Bhattacharyya, C-DAC, Kolkata, India
S. Mukhopadhyay, MU, NZ
Technical Program Co-Chairs
A. Mason, LJMU., UK
K.P. Jayasundera, MU, NZ
Regional Programme Chairs
America: G. Chattopadhyay, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, USA
Eupore: I. Matias, Public University of Navarra, Spain
Middle-East:C. Gooneratne, King Abdullah University of Science and
Technology, Saudi Arabia
Asia: Ray Y.M. Huang, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
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Webmaster
L. M. Dunn, Massey University, New Zealand
Publicity Chair
Kevin Y.H. Kuo, Institute for Information Industry, Taiwan
Finance Chair
S. Sarkar, CDAC, Kolkata, India
International Programme Committee
Antonio Abramo, University of Udine, Italy
Bijan Afsari, University of Maryland, USA
Ozgur Akan, Middle East Technical University, Turkey
Ibrahim Al-Bahadly, Massey University, New Zealand
Azam Ali, AgResearch Ltd, New Zealand
Cesare Alippi, Politecnico di Milano, Italy
Sergio Arana, CEIT, Spain
Francisco Arregui, Universidad Publica de Navarra, Spain
Takehito Azuma, Utsuminiya University, Japan
Donald Bailey, Massey University, New Zealand
Amine Bermak, The Hong Kong University of Science &
Technology, Hong Kong
Keith Betterridge, AgResearch, New Zealand
Richard J. Black, Intelligent Fiber Optic Systems Corporation
(IFOS), USA
Thierry Bosch, Université de Toulouse, France
Daniel Brenk, Siemens CT, Germany
Graham Brooker, University of Sydney, Australia
Dale Carnegie, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
Lawrence Carter, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
Goutam Chakraborty, Iwate Prefectural University, Japan
J.Y. Chang, Massey University, New Zealand
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K. Chomsuwan, King Mongkut's University of Technology
Thonburi, Thailand
M. Chowdhury, UniK-University Graduate Center, Norway
Cheng-Hsin Chuang, Southern Taiwan University, Taiwan
Joan Condell, University of Ulster, UK
Andrea Cusano, University of Sannio, Italy
M. Degner, University of Rostock, Germany
Piotr Dudek, University of Manchester, UK
Robin Dykstra, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
Maria Fazio, University of Messina, Italy
Alessandra Flammini, University of Brescia, Italy
Akbar Ghobakhlou, Auckland University of Technology, New
Zealand
Nicola Ivan Giannoccaro, University of Salento, Italy
Boris Ginzburg, Soreq NRC, Israel
Maurizio Giordano, Istituto di Cibernetica CNR, Italy
Gideon Gouws, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
Domenico Grimaldi, University of Calabria, Italy
Voicu Groza, University of Ottawa, Canada
Wail Gueaieb, University of Ottawa, Canada
Michael Haji-Sheikh, Northern Illinois University, USA
Hiro Han, Wakayama University, Japan
Ernie Hill, University of Manchester, UK
P. Hu, University of Auckland, New Zealand
Ikuo Ihara, Nagaoka University of Technology, Japan
S. Ikezawa, Waseda University, Japan
Ireneusz Jablonski, Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland
Gotan Jain, Arts, Commerce & Science College, India
J.A. Jiang, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
Keith Jones, Industrial Research Limited, New Zealand
Dah Jing Jwo, National Taiwan Ocean University, Taiwan
Dariusz Kacprzak, University of Auckland, New Zealand
Olfa Kanoun, Chemnitz University of Technology, Germany
Rajanna Konandur, Indian Institute of Science, India
Hendrik Krüger, University of Roctock, Germany
Naoyuki Kubota, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan
Nihal Kularatne, University of Waikato, New Zealand
Jagadish Kumar, Indian Institute of Technology, India
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R. Kunnemeyer, University of Waikato, New Zealand
Ng Yin Kwee, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
Akos Ledeczi, Vanderbilt University, USA
Henry Leung, University of Calgary, Canada
Consolatina Liguori, University of Salerno, Italy
P. Liu, Carlton University, Canada
T. Liu, National Chiao-Tung University, Taiwan
A. Loayssa, Public University of Navarra, Spain
Jonathan Loo, Middlesex University, UK
P. Maher, A-STAR, Singapore
Shyamsunder Mandayam, GE Global Research, USA
Iliana Marinova, Technical University of Sofia, Bulgaria
Mart Min, Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia
Hiroaki Muraoka, Tohoku University, Japan
Mustapha Nadi, Nancy University Henri Poincare, France
Andrew Nafalski, University of South Australia, Australia
Toru Namerikawa, Keio Unversity, Japan
Thomas Newe, University of Limerick, Ireland
Poul Nielsen, University of Auckland, New Zealand
Sinead O'Keeffe, University of Limerick, Ireland
Adam Osseiran, Edith Cowan University, Australia
Krikor Ozanyan, The University of Mancheter, UK
Ajoy Palit, University of Bremen, Germany
Carlo Pariset, Newcastle University, UK
J. Pereira, E.S.T., Portugal
Ian Platt, Lincoln Ventures Ltd, New Zealand
Octavian Postolache, Institute of Telecomunication, Portugal
Amal Punchihewa, Massey University, New Zealand
F. Rahmat, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia
Ramesh Rayudu, Victoria University of Wellington, New
Zealand
Candid Reig, Universitat de València, Spain
Shubhajit Roychowdhury, Indian Institutes of Information
Technology, India
A. El Saddik, University of Ottawa, Canada
Yahaya Md Sam, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia
Frode Eika Sandnes, Oslo University College, Norway
Jonathan Scott, University of Waikato, New Zealand
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H.C. Seat, Université de Toulouse, France
Pavel Shuk, Emerson Process Management, USA
Dhananjay Singh, National Institute for Mathematical Sciences,
Korea
P. Slobodian, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Czech Republic
N. Suryadevara, Massey University, New Zealand
Tong Sun, City University of London, UK
Andrew Tabener, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
Kay Chen Tan, National University of Singapore, Singapore
K. Tashiro, Shinshu University, Japan
G.Y. Tian, Newcastle University, UK
Andrea Tonini, EMC Electronic Communication, USA
Ioan Tuleasca, The Open Polytechnic in New Zealand, New
Zealand
Arijit Ukil, Tata Consultancy Services, India
Ramiro Velazquez, Universidad Panamericana, Mexico
Massimo Villari, University of Masina, Italy
R. Viswanathan, Southern Illinois University, USA
Hiroyuki Wakiwaka, Shinshu University, Japan
Daniel Watzenig, Graz University of Technology, Austria
Ian Woodhead, Lincoln Ventures Ltd, New Zealand
John Yeow, University of Waterloo, Canada
Hanafiah Yussof, University Teknologi MARA, Malaysia
Hubert Zangl, Graz University of Technology, Austria
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Tutorials
Tutorial #1: Smart Sensing and Wireless Sensor Network
Content:
Introduction to the course program
Designing smart sensors and wireless sensor network
Interfacing issues
Wireless sensor network – Zigbee based system development
GUI development using C#
Hands-on demonstration
Presenter
The course will be presented by Prof. Subhas
Mukhopadhyay and his research team. He is working
as a Professor of Sensing Technology with Massey
University, Palmerston North. He has over 22 years of
teaching and research experience, authored/coauthored over 300 papers, edited ten conference proceedings, ten
special issues of international journals and eleven books. He is a
Fellow of IEEE and IET (UK), an AE of IEEE Sensors journal and IEEE
Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurements, IEEE
Transactions on Mechatronics. He is a Distinguished Lecturer of the
IEEE Sensors Council.
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Tutorial #2: Tutorial and Hands-on Training On Electronic
Nose, Tongue and Vision Systems
Content:
Introduction to the course program
Basic Science for designing E-Nose, E-Vision and E-Tongue
Technologies
Digital camera and image processing fundamentals
Different sensors for the systems
Applications of the Electronic Nose, Tongue and Vision systems
GUI development using LabVIEW
Hands-on training & demonstration
Presenter:
Dr. Nabarun Bhattacharyya and his research team will
present the course. He is working as an Associate
Director at C-DAC, Kolkata. He has over 25 years of
research and development experience, authored/co-authored over 50
papers. His Area of expertise is Machine Olfaction, Advanced
Instrumentation, Software Development and Soft computing.
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Keynote Speakers
Nano structured MOX for high selective multiparametric gas
sensors
Prof. G. Sberveglieri
Abstract
Metal oxide in forms of nanowires are interesting for their peculiar
morphology and their exceptional crystalline features. The first assuring
a high surface to volume ratio necessary to maximize surface related
properties such as the ones governing chemical sensing transduction
principles. The latter guaranteeing stable crystalline and therefore
electrical properties over long term operation, i.e. a required quality for
an industrial application of any kind of sensor in real environments.
Furthermore other peculiarities make them much more interesting than
their thin or thick film counterpart, for example lateral dimensions
comparable to the surface charge region, the possible modulation of
the operating temperature to select the proper surface reactions, the
self heated device option, catalyst can be deposited over the surface to
enhance or reduce specific reactions and moreover their potential
integration in field-effect transistors configuration to add a gate
potential for a further opportunity to change sensitivity and selectivity.
After the first method proposed for the preparation of metal oxide in
forms of nanobelts [Science, 2001 291,1947] plenty of literature was
devoted to different experimental techniques that may lead to the
formation of these quasi one dimensional structures. At the beginning
the research was focusing of the vapour phase methods that were
producing, with cheap instrumentation, high quality nanostructures in
terms of crystallinity and stoichiometry.
We have thoroughly studied the deposition using evaporation and
condensation from powder in controlled environment using different
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experimental set up. Tin oxide was preferred with respect to other
oxides thanks to its well-known chemical sensing properties and to the
easy preparation condition, but also copper and zinc oxide were
studied.
Metal oxide nanowires were integrated in functional devices for
chemical sensing and then tested towards a wide range of chemicals,
including odorous molecules such as ammonia, hydrogen sulfide. To
further gain selectivity, innovative gas-sensor architectures, based on
surface ionization mechanism and magnetic field activation, have been
investigated and will be presented.
Author’s Short Biography
Prof. Giorgio Sberveglieri is a full professor in
experimental physics in University of Brescia since
1996. His research has spanned a wide spectrum of
activities ranging from thin films to nanostructured
materials exhibiting remarkable sensing properties in
the field of gas sensors, biosensors and solar cells. He
is the founder and the director of the Sensor
Laboratory, CNR–IDASC and Brescia University
(http://sensor.ing.unibs.it), which is dedicated to tailoring material
structure in micro and nanoscale to optimize their response, developing
functional metal oxide layers and exploring new application fields.
During 35 years of scientific activity, he published more than 315
papers in international journals and he is highly cited with h-index = 42.
He has given more than 250 presentations at international congresses
including numerous invited and plenary talks, and acted as the General
Chairman/Chairman in several Conferences on Materials Science and
on Sensors. He serves as evaluator of European Union in the area of
Nanoscience - Nanomaterials and ICT, Associate Editor of IEEE
Sensor Journal, Chair of the Steering Committee of the IMCS series
Conference, referee of many international journals, and coordinator of
7FP EU Project S3.
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Invited Speakers
Transduction Techniques & Sensors for Agro & Ecological
Parameters
Dr. Pawan Kapur, Director of Central Scientific Instrument Organisation
(CSIO) Chandigarh, a constituent Laboratory of the CSIR, New Delhi
Abstract
Agriculture is the oldest and perhaps the widest sector having
witnessed a phenomenal change all over. This subject becomes truly
interdisciplinary due to the involvement of multi faculty convergence
towards the development of advanced measurement techniques and
associated sensors design. Emergence of trans-disciplinary areas such
as electro-optics, bio-optics, opto-mechatronics devices, bio-molecular
electronics etc. are paving their way in exploring various techniques for
the development of sensors relevance to agriculture, food processing
and environmental monitoring. The issue become further widen when
natural hazards such as seismic activity, land slide monitoring, snow
avalanche studies pose new challenges for developing intelligence
system for early warning.
Central Scientific Instruments Organization (CSIO), a constituent
laboratory of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) is
deeply associated in this area of research leading to the development
of sensors and instrumentation systems for a variety of societal
applications. The talk highlights the state of art development in the field
of transduction techniques and sensors development in these areas
based on the work carried out in the laboratory.
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Author’s Short Biography
Dr. Pawan Kapur is currently the Director of Central
Scientific Instrument Organisation (CSIO) Chandigarh,
a constituent Laboratory of the CSIR, New Delhi. He
had his education in M.Tech. and Ph.D. from the
Institute of Radio Physics & Electronics, University of
Calcutta in Control Systems & Digital Techniques and
Bio-medical Engineering respectively.
He was earlier at CEERI-Pilani for about 30 years where he worked on
Instrumentation & Control Systems for various Agro-Based Industries.
He developed 17 products, 5 patents and has about 50 research
papers in referred journals & more than 100 research papers in the
Conference proceedings. He has authored 7 book-chapters and
delivered more than 100 invited talks at various forums.
Dr. Kapur has been instrumental in restructuring R&D structure of
CSIO and has guided various prestigious projects in the Strategic
Sector (Head up Displays & Cockpit Instrumentation) and Societal
Applications such as health, agro-based and public utilities & safety,
etc. He has setup many advanced research Labs such as Photonics,
Advanced Optical Metrology, Virtual Instrumentation, GAIT-Lab, Food
Processing Instrumentation Lab, etc.
He is a recipient of several prestigious awards which include: CSIRTechnology Shield-1992, 7th Hari Ram Toshniwal Gold Medal-1995,
Sugar Cup Medal 1993, 1997, 1998, Noel Derr Gold Medal 2004,
Anusandhan Vibhusan 2006,etc..
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The Challenges of Developing a Geothermal Ultrasonic
Borehole Imager
Kamalesh Chatterjee, Roger Steinsiek, James V. Leggett III, Douglas
Patterson Baker Hughes, Houston USA
Abstract
Geothermal energy is the cleanest form of alternative energy, as it has
the least environmental impact. The United States has vast untapped
geothermal energy potential; using enhanced geothermal systems
(EGS) technology, geothermal wells can supply the energy
consumption for the USA for 2000 years. The Department of Energy
(DOE) spearheads research and innovation in tools and technologies
required for successful and economical use of EGS reservoirs.
Temperature in some EGS reservoirs can exceed 300° C. This paper
shall describe the development of a geothermal ultrasonic borehole
imager rated to operate at 300° C.
This borehole acoustic imager measures fracture patterns that convey
information about the possibility of extracting heat by hot water/steam.
Only if the rock is well fractured with continuous channels
interconnecting large volumes of rock with a very large surface area is
it possible to economically extract heat from the hole. Existing borehole
imagers for oil and gas wells rely on one or a few sensors rotated in
some fashion, such as by a motor or rotating mirror. Such technology is
difficult to implement at high temperatures. An alternative approach is
an azimuthal array of sensors that does not rely on moving parts. I
shall illustrate the development of piezoelectric sensors capable of
working at 300° C. I shall explain how borehole imaging is
accomplished using a one-dimensional azimuthal array to optimize
manufacturability and performance. Electronics shall be housed in a
flask where the temperature would be below 175° C. We shall outline
electronics system design strategies to make the circuit functional at
175° C and above, specifically elaborating on power management,
space utilization, sensor performance, and image quality (or fracture
detection).
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Author’s Short Biography
Kamalesh Chatterjee is both an engineer - having more
than 20 years experience in electrical engineering with
specialization in power electronics, as well as a scientist
- having a Ph D in physics from MIT. For last three
years he has been working with Baker Hughes,
Houston as a scientist where he has developed the
ultrasonic geothermal borehole imager for the department of energy.
15
Sensors for Human & Environment Safety in Nuclear
Industry
Dr. J.K.Mukherjee, Electronic Instruments & Systems Division
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai India
Abstract
In present day scenario keeping environment safe is a challenge.
Energy requirements by modern world necessitates use of processes
using fossil fuel as well as nuclear power plants that need safety
measures for eliminating danger to personnel working in plants and the
neighbouring environment. The talk discusses important sensors that
are used in ensuring health safety by nuclear industry. Nuclear sensing
techniques are emerging for dangerous material detection too.
Material development needs very high magnification viewing by using
electron matter interaction. Several techniques that are used in high
end sensing are dealt with in the talk.
Nuclear industry uses special equipment including various types of
tele-operated agents, optical gadgets and support systems for safe
working. The talk discusses some of these techniques for difficult
applications. ‘Sensor fusion’ is an important aspect in surveillance
applications for health safety implementations , these too will be
discussed in adequate details
Author’s Short Biography
Dr. J.K.Mukherjee, is presently working as Out
Standing Scientist and Head Electronic Instruments &
Systems Division at Bhabha Atomic Research Centre,
Mumbai India where he joined after graduation in
Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering in 1977
and received postgraduate training in Nuclear
Engineering. He has been responsible for development
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of electronic and tele-robotics systems applicable to nuclear reactor
control, nuclear fuel cycle, sensitive plant protection and tele-managed
human safe systems for hazardous works. He leads development on
specialised sensing systems development.
He specialises in 'Intelligent Automation Development’ and has wide
experience of sensing technique development, sensory data
abstraction, sensor based real time control and devising sensor fusion
techniques in multiple domains of sensing. He has interest in modern
man-machine interfaces incorporating remote perception technology,
augmented reality and natural human expression based machine
control.
He is DAE group achievement award recipient and his team won gold
medal for indigenous development of physical protection system.
He is a member of National Steering Committee on ‘eAgriEn’ project of
Ministry of Information Technology, Govt. of India.
17
Design of CW-photoacoustic-based protocols for the
noninvasive characterization of liquids: a potential
alternative for blood glucose level sensing ?
Serge Camou
NTT Microsystem Integration laboratories, Microsensor Research
Group, NTT Corporation, Atsugi, Japan
Abstract
Measurement of blood glucose levels (BGLs) is a basic procedure that
diabetic patients need to perform several times a day. The
conventional standard protocol for on-site measurement, despite
several advantages such as portability, low cost, fast response time,
and ease of operation, is based on the finger-prick technique to extract
blood samples. This process is invasive and cannot provide continuous
monitoring, which is the basic condition for optimal control.
Towards the achievement of a noninvasive and continuous BGL
monitoring system, various alternative methods have been reported in
the literature, involving a lot of researchers, from academic research
laboratories to major industrial companies. However, due to the
potential impact of the decision made on the basis of the BGL sensor,
the requirements in terms of selectivity and sensitivity are so severe
that, at the time of this writing, none of the proposed technologies has
been able to fulfill them.
Among potential candidates, photoacoustic (PA) techniques have also
been investigated, but only the pulse setup, since the continuous-wave
(CW) requires a constant and reproducible local environment (i.e.,
cavity size) for operation, a condition impossible to realize in vivo. The
CW-PA methods have then been limited to mainly gas-trace detection.
However, we recently developed two CW-PA-based protocols that
don't exhibit this cavity-size dependency, which opens the door to a
new field of research. After a brief description of the two methods and
their specific characteristics, this presentation will then discuss the in
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vitro (with pure aqueous solution of glucose) and in vivo first
experimental results. The challenges ahead before applying these
methods to BGL monitoring are still huge and require further study,
both in vitro and in vivo. However, despite primarily developed for
noninvasive and continuous BGL monitoring, the techniques exhibit
interesting properties that may also lead to potential application in
many other fields.
Author’s Short Biography
Serge Camou is currently a Research Scientist in the
Microsensor Research Group, NTT Microsystem
Integration Laboratories, NTT Corporation. He received
the B.S., M.S. and Ph.D degrees in physics from CergyPontoise (1994), Paris 7 (1996), and Franche-Comte
(2000) Universities in France, respectively.
After two years as a JSPS (Japan Society for the
Promotion of Science) fellow at the University of Tokyo doing research
on DNA lab-on-chip devices, he moved to NTT Microsystem Integration
Laboratories in 2003 and became involved in the development of
portable sensors based on several technologies for various
applications: the detection of benzene compounds in air and liquid
samples based on the UV absorption spectroscopy, the detection of
foodborne pathogens based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR),
and point-of-care testing based on the photoacoustic techniques. His
main research interests are then centered on applications dealing with
environmental and biomedical analyses involving several techniques
that best fit the requirements. He is a member of the IEEE Photonics
Society.
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Special Sessions
Special Session: Sensor applications in Agriculture and
Biology
Dr Chari V. Kandala
Sensors in agriculture and biology are playing more important roles
today than ever before. Sensors can play an important role both in the
pre-harvest and post-harvest processes of various agricultural
commodities such as grain, nuts, fruits and vegetables. Importantly,
sensors provide the means for rapid, and nondestructive testing of
various grading factors of the agricultural materials. Knowing the
nutritive and health values of food materials has become important to
the consumer and most of these parameters are still determined by
laborious and costly chemical methods. Sensors have the great
potential to do this fast and less expensively.
During the post-harvest stage, sensors have even more impressive
role in processes such as drying, milling, storage, processing, packing
and transportation. Sensors are being developed and tested for the
determination of factors such as moisture (it is important to know at
various stages of product development), texture, composition, and
shelf-life. By replacing the conventional chemical methods sensor
applications minimize the environmental impact, and being rapid and
nondestructive are proving to be economical.
Most of the sensor systems, electronic or optical are of non-contact
type, and thus are suitable to use with food materials. Sensors are also
being extensively used in agricultural machinery and for monitoring
biological activity and plant health.
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Papers related to the following topics (but not limited) are solicited for
this session:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
UV, Visible, NIR and IR sensing
Capacitive sensing
RF and Microwave sensing
Biosensors
Sensor development and manufacture.
Biography
Chari V. Kandala received his B.S. and M.S. degrees in Physics from
the Andhra University and the Indian Institute of Technology
respectively. He received another M.S. in Physics, and Ph.D. in
Biological and Agricultural engineering in 1992 from the University of
Georgia.
He worked as an Assistant Professor in Physics at the G.B.P.
University, Pantnagar, India, from 1968 to 1975, and as a Senior
Engineer in Electronics and Instrumentation at ICRISAT, Hyderabad,
India from 1975 to 1983. Since 1985 he has been associated with the
Agricultural Research Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture
working on nondestructive measurement of moisture content in food
materials using RF Impedance methods. Since 2001 he is working with
the National Peanut Research Laboratory at Dawson, Georgia in
developing optical and electronic instrumentation for grain and peanut
quality measurements using RF and NIR methods.
Dr. Kandala is a member of the American Society of Agricultural and
Biological Engineers, The International Society for Optical Engineering,
and a Senior-member of the IEEE. He has published over 45 peerreviewed manuscripts and holds a patent for the dielectric method he
developed for determination of moisture content in nuts and seed.
21
Special Session: Cognitive Sensor Networks for Ubiquitous
HealthCare Service
Octavian A. Postolache
The latest advances in sensor technology, sensors implementation,
improved wireless telecommunications capabilities, open networks,
continued increases in computing power, improved battery technology,
and the emergence of flexible software architecture has led to an
increased accessibility to healthcare providers, more efficient tasks and
processes, and a higher overall quality of healthcare services.
Intelligent infrastructures have been providing the layers for contextual
information gathering, knowledge processing as well as adaptation and
optimization mechanisms. However, in daily life intelligent systems
should adapt to new, previously unknown conditions, which would
constitute a certain degree of cognitive intelligence. The overall goal of
the special session is to gather technology experts, researchers and
practitioners to share experiences, discuss practices, exchange ideas
and raise awareness in the field of sensors devices for pervasive
health monitoring, intelligent emergency management system,
pervasive healthcare data access, and ubiquitous computing that
would allow sensor networks to constantly self-adapt based on the
dynamic context of the environment, individual stakeholders and, even
more compelling the interactions and relations between them.
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Session Organizer:
Dr. Octavian Postolache
ISCTE-IUL, Instituto de Telecomunicações, Lisboa, Portugal
E-mail: opostolache@lx.it.pt
Biography
Octavian A. Postolache received the PhD degree in Electrical
Engineering from the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, “Gh. Asachi”
Technical University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania, in 1999. In 1992, he joined
the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Department of Electrical
Measurements and Electrical Materials, Technical University of Iasi,
where he worked for nine years as a Lecturer and an Assistant
Professor. In 2000, he started working as a PhD Principal Researcher
at the Instituto Superior Técnico and Instituto de Telecomunicações
and he joined Escola Superior de Tecnologia de Setubal, Portugal
where currently is Professor Adjunto. His main research interests
concern smart sensors for biomedical and environmental, sensor and
algorithms implementation for cardiorespiratory activity estimation and
data mining, computational intelligence with application in in automated
measurement
23
Special Session: Biologically Inspired Vision Sensors for
Machine Vision Applications
Mukul Sarkar
Vision sensors today have become a part of our everyday life and are
found in cell phone cameras, notebook webcams, digital cameras,
video camcorders, security and surveillance among others. In industrial
applications, machine vision has become a key technology for
detecting and processing signals which determines the quality
demands of the manufactures and customers. The vision sensors used
for machine vision application have different requirement compared to
the vision sensors used for conventional cameras. Biological systems
are a source of inspiration in the development of vision sensors for
machine vision applications. In this context the special session aims to
bring together different research on bio-inspired vision for both sensing
and processing. The main topics will include, but not be restricted to:
1. Imaging system design and characterization
2. Solid-state image sensors
3. Bio-inspired imaging systems
4. Bio-inspired vision processing
5. Low power, low noise vision sensors
6. Computational and compressive imaging
7. Plenoptic imaging, multi-channel and multi-aperture imaging
8. Wide field of view imagers
9. High speed image sensor
10. Neuromorphic imaging
24
Session Organizer
Dr. Mukul Sarkar
Affiliation
Department of Electrical Engineering,
Indian Institute of Technology,
Delhi
Email: msarkar@ee.iitd.ac.in
Biography
Mukul Sarkar received his M.Sc. degree in Biomedical Engineering
from University of Technology, Aachen, Germany in 2006 and Ph.D.
degree in Electronic Instrumentation Engineering from the Technical
University of Delft, The Netherlands in 2011. He was a full time
resident of IMEC from 2007 to 2011 during his Ph.D. After his Ph.D. he
spent a year as postdoctoral researcher with Electronic Instrumentation
Laboratory, Technical University of Delft, The Netherlands. Between
2003 and 2005, he worked in the Philips Institute of medical
information, Aachen, Germany as a research assistant in detection and
analysis of bio-signals. Since February 2012 he is with the department
of Electrical Engineering at Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, where
currently he is an Assistant Professor. His research interests lie in the
areas of solid state imaging, CMOS Image sensors, Bio-inspired vision
systems, Analog/Digital circuit design, Optoelectronics and Machine
vision.
25
Special Session: Security and Privacy in WSN and IoT
Arijit Ukil
Recent advancements of processing power, battery life and storage
capacity pave passage for different new technologies and applications
hitherto seemed farfetched. Among them wireless sensor networks
(WSN) is one of the most promising concept, which shows great
potential to combat difficult computing and communication challenges,
like disaster management, battlefield ad hoc communication etc. With
the proliferation of WSN applications, Internet of things (IoT) becomes
a reality. For IoT kind of applications, the world will be a web of huge
number of computing devices communicating through a common
media of IP. The benefit of realization of IoT in human life is immense.
It will make our lives comfortable and eventually help us to build
smarter planet. However, the benefit of WSN and IoT comes with a
cost, which is mainly due to the concern of security and privacy. Large
amount of retrievable data storage, collaborating computing, distributed
applications are very much susceptible to different security and privacy
breach attacks. For sake of simplicity, we define security as a measure
of alertness to counter certain attacks, while privacy is defined in terms
of probability of exposure at the time of attack.
In this session, the objective will be to identify and address the security
and privacy issues in WSN and IoT. This session will cover
developments, research directions and advancements on security and
privacy in WSN and IoT perspectives. Both theoretical and applied
approaches are to be discussed. The topics include (but are not limited
to):
1. Cryptography
26
2. Public-key and symmetric-key cryptosystems, block ciphers,
and hash functions
3. Cryptanalysis
4. Phishing, spam, and click fraud
5. Cloud security
6. Biometric security
7. Intrusion detection
8. Denial of service
9. Evidence, Authentication, and Identity
10. Trust management
11. Malicious Codes
12. Trusted computing
Biography
Arijit Ukil is currently working in Innovation Labs, Tata Consultancy
Services (TCS) Ltd., Kolkata as a Scientist. He is primarily engaged
with the research activity on Internet of things, security and privacy and
wireless networking. Before joining TCS in 2007, he has worked as
Scientist in Deference Research and Development Organization
(DRDO) for four years, where his primary focus area was embedded
systems and wireless communication for Radar applications. He was
mainly involved in naval based Radar systems. He has done his
B.Tech in Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering in 2002 and
currently pursuing PhD from Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra. He
has published more than 30 conference and journal papers of national
and international repute. He has already published three book
chapters. He has been reviewer of a number of IEEE conferences like,
IEEE VTC, IEEE WCNC. He has organized SPCS session in ICCSA
2012. He has been invited and delivered keynote and tutorials in many
international and national conferences and symposia. He is enlisted in
2010 Marquis’ “Who’s Who” as a renowned contributor in the field of
computer science and information technology.
27
Special Session: Devices and Circuits for Semiconductor
Magnetic Field Sensors
S. M. Rezaul Hasan
Silicon Integrated Circuit Technology has become the new driving force
in sensors and actuators altering the conventional sensor concepts.
With numerous applications of Magnetic Field Sensors in diverse areas
from Nuclear processing to automotive and servo systems to magnetic
signal/data processing, low-cost portable solid-state Magnetic field
sensors are now being regularly developed on standard IC process
technologies. A magnetic field sensor converts the presence of a
magnetic field into an electronic signal. Semiconductor magnetic field
sensors on IC chips usually exploit the Lorentz force on charge
carriers. IC technology provide the advantage of having the
conditioning and signal processing circuitry on the same chip with the
magnetic field sensor with the possibility of monolithic integration with
microcontrollers and microprocessors. This special session of Magnetic
field Sensors (MFS) solicits papers in recent advances in Integrated
Hall plates, Magnetic Field Effect Transistors (MAGFETs), Bipolar
Magneto-Transistors, Magneto-Diodes, Magneto-Resistors etc. and
related circuit design aspects. Magnetic Field Sensors based on III-V
semiconductor materials is also of interest.
28
Biography
S. M. Rezaul Hasan received his B.S.E.E. from BUET, Dhaka, his
M.S.E.E. from the State University of New York at Buffalo, and his
Ph.D. in Electronics Engineering from the University of California Los
Angeles (UCLA) . From 1983 to 1986 he was a VLSI design engineer
at Xerox Microelectronics Center in El Segundo, California, where he
worked in the design of CMOS VLSI microprocessors. In 1986 he
moved to the Asia-Pacific region and served several institutions
including Nanyang Technological University, Singapore (1986-1988),
Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Western Australia (1990-1991)
and University Sains Malaysia, Perak, Malaysia (1992-2000). At
University Sains Malaysia he held the position of Associate Professor
and was the coordinator of the Analog and VLSI research laboratory.
He spent the next four years (2000-2004) in United Arab Emirates,
where he served as an Associate Professor of Microelectronics and IC
design in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at
the University of Sharjah. While in Sharjah he received the National
Bank of Sharjah Award for outstanding research publication in
Integrated Circuit Design. Presently he is the Director of the Center for
Research in Analog and VLSI microsystems dEsign (CRAVE) at
Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand. He is also a senior
lecturer within the School of Engineering and Advanced Technology
(SEAT). He has so far published 43 international journal articles and 95
proceedings papers in Integrated Circuit Design, CMOS Sensor Design
and VLSI Design. Dr. Hasan has also served as consultant for many
electronics companies. His areas of interest include Analog and RF
Integrated Circuit and VLSI Micro-system Design, CMOS and MEMS
sensor design, and Semiconductor Device Physics. He is an editor of
the Hindawi journal of active and passive electronic components. He is
a senior member of the IEEE.
29
Special Session: Smart Environmental Monitoring Systems
Dr Tahmina Ajmal
Sensors are getting ubiquitous and play a very important role in
sensing the environment. These include sensors for monitoring water
quality, air monitoring and soil monitoring. Water quality monitoring is
an issue and affects human health; both bacterial and chemical
contamination has serious implications on human health.
With the growth in urbanisation and hence vehicle traffic, monitoring air
quality has become very important. Sensing air quality is also
becoming increasingly important in built environments, where indoor
environment needs to be continuously and ubiquitously monitored. In
designing an environmental monitoring network, issues like
sustainability, security and energy efficiency are becoming important.
This session would include papers, but not limited to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Water monitoring sensors
Air monitoring sensors
Soil monitoring sensors
Food monitoring sensors
WSN for environmental monitoring
Energy and Security constraints in environmental monitoring
networks
7. Monitoring in built environments
30
Biography
Dr Tahmina Ajmal joined University of Bedfordshire as Lecturer in
engineering in October 2010. She has completed her PhD from
University of Essex on Secure Optical Networks (2007). After
completing her PhD she worked there on IST EU MUSE (Multi Service
Access Everywhere, http://www.ist-muse.org ) project for developing a
high speed access network.
In 2008, she joined University of Bristol as a post doctoral researcher
on a multi-disciplinary project (Aquatest www.bristol.ac.uk/aquatest) for
developing a low-cost water testing device for use in developing
countries.
Her current research interests focus on sensors and specifically include
sensors for healthcare, water monitoring and energy harvesting for
powering sensors.
31
ICST 2012 Programme at a glance
Wednesday, December 19th
Time
09:00 – 10:00
10:00 - 10:30
10:45 – 11:30
11:45 – 13:00
13:00 – 14:00
14:00 – 15:30
15:30 – 16:00
16:00 – 15:30
Session
S0: Opening Ceremony
Tea Break
S1: Keynote Address - I
S2A: Smart Sensors And Sensing Systems,
S2B: Special Session On Sensor Applications In Agriculture
And Biology,
S2C: Image, Vision And Range Sensors
Lunch break
S3A: Magnetic Sensors,
S3B: Gas Sensors - I,
S3C: Special Session On Cognitive Sensor Networks For
Ubiquitous Healthcare Services
Tea Break
S4A: Sensors For Novel Applications - I,
S4B: Special Session On Biologically Inspired Vision Sensors
For Machine Vision Applications,
S4C: Sensors For Dielectric Measurement
Thursday, December 20th
Time
09:00 – 10:00
10:00 - 10:30
10:30 – 12:00
12:00 – 14:00
14:00 – 15:30
Session
S5: Keynote #2 [2 Invited Speakers]
Tea Break
S6A: Temperature And Humidity Sensors,
S6B: Special Session On Devices And Circuits For
Semiconductor Magnetic Field Sensors,
S6C: Optical And Fibre Optic Sensors
S7: Combined Lunch And Poster Session - I
S8A: Electronic Nose,
S8B: Wireless Sensor Networks - I,
S8C: Mechanical Sensors
32
15:30 - 16:00
16:00 – 17:30
Tea break
S9A: Sensors For Novel Applications - II,
S9B: Thick And Thin Film Sensors [2 Invited Speakers],
S9C: Ultrasonic And Acoustic Sensors
Thursday, December 21st
Time
09:00 – 10:00
10:00 – 10:30
10:30 – 12:00
12:00 – 14:00
14:00 – 15:30
15:30
Session
S10A: Sensors For Composition Analysis,
S10B: Chemical Sensors,
S10C: Security And Safety Applications
Tea Break
S11A: Special Session On Smart Environmental Monitoring
Systems,
S11B: Wireless Sensor Networks - II,
S11C: Bio And Biological Sensors
S12: Combined Lunch And Poster Session - II
S13A: Electronic Tongue,
S13B: Sensor Interfacing And Signal Analysis,
S13C: Gas Sensors - II
S14: Closing Ceremony And Prize Distribution
33
Programme in detail
Wednesday, December 19th
09:00 10:00
S0: Opening Ceremony
Chairs: Nabarun Bhattacharyya (Centre for Development of Advanced
Computing, India), Subhas Mukhopadhyay (Massey University, New Zealand)
10:00 - 10:30 Tea break
10:45 - 11:30
S1: Keynote Address – I
Prof. G. Sberveglieri of University of Brescia and CNR-IDASC, via valotti 9,
Brescia Italy
Nano structured MOX for high selective multiparametric gas sensors
Chair: Alex Mason (Liverpool John Moores University, United Kingdom)
11:45 – 13:00
S2A: Smart Sensors And Sensing Systems
Chair: Yueh-Min Huang (National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan)
11:45
Architectures for Modular Smart Sensor Systems
Mario Ribeiro (Instituto Superior Tecnico, Portugal); Octavian Adrian
Postolache (Institute of Telecomunication - IT/IST & Escola Superior
de Tecnologia de Setubal, Portugal); Pedro M. B. Silva Girão (Instituto
Superior Técnico, Portugal)
Many modular platforms have been developed to facilitate the design
and implementation of smart sensing systems. Modular platforms can
be of great benefit for system prototyping but the way they were
initially designed can also limit the possibilities of building and test
new concepts. In a time where smart and ubiquitous sensor systems
are of increasing interest, allowing to have the sensor's data available
always and anywhere, it is also of great importance knowing what are
the main features a sensing platform should have to allow the
development and fast prototyping of new innovative sensor based
systems. This article focuses on the architectures commonly used by
modular and portable sensor platforms, discussing some practical
implementations. At the same time is presented a new architecture
34
characterized by high flexibility avoiding smart sensor's redesign each
time a new communication paradigm arises.
12:00
A Smart Transport Application of Cyber-Physical Systems: Road
Surface Monitoring with mobile devices
Bilal Syed (Tata Consultancy Services Ltd., India); Krishnan
Srinivasarengan (Tata Consultancy Services Ltd., India); Arpan Pal
(Tata Consultancy Services, India); P. Balamuralidhar (Tata
Consultancy Services, India)
Cyber-Physical Systems integrate physical processes with
computation. Exhaustive characterization of such systems offers us
insight in the way we interact with our surroundings.CPS can be
modeled and simulated for performance (often real-time) using a
model-based signature analysis, where models of physical processes,
network and computing resources are integrated. Mobile CPS which
have inherent mobility in the physical systems are increasingly
popular e.g. smartphones, with wide range of applications given the
computational power and memory resources along with host of
assorted sensors like accelerometer, gyroscope, GPS etc. We present
here one such application of CPS where we simulate the acceleration
profiles for different type of cars and different road profiles. We then
use the synthetic data generated to extract features for detection of
anomalies in the road. Comparing the results with accelerometer data
recorded on a mobile phone while actually driving on a road shows
that the model can be used to test the features on different vehicles
and road types which is always not feasible in real world due to limited
resources.
12:15
Class D RF Amplifier for NMR MOUSE Sensor
Robin Dykstra (Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand); John
Zhen (Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand)
A 20 MHz Class D RF amplifier has been developed to work with an
NMR MOUSE sensor. The prototype has been built on a 4-layer PCB
with an area of 50cm2 and weighs less than 120g; it outputs 100W
into a 50Ω load using a single 24V DC supply. Even with the high
switching power losses at that frequency, the amplifier is able to
achieve 73% efficiency. Test results from the MOUSE sensor show
the class D amplifier is operating well at 20MHz with fast turn on and
turn off times, producing constant amplitude pulses as short as 2µs,
and is able to run long CPMG experiments with hundreds of echoes.
The results confirm that the Class D amplifier is a worthy replacement
35
for the existing, market available Class A amplifier, which is running at
19% efficiency and weighs 480g with a PCB area of 160cm2.
12:30
A Combined Electrostatic-Triboelectric Vibration Energy Harvester
Jerin Francis (Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India);
Chandrika Sreekantan Anoop (Indian Institute of Technology Madras,
India); Boby George (Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India);
Bharath Bhikkaji (Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India)
This paper presents a new combined electrostatic- triboelectric energy
harvester. One of the practical limitations of Electrostatic Vibration
Energy (EVE) harvesting technologies is the need for an initial priming
voltage source. In the proposed scheme, the triboelectric effect is
used to provide initial charges necessary for EVE harvester. This
harvester converts vibration to electrical energy and stores it in two
storage capacitors. The new harvester has a triboelectric part and an
EVE part. The triboelectric part charges one of the storage capacitors
and at the same time supplies necessary initial charge for EVE part
which charges the other storage capacitor. In this way, charges
generated by triboelectric part are fully transferred from it, which
ensures best and continuous triboelectric charge generation. Without
proper transfer of charges, the triboelectric part will saturate in few
cycles of vibration. Thus, in the combined harvester both schemes aid
each other. A prototype of the new harvester has been built and
tested. The developed unit generated about 45 nW of power from a
low frequency vibration source of 3 Hz.
12:45
A New Method For Rapid Detection Of Total Colour (TC), Theaflavins
(TF), Thearubigins (TR) and Brighness (TB) In Orthodox Tea Using
Electronic Vision
Amitava Akuli (India & C-DAC, Kolkata, India); Abhra Pal (Engineer,
India); Robin Joshi (Researcher, India); Ashu Gulati (CSIR-IHBT,
India); Tamal Dey (Engineer, India); Nabarun Bhattacharyya (Centre
for Development of Advanced Computing, India)
Theaflavins (TF) and Thearubigins (TR) are the important chemical
compounds, which contribute to the colour and brightness of tea
liquor. Estimation of TF and TR in black tea is generally done using a
spectrophotometer. But, the analysis technique undergoes a rigorous
and time-consuming effort for sample preparation; also the operation
of costly spectrophotometer requires expert manpower. To overcome
above problems an Electronic Vision System based on image
36
processing has been developed, that is faster, low cost, repeatable
and can estimate the amount of Total Colour (TC), Brightness (TB),
Theaflavins (TF) and TF/TR ratio for orthodox tea liquor. This paper
describes the newly developed E-Vision system, experimental
methods using orthodox tea sample, data analysis algorithms and
finally, the performance of the E-Vision System as compared to the
results of traditional spectrophotometer. The data analysis is done
using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Multiple Linear
Regression (MLR). A correlation has been established between colour
of tea liquor images and TC, TB, TR and TF/TR ratio.
S2B: Special Session On Sensor Applications In Agriculture And Biology
Chairs: Prof. H. Saha, BESU, India and Chari V Kandala (USDA, USA)
11:45
Miniaturized label-free impedimetric immunosensor for analysis of
Aflatoxin B1 in peanut
Gautam Bacher (BITS, Pilani-KK Birla Goa Campus, India); Lizy
Kanungo (Biosensor Lab. BITS, Piani-KK Birla Goa Campus, India);
Sunil Bhand (BITS, Pilani-KK Birla Goa Campus, India)
A highly sensitive and selective label-free impedimetric immunosensor
based on silver (Ag) wire electrode for the detection aflatoxin B1
(AFB1) in peanut is presented. The sensor was constructed by
functionalizing Ag wire coupled with selective monoclonal antibodies
of AFB1 through self assembled monolayers. The antigen-antibody
interaction was analyzed by measuring impedance in the frequency
range (1-100 KHz) at 5 mV applied ac potential in a 384 well plate
with assay volume 105 µL. A working range (0.01-100 pg /mL) for
AFB1 was obtained with 20 min analysis time with limit of detection
0.01 pg/ mL. The obtained SD and R2 values were 0.16 and 0.95
respectively. The proposed assay can be easily multiplexed using a
multichannel system for high throughput sensitive analysis of AFB1 in
peanut
12:00
Remote Sensing and GIS techniques for forest resource monitoring
and agriculture potentiality
Sailesh Samanta (Papua New Guinea University of Technology,
Papua New Guinea)
Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) has
demonstrated itself as a very powerful tool in forest and agricultural
research and natural resource management. This study proposes an
empirical methodology for analyzing and mapping of forest resource
37
and agriculture potentiality using the RS and GIS techniques. The
study area happens to be the Morobe province in the Papua New
Guinea. The forest resource monitoring, mapping and change
analysis have been carried out using two sets of satellite data during
2005 to 2010 based on hybrid maximum-Normalized Differential
Vegetation Index (NDVI) and minimum-red compositing technique.
The paper also examines multi-criteria decision approach to
determine rice cultivation suitability based on different variables, like
topography, physical and chemical soil properties, climate and land
accessibility that are mandatory inputs to land suitability model. These
parameters are obtained from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
(SRTM) data, soil data base of PNG, monthly and annual temperature
and rainfall data, respectively. ArcGIS 10 and Erdas 11 model
builder/maker are used to construct the index model for rice land
suitability analysis. The province of Morobe has been classified into
five categories of rice suitability. The result indicates that only four
percent (4%) land can be demarcated as 'very high' and twenty one
percent (21%) as 'high' suitability categories in the study area and the
spatial expanse of all the five categories within the province are
mapped and displayed.
12:15
Capacitance Sensors for Nondestructive Moisture Determination in
Grain, Nuts and Bio-fuel materials
Chari V Kandala (USDA, USA); Naveen Puppala (New Mexico State
University, USA)
Moisture content of grain, nuts and similar organic materials is an
important property to be known to determine their time of harvest, and
at various stages of their processing and storage. Several moisture
measuring instruments are available in the market but for most of
these instruments some sort of sample preparation is needed that
involves shelling, grinding and weighing. The samples in this process
are usually destroyed, and the measurement involves considerable
time and labor. In this work, estimating moisture content (MC) of
various types of grain, nuts, and bio-fuel materials from measurement
of certain dielectric related properties of a parallel-plate capacitor
holding samples of these materials between them at radio frequencies
is presented.
38
12:30
Investigations into Yield Monitoring Sensor Installed on Indigenous
Grain Combine Harvester
Manjeet Singh (Punjab Agricultural University, India)
An automated yield monitoring system consisting of one yield sensor,
global positioning system (GPS), field computer with custom software,
and header cut off switch was mounted on a self propelled indigenous
grain combine harvester for real-time crop yield mapping. Four wheat
fields were selected at the farm of Punjab Agricultural University,
Ludhiana to evaluate the performance of the yield monitor for grain
yield mapping. The yield maps were generated by using ArcGIS
software from the data collected for four different wheat fields. Total
area harvested was 1.92 ha comprising four fields having areas 0.72,
0.46, 0.28 and 0.46 ha respectively. On an average yield variations
recorded for the all the four fields was having C.V. of 18.4, 24.0, 17.4
and 22.2% respectively. The overall results shows that yield variability
existed even within the smallest field of 0.28 ha having C,V, of 17.4%.
Yield variability among the four fields was also existing having
standard deviation of 866.67 kg/ha and coefficient of variation (C.V.)
19.8%. The yield delay was recorded 15-17 seconds used in travelling
of grains from header to main tank. It was also observed that the
mean error was 6.85% and that maximum error never exceeded
9.48%, indicating acceptable accuracy of the yield monitor in wheat
crop. The coefficient of correlation was 0.94 between yield monitor
recorded data and actual weight, using Pearson linear simple
correlation that was moderate.
12:45
Wireless sensing and control for precision Green house management
Akshay Chaudhari (National Institute of Technology, India); Nitin
Kumar Karnwal (National Institute of Technology, Trichy, India);
Kattilapparambu Abhfeeth (NIT Trichy, India); Rohan Khandelwal
(National Institute of Technology, India); Tapas Kumar Govindraju
(National Institute of Technology, India); Ezhilarasi Deenadayalan
(National Institute of Technology, Trichy, India); Sujan Y (National
Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, India)
Precision Green house management based agriculture is a
combination of integrated information and production-based farming
system that is designed to increase long term site-specific farm
production efficiency and profitability while minimizing unintended
effects on green house environment. It requires intensive sensing of
the climate conditions at ground level and rapid communication of
data to the central repository. Wireless sensor network is an emerging
39
field that can be used to monitor and control the agriculture
parameters in order to make intelligent automated agriculture system
inside the green house. The system basically comprises of CPU for
monitoring the data in LABVIEW platform and Zigbee module along
with PIC microcontroller to establish wireless communication between
two distant locations. The main purpose of the work undertaken in this
paper is to sense, monitor and control the temperature, humidity and
irrigation in the greenhouse from remote location using the Zigbee
technology at low cost. The wireless transceiver is configured using
TMFT 2.6 software provided by Melange Systems and PIC
microcontroller is programmed using Microchip's IDE version 8.2.This
technology is intended to be the simpler and cheaper than any other
WPANs such as Bluetooth or wireless internet node. In the present
work the data from sensing node after amplification is fed to ADC and
then to the microcontroller. This is then connected to the Zigbee
module which transmits the data to the Zigbee module at the other
end. It reads the data and displays on to the host computer through
Labview and the control sequence is generated to control the green
house parameters from the control room wirelessly
S2C: Image, Vision And Range Sensors
Chair: Daluwathu Preethichandra (Central Queensland University, Australia)
11:45
Region Adaptive Unsharp Masking based Lanczos-3 Interpolation for
video Intra Frame Up-sampling
Aditya Acharya (National Insitute of Technology, Rourkela, India);
Sukadev Meher (National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India)
Increasing the resolution of a video intra frame using various
interpolation techniques not only gives a blurring effect but also results
in the loss of fine details and critical edge information. In order to
resolve this problem, an efficient, no reference, hybrid interpolation
technique is proposed here. The proposed method makes use of a
combination of anticipatory, spatial domain, region adaptive, unsharp
masking operation coupled with Lanczos-3 interpolation for retaining
some of the fine details and critical edge information in the
reconstructed video frame. The region adaptive unsharp masking is a
preprocessing approach which sharpens the intra frame regions
locally as per their statistical local variance so as to compensate the
blurring caused by the subsequent Lanczos-3 interpolation technique.
The degree of sharpening is increased as per the rise in the statistical
local variance of a neighborhood and vice versa. Furthermore, the
40
unsharp masking operation is made globally adaptive by multiplying
the unsharp mask with a global scaling factor which is obtained by
adding one to the global variance of an intra frame. Experimental
results reveal that the proposed method outperforms most of the
existing interpolation techniques in terms of peak-signal-to-noise-ratio
(PSNR) as well as visual quality for different types of video
sequences.
12:00
Range Velocity Blind Zone for Airborne MPRF Radar in Look-Down
Search Mode
Vishal Agarwal (Defense, India); Sumant Mukherjee (Defense, India)
Range Velocity Blind Zone as Measure of Performance can be used
to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of radar performance
under different operating condition. The performances of medium
pulse repetition frequency (MPRF) radar operating in air-to-air lookdown search mode are strongly influenced by the presence of ground
clutter. Clutter returns in airborne radar applications spread in Doppler
frequency because of platform motion which cause false alarms.
Prediction of performance in terms of range velocity blind zone
requires model that is capable of reproducing target and clutter
characteristics as a function of range and frequency. In this paper we
propose a model to quantify the effects of ground clutter, target and
signal processing chain of radar system on range velocity blind zones.
This approach facilitates design tradeoff analysis as well as overall
performance prediction of the radar under variety of clutter
environment.
12:15
Application of Real Coded Genetic Algorithm for Target Sensing
Pappula Lakshman (IIT Bhubaneswar, India); Debalina Ghosh (IIT
Bhubaneswar, India)
Complex matrix equations need to be solved for extracting the
impulse response of the target. In this paper, an evolutionary softcomputing technique of real coded genetic algorithm is applied to
solve the system of linear equations. The proposed method is
compared with the existing conjugate gradient method for
deconvolution. The proposed method demonstrates how to overcome
the drawbacks of the traditional method.
41
12:30
Real-time biofeedback of gait parameters using Infrared position
sensors
Rezaul Begg (Victoria University, Australia); Oren Tirosh (Victoria
University, Australia); Rob Straaten (Victoria University, Australia);
Tony Sparrow (Victoria University, Australia)
Developing sensor technologies for avoiding foot contact with
obstacles or uneven surfaces is a potentially powerful intervention for
maintaining balance while undertaking hazardous gait tasks. Such
interventions are particularly important in individuals influenced either
by ageing or gait pathologies. This research describes an infrared
sensor system that provides real-time feedback of toe position with
respect to the support surface to enable safer ground clearance.
Infrared position sensors were used to monitor shoe end points and
foot trajectory with respect to the walking surface. Vertical
displacement of the toe was displayed in real-time using a data
projector such that subjects could adjust their toe clearance. Ten
healthy young and 10 healthy older subjects undertook normal
unconstrained walking (no-feedback) and in a following condition
(biofeedback) were instructed to maintain minimum toe clearance
(MTC) within a target band defined using the no-feedback toe
clearance characteristics [lower bound: 1.5 x baseline mean MTC,
upper bound: lower bound + 3 x SD]. Both groups significantly
increased toe clearance above baseline, confirming that on-line
feedback of a kinematic gait parameter can be utilized by both young
and older adults to change their lower limb trajectory. Poincaré
analysis undertaken on MTC time-series data from successive gait
cycles confirmed that the younger participants were more stable
during both baseline and feedback and capable of maintaining MTC
within narrow bounds without shifting from an established locomotor
pattern. The results highlighted that real-time biofeedback of foot
trajectory gait parameters has potential to assist in gait rehabilitation
and other biomedical and healthcare applications.
12:45
Implementation of a 4D fast SLAM including volumetric sum of the
UAV
Aditya Andra (Room-250, Sapphire Hostel, India)
Traditionally, Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM)
involved a development of map using the actual map coordinates, with
the robot itself occupying some 3-dimensional space. SLAM forms an
indispensable part of navigation system of an autonomous system. In
this paper we try to assess a method for implementation of a full 4D
42
solution to SLAM using range and bearing sensors LIDAR (light
detection and ranging) and camera for indoor navigation and GPS for
outdoor navigation coupled with an Inertial Navigation System (INS)
which include inertial sensors such as gyroscopes and accelerometer
along with a magnetometer an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)
though volumetric addition into Landmarks and thus into map, in our
SLAM procedure in order to decrease the computational complexities
and also increase the efficiency of the collision detection algorithms.
The UAV motions are restricted to the motion in three dimensions and
yaw, while the pitch and roll are neglected as the UAV is always
restricted to move at a constant altitude for a stipulated time-period.
13:00 to 14:00 Lunch break
14:00-15:30
S3A: Magnetic Sensors
Chair: K. Tashiro (Shinshu University, Japan)
14:00
Observations of Coercivity in RE-Fe-B Samples under Pulsed
Magnetic Fields up to 33T
Hiroyasu Shimoji (Oita Prefectural Organization for Industry Creation,
Japan); Koji Yamada (Saitama University, Japan); Edmund Borkowski
(Oita Prefectural Organization for Industry Creation, Japan); Takashi
Todaka (Oita Unicersity, Japan); Masato Enokizono (Oita Unicersity,
Japan); Jiaolian Luo (Saitama University, Japan)
The pulsed high magnetic field generator up to 33T with a long pulsed
half-width of 20ms was constructed. Coercivity in terms of effective
fields in Nd-Fe-B and Sm-Fe-B sintered samples were observed using
induction method in the pulsed high fields. We found the overestimation of coercivity more than 30 % in these samples in
comparison with those in announced values. The errors were
examined by the numerical simulations using EMAG, and were
attributed to the sample insertion gaps in the induction probe coil.
14:15
Optimization of AC-DC converter for magnetic energy harvesting
device
K. Tashiro (Shinshu University, Japan); Hiroyuki Wakiwaka (Shinshu
University, Japan); Yu Uchiyama (Shinshu University, Japan)
In this paper, we propose the optimum condition of AC-DC converter
for a magnetic energy harvesting device. When this device is used as
an energy source for wireless sensor applications, the DC output
43
voltage should be larger than 1.5 V. First of all, we investigate the
basic properties of an AC-DC converter with a Cockcroft-Walton
circuit. Experimental results reveal that the optimum conditions are
related with the number of steps, input voltage, input resistance, and
output load. From a magnetic field of 675 nT at 60Hz, the new
magnetic energy harvesting device can provide a DC output voltage of
1.5 V. Compared with the previous device we developed, the required
magnetic field is as low as 1/400 in amplitude. In contrast, the
measured efficiency of the device is better than 80% when the
magnetic field is larger than 20 µT.
14:30
Thickness Sensor for Ferromagnetic Sheets
Sujan Y (National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, India);
Vasuki B (National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, India); Uma
Gandhi (National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, India);
Ezhilarasi Deenadayalan (National Institute of Technology, Trichy,
India); Kaluvan Suresh (National Institute of Technology,
Tiruchirappalli, India)
The paper presents design and development of a resonant sensor to
measure thickness of ferromagnetic sheets and their alloys. The
sensor is built with cantilever as a resonator with electromagnetic
excitation and piezoelectric sensing in closed loop electronics. The
sensor measures the unknown thickness by measuring the resonance
frequency of the resonator. The magnetic force due to the magnetic
field interaction between electromagnet and ferromagnetic sheet will
make the resonator at resonance. The resonator vibrates at different
resonance frequencies depending on the thickness of the
ferromagnetic sheet. The shift in resonance frequency for a change in
thickness is detected by closed loop electronics. The proposed
measurement system is simple, varies linearly with thickness and
sensitivity is improved by increasing the magnetic field strength of the
electromagnet.
14:45
A Micro-Pillar Array to Trap Magnetic Beads in Microfluidic Systems
Chinthaka Gooneratne (King Abdullah University of Science and
Technology, Saudi Arabia); Jürgen Kosel (King Abdullah University of
Science and Technology, Saudi Arabia)
A micro-pillar array (MPA) is proposed in this paper to trap and
separate magnetic beads (MBs) in microfluidic systems. MBs are
used in many biomedical applications due to being compatible in
dimension to biomolecules, the large surface area available to attach
44
biomolecules, and the fact that they can be controlled by a magnetic
field. Trapping and separating these labeled biomolecules is an
important step toward achieving reliable and accurate quantification
for disease diagnostics. Nickel Iron (Ni50Fe50) micro-pillars were
fabricated on a Silicon (Si) substrate by standard microfabrication
techniques. Experimental results showed that MBs could be trapped
on the MPA at the single bead level and separated from other nontarget particles. This principle can easily be extended to trap and
separate target biomolecules in heterogeneous biological samples.
15:00
An embedded magnetic field sensing device utilizing giant magnetoimpedance (GMI) effect
Tarun Das (CSIR- National Metallurgical Laboratory, India); Pallab
Banerji (Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India); Sushil
Mandal (National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur, India)
This paper aims at developing an embedded giant
magnetoimpedance (GMI) sensing device using balanced
modulator/demodulator topologies. Its prototype compact model which
is suitable for in-situ applications is fabricated by integrating the probe
assembly and the processing circuits. The device measures the phase
shift which in turn calibrates the magnitude of the magnetic field.
Balanced modulator/demodulator topologies are incorporated for
phase shift measurement which not only enhances the sensitivity of
the sensing device due to the improvement of the signal to noise ratio
but also improves the repeatability and reproducibility of the sensing
device. The characterization results and the performance evaluations
are included to demonstrate the improved performance of the sensing
device.
15:15
Development of a GMI Sensor for Evaluating Microstructural
Degradation in Ferromagnetic Materials
Rajat Roy (NDE and Magnetic Materials Group, CSIR-National
Metallurgical Laboratory, India)
A GMI based electromagnetic sensing device has been designed and
developed by using a nanostructured CoFeSiB microwire in the
transducer of sensor probe. The sensor consists of three segments, (i)
signal generation and amplifier unit, (ii) transducer with the bridge
circuit and (iii) the detection circuit. The sensor output voltage is
directly correlated to hardness variation in annealed 9Cr-1Mo steel
tubes and martensite volume fraction in the deformed 304 SS
45
austenitic stainless steel. The amplitude of GMI voltage in defective
welded pipe is higher than that of defect free welding. Therefore, the
developed GMI sensor can be applicable for structural health
monitoring of service exposed engineering components.
S3B: Gas Sensors - I
Chair: Gotan H Jain (K. T. H. M. College, Nashik, India)
14:00
Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) Vapour Sensor using 70 MHz SAW
Oscillator
Tarikul Islam (Jamia Millia Islamia University, India); Upendra Mittal
(Solid State Physics Laboratory, India); At Nimal (Solid State Physics
Laboratory, India); Mu Sharma (Solid State Physics Laboratory, India)
Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) based device is very much suitable for
detecting very small quantity of vapours of explosive chemicals. There
are three possible kinds of SAW devices that can be used for sensor
fabrication such as delay lines, resonator and filter. Choice among
them depends on individual preferences and sometimes it is the
matter of chance. In this paper, a high frequency 70 MHz SAW device
has been developed for the detection of chemical warfare (CW)
agents. SAW device is fabricated on ST-quartz substrate as it has
zero temperature coefficient at room temperature. SAW device is
having dual oscillator circuit configuration for compensating the effects
of temperature, humidity and pressure. Device is coated with suitable
polymer and the applicability of the sensor for Dimethyl
methylphosphonate (DMMP) detection has been demonstrated.
14:15
Structural and gas sensing behavior of (Sn0.3Ti0.7)O2 based gas
sensor
Popat Hire (University of Pune, India); Vishwas Gaikwad, Jr (Pune
University & College, India); Gotan H Jain (K. T. H. M. College,
Nashik, India)
In this work we report the synthesis, microstructure, electric properties
and sensing performance of (Sn0.3Ti0.7)O2 powder, were prepared
by wet chemical method. Thick films were prepared by screen-printing
technology. The films were modified by Cu by dipping technique. The
characterization of the films was done by XRD, SEM and TGA. Single
peaks of the XRD pattern reveals that the formation of compound of
(Sn0.3Ti0.7)O2. Crystallite size, electric properties and gas sensitivity
of the films were measured and presented. Average crystallite size
(40.7 nm) of pure film and of modified film was 31.2 nm. Pure film
46
selects CO2 at 400oC and surface modified shifts the response and
selects H2S at 350oC.
14:30
Silk Cocoon and Rubber based gas Sensors
Partha Ghosh (B. K. Girls' College, India)
Biological materials are going to be important in the realm of sensor
research. The natural membranous materials e.g. garlic peel, onion
peel, natural rubber surface, inner surface layer of cocoon etc. are
very much sensitive towards different weather parameters, different
environment threatening gases e.g. ammonia, sulphur dioxide etc.
Exploiting this sensitivity such materials can be best used as sensors
with their qualities like eco friendliness, no toxicity etc. In this present
paper gas sensing characteristics of cocoon membrane as well as
natural rubber surface had been investigated exploring their surface
conductivity.
14:45
H2S sensing properties of RGTO grown SnO2 films
Manmeet Kaur (BARC, India); Kailasa Ganapathi (BARC, India);
Niranjan Ramgir (BARC, India); Niyanta Datta (NARC, India); Shovit
Bhattacharya (BARC, India); Anil Debnath (BARC, India); Dinesh
Aswal (BARC, India); Shiv Gupta (BARC, India)
Gas sensing characteristics of tin oxide thin films prepared using
rheotaxial growth and thermal oxidation (RGTO) have been
investigated as a function of temperature and concentration. These
films are found to show maximum response towards H2S at a
temperature of 250°C. Sensor response is observed to follow a power
law S = A[C]0.7 in concentration range of 1 - 100 ppm. The response
of these films was also tested for other toxic gases and these films
were found to show selectivity towards H2S.
15:00
Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy based oxygen sensor
Rishi Verma (Defence Research & Development Organisation &
DEBEL, India); Neethu S (Defence Research & Development
Organisation, India); Jk Radhakrishnan (Defence Bioengineering and
Electromedical Laboratory & DRDO, India); Sudhir Shridhar Kamble
(Defence Research & Development Organisation, India)
Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (TDLAS) based gas
sensing technology is a futuristic technology that has wide application
in aerospace industry. In this paper we present the preliminary
measurements on a TDLAS based Oxygen sensor. TDLAS bench
model setup has been established to measure the 1st and 2nd
47
harmonics of absorption signal. 1f-normalized WMS-2 technique is
used for calculation of percentage oxygen concentration. Modulation
index is critical parameter that has been optimized. The measured
oxygen concentration coincides with the actual oxygen concentration.
15:15
Synthesis of Nanostructured NiO by Hydrothermal Route and Its Gas
Sensing Properties
Daga Ahire (KTHM College, Nashik, India); Ganesh E. Patil (K. T. H.
M. College, Nashik, India); Vishwas Gaikwad (K.T.H.M. College,
Nashik, India); Gotan H Jain (K. T. H. M. College, Nashik, India)
A hydrothermal process was used for the synthesis of nanostructured
NiO with and without capping reagent (surfactant). Nickel Chloride
(NiCl2) a precursor of Nickel and Thioglycerol, a capping reagent, was
used for this preparation. The structure, morphology and crystalline
phase of the nickel oxide nanocrystal have been investigated by
scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron
microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). TEM images showed
that the nickel oxide nanoparticles have hexagonal structure with
uniform size distribution around 20-38 nm for NiO with capping agent
and 23-100 nm for NiO without capping agent. Phase pure, cubic
nickel oxide formation was identified from the XRD data. The thick
films of NiO were prepared by screen-printing technique to study their
gas sensing properties. The gas sensing performance of NiO thick
films (with and without surfactant) were tested to H2S, LPG, H2, NH3,
Ethanol, CO, CO2, and O2, to operating temperature ranging from
100 oC to 450 oC, they showed maximum response to H2S for 10
ppm gas concentration at 150 oC. The response and recovery values
upon the exposures to 10 ppm H2S gas and air were 4 s and 58 s for
NiO (with surfactant) thick film sensor, while those were 10 s and 64 s
for NiO (without surfactant) thick film sensor respectively. The NiO
thick films have potential applications in H2S gas sensor applications.
The results are discussed and presented in this paper.
48
S3C: Special Session On Cognitive Sensor Networks For Ubiquitous
Healthcare Services
Chair: Octavian Adrian Postolache (Institute of Telecomunication - IT/IST &
Escola Superior de Tecnologia de Setubal, Portugal)
14:00
Home Automation based Sensor System for Monitoring Elderly People
Safety
Subhas Mukhopadhyay (Massey University, New Zealand); Juan
Antonio Nazabal (Universidad Pública de Navarra, Spain); Ignacio R.
Matias (Public University of Navarra, Spain); Carlos Fernández
(Universidad Publica de Navarra, Spain); Francisco Falcone
(Universidad Publica de Navarra, Spain); Pablo Branchi (Public
University of Navarre, Spain)
The purpose of this work is to develop a low cost home automation
based sensor system for remote monitoring the behavior of elder
people at their own homes. With a combination of strategically placed
sensor data and a series of editable rules an abnormal behavior can
be detected and the corresponding action taken
14:15
Real-time monitoring of respiratory diseases of distantly located
elderly impaired patients
Surajit Bagchi (WBUT, India); Madhurima Chattopadhyay (West
Bengal University of Technology & Heritage Institute of Technology,
India)
This paper presents a cost effective on-line ventilation monitoring
system for impaired elderly persons using optical wireless sensory
system. In this work, we have tried to develop this system especially
for aged physically disabled people by introducing a cordless optics
based sensing system as a secondary transducer which carries many
distinctive features like i) no electrical signal is directly connected with
the subject's body, thus providing a shock hazard free module, ii) any
hardware interfacing circuit (for computer compatible signal) not
required which again minimizes complex circuitry and finally
generates iii) a noise free computer friendly output. The processor
analyses the signal and communicates information to the distantly
located physicians through blue tooth technology. Here we have
developed an algorithm which monitors important spirometric values
such as Forced Expiratory Volume of air in first one second (FEV1),
Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) and Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF)
continuously, so that any deviation from the safe limits will allow the
system to send a warning sign to the physician's mobile and at the
49
same time it will send numerical and graphical respiratory information
of the subject to the web-server. Our study is limited to two common
respiratory diseases like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD) and chronic restrictive pulmonary disease (CRPD). We have
studied the respiratory activities of 50 male impaired elderly persons.
The sent information through the wireless technology using
telemetering platform was in very close agreement with the actual
clinical conditions.
14:30
Optimized Multi Sensor Wireless System for Elderly Health Monitoring
Nirmalya Samanta (Bengal Engineering and Science University
(BESU), India); Chirosree RoyChaudhuri (B.E. College, India); Amit
Kumar Chanda (Amateur World, India)
In the research of old age health monitoring cognitive wireless
sensors are implemented to monitor the daily activities of elderly
people. In fact a large number of sensors like motion sensor, force
sensor, flow sensor and current sensors are widely used. But we have
observed that some redundancies exist in the usage of motion, force
and flow sensors and that could be controlled by reducing the number
of sensor nodes to minimize the electrical load and cost. In this paper
we are optimizing the selection of the sensor nodes based on
performance parameters like ease of installation, power consumption,
cost and probability of false signals through a type-1 fuzzy decision
making system. It has been observed that the performance of motion
sensor is better than that of the flow and force sensors. Thus a multisensor wireless system using motion and current sensor nodes have
been fabricated and installed in the house of an elderly woman. It has
been observed that the optimized system has been able to record
correctly the daily activities.
14:45
Applying SARIMA Time Series to Forecast Sleeping Activity for
Wellness Model of Elderly Monitoring in Smart Home
Nagender Suryadevara (Massey University, New Zealand); Subhas
Mukhopadhyay (Massey University, New Zealand); Ramesh Kumar
Rayudu (Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand)
In this paper, we have reported a mechanism to forecast the sensing
durations of various object usages in a smart home environment.
Prognosis will assist in determining the quantitative well-being of an
elderly and notify the daily activity behavior as regular or irregular.
Prediction process involved in wellness model is the seasonal auto
regression integration moving average routines based on the recorded
50
sensing active status of everyday objects used by an elderly living
alone.
15:00
Development of Low-Cost Nano-Biosensors to Enhance the Rural
Healthcare Services
Daluwathu Preethichandra (Central Queensland University, Australia);
Mala Ekanayake (Central Queensland University, Australia); Keiichi
Kaneto (Kyushu Institute of Tecghnology, Japan)
This paper presents a method of developing a highly sensitive and
low-cost nano-biosensor for blood glucose measurements. The
fabrication method proposed decreases the cost of production
significantly as the amount of noble metals used is minimized. A nanocorrugated polypyrrole substrate was developed through pulsed
electrochemical deposition. The sensitivity achieved was
325mA/M/cm2 and the linear range of the developed sensor was
60mM.
15:15
Smart Sensor Architecture for Vital Signs and Motor Activity
Monitoring of Wheelchair' Users
Octavian Adrian Postolache (Institute of Telecomunication - IT/IST &
Escola Superior de Tecnologia de Setubal, Portugal); João Freire
(Instituto Superior Técnico & Instituto de Telecomunicações,
Portugal); Pedro M. B. Silva Girão (Instituto Superior Técnico,
Portugal); Jose Costa Pereira (ESTSetúbal, Portugal)
The development of a smart sensor architecture for health status
monitoring and daily motor activity of wheelchair users is considered.
Modularity of solution and compatibility of the architecture with
IEEE1451 standard for smart sensors were part of the requirements.
Thus the work presents a microcontroller-based platform compatible
with IEEE 1451.4 standard for vital signs and motor activity
assessment of wheelchair users. The identification of the wheelchair
user is done using the LF RFID technology through a RFID reader
connected to the platform. The signals from unobtrusive sensors
embedded in the wheelchair characterized by plug-and-play and autoidentification capabilities are acquired and primary processed at the
platform level and transmitted using IEEE802.15.4 wireless
communication protocol to a server application implemented in a host
PC. Referring to the embedded sensors considered in the present
approach, photoplethysmography, skin conductivity, and
ballistocardiography are used for cardiorespiratory assessment while
a 3D accelerometer is used for motor activity assessment. Elements
51
of human-machine-interface (HMI) implementation and several
experimental results are included in the paper.
15:30 to 16:00 Tea break
16:00 - 17:30
S4A: Sensors For Novel Applications - I
Chair: Chinthaka Gooneratne (King Abdullah University of Science and
Technology, Saudi Arabia)
16:00 Invited talk: Transduction Techniques & Sensors for Agro &
Ecological Parameters by Dr. Pawan Kapur, Director of Central Scientific
Instrument Organisation (CSIO) Chandigarh, a constituent Laboratory of the
CSIR, New Delhi
16:30
Application of Sensors in Augmented Reality based Interactive
Learning Environments
Chitrapu Ramdas (CDAC, Knowledge park, Bangalore, India)
Context awareness, user friendliness, and interactivity are very
important and powerful concepts in building useful teaching/learning
environments for the benefit of mankind. Advancements in technology
are enabling us to look at new use cases in the methods of teaching,
information sharing, knowledge dissemination, and self-learning.
Learning environments are not only for teaching things to people, but
also for providing more information to them on any subject that they
may require from time to time. User friendliness can be enhanced with
clever use of sensors to give hands free interactivity with the
devices/gadgets. Context aware applications require sensors to get
the context information. Mobile devices like smart phones and tablets
today come with a hand full of sensors mounted on them which
include one or two cameras, a microphone, a touch screen, an
accelerometer to sense motion, and in addition have GPS and digital
compass to provide location information to applications requiring
these sensory inputs. The computational power packed in the
processors used in these devices/gadgets including special support
for graphics processing, the near general purpose computer like
operating system environments, and the quality of cameras available,
are all enabling application developers to map some serious computer
vision based applications on today's mobile devices. This reality has
encouraged us to get into development of Augmented Reality (AR)
based interactive learning environments on mobile devices, leading to
52
our development of a software framework for AR applications
development and also development of an AR book and an AR board.
AR has been called the eighth mass medium, after print, recordings,
cinema, radio, television, Internet and mobile phones. There is ample
scope for enhancing the learning/teaching experiences of the users
with AR based learning environments. AR makes learning more
effective and an enjoyable experience by providing more realistic
information with the use of 3D graphics and animated models.
16:45
A Novel Comprehensive Sensor Model for Cyber Physical System
Dhiman Chattopadhyay (Tata Consultancy Services, India); Ranjan
Dasgupta (Tata Consultancy Services Ltd, India)
Any comprehensive Sensor Data Modeling architecture faces the
challenges of heterogeneity and proprietary sensor data semantics,
which translates into the need for creating optimal semantic
transcoders at the sensor gateway level. In this paper a new seven
layer sensor modeling approach is presented. The proposed
architecture enables us to describe a sensor right from its physical
properties to end functionality; where it defines the sensor services to
talk with end applications. This approach enables either the low-level
software, middleware or Service Oriented Device Architecture (SODA)
services to efficiently use the sensor specifications for their individual
purposes. In a complex sensory system, the reliability against
transient errors in sensor data of a complex sensory system can be is
provided using a model-based error correction technique comprising
of soft sensor data models along with their environmental description.
By tightly integrating the operating environment into a sensor
description, a generic sensor (like accelerometer) gets redefined as
application specific sensor.
17:00
A Smart Sensing System to Analyze Piping Vibrations in Industrial
Installations
Jose Costa Pereira (ESTSetúbal, Portugal); Octavian Adrian
Postolache (Institute of Telecomunication - IT/IST & Escola Superior
de Tecnologia de Setubal, Portugal); Pedro Girão (Institute of
Telecommunications (IT), Portugal)
An important issue that deserves a special attention in almost all
industrial installations is related with piping vibrations. This paper
presents a measurement system that includes several measuring
nodes to acquire vibration data from a set of locations of an industrial
piping system. Each measuring node includes basically a tri-axial
accelerometer, a vibration sensor, a temperature sensor, a
microcontroller device and a ZigBee wireless communication unit.
53
Concerning the software component of the measurement system a
particular attention was dedicated to measurement accuracy and
errors' compensation caused by influence variables. Artificial neural
networks, namely Kohonen maps, are proposed to classify vibration
patterns associated with the data collected from the distributed
measurement network. A flow meter test bench was used to perform
static and dynamic tests and to evaluate measurement system
performance.
S4B: Special Session On Biologically Inspired Vision Sensors For
Machine Vision Applications,
Chair: Mukul Sarkar, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
16:00
Control of a Boom Crane Using Installed Stereo Vision
Yasuo Yoshida (Chubu University, Japan); Takahiro Inukai (Chubu
University, Japan)
Boom cranes are used in many fields, in which a suspended load
must be transported and positioned at the desired location without any
swing. Therefore we studied positioning and swing suppression of a
boom crane using visual feedback control. The boom crane has broad
working space, so we use a stereo vision installed on the boom's
rotary axis that has gazing motion to track the suspended load. The
three dimensional position and the swing angle of the load are
measured using this tracking stereo vision. The experimental control
results are presented concerning with the tracking of the stereo vision,
the positioning of the boom and the swing suppression of the
suspended load.
16:15
An Automated Machine Vision Based System for Fruit Grading and
Sorting
Chandra Nandi (The University of Burdwan, India); Bipan Tudu
(Jadavpur University, India); Chiranjib Koley (National Institute of
Technology, India)
The paper presents a computer vision based system for automatic
grading and sorting of agricultural products like Mango (Mangifera
indica L.) based on maturity level. The application of machine vision
based system, aimed to replace manual based technique for grading
and sorting of fruit. The manual inspection poses problems in
maintaining consistency in grading and uniformity in sorting. To speed
up the process as well as maintain the consistency, uniformity and
accuracy, a prototype computer vision based automatic mango
grading and sorting system was developed. The automated system
54
collect video image from the CCD camera placed on the top of a
conveyer belt carrying mangoes, then it process the images in order
to collects several relevant features which are sensitive to the maturity
level of the mango. Finally the parameters of the individual classes
are estimated using Gaussian Mixture Model for automatic grading
and sorting.
16:30
Performance Evaluation of a Vision Sensor in 3D Virtual Environment
for Rendezvous and Docking Application
J Gladwin (Vikram Sarabhai Space Center & ISRO, India)
In the international scenario of nations developing space stations,
docking is one of the most important processes associated with
astronavigational activities. The lateral displacement and velocities
relative to the target will decrease proportionally with the decrease of
distance on the approach line to the target. There is a continuous
increase of navigational accuracy requirements over the approach
sequence. Most sensors have a limited range and accuracy of
operation, which determines the extension of the particular approach
phase in which it will be used. Vision sensors can provide millimeter
accuracies in less than 10m range. This made Vision Sensors/
Computer Vision/ Machine vision a key element in proximity phase of
RVD missions, especially in automated rendezvous and docking. This
paper proposes a vision sensor for the above application and
validates the concept and accuracy requirements using a 3d virtual
environment
16:45
Bio-inspired Object Classification using Polarization Imaging
Aroma Mahendru (Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi,
India); Mukul Sarkar (Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India)
Polarization is an inherent property of light. The phenomenon of
polarization by reflection of light from a transparent object differs from
an opaque object. The specular reflection from the transparent object
is highly polarized compared to the diffuse reflection from the opaque
object. The differences in the polarization pattern can be recorded and
can be used in machine vision applications like object classification
and autonomous agent navigation. In this paper we present different
methodologies like degree of polarization, polarization Fresnel ratio,
Stokes degree of polarization to classify among transparent and
opaque objects. Based on the polarization profile, the shapes of the
transparent objects are also estimated.
17:00
Vision Sensing System For Early Detection Of Pebrine Spore In Silk
Moth
55
Amitava Akuli (India & C-DAC, Kolkata, India); Abhra Pal (Engineer,
India); Tamal Dey (Engineer, India); Shamshad Alam (Pradan, India);
Pradeep Chopra (DEIT, India); Nabarun Bhattacharyya (Centre for
Development of Advanced Computing, India)
An important aspect of silkworm seed production is to ensure Pebrine
disease free eggs. For that reason, the egg-laying moths are cut and
their tissues are examined under microscope for presence of pebrine
spores in those tissues. If the tissues are found free of infection, then
only the corresponding eggs are distributed amongst the villagers
pursuing sericulture. Currently the entire process is manual, time and
labour intensive. Many a time human error also creeps in leading to
outbreak of pebrine disease. This paper proposes automation of the
pebrine spore detection process by capturing photo-micrographic
images and classifying pebrine spores using digital image processing
technique thereby improving productivity and accuracy of this process.
First the green plane of the original RGB image has been extracted
and enhanced by contrast enhancement process to get better
processing result in further steps. Local threshold based windowing
and region-growing technique has been applied to segment the
foreground. The segmented foreground objects have been labeled
individually by a stack-based connected-component labeling
technique. Then advanced binary morphological technique based
feature detection procedure has been performed to remove the
unwanted noise and non-pebrine objects and to detect and extract the
feature parameters like area, perimeter, length, breadth, aspect-ratio
of filtered pebrine objects. Initially, more than 200 images have been
analyzed using developed solution & the results have been validated
with the human experts. Laboratory experiments found the accuracy
of detection in the tune of 75%.
17:15 Advances in Infrared Sensing
Atul Joshi
S4C: Sensors For Dielectric Measurement
Chair: Chirosree RoyChaudhuri (B.E. S.U., India)
16:00
Characterization of Dielectric Resonator as a Passive Mechanical
Sensing Element
56
Abhishek Ojha (University of Freiburg, Germany); Adnan Yousaf
(University of Freiburg, Germany); Leonhard Reindl (IMTEK - Institute
for Microsystem Technology, Germany)
In this work a dielectric resonator with resonating frequency of 1740
MHz and Q-factor of more than 2500 is characterized as mechanical
sensing element with the help of parallel-plate dielectric resonator
configuration for applications in drive engineering. The sensing
operation is based on the theory of resonant-perturbation at
microwave frequencies. By mechanical tuning, air gap is changed
inside the electromagnetic cavity formed by the parallel-plate dielectric
resonator. The observed change of resonant frequency with the
change of air gap from zero to about 13 mm, is in the range of 10 - 20
%. This sensing element can be used to passively measure force,
torque, stress and pressure.
16:15
An Electromagnetic Sensing Device for Microstructural Phase
Determination of Steels through Non-Destructive Evaluation
Rajat Roy (NDE and Magnetic Materials Group, CSIR-National
Metallurgical Laboratory, India)
An electromagnetic sensing device has been developed suitable for
measurement of magnetic hysteresis loop (MHL) and Magnetic
Barkhausen Emissions (MBE) parameters in a non-destructive way.
The system is capable of magnetizing the test sample within the
frequency range of 50mHz to 200Hz and has the option of band pass
filter with the range of 30kHz to 300kHz for measuring Barkhausen
emissions. The system has been demonstrated to evaluate the
microstructural character of steel used in super-heater of thermal
power plant and has the capability of structural health monitoring of
engineering components.
16:30
Timber Tomography using Time Domain Reflectometry
Ian G Platt (Lincoln Ventures Ltd, New Zealand)
Non - invasive Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) has previously
been developed for determining the moisture content of various
materials at a spatial resolution of the same order as the length of the
parallel transmission lines. In this paper we give preliminary results of
measuring the moisture content at a much higher resolution using a
tomographic approach.
16:45
Investigation of cross sensitivity of single and double electrode of
admittance type level measurement
Joyanta Roy (Narula Institute of Technology, India); Bansari Deb
(Narula Institute of Technology, India)
57
Level measurements of liquid material are one of the important
parameters in a process industry. Low cost admittance type liquid
level measuring system using single electrode with conducting vessel
and double electrode with insulating vessel already exist. In the
present work, attempts have been made to study the cross sensitivity
of temperature in the admittance type liquid level measurement. The
cross sensitivity in the admittance measurement due to temperature is
considered for admittance calculations. Error curves due to cross
sensitivity for both single electrode and double electrode are
simulated using MATLAB. The cross sensitivity due temperature has
been found significant and can be used for simultaneous
measurement of temperature and liquid level.
17:00
Dielectric Resonator Antenna as a RFID Tag for Human Identification
System in Wrist Watch
Gautam Makwana (Dhirubhai Amabani Institute of Information and
Communication Technology, Gandhinagar & Sankalchand Patel
College of Engineering, Visnagar, India)
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) has been considered as a time
and money-saving solution for a wide variety of applications, such as
manufacturing, supply chain management, and inventory control.
However, there is a growing need in the RFID community to research
and find out the tag with miniature, circular polarized radiation
patterns, dual band operation, high radiation efficiency and high
bandwidth operations. This paper presents compact radio frequency
identification (RFID) tag for human identification system in wrist watch.
Dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) with patch is used as an active
tag. The proposed antenna is operated on dual frequency bands.
Simple microstrip line is used as a feeding mechanism. It is operated
at 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz frequency band. It has circular polarization
radiation patterns. Simulation results are presented on various
parametric studies on the RFID tag.
17:15
Investigating Water Holding Capacity (WHC) of Meat Using
Microwave Spectroscopy
Jung Hean Goh (Liverpool John Moores University, United Kingdom);
Alex Mason (Liverpool John Moores University, United Kingdom);
Olga Korostynska (Liverpool John Moores University, United
Kingdom); Ahmed I Al-Shamma'a (Liverpool John Moores University,
United Kingdom)
This research presents a use of microwave spectroscopy to
investigate the water holding capacity (WHC) of meat. WHC is a vital
characteristic related to the quality and tenderness of meat products.
58
A microwave cavity sensor is currently being developed with the
capability to detect the WHC of meat, and this paper shows results
from an early prototype of such a device. This is modeled using an
absorbent sponge to retain water which is allowed to drip from the
sponge into a sample container. The microwave spectrum was
captured at regular intervals over five days for analysis. Finally, the
paper considers the future work required in order to bring the
microwave spectroscopy to the state required for industrial
application.
59
Thursday, December 20th
09:00 - 10:00
S5: Keynote #2 [2 Invited Speakers]
Chair: Nabarun Bhattacharyya (C-DAC, Kolkata, India)
9:00 Design of CW-photoacoustic-based protocols for the noninvasive
characterization of liquids: a potential alternative for blood glucose
level sensing? by Serge Camou, NTT Microsystem Integration
laboratories, Microsensor Research Group, NTT Corporation, Atsugi,
Japan
9:30 The Challenges of Developing a Geothermal Ultrasonic Borehole Imager
by Kamalesh Chatterjee, Roger Steinsiek, James V. Leggett III, Douglas
Patterson Baker Hughes, Houston USA
10:00 to 10:30 Tea break
10:30 - 12:00
S6A: Temperature And Humidity Sensors
Chair: Giorgio Sberveglieri (University of Brescia, Italy)
10:30
RFID Vapor Sensor: Beyond Identification
Shankar Nawale (Veermata JIjabai Technological Institute, Mumbai,
MH & Sinhgad Institute of Technology Lonavala, University of Pune,
Pune, MH, India); Nisha Sarwade (Veermata JIjabai Technological
Institute, Mumbai, MH, India)
Since RFID is wireless technology, it enables the identification from a
distance, depending upon the read range of the tag. There is a vast
requirement of RFID technology in security, military, health-care,
airline, library, sports, farming and other applications, not only for
identification but as a sensor to monitor different parameters related to
these fields. RFID based environmental sensor can be designed with
the integration of sensing material in a microstrip antenna. The
properties of the sensing material are responsible for converting a
passive tag as a sensor. Here, RFID based passive chemical vapor
sensor is presented doped with the conducting polymer. A sensitive
Polystyrene Sulfonate is used as sensing material to integrate in Hshaped slot of PIFA like tag. The designed tag working at 870 MHz is
characterized by turn-on and back-scattered power measurements.
60
The experimental results are also presented by considering known
and unknown percentage of water vapor and the moisture levels.
10:45
Baseline Configuration Of A MM-Wave Temperature Sounding Unit Of
ISRO
Arundhati Misra (Ray) (ISRO, India); Tapan Misra (Space Applications
Centre (ISRO), India); Prantik Chakraborty (SAC ISRO, India);
Priyanka Gupta (SAC ISRO, India)
This paper presents the proposed configuration of a temperature
sounding unit to be flown along with a Ku band pencil beam
Scatterometer in a Low-Earth-Orbit (LEO) polar sun-synchronous
orbit. This will be the first millimeter-wave atmospheric sounder of the
Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). This configuration has
been arrived at with the restrictions on mass and volume for the
payload for accommodation in IMS(Indian Mini Satellite). The
selection of the frequency channels are guided by temperature
resolution desired, and the channel-bandwidth which is critical for
getting desired temperature sensitivity. The aim is to sound upto 40km
in the atmosphere with about 4 km vertical resolution. The overall
receiver noise figure for the channels in the 5mm band (50-60GHz)
has been kept at 5dB as is compliant with the receiver simulation
figures. The overall configuration has been worked out taking into
consideration the geometric as well radiometric performances desired
by such a system. The design goals are assumed to be similar to that
available from the operational AMSU-A unit of NOAA.
11:00
Design and Calibration Approach for Shutter-less Thermal Imaging
Camera without Thermal Control
Yogesh Shinde (ISRO, India); Arup Banerjee (Space Applications
Centre, ISRO, India)
Bolometer based thermal imaging sensors find numerous applications
ranging from affordable homeland security to high-end space-borne
imaging system. Many of these applications require operation of the
Bolometer arrays (thermal radiation detector), within a narrow
temperature range, using power hungry temperature controllers.
However, controller based systems always suffer from the finite time
lag between "Power On" to "Ready for operation". Sensor operation
immediately at Power On, is a demand for time critical field
applications such as fire fighting, night time rescue operations, etc.
This paper describes an approach for temperature compensation and
calibration of shutter-less Bolometer based thermal imaging camera,
61
suitable for these time critical applications. The paper also briefly
brings out major building blocks of such a camera.
11:15
E-Band (74-86 GHz) Radiometer for Sensing Tokamak Plasma
Temperature
Varsha Siju (Institute for Plasma Research, India); Surya Pathak
(Institute for Plasma Research, India); Dharmendra Kumar (Institute
for Plasma Research, India)
An E-band heterodyne Radiometer system is designed, fabricated,
characterised and calibrated for sensing plasma temperature by
measuring Electron Cyclotron Emission (ECE) spectrum from Aditya
and SST-1 Tokamak plasma. The developed Radiometer has IF
frequency 1-12 GHz, sensitivity 0.2x109V/W with a noise figures of
23.8dB and a noise equivalent temperature of 6eV.
S6B: Special Session On Devices And Circuits For Semiconductor
Magnetic Field Sensors
Chair: Boby George (Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India)
10:30
Fabrication and Investigation of MOS Modified Schottky Barrier
Photodetector
Wagah Mohammed (Pheladelphia University, Jordan)
In this research work, many samples of metal -oxide -silicon were
laboratory prepared by thermal evaporation techniques. Some silicon
samples were left in the air for a predefined time for SiO2 to grow
naturally, while others were thermally coated with measured thickness
SiO. A number of the samples were coated with nickel while others
with aluminum and one sample was coated with indium. Various tests
and measurements were conducted; these include transmittance tests
with a range of wave length and for different thicknesses. The ideality
factors of the samples and the potential barrier height were calculated
from I-V and C-V characteristics. The photo generated current of the
samples were also measured at photoconductive mode under reverse
voltage. Quantum efficiency measurement indicated that native oxide
samples showed higher quantum efficiency than those thermally
deposited samples. Detectivity measurement showed that thermally
deposited oxide samples had low detectivity as compared to native
oxide samples
10:45
An Extended Floating Gate Gas Sensor using Polypyrrole as a
sensing polymer
62
Md Obaej Tareq (University of Manitoba, Canada); M Ramesh Kumar
(University of Manitoba, Canada); Michael Freund (University of
Manitoba, Canada); Douglas Andrew Buchanan (University of
Manitoba, Canada)
A novel charge sensitive sensor platform using a basic floating gate
MOS (FGMOS) transistor has been developed. In this new design, the
top metal layer of a standard CMOS process has been used as an
extended sensor pad which is connected to the floating gate. A charge
sensitive conducting polymer has been used to measure different gas
analytes. This FGMOS sensor significantly reduces the number of
post processing steps required and makes this design compatible with
VLSI integration. A 2D sensor array can be fabricated using this type
of design and since it is compatible with standard CMOS fabrication
processing, the required array circuitry can be included.
11:00
A Programmable NMOS Pixel for Wide Dynamic Range Imaging
Luiz Gouveia (University of Glasgow, United Kingdom); Bhaskar
Choubey (University of Glasgow, United Kingdom)
A novel CMOS active pixel topology enabling the image sensor to
capture wide dynamic range images of intensities is described. The
pixel contains an additional transistor when compared with standard
three transistor active pixel sensors. This transistor is used to
dynamically change the effective integration period of the pixel by
applying a predefined signal. The paper describes the pixel operation
and presents results from a CMOS implementation to show a dynamic
range of 120 dB.
11:15
Characterization of High resolution multilinear Charge Coupled Device
for space application
Neeraj Dubey (ISRO, India); Arup Banerjee (Space Applications
Centre, ISRO, India)
This paper describes a charge coupled Detector for high resolution
and multispectral imaging requirment. Multispectral mission sample
the incoming light in 3-6 Continuous bands. For Carrying out the
electro-optical characterization of this CCD, A test setup is prepared.
The test setup development is a challenging tasks considering the
resource required along with the programmability feature. Further to
the development of the test setup various electro-optical parameters
like Dark Current, Dark Signal Non-uniformity, Photo response Nonuniformity, Quantum efficiency, Conversion gain, Charge transfer
Efficiency are analyzed.
63
11:30
Exploring Vulnerability of POSFETs
Arun Sinha (University of Genoa, Italy)
In this paper we present series of experimental results showing the
vulnerability of tactile sensors called by name Piezoelectric Oxide
Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (POSFETs) toward light and
bare touch. In fact these sensors have customized transistors on
exposed silicon substrate/well. The result shows that by using a naked
sensor chip for sensing, as was done in past works can give errors in
results. We have proposed a cover layer i.e., a non-transparent sheet
of silicone rubber, to shield the sensor chip from noises due to light
and bare touch.
11:45
Design of a CMOS Transimpedance Amplifier for Solid-state
Nanopore based DNA Nucleotide Sensing
Rezaul Hasan (Massey university, New Zealand); Priya Pundir
(GCET, New Zealand); Richa Budhiraja (GCET, India)
A three stage transimpedance amplifier design for nanopore based
DNA nucleotide sequencing, using the 90nm IBM CMOS process is
reported. It uses a cascade of a differential folded cascode and a
common source stage to deliver high gain. The design demonstrates
a DC gain (low frequency gain) of 60 dB along with an unity gain
frequency of 200MHz. The circuit's performance has been simulated
using a 1.2 V power supply. The paper provides details of the DC, AC,
transient and noise analysis of this transimpedance amplifier design.
S6C: Optical And Fibre Optic Sensors
Chair: Satoshi Ikezawa (Waseda University, Japan)
10:30
Spontaneous Brillouin Scattering Based Distributed Fiber Optic
Temperature Sensor Design and Simulation using Phase Modulation
and Optimization Technique
Prasant Kumar Sahu (IIT Bhubaneswar, India); Himansu Pradhan (IIT
Bhubaneswar, India)
This paper presents a long-range Brillouin scattering based distributed
fiber optic temperature sensor design and investigation using phase
modulation technique. The present work involves the analysis of the
Brillouin Intensity for real-time temperature measurements. This can
be applied in many applications; however we have studied the system
for monitoring of hydrocarbon supply lines. In the simulation
environment we have investigated a, 150 km length of fiber
interrogated by a laser with Centre frequency of 193.1 THz and data
64
rate of 1Gbps. We demonstrate here that this behavior can be fully
and precisely modeled, and an excellent quantitative agreement is
found with the theoretical predicted values.
10:45
A Novel On-line System for Measurements of Flame Steadiness and
Spectroscopic Analysis by Integration of Multi-Branch Fibre Optics to
Photonic Sensors
Shaun J Rodrigues, Mr. (University of Kent, United Kingdom)
This paper describes the design and implementation of a novel
instrumentation system using e-specially fabricated multi-branch fibers
coupled to photonic sensors for on-line furnace flame steadiness
measurement and spectroscopic analysis. Experimental tests were
performed on a lab-scaled multi-burner, multi-fuel combustion rig firing
under various air to fuel ratios. Different algorithms using the Goertzel
algorithm as well as other weighted statistical relations were used.
The results indicate that this new system design exhibits superior
performance compared to other systems due to avoidance of beam
splitters, luminous spot calibrations and other optical related losses.
The flame steadiness was measured at a relative accuracy of ±1.1%
and radical species were identified for gaseous as well as solid fuel
firing.
11:00
LT-PAM: A New Ranging Method Using Dual Frequency Optical
Signals
Masanori Sugimoto (University of Tokyo, Japan)
This paper describes a new ranging technique using optical signals.
The proposed technique is called LT-PAM (Long-Term Phase
Accordance Method), and it has been extended from our own ranging
technique called Phase Accordance Method (PAM). LT-PAM
transmits multiple sync patterns composed of two sinusoidal waves
with different frequencies. Unlike chirp modulation techniques, LTPAM transmits the two waves simultaneously and thus enables the
shortening of measurement time. We have conducted experiments
using two types of light sources, collimated and diffused light. The
experimental results indicated that the proposed method showed a
moderate level of accuracy by adjusting the measurement time. For
example, LT-PAM using a light emitting diode transmitting multiple
sync patterns lasting 4 ms achieved 19.5 mm standard deviation in a
measurement ranging 1500 mm. We also describe the theoretical
analyses related to the proposed technique and discuss possible
improvements by comparing theoretical] and experimental results.
65
11:15
Optical Sensitization for Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy
using Argon Nanobubbles
Satoshi Ikezawa (Waseda University, Japan)
This paper demonstrates the validity and usefulness of laser-induced
breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) measurements enhanced by argon
nanobubbles. The use of argon nanobubbles in the LIBS system
revealed a higher sensitivity than that of conventional methods for
LIBS solution measurements. To make the nanobubbles, argon gas
was pumped into water, forming bubbles less than 100 nm in
diameter. The solution of dissolved argon bubbles was used for the
following measurements: (1) the hydrogen atomic spectrum (λ = 656
nm) from the water molecules (H2O) in the solution and (2) the
nitrogen atomic spectrum (λ = 399.5 nm) from the air bubbles in the
solution. These experimental results demonstrated that the argon
nanobubbles have the ability of instantaneous plasma retention during
the excitation/relaxation period, which is essential for highly sensitive
spectral measurements.
11:30
Refractometric Fiber Optic Sensor for in-situ Monitoring the State-ofCharge (SOC) of Lead Acid Battery
Supriya Patil (University of Pune & Abasaheb Garware College, pune,
India); Vijay Labade (Fergusson College, Pune, India); Nitin Kulkarni
(Fergusson College, India); Arvind Dattatreye Shaligram (Pune
University, Pune, India)
In-situ monitoring of the state of charge (SOC) of lead acid battery is
important to understand the residual electrical energy. Usage of
battery reduces the charge content of the active electrolyte which in
turn changes its refractive index. This paper reports refract metric fiber
optic sensor developed for on-line monitoring of SOC. The sensor is
designed in such a way that it can be easily fitted in any cell of lead
acid battery. The SOC of battery is estimated from sensor output. The
battery performance parameters of the battery such as terminal
voltage, discharge current, ampere-hour (AH), battery temperature,
SOC and Depth of discharge (DOD) using fiber optic sensor output of
battery are monitored for given electric load. The data is recorded
continuously by data acquisition card USB 6009 using Lab VIEW
Platform. Concurrently specific gravity of active electrolyte is
measured using suck type of acidic hydrometer. The set of
experiments are carried out for different discharge current by varying
electrical load and SOC of the battery is monitored. After comparing
the results for SOC of the battery with the conventional methods such
66
as coulomb counting, terminal voltage and acidic hydrometer, it is
concluded that developed sensor output is direct measure of SOC of
battery.
S7: Combined Lunch And Poster Session – I
Chairs: Olga Korostynska (Liverpool John Moores University, United
Kingdom), Ian G Platt (Lincoln Ventures Ltd, New Zealand)
Review of Image Processing Techniques for Automatic Detection of
Eye Diseases
ManjulaSri Rayudu (VNR Vignana Jtothi Institute of Engineering and
Technology, India); Vaibhav Jain (BITS-PILANI, Hyderabad, India);
MM. Rao Kunda (BITS-PILANI, Hyderabad, India)
The review paper describes the application of image processing
techniques for automatic detection of eye diseases. Large percentage
of people suffer from eye diseases in rural and semi urban areas in
India as well as world over. Image processing techniques greatly help
diagnosing various eye diseases, due to the photon sensing nature of
the eye over a wide band of wavelengths. The key image processing
elements to detect eye diseases include image registration, fusion,
segmentation, feature extraction, enhancement, pattern matching,
image classification, analysis and statistical measurements. In
developing and under developing countries large number of people
are suffering from ophthalmic diseases like Glaucoma, Age related
Macular Degeneration (AMD),Diabetic Retinopathy and Diabetic
hypertension. A large deficit for ophthalmologists exists in these
regions. Year after year the number of medical assistants are
decreasing, while demand for healthcare is increasing and expected
to touch40% by 2020. Low cost instrumentation with internet and
mobile enabled network connectivity with above techniques can help
patients in rural and semi urban areas to access well equipped and
sophisticated hospitals in cities[1].
Monitoring of mango (Mangifera indica L.) (Cv.: Chousa) ripening
using X-ray computed tomography
Nachiket Kotwaliwale (Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering &
Indian Council of Agricultural Research, India); Karan Singh (Central
Institute of Agricultural Engineering & Indian Council of Agricultural
Research, India); Abhimannyu Kalne (Central Institute of Agricultural
Engineering, Nabibagh, Berasia Road, Bhopal, India)
67
Mango (Mangifera Indica L.) is an important tropical fruit and its
quality is driven by stage of maturity at harvest. Application of X-ray
computed tomography (120 kVp and 30 mA) in determination of
ripening stage of mango fruit was studied. Computed tomography
image analysis was introduced to sense the fruit ripeness of Chousa
mango nondestructively. Fruits were evaluated for titrable acidity, total
soluble solids, total carotenoids and pH during natural ripening by
storing mangoes at room conditions (34-38°C and 42-48% RH) for 810 days. X-ray absorption of the mango fruit expressed in terms of CT
number was used as an indicator to judge the titrable acidity, total
soluble solids, total carotenoids and pH during natural ripening. CT
number and acidity decreased while pH, TSS and total carotenoids
increased during post harvest ripening. Linear relationships between
physicochemical properties of mango and CT number at different
storage interval could be used as a ripening indicator.
Operation of BLAC Motor Using PM Enhanced Sensing of Internal
EMF Variation
Rakesh Kumar Srivastava (Indian Institute of Technology Banaras
Hindu University, India); Santosh Kumar Singh (Indian Institute of
Technology Banaras Hindu University, India); Ankita Dwivedi (Indian
Institute of Technology Banaras Hindu University, India); Srikanth
Gollapudi (Mangalaytan University, Aligarh, India)
The BLAC motor operation is based on application of alternating
higher voltage than the rotational EMF induced in its winding. Both
must have identical zero crossing. The rotational induced EMF is
sensed using PM enhanced sensing, which is amplified using power
operational amplifier for exciting the BLAC motor.
Optimization of Sensor Array in Electronic Nose by Combinational
Feature Selection Method
Pradip Saha (Jadavpur University, India); Santanu Ghorai (Heritage
Institute of Technology, Kolkata, India); Bipan Tudu (Jadavpur
University, India); Rajib Bandyopadhyay (Jadavpur University, India);
Nabarun Bhattacharyya (Centre for Development of Advanced
Computing, India)
Electronic nose (e-nose) is a machine olfaction system and the sensor
array is an essential part of the electronic olfaction process. A pattern
recognition unit is necessary in electronic nose system to efficiently
decide about the output of the test using the responses of all the
sensors in the array. The output of a pattern recognition algorithm
68
depends on the quality of the feature set used for training and testing.
Relevant and independent feature set improves the performance of a
pattern classification algorithm. In some applications of electronic
nose, the responses of few sensors are highly corrupted with noise
and are either irrelevant or are redundant to the process. These
sensors should be identified and eliminated from the sensor system
for better accuracy. This paper addresses the selection of sensors in
an e-nose system by different feature selection methods and then
integrates them to achieve improved classification performance. We
have used three types of feature selection methods namely, tstatistics, Fisher's criterion and minimum redundancy maximum
relevance (MRMR) technique to select the most informative features.
We have tested the proposed method on data obtained from the major
aroma producing chemicals of black tea. Multi-class support vector
machine (SVM) has been used as a pattern classifier in an electronic
nose with black tea samples. The experimental results show that the
performance of the e-nose system increased by 6-10% with the use of
the proposed combinational feature selection technique.
Single Hop Sensor Deployment Algorithm
Arup Chattopadhyay (Academy of Technology, West Bengal
University of Technology, India); Chandan Kr. Bhattacharyya (West
Bengal University of Technology, India); Swapan Bhattacharya
(Jadavpur University, India)
Most important issues of sensor deployment within a given terrain are
- complete sensing coverage within the terrain, low cost deployment
algorithm, no deployment within obstacles and minimizing the number
of sensors to be deployed. A good routing algorithm required for fast
commutation and less traffic between the sensor-nodes for efficient
tracking of objects within the terrain and finally low cost sensor with
lowest possible memory requirement and better energy management.
The proposed Single Hop Sensor Deployment Algorithm or SHSD
Algorithm in short, considers an irregular terrain with obstacles, for
deployment. In the proposed algorithm two types of sensor nodes are
considered, client sensor-nodes which are homogeneous type with
same sensing and communication coverage and server -nodes which
are heterogeneous in type with greater communication coverage than
sensing coverage. Each server with four clients forms a WSN, where
any sensing of object by any of the four client nodes will be
communicated to the server-node. Each server-node can
communicate directly with its neighboring server-nodes. A moving
69
object tracked by a WSN can be reported to its neighbor WSNs
without involving the client nodes, which definitely decrease traffic and
increase the speed of communication. The gain in deployment
algorithm is, instead finding the location of individual nodes for
deployment; locations need to be searched for WSNs (for 5-sensors
together).
Coverage and Connectivity in Wireless Sensor Networks:Their tradeoffs
Sonali Sen Baidya (Techno India, India); Chandan Kumar
Bhattacharyya (Techno India, India)
In Wireless Sensor Networks deploying a sensor node ensuring full
coverage with connectivity is a real challenge. It is extremely difficult
to find an optimal node deployment strategy that can minimize cost,
and communicate on overhead and provide a high degree of coverage
with network connectivity. In this paper we have made a comparative
study to reach an optimum deployment solution using a layered
deployment model. We have also presented the trade-offs between
optimal coverage and optimal connectivity topology and their
mathematical foundations. The simulation results verify the
mathematical calculations.
Position control of shape memory alloy actuated gripper
Krishna Sunka (National Institute of Technology, India); Dhanalakshmi
Kaliaperumal (National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli &
National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli, India)
Shape memory alloys (SMA) are the class of stimulus responsive
materials which are used as actuators because of the ability in
recovering their predetermined shape when subjected to an
appropriate thermal procedure. This shape recovery introduces a
mechanical work that can be used to produce linear or rotational
movements of a modular actuator. This work presents the
investigation of control algorithms for position control of a shape
memory alloy actuated gripper. The transfer function model of the
SMA fibre actuator is determined from the experimental open loop
response. Model based proportional integral (PI), pulse width pulse
amplitude modulated proportional integral (PI-PWPAM) and internal
model sliding mode controller (IM-SMC) controllers are designed. The
performance of these controllers is simulated for position control. The
results demonstrate that the IM-SMC performs well in tracking the
desired response and provides faster response.
70
Chemical Synthesis of Polycarbazole (PCz), modification and pH
Sensor Application
Bhavana Gupta (NIIST CSIR, India)
Synthesis of Polycarbazole (PCz) is reported using anhydrous ferric
chloride as an oxidizing agents. A comparative study of chemically
synthesized PCz with electrochemically synthesized is also made. A
composite of PCz and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) containing 20% PVC
by weight is synthesized and used for the development of solid state
pH electrode. The composite was synthesized to improve mechanical
strength, stability, and restrict solubility. The pH sensor response is
found to be reversible and linear in the pH range 5-10 with sensitivity
35±2mV/pH. PCz and PVC (20 wt%) based pH sensors show
potential applications in development of pH transducers based
sensors/biosensors.
Development of Torque Sensor Based Electrically Assisted Hybrid
Rickshaw
Rachaen Huq (BRAC University, Bangladesh); Anamul Hoque (BRAC
University, Bangladesh); Partha Chakraborty (BRAC University,
Bangladesh); Numayer Shuvo (BRAC University, Bangladesh); Akm
Azad (BRAC University, Bangladesh)
Cycle rickshaws are the most popular form of transportation inside the
cities of Bangladesh, especially for its route and time-flexibility and
door-to-door services. Considering the fact that a significant portion of
underprivileged population of Bangladesh is directly or indirectly
dependent upon the rickshaw-pulling profession, the necessity of
scientifically thinking about its improvement and modernization was
apparent. This paper describes a research and development project of
Control and Applications Research Group, BRAC University, aiming to
modernize these green fuel-free transports of Bangladesh using
power-assistive technology. This involves design and implementation
of an intelligent control system that would make the rickshaw pulling
task easier-to-feel by 'assisting' the human power with a motor,
turning it into a hybrid vehicle. The motivation of the project was to
relieve the rickshaw pullers from the excessive physical exhaustion
associated with the task, which mainly occurs while initiating the
momentum from rest or low speed to a moderate speed. A motor
helping the pullers only during this particular time eradicates this
exhaustion to a significant extent, at the same time saves energy by
limiting over-use of the motor. A torque-sensor was involved to
determine the "need-of-assistance" a puller feels at a particular time,
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and an external controller in addition to the motor controller was
designed and tested. A throttle controlled fully automatic model was
not involved in order to save energy, limit overuse, and keeping the
identity and driving mechanism of old rickshaws. An idea of battery
charging infrastructure using 'Solar-Charging-Station' is also
mentioned in the paper.
Development and Evaluation of an Experimental Machine for Variable
Rate Application of Granular Fertilizers
Manjeet Singh (Punjab Agricultural University, India)
The study dealt with the selection of various components to develop
the Variable Rate Applicator (VRA) and evaluation of the machine.
The machine was developed by using different components like Pulse
Width Modulation (PWM) Raven Envizio Pro Controller, Hydraulic
Motor and Zero Till Seed cum Fertilizer Drill, and then evaluated for its
performance. The evaluation shown that the fertilizer rates varied from
25.53 to 237.93 kg/ha with the change in adjustment on E-Pro II
controller from 1000 to 4000 with the corresponding change in
hydraulic motor speed from 70 to 265 rpm respectively. The
Coefficient of Variance (CV) calculated for different adjustment of EPro II controller showed that maximum CV was i.e. 11.35 % at 4000
adjustment or 260 rpm of hydraulic motor and minimum CV was
Cloud Computing for Internet of Things & Sensing Based Applications
Prahlada Rao B. B. (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing,
India); Payal Saluja (CDAC, India); Neetu Sharma (CDAC, India);
Ankit Mittal (CDAC, India); Shivay Sharma (CDAC, India)
Internet of Things (IoT) is a concept that envisions all objects around
us as part of internet. IoT coverage is very wide and include variety of
objects like smart phones, tablets, digital cameras, sensors, etc. Once
all these devices are connected with each other, they enable more
and more smart processes and services that support our basic needs,
economies, environment and health. Such enormous number of
devices connected to internet provides many kinds of services and
produce huge amount of data and information. Cloud computing is a
model for on-demand access to a shared pool of configurable
resources (e.g. compute, networks, servers, storage, applications,
services, and software) that can be easily provisioned as
Infrastructure (IaaS), software and applications (SaaS) . Cloud based
platforms help to connect to the things (IaaS) around us so that we
can access anything at any time and any place in a user friendly
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manner using customized portals and in built applications (SaaS).
Hence, cloud acts as a front end to access Internet of Things.
Applications that interact with devices like sensors have special
requirements of massive storage to storage big data, huge
computation power to enable the real time processing of the data, and
high speed network to stream audio or video. In this paper, we
describe how Internet of Things and Cloud computing can work
together can address the Big Data issues. We also illustrate about
Sensing as a service on cloud using few applications like Augmented
Reality, Agriculture and Environment monitoring. Finally, we also
propose a prototype model for providing sensing as a service on
cloud.
A New Method for Grading of Silk Yarn Using Electronic Vision
Abhra Pal (Engineer, India); Amitava Akuli (India & C-DAC, Kolkata,
India); Tamal Dey (Engineer, India); Madhabananda Ray (Pradan,
India); Pradeep Chopra (DEIT, India); Nabarun Bhattacharyya (Centre
for Development of Advanced Computing, India)
The color of Tasar silk yarns is determined by a number of production
factors, any slight variation in any one of these factors lead to
variation in color of the yarn produced. At the present production
technology, it is difficult to produce yarns of uniform color at the
producers' level, but once produced, those yarns can be sorted based
on its color. The important characteristic of tasar silk yarn is its
lustrous nature, it reflects light, thus difficult to ascertain the exact
color manually. Slight variation in color is difficult to detect manually
but the market demands lots with perfectly uniformly colored yarns
within the lot though inter-lot variation in color is encouraged. So, Yarn
separation based on the color is highly subjective and the process of
manually separation of color is tedious and monotonous also. Also, it
requires expert manpower, which may not be available in the remote
villages in all cases. So, there is a need to develop an instrument,
which can be easily grade the yarn based on the color. This paper
proposes automation of the silk grading process by capturing images
and classifying the silk yarn using digital image processing based
color analysis technique thereby improving productivity and accuracy
of this process. CIELCh (Lightness, Chroma and Hue) color scale has
been used for color analysis. PCA analysis shows the formation of
inherent clusters in the image dataset. Color feature parameter based
hierarchical grouping has been introduced for silk yarn color grading.
More than 2000 images have been analyzed using developed solution
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& the results have been validated with the human experts. Laboratory
experiments found the overall accuracy of system in the tune of 91%.
A Virtual Transducer Model for Augmented Perception
Jayanta Mukherjee (BARC, India)
A technique for virtual transducer formation has been developed to
augment remote environment perception by adding proximity feel in
telerobotic systems. It achieves proximity sensing around
approachable and unapproachable parts in distinctly different ways. It
uses robot's in built sensors and is applicable to telerobots working in
'man in loop' modality for augmenting perception of remote
environment.
14:00 - 15:30
S8A: Electronic Nose
Chair: Goutam Chattopadhyay (CalTech, JPL, USA)
14:00
Exploratory study on aroma profile of cardamom by GC-MS and
Electronic nose
Devdulal Ghosh (Govt. of India & C-DAC, India); Subhankar
Mukherjee (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, India);
Subrata Sarkar (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing,
India); Nabarun Bhattacharyya (Centre for Development of Advanced
Computing, India); Nk Leela (IISR, ICAR, India); Krishnamurthy V
(PES Institute of Technology, PESIT, India); Amani Muneeb (IISR,
ICAR, India)
Cardamom is known as "Queen of Spices". It is one of the most highly
priced and spices in the world. It is perennial tropical herb plant of the
ginger family and grows from thick rootstalk up to around 6 to 10 feet,
indigenously grown in the evergreen forest of the Western Ghats in
South India. The commercial part of the cardamom is the fruit
(Capsule) of the plant that is used as a spice and a flavoring agent. It
is considered to be a versatile spice, as it is used in sweet and salty
foods. Oils from the seeds and the left over resin have their usage in
processed fruits, tonics, liquors, and perfumes. The fruit also finds
significant usage in Ayurvedic medicine, as it has healing effect on
dental infections, digestion disorder etc. India is one of the largest
producers of cardamom in the world and has major export market also
in the world. The major quality measurement parameter of the
cardamom is freshness, size, colour, aroma etc. CDAC, Kolkata has
indigenously developed the Electronic Nose (E-Nose) to estimate the
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quality of food and agro produces. Electronic Nose is an instrument,
which has an array of eight MOS sensors, an odour delivery system,
PC based data acquisition system and pattern recognition system.
The cycles consist of heating; headspace, sampling and purging with
sequentially automatic valve control. Three-clone specific cardamom
samples ware tested using this system as an exploratory study to
determine the quality of cardamom and found the system is able to
differentiate the samples. The principal component analysis shows
distinct three clusters with principal component (PC1) 91.6% and PC2
6.8%. This paper l demonstrates the quality estimation of cardamom
by E-Nose.
14:15
Assessment of shelf-life of cookies formulated with clove extracts
using electronic nose: Estimation of rancidity in cookies
Dipan Chatterjee (Jadavpur University, India); Paramita Bhattacharjee
(Jadavpur University, India); Herve Lechat (Alpha MOS, France);
Fatma Ayouni (Alpha MOS, France); Valerie Vabre (Alpha MOS,
France)
Comparison of shelf-life of cookies with and without clove extracts
(obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction) as natural
antioxidant was carried out using electronic nose technology. This
technology provides a faster determination of rancidity and overcomes
the problems associated with normal biochemical assays. Rancidity of
the cookies was determined by comparing their odor profiles with
those of deliberately made rancid cookies using Fox e-nose and
Heracles e-nose systems. At the end of 30 day storage period, it was
found that cookies without clove extracts have shown similar odor
profiles with those of deliberately made rancid cookies. Fresh cookies
with clove extracts showed different odor profiles owing to high
eugenol content therein and none of the cookie batches with clove
extracts showed any rancidity marker; whereas, the cookies without
clove extracts tend to become rancid within 30 days. These
observations were further affirmed by phytochemical analyses which
indicated that the addition of clove extracts as antioxidant in cookies
enhanced its nutraceutical potential and shelf-life for at least a month.
14:30
Electronic nose with Quartz Crystal Microbalance sensors to
discriminate Indian Black tea varieties
Prolay Sharma (Jadavpur University & Jadavpur University, India);
Arunangshu Ghosh (Jadavpur University, India); Bipan Tudu
(Jadavpur University, India); Rajib Bandyopadhyay (Jadavpur
75
University, India); Nabarun Bhattacharyya (Centre for Development of
Advanced Computing, India)
An electronic nose with an array of quartz crystal microbalance (QCM)
sensors has been developed to discriminate among different samples
of Indian black tea varieties. The important volatile organic
components (VOC) responsible for aroma of tea have been
considered and the corresponding sensing materials have been
identified. Five AT-cut 10 MHz Quartz crystal blanks coated with
different sensing materials have been used to differentiate the aroma
of orthodox and CTC (cut-tear-curl) tea samples. The developed
sensors can distinguish not only between the orthodox and CTC tea
but distinct clusters are also obtained for the four different teasamples, as visualized through principal component analysis (PCA). A
radial basis function network (RBF) classifier has been used along
with 10-fold cross validation technique for classification of data.
14:45
New Methods for the early detection of fungal contamination on green
coffee beans by an Electronic Nose
Veronica Sberveglieri (University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy)
Electronic Noses (ENs) are attracting a relevant interest as valuable
monitoring tool in several fields, between which the food industry, with
special emphasis on microbial contamination detection on food
products. Herein we present the ability of an Electronic Nose to early
identify the fungi contamination in green coffee. The detection of mold
in green coffee was achieved thanks to the cooperative use of
different chemical and microbiological (fenotipic) techniques aimed to
detect the secondary metabolites. Obtained results strongly
recommend the use of the ENs as screening tools in industrial quality
control laboratories, emphasizing at the same time some limits still
affecting the sensor technology.
15:00
Regression Model for Multi Sensor Data Generated by Indigenous
Developed Electronic Nose for Aromatic Rice
Arun Jana (Centre for Development Advanced Computing, India);
Subhankar Mukherjee (Centre for Development of Advanced
Computing, India)
In this paper regression model has been described to predict aroma of
aromatic rice. As of today, aroma is measured by an expert sensory
panel using some symbolic scores like '+', '++', '+++' and NA for mild,
medium, strong and non aromatic respectively as per their perception.
Human panel testing is highly subjective with numerous problems like
76
inaccuracy, non-repeatability, laborious and time consuming. Some
instruments are available such as GC, GCMS, for measuring aroma
determining compounds. Those instruments are costly and skilled
manpower demanding instrument though they cannot measure the
overall aroma of aromatic rice, which is the determinant of experts
score. An electronic nose based on array of sensor has been
developed for aroma measurement. This user friendly and low cost
Electronic Nose may be a potent tool for rice scientists, researchers,
exporters to determine the aroma of aromatic rice. Data has been
collected using developed electronic nose and regression model has
been established to predict the aroma unknown aromatic rice sample.
With unknown rice samples, aroma based classification accuracy by
multi-sensor electronic nose using regression model, has been found
to be more than 80%.
S8B: Wireless Sensor Networks – I
Chair: Nagender Suryadevara (Massey University, New Zealand)
14:00
Indoor Air Quality Monitoring using Wireless Sensor Network
Sayantani Bhattacharya (Centre for Development of Advanced
Computing, India); Sridevi S (Centre for Development of Advanced
Computing (C-DAC), India); Pitchiah R (Centre for Development of
Advanced Computing, India)
Indoor air quality (IAQ) is a term describing the air quality of a
building; especially it refers to the health and comfort of building
occupants. It refers to the nature of the conditioned air that circulates
throughout space/area, where we work and live in. IAQ can be
affected by microbial contaminants (mold, fungus) which largely
depend on temperature and humidity condition of a room, gaseous
pollutants (including carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, volatile organic
compounds etc) and dust particles or aerosols. These pollutants can
induce adverse health effects to building occupants. To avoid such
adverse effects, an air quality monitoring system is utmost required.
This paper aims to develop a wireless solution for indoor air quality
monitoring. The proposed solution is to measure the environmental
parameters like temperature, humidity, gaseous pollutants,
aerosol/Particulate Matter to determine the environmental health of an
indoor space. It also represents that in terms of Air Quality Index (AQI)
and gives environmental information as input for controlling HVAC
(Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning) system in a smart building.
77
A toolkit has been developed to view the live air quality data of
deployed regions in the form of numbers and graphs.
14:15
Target Coverage QoS Control with Multiple Sensing Units in Wireless
Heterogeneous Sensor Networks
Rong-Guei Tsai (National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan)
A wireless heterogeneous sensor networks (WHSNs) is a kind of
wireless sensor networks (WSNs), each sensor may have different
sensing units. Sensing nodes can simultaneously monitor different
attributes, such as various temperature, brightness, humidity, and so
on. MUQC use the changes in number of sensing units and sensing
units to adjust the probability of on mode and off mode. After several
rounds, the operational number of sensors to achieve the desired
number of targets. The result showed that MUQC can effectively
schedule the activity of each sensing unit on each sensor to
completely cover the targets of interest and turn on the sensing
attributes of the sensors in the appropriate round.
14:30
WSN and IP based Parking Management
Alaparthi Narmada (Vignan Institute of Technology and Science,
India); Parvataneni Sudhakara Rao (Vignan Institute of Technology
and Science, India)
As the cities are becoming more and more dense, multi-story parking
places have become the order of the day. Further due to the
escalation in the manpower cost, parking management and guidance
has become an issue and hence inclination towards automation. The
big commercial malls, airports etc. have either horizontal or vertical
parking slots for huge number of vehicles. It is economical and
convenient for not only providing guidance for parking their vehicles,
closest to the entry/ exit but also for parking fee collection. In this
process of automation, the user can be served better by clearly
showing directions towards an immediate and desired empty parking
slot, thus minimising the search / recovery time from about 5-10
minutes to nearly zero. This also greatly reduces fuel, noise and air
pollution in the parking space due to the reduction in searching time.
The system also can easily help in giving direction to the parked
vehicle, which many times eliminates the user's confusion. The IP
connectivity to the system will further help privileged customers, book
their slot by looking at the available free slots, which will further
enhance the income to the establishments. The paper presents the
design concepts of a parking assistance system based on wireless
78
sensor networks technology integrated with IP capability using
wireless microcontrollers. The assistance system automatically
communicates the status of each and every parking slot to a central
server. This information is used to guide the user to the nearest free
parking slot or to the user's parked vehicle. Further the system can
also reserve the predefined slots for a specific time period for
privileged users.
14:45
Low Power Wake-up Signalling in Wireless Network
Chandan Maity (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing,
India); Ashutosh Gupta (Centre for Development of Advanced
Computing, India); Sanjat Panigrahi (Centre for Development of
Advanced Computing, India); Chaitanya Garg (Centre for
Development of Advanced Computing, India)
Remote sensing and wake-up is an important research area for future
wireless communication system and particularly for wireless sensor
network (WSN). Experimental results show that around 75% of the
total power consumed from a typical wireless node is attributed to the
radio transceiver. In radio transceiver the receiver power is almost
equal to transmitter power. As the communication channel frequency
increases, the receiver and Low Noise Amplifier power also increases.
However this also results in higher communication link-budget which
is a desirable factor in conventional Wireless Sensor Networks to get
higher inter-node communication radius. To compensate the receiver
power consumption, a secondary Low-Power, Low Frequency simplex
Radio Frequency (RF) channel is proposed which is used to activate
the primary RF communication sub-system. This paper describes an
implementation of RF signaling and wake-up functionality in low power
embedded active Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Tag with
data-logger functionality.
15:00
Smart Power Monitoring System Using Wireless Sensor Networks
Satinder Gill (Massey University, New Zealand); Nagender
Suryadevara (Massey University, New Zealand); Subhas
Mukhopadhyay (Massey University, New Zealand)
The design and development of a Smart Power monitoring device has
reported in this paper. System has been designed that can be used to
monitor electrical parameters such as voltage, current and power of
household appliances. The system consists of a smart sensing unit
that detects and controls the home electrical appliances used for daily
activities by following different tariff rates. It can reduce costs for the
79
consumers and thereby improve grid stability. A developed prototype
has been extensively tested and experimental results have compared
with conventional measuring devices.
S8C: Mechanical Sensors
Chair: Paritosh Tyagi (Pollution Control Board, India)
14:00
A Hall Effect Sensor based Syringe Injection Rate Detector
Biswarup Mukherjee (Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India);
Boby George (Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India);
Mohanasankar Sivaprakasam (IIT Madras, India)
Rate of injection of anesthesia affects various physiological and
pathological changes in a patient such as perception of pain and time
taken for onset of akinesia. A training system based on a suitably
modified syringe equipped with a simple measurement system where
a trainee can observe the rate of injection, prior to practicing on live
patients, can be of immense value towards reducing the risks
involved. In this paper, we propose a low-cost Hall Effect sensor
based measurement scheme for detection of rate of injection from a
syringe. The Hall Effect sensor along with a permanent magnet
senses the position of the syringe piston relative to the syringe body.
A new design of a suitable piston has been discussed that minimizes
anesthesia wastage by providing the illusion of anesthesia flow
through the needle. A prototype system has been built and tested that
validated the new scheme. The rate of injection was measured and
displayed in real time. It was within acceptable error limits
demonstrating the usefulness of the system for practical training
purposes.
14:15
A New Variable Reluctance - Hall Effect based Angle Sensor
Chandrika Sreekantan Anoop (Indian Institute of Technology Madras,
India); Boby George (Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India)
A simple but efficient angle sensor designed and developed by
combining variable reluctance technique and Hall-Effect sensing
principle is presented in this paper. This new sensor possesses the
best features of both the schemes and overcomes the demerits of
reluctance type sensors. It proposes the use of a spiral shaped
element which rotates in unison with the target whose angular position
is to be sensed. The rotating spiral varies the reluctance in the flux
path of a Hall Effect sensor as sensing angle changes. The resulting
80
variation in the Hall sensor output is shown to be linear using finite
element analysis. The scheme does not require any complex signal
conditioning circuitry. A simple electronic scheme for calibrating the
proposed sensor output against changes in various electrical,
magnetic and mechanical parameters is also presented. A prototype
angle sensor assembly based on the proposed principle has been
built and tested. The output obtained from the sensor was found to be
linear, as expected, across a wide range with a worst-case error less
than 1 %. The new sensor will be useful for various scientific and
industrial angle sensing applications.
14:30
Simultaneous twist angle and direction sensing using abrupt-tapered
fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometers
Gia-Ling Cheng (Department of Electro-Optical Engineering, National
United University, Taiwan); Jheng-Jyun Wang (National United
University of Taiwan, Taiwan); Zhi-Zheng Feng (Department of
Electro-Optical Engineering, National United University, Taiwan); NanKuang Chen (National United University, Taiwan)
We demonstrate wavelength-tunable abrupt-tapered Mach-Zehnder
interferometers (AT-MZI) with the extinction ratios of above 32 dB by
introducing two points of abruptly tapering in a short length (< 1.4 cm)
of highly Er/Yb co-doped fiber (EYDF). The EYDF is immersed in a
micro flame where the bilateral edges of flame can provide a higher
heating temperature than that of the inner portion part. Thus the
abrupt tapers can be made when the two heated points are suddenly
pulled away in the opposite directions. The abrupt tapers can help the
excitations of cladding modes deriving from the core mode and the
interference occurs when the phase difference between core and
cladding modes are satisfied after a certain propagation length. By
forward twisting the leading fiber of the AT-MZI, the resonance
wavelengths move toward the shorter wavelengths for more than 6.4
nm (from 1621.6 to 1628 nm). The backward twisting will correspond
to the wavelength moving toward the long wavelengths for about 2 nm
(from 1343.6 nm to 1345.6 nm).
14:45
An Investigation into the Potential of Microwave NDT for Structural
Materials
Badr M Abdullah (Liverpool John Moores University, United Kingdom);
Alex Mason (Liverpool John Moores University, United Kingdom); Jeff
Cullen (Liverpool John Moores University, United Kingdom); Ahmed I
Al-Shamma'a (Liverpool John Moores University, United Kingdom)
81
The potential of using EM wave technology within the microwave
region (300MHz - 300GHz) to detect defects in sheet metals, such as
those used in vehicle platforms, is investigated. The proposed EM
wave NDT system will be integrated into a wide variety of structural
elements (e.g. automotive and construction) and will provide
continuous real-time structural health monitoring of the materials. The
system will be able to provide information related to the presence,
type and location of damage or defects. Two sensors are studied for
defect detection and monitoring, a rectangular patch structure and an
interdigitated electrode structure. Initial experimental results
demonstrate that the presence of defects such as cracks near the
surface of the sensor elicit a change in sensor response. Detailed
experimental set-up and preliminary measurement results are
presented.
15:00
Optical Imaging Detector for Solar Corona Intensity Oscillations Study
Dhrupesh Shah (Space Applications Centre (SAC), ISRO, India); Arup
Banerjee (Space Applications Centre, ISRO, India); Abhijit Chatterjee
(ISRO, India)
Intensity of the solar corona is million times fainter than that of the
photosphere in the visible wavelengths. The solar corona can be
observed either during occurrences of total solar eclipses when the
bright photospheric light is blocked by moon or by ising an instrument
call the 'coronagraph'. The existence of waves in the solar corona
creates high frequency intensity, velocity and/or line-width oscillations.
These are interesting objectives for scientific community involved in
research on solar physics. Amplitudes of these oscillations arefeeble
and need to be detected under high background photon flux. Photo
noise generated by the background flux is significantly higher
compared to peak signals generated by intensity oscillations
overriding on high background flux is important for the design of
coronograph instrument. This paper discusses developed test setup to
simulate intensity oscillations, with proposed detection methodology
and also describes results of study carried out on two candidate
imaging detector arrays.
15:15
Design based Active Vibration Control of a Flexible Structure using
Shape Memory Alloy Wire Actuators
Sunjai Nakshatharan (National Institute Of Technology, India);
Josephine Ruth (National Institute Of Technology, India);
82
Dhanalakshmi Kaliaperumal (National Institute of Technology
Tiruchirappalli & National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli, India)
Active Vibration Control using smart materials is explored due to their
characteristics of adaptation to changing environmental and working
conditions. Much of the research is motivated by aerospace,
biomedical and robotics industry where lightly damped flexible
structures characterized by low frequency high magnitude are
common. With the use of smart materials active vibration suppression
becomes ease in various fields. In this work shape memory alloy
(Nickel Titanium) wires are used as actuators for active vibration
suppression of a piezoceramic laminated flexible cantilever beam,
which is characterized by low natural frequency with closely spaced
modes. The vibration control is experimentally performed at the first
modal resonance frequency of the beam at which the magnitude of
vibration is maximum. Pulse width modulation technique is adopted to
control the actuation force through Matlab Simulink via a data
acquisition system. The aim is to implement a design based On - Off
control rather than a model based control.
15:30 to 16:00 Tea break
16:00 - 17:30
S9A: Sensors For Novel Applications – II
Chair: Robin Dykstra (Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand)
16:00
An Intelligent Reflective Colour Sensor System for Paper and Textile
Industries
P Anupama (Centre For Development Of Advanced Computing,
India); Sathees Kumar K V (Centre For Development Of Advanced
Computing, India); S Rominus Valsalam (Centre For Development Of
Advanced Computing, India); Muralidharan V (Centre for
Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC), India); G
Harikrishnan (Centre For Development Of Advanced Computing,
India)
The world is simply less colorful, without the sense of colour. In
ordinary life, a difference in colour perception is mostly
inconsequential. However, in many industries, the ability to sense
colour precisely can be crucial. In this paper, a novel reflective colour
sensing system is presented for process monitoring and control
applications in paper and textile industries. The system is developed
using a solid state RGB sensor and a smart signal processing
83
algorithm implemented on micro-controller architecture. A hybrid
neural network comprising Self organizing mapping and Back
propagation architecture is used for colour zone classification and
exact colour identification of papers. Demonstrator applications and
simulation results are discussed to highlight the importance of sensor
and accuracy in measurement.
16:15
Electronic Control Sensors Applications for the Next Generation
Tractor Based on Open Source Library
Md. Mostafa Kamal Sarker (Chonbuk National University, Korea)
The present agricultural machineries work with the embedded
electronics and remote sensing devices. This paper presents the
development of electronic control sensors applications for the next
generation agricultural tractor. This development work is mainly based
on an open source library which follows an International Organization
for Standardization (ISO) standard named ISO11783. The ISO11783
standard specifies a communication system for agricultural equipment
based on the Controller Area Network (CAN 2.0) protocol, and the
purpose of the standard is to provide an open, interconnected system
for on-board electronic systems. It's intended to enable electronic
control units (ECUs) to communicate with each other on CAN bus,
providing a standardized system. The open source library applications
are written by C/C++ programming method for developing tractor
ECUs. This research work mainly describes the system architecture of
this ISO11783 based open source library and developing application
program of virtual terminal and some electronic control unit(ECU) for
agricultural tractor.
16:30
Development of a low cost diagnostic system for dental therapy
Yoshii Shinji (Kyushu Dental College, Japan)
In this paper, we propose a low cost diagnostic system for dental
therapy. This system is capable of carrying out real time observation
inside the narrow root canals of oral cavity with high precision and
without blind areas using a single graded-index image fiber (GRIN
image fiber). The system uses the GRIN image fiber to irradiate the
sample to be observed and return the sample image back to the
CMOS image sensor of the microscope through the same image fiber,
which is different from conventional system that uses separate fibers
for illumination and observation. The results suggest that this device
can illuminate and observe sample patterns of up to 10
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16:45
Processing EEG Signals through Beamforming Techniques for
Seizure Diagnosis
Patrizia Vergallo (University of Salento, Italy); Aime' Lay-Ekuakille
(University of Salento, Italy); Nicola Ivan Giannoccaro (University of
Salento, Italy); Alessandro Massaro (IIT, Italy); Shabana Urooj (Jamia
Millia Islamia, India); Diego Caratelli (Delft University of Technology,
The Netherlands); Antonio Trabacca (IRCCS Eugenia Medea,
Associazione La Nostra Famiglia, BRINDISI - ITALY, Italy)
Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders.
Identifying epilepsy can be difficult because seizures since they are
infrequent events to be detected and an electroencephalogram (EEG)
does not always show abnormalities due to interferences and noise.
So the scope of this work is to develop methods which could improve
the diagnosis of seizure when the signals are corrupted by
interferences and noise, estimating the signal coming from the source
of seizure and facing in a preliminary way the problem of the
localization of neural activity. The use of beamforming techniques is
an interesting way for the problem of the localization of the sources
and algorithms based on DOA (Direction Of Arrival) have been
studied: Beamforming eliminates all the signals spatially uncorrelated
with the desired signal but algorithms of DOA estimation must be
implemented in a prior step to give to Beamforming the direction of
arrival of interest signals connected to seizure. Simulations and
results on real data are presented, showing the performance of
several algorithms and a method to the localization of the sources is
described in a preliminary way.
17:00
Enabling Visually impaired to read messages from modern gadgets
Ramesh Sankara Subbu (KCG College Of Technology, India); Pawan
Gnanaraj (KCG College Of Technology, India)
This paper introduces a design of a new independent electronic
device which will enable a visually challenged person to read
messages from cell phones to emails. These devices operate at a
very low voltage and are attached wirelessly through Bluetooth to the
modern gadgets. The visually challenged people are more sensitive to
touch at the finger tip when compared to the normal individuals.
Taking advantage of this extra sensitiveness of the visually challenged
person, these devices does the conversion of alphabets into vibrations
in a definite format. The vibration is generated from the small DC
vibrator motors placed in 3x2 matrix formats. Despite of technological
development these persons are unable to utilize the opportunity to
85
share messages through modern gadgets without help from normal
persons. This paper is an initiative to reduce the difficulties faced by
the visually challenged persons to read messages from modern
gadgets and to enable them to read messages with ease and comfort
autonomously.
17:15
Robustness Analysis of 10-dimensional Cell Cycle Systems based on
Periodic Sensitivity
Takehito Azuma (Utsuminiya University, Japan)
This paper discusses a robustness analysis of a 10 dimensional cell
cycle system and focuses on understanding functions of Cdc25 and
Wee1 proteins. The robustness of the cell cycle is analyzed based on
the sensitivity analysis for a mathematical model. From the first
analysis result, it was shown that Cdc2 and Cyclin proteins have main
roles for cell cycle in this model but the robustness is not high against
perturbation on its parameters. By introducing Cdc25 and Wee1
proteins to the mathematical model, it was verified by the sensitivity
analysis that the modified has higher level of robustnesses than the
original model does. Numerical examples are shown to demonstrate
the original model and the modified model have almost identical cell
cycle behaviors leaving robustness as a salient difference.
16:00 - 17:00
S9B: Invited Talk, Thick And Thin Film Sensors
Chair: Edward Sazonov (The University of Alabama, USA)
16:00
Invited Talk Sensors for Human & Environment Safety in
Nuclear Industry by Dr. J.K.Mukherjee, Electronic Instruments
& Systems Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai
India
16:30
Studies on Gas Sensing Performance of Pure and Surface Modified
TiO2 Thick Film Resistors
S Shirsath (Materials Research Lab., Arts, Commerce and Science
College, Nandgaon, India); Ganesh E. Patil (K. T. H. M. College,
Nashik, India); Dnyaneshwar Kajale (Arts, Commerce & Science
College, India); Gotan H Jain (K. T. H. M. College, Nashik, India)
Thick films of AR grade TiO2 were prepared by standard screenprinting technique. The gas sensing performances of thick films were
tested for various gases. It showed maximum sensitivity to H2S at 300
oC for 100 ppm. To improve the sensitivity and selectivity of the film
86
towards a particular gas, TiO2 thick films were surface modified by
dipping them in an aqueous solution of 0.01 M nickel acetate tetra
hydrate for different intervals of time. These surface modified TiO2
film showed larger sensitivity to H2S gas (100 ppm) than pure TiO2
thick film at 300 oC. Nickel oxide on the surface of the films acts as a
catalyst and it increases reactivity of the films to H2S gas. A
systematic study of sensing performance of the sensor indicates the
key role-played by nickel oxide on the surface. The sensitivity,
selectivity, response and recovery time of the sensor were measured
and presented.
16:45
Ammonia gas sensing properties of Cr2O3 activated ZrO2 thick film
resistors
Sudhakar Deshmukh (Arts Science and Commerce College, Manmad,
India); Ramesh Bari (GMD Arts, KRN Commerce and MD Science
College, Jamner, India); Ganesh E. Patil (K. T. H. M. College, Nashik,
India); Gotan H Jain (K. T. H. M. College, Nashik, India)
ZrO2 thick films were prepared by standard screen printing
technique.Pure ZrO2 films were surface activated with Cr3+ by
dipping them into an aqueous solution ( 0.1M) of chromium trioxide
CrO3 for different intervals of time 5, 10, 20. 30 minutes and fired at
550 oC for 30 min. The CrO3 is known to be unstable above 197 oC
and transform into Cr2O3 upon firing above 197 oC. The grain of
Cr2O3 would disperse around the grains of Zro2 base material. The
films were characterized by XRD, SEM, EDAS, UV techniques. The
gas sensing performance of different target gases were tested and
chromium activated film dipped in 10 min. was observed to be
sensitive. And highly selective 1000ppm of NH3 gas at operating
temperature.The elemental composition were discussed and effect of
Cr3+ concentration on sensitivity,selectivity,response and recovery
time of the sensor in the presence of different gases were studied.
Reaction mechanism were discused with better performance could
attributed to an optimum number of surface misfrits in terms of Cr2O3
on the ZrO2 films. It was first time observed that chrominated surface
modified film have reduction in band gap and therefore it enhances
NH3 gas sensing response. Activation energy and band gap observed
in present study were reported
S9C: Ultrasonic And Acoustic Sensors
Chair: Narayanan Ramakrishnan (Monash University Sunway Campus,
Malaysia)
87
16:00
Nonlinear Acoustic Behavior of Vented Vessels in Reference to
Pneumatic Volume Gauging
Rudolf Brunnader (Graz University of Technology, Austria); Gert
Holler (Graz University of Technology, Austria)
Pneumatic volume gauging offers many advantages in comparison
with traditional fill-level measurement principles (e.g. tank shape,
orientation of the tank and non-uniform surface structure of the fill
material do not influence the result). Unfortunately, common
pneumatic volume gauging methods work well for sealed tanks, but
not for vented tanks. This property is a major drawback of pneumatic
methods, but can be dealt by using an electroacoustic model
approach for the tank system. This approach takes lumped elements
to model the acoustic behavior of the system. In traditional
approaches the lumped elements are assumed to be constant.
However, practical measurements show a nonlinear behavior of the
system. Therefore this work describes the cause of the nonlinear
behavior in theory. Measurements depict the nonlinear behavior and
confirm the theoretical considerations.
16:15
Long term Cochlear Implant electrode improvement for stimulation
and sensing neuronal activity
Nishant Lawand (Delft University of Technology & Leiden University
Medical Centre, The Netherlands); Patrick French (Delft University of
Technology, The Netherlands)
Electrode array, an important component of Cochlear Implant (CI)
design holds a key position in restoring the hearing process to the
deaf patients. It represents a direct interface between the auditory
nerve (biological tissue) and the electronic system of the CI. The
important issue with the Cochlear Implants (CI's) is the electrode
design and its placement which are responsible for the stimulation of
the auditory nerve. Their manufacturing processes and complexity
vary accordingly as per the implant purpose, the location and the
procedure of encapsulation. Electrode arrays are available in different
design, material, shape and size depending upon the requirement and
the application of the device. The traditional fabrication method of the
device restricts the electrode array usability and its performance. In
this paper we investigate and explore capable materials used for CI
microelectrode array fabrication which are used for stimulating the
auditory neurons present inside the cochlea of the human ear. Here
we discuss the CMOS compatible microelectrode material and the
necessary biocompatible insulation required for long term implants.
88
Various microfabrication issues and different material possibilities are
discussed with respect to the properties associated with it.
16:30
Investigation into Massloading Sensitivity of Typical Resonant
Structures Attached to SAW Sensors
Mohammad Kashan (Monash University, Malaysia); Narayanan
Ramakrishnan (Monash University Sunway Campus, Malaysia)
Recently there is greater interest in employing high aspect ratio
resonant structures such as nano-pillars as sensing medium in SAW
Sensors. In this work we have performed finite element method (FEM)
simulation of a SAW device attached with typical resonant nano-pillars
and studied the resonance frequency shift sensitivity caused by
change in the Young's modulus (E) and density (ρ) of the pillars. It is
observed that the resonance frequency shift depends on the
combined loading effect of E and ρ of the pillars. For an increase in E
of the pillars, elastic loading dominates over inertial loading caused by
ρ, Accordingly an increase in resonance frequency of the SAW device
is observed and vice versa. The results also show that nano-pillars
made of hard polymers such as SU-8 show higher sensitivity for
change in E or ρ.
16:45
Gas sensing using acoustic attenuation with improved resolution
Ajit Singh (Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad,
India); RadhaKrishna Maringanti (Indian Institute of Information
Technology, Allahabad, India)
Sensors being used for gas sensing in underground coal mine require
frequent recalibration due to highly humid and toxic environment
prevalent in UG coal mines. If we intend to deploy a WSN which can
continuously monitor the UG mine environment then we require
sensors which are able to withstand the environment of UG coal mine.
Acoustics gas sensors are more rugged and would be able to work for
prolonged period in UG coal mine environment. Acoustic sensors
work on the principle that acoustic signal velocity and amplitude are
affected by changing composition of air. Attenuation of acoustics
waves in presence of a target gas can be used to detect its presence
and give its concentration level. We present an acoustic signal
processing approach which can measure attenuation of acoustic
signal with improved resolution. Proposed approach takes advantage
of the fact that when triggered with a transmitted pulse of acoustic
sensor resonance frequency, the receiver output is a damped ringing
waveform. We measure the area under envelop of the received
waveform to provide increased resolution.
89
Friday, December 21st
09:00 - 10:00
S10A: Sensors For Composition Analysis
Chair: Bhaskar Choubey (University of Glasgow, United Kingdom)
09:00
Proof-of-Concept Microwave Sensor on Flexible Substrate for RealTime Water Composition Analysis
Olga Korostynska (Liverpool John Moores University, United
Kingdom); Alex Mason (Liverpool John Moores University, United
Kingdom); Ahmed I Al-Shamma'a (Liverpool John Moores University,
United Kingdom)
This paper reports on the development of a novel proof-of-concept
type sensor for real-time monitoring of water composition. In
particular, the change in the electromagnetic wave signal in
microwave frequency range is used as an indicator of water purity.
The sensing element was designed on a flexible substrate to provide
for a long-term usage since this configuration is less prone to failure
due to mechanical damage. This allows for a broad range of
applications where a sensor could be mounted on any curved surface
or even just placed bended in a tube or water pipe. Inderdigitated
Silver metal pattern printed on this substrate acted as a sensor patch
antenna. The developed system confirmed the viability of using
microwaves for real-time water purity monitoring as the corresponding
spectra for air, deionized and tap water were unique and clearly
depicted a shift in the resonant frequencies of the sensor when it was
placed in contact with water samples.
09:15
Biomimetic Classification of Juices
Hepsiba Kiranmayee (CSIR-CEERI, India); PoonamChand
Panchariya (CSIR-CEERI, India); Bhanu Prasad P (CSIR-CEERI,
India); Asharfi Sharma (DAVV, India)
This paper describes the use of voltammetric electronic tongue and
pattern recognition techniques used as a biomimetic system for
classifying eight varieties of Indian juices. The responses from the
voltammetric electronic tongue were recorded for all the samples of
eight varieties of juices. In order to classify the juices into different
classes, different pattern recognition techniques were used. The data
being large as is the case with voltammetric signals is analyzed using
Principal Component Analysis to transform the data into a low
dimensional feature vector space involving Principal components
90
thereby realizing dimensionality reduction of the responses followed
by the selection of relevant principal components. Later, these
relevant principal components are used as inputs to a distance based
classifier for classifying the juices and the classification accuracy
attained is 100%. The results demonstrate the feasibility of
voltammetric electronic tongue combined with pattern recognition
techniques for discriminating and classifying the juice samples
09:30
Acoustic signature based discrimination of drinking water
Ravindra Chouhan (CSIR-CEERI, India); Hepsiba Kiranmayee (CSIRCEERI, India); Bhanu Prasad P (CSIR-CEERI, India); PoonamChand
Panchariya (CSIR-CEERI, India)
This paper deals with the use of acoustic signature for the qualitative
analysis of water, where the focus is on the development of ultrasonic
based system and its evaluation in terms of discrimination capability.
The prototype described in this paper has been designed in the
framework of the development of a portable instrument for
classification purpose. The common concept for the estimation of
quality of water in the various approaches presented in the literature
lies in the combination of non-selective sensors for the
characterization of water. The fundamental idea of this paper is to
investigate how an adequate signal processing approach applied to a
mature and affordable acoustic sensor technique can address the
issue of extracting aggregate information, which is useful to
characterize the water samples. In the proposed approach,
dimensionality reduction is performed in a transformed domain via
principal component analysis (PCA). It is shown that a system based
on the proposed acoustic sensor system is able to detect water quality
changes.)
09:45
COPS - Combined Oil quality and Particle measurement System
Torsten Bley (Centre for Mechatronics and Automation Technology,
Germany)
A miniaturized multichannel monitoring system for technical fluids was
realized to determine the oil quality based on an analysis of the
infrared spectrum to determine e.g. oxidation or additive depletion. In
addition, increasing water contamination can be observed which can
reduce lubricating properties or increase the chemical degradation of
the fluid. The system is combined with a particle sensor based on the
forward and backward scattering of a near infrared laser beam. The
scattered light provides information about the particle concentration
91
and can differentiate between air bubbles, dust and metallic particles.
A combination of both sensor systems can provide a self-surveillance.
The combination of both principles in inline systems can increase the
process safety and reduce costs for laboratory analysis.
S10B: Chemical Sensors
Chair: Rajib Bandyopadhyay (Jadavpur University, India)
09:00
Zinc Oxide Nanorod Sensing Element For Detection Of Tea Aroma
Suman Chatterjee (North Bengal University, India); Indra Bahadur
Karki (North Bengal University, India); Prosenjit Biswas (Tea Board,
India); Anirban Basu Majumder (Tea Board, India); Narendra Kumar
(Tea Board, India); Mahipal Singh (Tea Board, India); Biswajit Bera
(Tea Board, India)
Flavour type of tea liquor is a very important factor in identification of
quality of Indian tea. Though the main aromatic ingredients in made
tea are same, the quality of made tea mainly differ from their flavour
types, which rely on their trace volatile components. CTC Tea is
known for its strength and processed to retain its strong taste whereas
Orthodox Tea is processed to retain mostly its aroma. Usually the
Quality of tea is sensed by Tea Tasters and classified by smelling and
very few devices are available to calibrate the Flavour. In this paper,
resistance change of zinc oxide nanorods was investigated in an
atmosphere of different types of tea infusion with an objective to
produce a low cost alternative to classify tea by its quality. Zinc Oxide
nanorods were fabricated on a glass substrate by sol-gel spin coating
technique. The ZnO film possessed a columnar structure consisting of
small crystals with an average grain size of around 5 nm. The sensing
properties of the ZnO film were tested for two different Tea liquors,
namely, Assam CTC Tea and Darjeeling Orthodox Tea. An obvious
change in resistance of the ZnO film was observed when the sensor
was exposed to gas mixture. The Nanostructured elements showed
higher sensitivity than the larger sized grains and pores. The response
time was quite fast with large value of signal-to-noise ratio. This work
shows potential application of nanostructured zinc oxide as one of the
sensing elements in a sensor array for monitoring the quality of Indian
tea.
09:15
Multi-class Support Vector Machine for Quality Estimation of Black
Tea Using Electronic Nose
92
Pradip Saha (Jadavpur University, India); Santanu Ghorai (Heritage
Institute of Technology, Kolkata, India); Bipan Tudu (Jadavpur
University, India); Rajib Bandyopadhyay (Jadavpur University, India);
Nabarun Bhattacharyya (Centre for Development of Advanced
Computing, India)
Electronic nose (e-nose) is a machine olfaction system that has
shown significant possibilities as an improved alternative of human
taster as olfactory perceptions vary from person to person. In contrast,
electronic noses also detect smells with their sensors, but in addition
describe those using electronic signals. An efficient e-nose system
should analyze and recognize these electronic signals accurately. For
this it requires a robust pattern classifier that can perform well on
unseen data. This research work shows the efficient prediction of
black tea quality using machine learning algorithm with e-nose. This
paper investigates the potential of three different types of multi-class
support vector machine (SVM) to build taster-specific computational
models. Experimental results show that all the three models offer
more than 97% accuracies to predict the considerable variation in tea
quality.
09:30
An Embedded Electronic Nose for identification of aroma index for
different Tea Aroma chemicals
Amritasu Das (C-DAC, Kolkata, India); Alokesh Ghosh (Centre for
Development of Advanced Computing, India); Hena Ray (Centre for
Development of Advanced Computing, India); Tarun Kanti Ghosh
(Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, India)
Quantification of tea quality based on its aroma characteristics using a
portable/handheld device with a set of tea aroma volatile specific
sensors and generic gas sensors is one of the valuable requirement in
tea industry. Conventionally the Tea quality parameters are quantified
in a scale of 1 to 10 based on human senses by some professional
human experts called "tea tasters". Electronic Nose has been
successfully implemented for quality evaluation of finished tea as well
as end-point detection of tea fermentation process. This paper
includes the description of Handheld Electronic Nose (HEN) and its
response in various tea aroma chemicals to validate the sensor array
and the system. The overall system is based on a 16-bit
microcontroller platform with an effective touch screen based
graphical interface.
93
S10C: Security And Safety Applications
Chair: Takehito Azuma (Utsuminiya University, Japan)
09:00
Implementation of wireless gas leakage detection system
Muralidharan Rakesh (CDAC Noida, Sector 62 Noida, India); Shivraj
Dagadi (CDAC, India)
This paper describes the development of wireless gas sensor
network. The system consists of Sensor nodes, Routers and
Coordinator. Coordinator is connected to a personal computer (PC)
using USB/Ethernet. This wireless network is capable of collecting the
data (Gas concentration) of monitoring sites wirelessly and sent to the
PC to update the values in Control Station Software (CSS).It can give
a real time detection of potential risk area and locate the leakage
point. This paper also covers in details regarding the specifications of
the system developed and the choices made to achieve the
specifications
09:15
Portable Sensor Array System for Intelligent Recognizer of Manhole
Gas
Sugato Ghosh (Bengal Engineering & Science University, India)
A sensor array consisting of five individual gas sensors (methane,
carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia) has
been developed for analysis of individual gases from a mixture of
various explosive and toxic gases which are commonly available in
manhole gas mixture. Manhole gas of different areas has been
collected and analyzed in lab by chemical process and gas
chromatography. A gas mixture and measurement setup has been
developed in lab for analysis of mixed toxic and explosive gases by
the sensor array. For cross sensitivity of the sensor array an intelligent
system has being developed to find out the actual concentration of
gas from a gas mixture.
09:30
Synthesized Transduction for Proximity Sensing in Tele-operated
Systems
Jayanta Mukherjee (BARC, India)
In tele-robotic systems with remote slave robot that mimics human
actions on master arm, interactions between remote slave robot with
its environment are perceived from reaction that develop when the
slave is in physical contact with objects only. A method for enabling
early sensing occurring prior to contact has been developed to
eliminate 'surprise contact' by taking a synthesised transduction route
94
that uses models of the parts in workspace and sensed velocity of
robot tool-tip. Critical factors for making the technique suitable for realtime function of system and automated application have been
addressed.
09:45
Design and Implementation of a Simple Electromechanical System to
Reduce Domestic Gas Wastage and Accidents in South-Asia
Rachaen Huq (BRAC University, Bangladesh); Anamul Hoque (BRAC
University, Bangladesh); Partha Chakraborty (BRAC University,
Bangladesh); Imran Bin Jafar (BRAC University, Bangladesh); Khan
Rahman (BRAC University, Bangladesh)
This paper elaborates design and implementation aspects of a system
design project which aims at modernizing the current design of
domestic gas-stoves with a simple electromechanical sensorintegrated system in order to reduce wastage of gas and accident
possibilities in South-Asian households. Statistics show that a
significant amount of natural gas is wasted everyday in the domestic
cooking purpose because of the ignorance of the users by keeping the
gas line on even after cooking is done, or during breaks. One of the
two major portions of the proposed system will sense the situation of
'activity' of the stove (idle or cooking); the other will sense the state of
the gas knob (on or off) and send signals to the controller-unit
accordingly. Both of these electromechanical sensors were designed
and implemented in this project. If the stove remains 'idle' and gas-line
is 'on' for a specific amount of time, say five minutes, the controller will
automatically close the gas line. The gas line will again automatically
'open' when any of the above states changes (if the stove becomes
'active' or the line is manually closed). The system components were
designed and implemented as a whole successfully. The proposed
system can either be implemented as an external modification to the
existing gas-stoves or can be industrially integrated to make the nextgeneration energy saving stoves.
10:00 to 10:30 Tea break
10:30 - 12:00
S11A: Special Session On Smart Environmental Monitoring Systems
Chair: Serge Camou (NTT Corporation, Japan)
10:30
Electrochemical Sensor for Detection of Multiple Environmental
Contaminants Through Advanced Signal Processing
95
Subhadeep Chakraborty (University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA);
Michael Manahan (Pennsylvania State University, USA); Matthew
Mench (University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA)
The possibility of large-scale attacks using chemical warfare agents
(CWAs) has exposed the critical need for fundamental research
enabling the reliable, unambiguous, and early detection of trace
CWAs and toxic industrial chemicals. This paper presents an unique
approach for identification and classification of environmental
contaminants by perturbing an electrochemical (EC) sensor with an
oscillating potential rather than static voltage levels for extraction of
statistically rich information from the current response. The dynamic
response, being a function of the degree and mechanism of
contamination, is then processed with a symbolic dynamic filter for
extraction of representative patterns, which are then classified using a
trained neural network. The approach presented in this paper
promises to extend sensing power and sensitivity of these EC sensors
by augmenting and complementing the sensor technology with stateof-the-art embedded real time signal processing capabilities.
10:45
Water toxicity assessment with potentiometric multisensor system
Dmitry Kirsanov (St. Petersburg State University, Russia)
The present paper deals with the application of the potentiometric
multisensor system for water toxicity estimation in terms of the
bioassay with three various living test organisms: Daphnia magna,
Chlorella vulgaris and Paramecium caudatum. The prediction of water
toxicity with relative errors 15-26% (depending on the test object) is
possible with PLS (partial least squares) modelling from the data
obtained by potentiometric multisensor system.
11:00
Microwave Sensor for detection of E.Coli in Water
Sudhi Oberoi (Dayalbagh Educational Institute, India); Soami Daya
Krishnananda (Dayalbagh Educational Institute & Microwave Physics
Lab, India); Prem Saran Tirumalai (Dayalbagh Educational Institute,
India)
Fast and accurate detection of harmful bacterium causing water borne
deases is an urgent need for health and safety of many in India. In this
paper a sensitive method is designed for efficient and fast detection of
E. Coli.in water. The microwave biosensor detects change in the
permittivity of water with controlled contamination with respect to
uncontamininated water. Which can be applied for detection of
bacterial contamination. The sample holder was a 3x3 part of a 96
96
well microtiter plate whose design was optimized using the frequency
solver module of the CST microwave simulator to ensure highest
resolution and sensitivity in the centre well of the holder. The sample
holder had a capacity of 30ul which was used to carry E. coli samples
of initial concentration of around 1.5x 1011 CFU/ml which was serially
diluted from10-1 to 10-10 dilutions. E.coli was used as a model for
testing, as it was safe and reliable to work with. The corresponding
dielectric showed a negative correlation with bacterial concentration
which was quantified and a working linear range was identified. Using
this trend, we designed a paradigm of calibration of the biosensor
within the working limit using three pre-set known dilutions and used
this to quantify the contamination of the unknown sample. Our
microwave sensor was able to successfully quantify contamination
within confidence limits. The entire procedure from calibration to
quantification took 10 minutes and presents itself as a practical, rapid
method to detect and quantify microbial contamination in water.
11:15
Electromagnetic sensor for leak detection and asset management for
the Water Industry
M Diallo (Liverpool John Moores University, United Kingdom); Andrew
Shaw (Liverpool John Moores University, United Kingdom); Jung
Hean Goh (Liverpool John Moores University, United Kingdom);
Stephen Wylie (Liverpool John Moores University, United Kingdom);
Alex Mason (Liverpool John Moores University, United Kingdom);
Ahmed I Al-Shamma'a (Liverpool John Moores University, United
Kingdom)
The UK's water regulator OFWAT figures for 2010 shows that over
28% of water delivered by all water and sewage companies was lost
due to leakage. This paper describes the development of an
electromagnetic sensor that combines leaks detection and asset
management for the water industry. This sensor will be deployed
inside the water main and inspections carried out without the need to
interrupt the water service to customers for leak detection and asset
management.
11:30
Effect of Stacked Diaphragm in MEMS Pressure Sensors for
Oceanographic Applications
Surya Raveendran (University of Calicut, India); Suja Kj (NIT, Calicut,
India); Rama Komaragiri (National Institute of Technology Calicut,
India)
97
This work focuses on modeling of MEMS piezoresistive pressure
sensors for oceanographic pressure sensing applications. Two
different diaphragms structures, one with silicon and the other with
silicon and silicon dioxide (SOI) stack using FEM software Intellisuite®
were designed and the performance parameters of the two sensors
were compared. The stress in the pressure sensor with silicon
diaphragm was found to be more when compared to its SOI
counterpart. The sensitivity of SOI pressure is more when compared
to the Silicon pressure sensor. The thickness of SOI layer plays an
integral part of sensor design. Unlike the silicon pressure sensor, the
SOI pressure sensor was able to operate at large pressures by
changing the dimension of the diaphragm, while maintaining
appreciable voltage sensitivity. The SOI pressure sensor due to its
attributed features can be utilized for the design of sensors for deep
sea pres-sure measurement for long term and reliable operation.
11:45
Smartphone Application for Fault Recognition
Nishchal Verma (Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India);
Sumanik Singh (Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India); Jayesh
K. Gupta (Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India); Rahul K.
Sevakula (Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India); Sonal Dixit
(Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India); Al Salour (The Boeing
Company, USA)
Smart-phones have become an integral part of our daily life. Even
though smart-phone app development has boomed, only few general
purpose applications exist for feature extraction, feature selection and
classification of audio data from a smart-phone. The paper presents
detailed theory behind the data mining model used, which has given
good results on MATLAB. The application was made to learn different
fault states of an industrial air compressor. The application was tested
to recognize the fault state in real time as the air compressor was
running. It has performed very well with classification accuracies
above 93.73%. It is believed that similar application and model with
some minor changes in specifications can be used for acoustic pattern
recognition in wide range of fields; even in industry.
S11B: Wireless Sensor Networks – II
Chair: Basudam Adhikari (IIT Kharagpur, India)
10:30
mKRISHI Wireless Sensor Network Platform for Precision Agriculture
98
Ajay Mittal (Research, India); Chethan P (TCS Innovation Labs
Bangalore, India); Jayaraman Srinivasan (TCS Innovation Labs,
Bangalore, TCS, India); Bhushan Gurmukhdas Jagyasi (TCS
Innovation Labs Mumbai & Indian Institute of Technology Bombay,
India); Arun Pande (TCS Innovation Labs Mumbai, India); P.
Balamuralidhar (Tata Consultancy Services, India)
The paper presents a mKRISHI sensor network platform which is
specifically designed to build a low cost wireless sensor network for
precision agriculture applications. The Texas Instrument's CC2530,
which is an IEEE 802.15.4 ZigBee compliant system-on-chip, has
been used to provide a long range communication while making the
sensor nodes more power efficient. The design and development of
gateway has been also presented which connects the wireless sensor
network to the back-haul network. The enclosure of the sensor node
has been designed using the inexpensive PVC pipes which makes the
entire solution more cost effective and feasible for the deployment in
the outdoor environments like agriculture farms. It has been shown
through the experiments that there is not significant attenuation in the
received signal strength due to the enclosure using PVC pipes. The
results obtained from the deployment of the sensor network over a
period of two months has been presented to show the robustness of
the proposed framework.
10:45
Energy Aware Self Powered Wireless Sensor Mote
Haribabu Pasupuleti, Mr. (Centre for Development of Advanced
Computing, India); David Selvakumar (C-DAC BANGALORE, India)
Wireless sensor networks find applications including agriculture,
transportation and automation. The wireless sensor mote and the
network hardware subsystem play a vital role in sensing, monitoring
and communication. In order to self-sustain the hardware
infrastructure for the application, it needs to be self-powered, energy
aware and efficient. This paper analyzes system design issues and
options, architecture and performance of solar based sustainable self
powered, energy aware and efficient wireless sensor motes that have
been designed. Various power modules and schemes viz. Low
Dropout Regulators, DC-DC converters, dynamic voltage and
frequency scaling for their suitability and applicability to the wireless
sensor mote design. DC-DC converter and battery management
system for solar based energy harvesting have been adopted based
on low quiescent current. DC-DC converter can start up from very low
input voltages. Lithium-ion/ polymer battery has been used
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considering its high energy density and large cycle life. The battery
management system comprising of battery protection, battery healthcheck by means of open circuit voltage measurement and fuel gauge
provides required intelligence about energy density, power density
and battery capacity availability to the system. The designed wireless
sensor mote is scheduled to self-sustain without any change of
batteries by converting the light energy into useful electrical energy
and utilizing the harvested energy efficiently.
11:00
Development of Embedded Wireless Network and Water Quality
Measurement Systems for Aquaculture
Sai Krishna Vaddadi (CSIR-Central Electronics Engineering Research
Institute, India)
In this paper development and deployment of wireless network for
water quality measurement units in multiple fish ponds is presented.
The developed portable water quality measurement units are installed
on a floating platform to measure water quality parameters such as
dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, environment pressure and
conductivity. All these units possess wireless communication interface
to communicate with central unit for remote monitoring, control and
data transfer. These systems are weather proof and can sustain harsh
environmental conditions like rain, moisture, dust & humidity. Suitable
software protocol is developed to maintain harmonious
communication between the monitoring devices and remote user. The
LabView based application software is developed to extract the
various pond water quality data and other information of user interest
for appropriate management of aquaculture. The result obtained are
also discussed to determine stress factor on aquatic fish
11:15
Wireless Gas Sensor Network for Detection and Monitoring of Harmful
Gases in Utility Areas and Industries
P Jain (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, India);
Rajesh Kushawah (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing,
India)
The oil and gas industries are investing more time and more money in
wireless sensor technologies to help reducing risks to personnel and
plant by using early-warning devices such as gas detectors. This can
help to provide more time to take remedial or protective action. Gas
leakage is also concern with residential, commercial premises and
gas powered transportation vehicles. This paper provides a means for
detecting the leakage of harmful gases and monitoring system which
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is economical to manufacture and which may be readily installed in
service stations, pressure gas storage tank environments, gas yards,
utility areas like kitchen, and gas powered vehicles.
11:30
Irrigation Control using Wireless Underground Sensor Networks
Vinod Parameswaran (University of Southern Queensland, Australia);
Hong Zhou (University of Southern Queensland, Australia); Zhongwei
Zhang (University of Southern Queensland, Australia)
Wireless Underground Sensor Networks (WUSN) using ElectroMagnetic (EM) wave communication has to address the challenges
posed by the underground environment. An alternative to EM wave
communication for WUSN is Magnetic Induction (MI). This research
aims to study the possibility of using MI communication for WUSN
designed for irrigation control in horticulture. As a case study, a typical
Pecan farm in Australia has been considered. The case study would
focus on the application of accurate soil moisture reporting and
regulation for the farm, under all climatic conditions. This application
addresses the issue of water-shortage confronting irrigation in
Australia.
11:45
Web based monitoring and Control of WSN using WINGZ(Wireless IP
Network Gateway for Zigbee)
Kaushik Nanda (CDAC, Bangalore, India); Haribabu Pasupuleti, Mr.
(Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, India); David
Selvakumar (C-DAC BANGALORE, India); Kiran Nayak (Center for
Development of Advanced Computing, India); Shrikrishna Chippalkatti
(Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, India)
Recent times ZigBee based wireless sensor networks are gaining
popularity in various application domain areas like healthcare,
structural health monitoring, home and commercial building
automation, industrial automation, transportation, agriculture, etc.
ZigBee standard provides various domain specific application profiles.
The sensors are interfaced to ZigBee communication modules to form
a wireless personal area network. In order to control and
communicate to these networks from backbone infrastructure
networks viz. 2G/3G/4G/Wi-Fi a wireless enabled gateway is
essential. The hardware platforms and software framework for such
gateways need to be application domain independent to make the
systems generic. The work that has been presented in this paper
focuses on hardware system design issues and options, software
framework and application case studies. The gateway subsystem has
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been enabled with sufficient storage for local data buffering. The
system consists of three modules namely WINGZ (Wireless IP
Network multi protocol Gateway for Zigbee), Ubimote (Wireless
zigbee mote with generic sensor interface) and Ubi-Sense (Generic
Sensor board) for application case study. The hardware and software
systems enables anywhere connectivity of networked sensors. The
heart of the system is WINGZ which is an android based multi
protocol wireless gateway supporting WLAN, HSPA (High Speed
Packet Access), ZigBee and Ethernet.
S11C: Bio And Biological Sensors
Chair: Jayanta Mukherjee (BARC, India)
10:30
FIA-EQCN biosensor for analysis of sulphadiazine residues in milk
Geetesh Mishra (BITS, Pilani-KK Birla Goa Campus, India); Sunil
Bhand (BITS, Pilani-KK Birla Goa Campus, India)
the widespread use of antibiotics within the farming industry is one of
the factors that have been linked to the appearance of these residues
in milk. A flow injection analysis-electrochemical quartz crystal nanobalance (FIA-EQCN) biosensor is presented for label free analysis of
sulphadiazine residues in milk. The biosensor constituted a polyclonal
antibody of sulphadiazine covalently immobilized to a gold coated
quartz crystal mounted on a flow cell attached with FIA-EQCN setup.
The biosensor showed linearity in the range 50 to 200 µg kg -1, with
minimum detection limit of 10 µg kg-1, R2 0.97 and % R.S.D. 0.83.
Good recoveries were obtained (98.6-100.5%) for sulphadiazine in the
spiked milk samples. A good correlation was observed between the
sulphadiazine concentrations measured through FIA-EQCN and the
commercial ELISA kit. These results indicate that utilizing this system
could be very effective to detect low level of sulphadiazine residues in
milk
10:45
2D-SPR biosensor detects the intracellular signal transduction in
PC12 cells at single cell level
Tanveer Mir (University of Toyama & Graduate School of Innovative
Life Sciences for Education, Japan)
Conventional techniques for intracellular signal transduction in living
cells can be limited by the need for exogenous labels, time and laborintensive protocols, as well as by poor sensitivity levels. In this study,
2D-SPR imager was applied to real-time monitoring of intracellular
signal transduction at single cell level upon stimulation with carbacol.
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The reflection intensity change response was suppressed by atropine,
D-tubocurarine and staurosporine, respectively. Our results
demonstrated that the mammalian cell-based 2D-SPR sensor might
develop a pathway to non-labeled, simple, rapid, highly sensitive and
multi-detectable biodetection for various chemicals and greatly
facilitate high-throughput drug screening, study of molecular biology
and so on.
11:00
Single cell measurement using the portable impedance analyzer
Sung-Lin Tsai (National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan)
This paper presents the development and application of a miniaturized
impedance sensing system for a single cell impedance measurement.
The system includes a set of plane electrodes, a function generator,
an impedance analyzer and a handheld microscope. The system also
equips a programmable controller for the automatic impedance
measurement and analysis. It can execute the cell located and cell
measured by Effects of DEP (dielectrophoresis) and ACET
(alternating electrothermal).
11:15
Nanocrystalline Porous Silicon For Sensitive Toxin Detection
Hrilina Ghosh (Bengal Engineering and Science University Shibpur
(BESUS), India); Chirosree RoyChaudhuri (B.E. College, India)
In this paper, a high-performance nanocrystalline silicon-based
impedance sensor has been reported for the sensitive detection of
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Nanoporous silicon with pore thickness of about
100 nm and pore diameter of about 250 nm has been fabricated on a
10-20 Ωcm wafer using hydrofluoric acid (HF) and dimethyl sulfoxide
(DMSO) using a constant current source of 2.35 mA for 30 minutes.
The samples were then thermally oxidized for partial oxidation of the
silicon crystallites to obtain two different oxide thickness of 0.15 µm
and 0.05 µm. Next simple screen printed silver electrodes have been
fabricated followed by optimized silanization and antibody
immobilization. Toxin detection was based on the change in the
double layer impedance at the electrode-electrolyte interface caused
by specific antigen-antibody binding. The developed sensor has been
observed to be highly sensitive, detecting AFB1 of concentration as
low as 100 fg/ml with a significant sensitivity of around 40%. Since the
proposed method is simple and highly sensitive, it has the potential to
detect toxin molecule down to 10 fg/ml.
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11:30
Utilisation of a Resonant Structure to Differentiate Lipomyces Yeast
Cultures based upon Lipid Content
Alex Mason (Liverpool John Moores University, United Kingdom);
Richard Blakey (Liverpool John Moores University, United Kingdom);
Ahmed I Al-Shamma'a (Liverpool John Moores University, United
Kingdom); Carole Rolph (University of Central Lancashire, United
Kingdom); Gary Bond (University of Central Lancashire, United
Kingdom); Kerry A Rostron (UCLAN, United Kingdom)
This article proposes a novel method for differentiation of biological
cells based upon the total concentration of lipids. Lipid accumulation
within cells is significant as it serves as a marker pertaining to the
metabolism and oncologic state of the cell and organism. This is
accomplished through dielectric characterisation of the sample
utilising circuit board based resonant structures. This paper presents a
preliminary experiment using lipid accumulating yeast cultures to
model lipid droplets in mammalian cells. The experiment indicated that
lipid positive and negative cultures can be differentiated based upon
the dielectric characteristics of the sample.
11:45
An easy-to-adopt approach for regular and routine monitoring of the
consciousness level of human brain of stayed alone sick person
Madhurima Chattopadhyay (West Bengal University of Technology &
Heritage Institute of Technology, India)
The objective of the paper is to put forward a portable, robust,
applicable to wide variety of environments and user-friendly device to
measure the level of awareness of human brain. The estimation
process of consciousness-level is based on the
electroencephalography (EEG). The device uses two skin surface
electrodes (non-invasive). One electrode, acting as the measuring
electrode, is placed on the frontal region of the human scalp to scan
the bio-potential generated by the neuron network (representing one's
conscious awareness) with respect to a reference electrode (which is
attached to the ear lobe of the subject). The device is powered by a
simple but dedicated software algorithm for signal acquisition and
signal conditioning followed by the display of results for necessary
diagnosis. It scans the complex brain wave and identifies the
presence of Beta (β) waves (13-30Hz). These β-waves indicate the
awareness of the subject. The analysis software performs a faithful
comparison of the acquired data with the standard database (stored in
the memory device of the hand-held computer). The algorithm is
programmed in LabVIEW environment to translate the information
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from the sensor to a meaningful data array for Fast Fourier Transform
(FFT) to obtain frequency spectra. The results obtained through our
proposed gadget are in closed agreements with the actual clinical
conditions.
S12: Combined Lunch And Poster Session – II
Chairs: Olga Korostynska (Liverpool John Moores University, United
Kingdom), Ian G Platt (Lincoln Ventures Ltd, New Zealand)
Synthesis, Characterization and performance of Pure and Surface
modified BaSnO3 with TiO2 thick film resistor as a gas sensor
Narendra Patil (K. P. G. Arts, Commerce and Science College,
Igatpuri & Pune University, Pune, India); Vishwas Gaikwad, Jr (Pune
University & College, India); Gotan H Jain (K. T. H. M. College,
Nashik, India)
In this paper we report the synthesis, micro-structure, electric
properties and gas sensing performance of perovskite material of the
form BaSnO3 powder in form of a thick film resistor, Said powder was
prepared by mechano-chemical method. Thick films were prepared by
simple screen-printing method. The films were surface modified TiO2
by dipping technique. The characterization of the films was done by
XRD, SEM and TGA. Peaks of the XRD pattern reveal the formation
of compound BaSnO3. Crystallite size, electric properties and gas
sensitivity of the films were measured and presented here. Pure film
was found to respond presence of CO2 at elevated temperature of
about 500oC, whereas when films are surface modified, response
gets shifted to H2S at lower temperature of about 300oC.
BEAMS: Battery Exhaustion Anomaly Monitoring System Model in
SENSORNET
Tapalina Bhattasali (University of Science and Technology, India);
Rituparna Chaki (West Bengal University of Technology, India)
Due to the deployment in open and hostile environment,
SENSORNET is vulnerable to various attacks. Battery exhaustion of
sensor nodes in wireless sensor network is a challenging issue
because it shortens the normal lifetime of sensor network. Affected
nodes give rise to denial of service that resists getting the objective of
SENSORNET in real life. In this paper, Battery Exhaustion Anomaly
Monitoring System (BEAMS) model based on Absorbing Markov
Chain (AMC) is proposed to detect battery exhaustion attack in
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SENSORNET. A mathematical model is used for performance
analysis for Battery Exhaustion attack.
Implementation of 16 Channels Biosensor Based Animal Testing Data
Acquisition System in Hard Real-Time Operating System
Marzia Alam (BRAC University, Bangladesh); Akm Azad (BRAC
University, Bangladesh)
This paper proposes 16 channels biosensor based animal testing
laboratory set up for research purpose. The motivation for
establishment of such a system came from the scarcity of animal
testing Laboratory in the South Asian region. The proposed system
received different physiological signal such as heart rate, ECG,
cardiac output etc through biosensors and the signal is transferred to
the computer using 16 channel USB-4716 data acquisition card in
Hard Real-Time Linux Environment [1]. One challenge in achieving
this target is receiving the signal through biosensor and processing
this signal by required signal conditioning circuit for necessary
amplification and noise removal purpose. This paper presents a clear
overview of eight sensors to be used to measure different
physiological condition and the required signal processing circuitry.
Azo linked salicylaldimine as a cation sensor towards transition metal
ions
Suganya Sivalingam (National Institute of Technology, Trichy, India);
Udhayakumari Duraisamy (Department of Chemistry, National
Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, INDIA, India); Velmathi Sivan
(Dept of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli,
INDIA, India)
Cation sensors 1, 2 based on azo derivative have been synthesized
from the condensation reaction between 4-amino azo benzene with 5Chloro salicylaldehyde / 5- Nitro salicylaldehyde. The structures of the
receptors 1, 2 were confirmed by IR, 1H NMR spectroscopic methods.
The sensing ability of receptor 1 towards Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Mn2+
ions and receptor 2 towards Fe3+, Sn2+ ions over other transition
metal ions were studied by UV-vis and Fluorescence experiments.
Binding Constant of the metal complexes of receptors 1, 2 were
calculated by Benesi-Hildebrand method and Job's plot studies
revealed the stoichiometry exist between the receptors 1, 2 and
corresponding metal ions under identical concentration of both
receptors 1, 2 and metal ions.
106
Zirconia Oxygen Sensor for Aerospace Applications
Jk Radhakrishnan (Defence Bioengineering and Electromedical
Laboratory & DRDO, India); Kamble Ss (Defence Bioengineering and
Electromedical Laboratory, India); Krishnapur Pp (Defence
Bioengineering and Electromedical Laboratory, India); Vc Padiki
(Defence Bioengineering and Electromedical Laboratory, India);
Gnanasekaran T (IGCAR, India)
Oxygen Concentration Monitoring is an important requirement in
fighter aircrafts. This paper reports the results of performance
evaluation of an indigenous Zirconia Oxygen Sensor, which meets the
requirements of a fighter aircraft environment. The Oxygen Sensor
uses a solid state electrolyte, Zirconia stabilized with 8mol% Yttria, in
the form of a Nernst Cell, which when heated above 6000C, develops
an emf proportional to the ratio of partial pressures of Oxygen across
its two electrodes. The reference gas used is air (21% O2). The
sensor performs satisfactorily in a wide range of environments faced
in the fighter aircraft, such as altitudes upto 50K feet, the extreme
temperatures of -40C to 65C, arrestor-hook shock, etc. These results
are presented here.
Advanced Driver Asistance System
Sanket R. Borhade (Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, India);
Manthan Shah (Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, India); Pravin
Jadhav (Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, India); Digvijay
Rajurkar (Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, India); Aniket Bhor
(University of Pune & Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, India)
In recent years, pedestrian detection (PD) plays a vital role in a variety
of applications such as security cameras, automotive control and so
forth. These applications require two essential features, i.e. high
speed performance and high accuracy. Firstly, the accuracy is
determined by how the image features are described. The image
feature description must be robust against occlusion, rotation, and the
change in object shapes and illumination conditions. A number of
feature descriptors have been proposed. Previously HOG features
were extensively used along with SVM classifier for pedestrian
detection. HOG features and SVM classifier can achieve good
performance for PD, but they are time consuming. To achieve high
detection speed with good detection performance, a Two-step
framework method was proposed. The Two-step framework consists
of a full-body detection (FBD) step and a head-shoulder detection
(HSD) step. Zhen Li proposed the fusion of Haar-like and HOG
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features to get better performance, and the HSD step utilizes edgelet
features for classification and detection. This paper has limitations as
low detection rate and less computation speed. In order to alleviate
these limitations we propose here a new methodology for improving
the detection rate and speed. Hence, the performance and accuracy
of the detection can be improved by the combination of Haar-like and
Triangular features for FBD and Edgelet/Shapelet for HSD. We expect
an average 95% detection rate and 60% faster speed for the
proposed method.
DGS based Microstrip Phase shifters
Sheetal Bhujade (Mumbai University, India); Uday Khot (Mumbai
University, India); Pravin Patil (Mumbai University, India)
Phase shifter design for system application requires consideration of
many factors such as bandwidth, phase shift, insertion loss, gain
variation etc. This paper focuses on the development of microstrip
phase shifters using defected ground structure (DGS). The basic
concept of DGS is introduced and the parametric characterization for
variety of shapes of DGS is considered. The paper also focuses on
alphanumeric shapes of DGS and comparing the performance of
phase shifter for all possible DGS shapes. The shapes of DGS in
microstrip phase shifters are investigated for optimizing their phase
variation, phase shift bandwidth, insertion loss, and return loss.
Microcontroller-based Sensors and Instrumentation for Roll-to-Roll
Application
Sung-Yu Tsai (Massey University, New Zealand); Noppharat Yoksen
(National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan); Subhas Mukhopadhyay
(Massey University, New Zealand); Jen-Yuan (James) Chang
(National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan)
This paper presents instrumentation and interfacing between
microcontroller and sensors/actuator for Roll-to-Roll system. Load cell,
edge sensor and brake are commonly used sensors and actuator in
the system. However, additional sensor calibration and linearization
are required for mechatronic integration of the system. An
experimental study was carried out to outline sensor characteristics
before and after the signal conditioning. The sensors and actuator
were linearized using straight line fitting and Taylor series expansion.
Experimental results are illustrated and examined to be working.
108
Electrical Characterization of Suspended HeLa Cells using ECIS
based Biosensor
Debanjan Das (IIT Kharagpur, India); Farhan Ahmad Kamil (IIT
Kharagpur, India); Karabi Biswas (I.I.T. Kharagpur, India); Soumen
Das (IIT Kharagpur, India)
Impedance spectroscopy of biological cells has been used to monitor
cell status, e.g. cell proliferation, viability, etc. It is also a fundamental
method for the study of the electrical properties of cells which has
been utilised for cell identification in investigations of cell behaviour
under an applied electric field. Impedance measurement of cell
suspensions i.e. a group of cells within a culture medium provides
better information about the cell properties than that of single cell
measurement. This paper presents electrical characterization of
cervical carcinoma cell lines (HeLa) suspending in PBS medium using
electric cell-substrate impedance sensing based biosensor. The
impedance data are measured using commercially available ECIS
device for without and with HeLa cells in the PBS culture medium over
a frequency sweep of 100 Hz to 10 MHz. An electrical equivalent
circuit of ECIS system with cells suspending in medium is developed
and the corresponding electrical parameters are extracted by fitting
the experimental data in fitting software. The result also shows that
impedance data becomes constant after a certain time for a particular
frequency and this response can be used to monitor the cell
attachment and confluence.
A New Approach for Sensitivity Improvement of MEMS Capacitive
Accelerometer Using Electrostatic Actuation
Banibrata Mukherjee (IIT KHARAGPUR, India); K. B. Mruthyunjaya
Swamy (IIT-Kharagpur, India); Siddhartha Sen (IIT Kharagpur, India)
This paper presents a new approach for sensitivity improvement of
MEMS Capacitive Accelerometer using electrostatic actuation. In
comb type capacitive accelerometer structure a few set of actuation
fingers are incorporated in addition to the regular sense and movable
fingers for electrostatic actuation or self test purpose. The driving
voltage applied between static actuation finger and movable finger
generates an electrostatic force which is inversely proportional to the
square of the effective gap between the fingers. In our proposed
approach the device is actuated both mechanically and electrically in
same direction. As the mechanical acceleration increases, the gap
between the combs decreases and it causes the increase in
electrostatic force that in turn improves the overall sensitivity of the
109
device for measurement of primarily static acceleration. The increase
in sensitivity is more prominent for higher applied voltage and higher
mechanical acceleration. Basic theoretical background supported by
simulation results are provided for this concept.
Classification of Himalayan Teas Using Vis-NIR Spectroscopy
Santosh Kumar (CEERI Pilani, India); PoonamChand Panchariya
(CSIR-CEERI, India); Bhanu Prasad P (CSIR-CEERI, India); Ashu
Gulati (CSIR-IHBT, India); Asharfi Sharma (DAVV, India)
This paper reports on the application of Vis-NIR spectroscopy to
discriminate between seven different types of tea samples from same
origin (Himalayan teas). NIR spectra were recorded by measuring the
absorption spectra in the range 300-1900nm. The spectral features of
each category are reasonably differentiated in the Vis-NIR region
(500-1300nm), and the spectral differences provided enough
qualitative spectral information for identification. Discrimination of
orthodox black teas based on their spectral data was performed by
principal component analysis (PCA), a common chemometric method
used for data reduction and visualisation. The results demonstrate the
ability of spectroscopy techniques to differentiate between orthodox
black teas manufactured at different seasons. Linear Discriminant
Analysis (LDA) was used to construct the identification model based
on Principal Components derived using PCA. The number of principal
component factors (PCs) was optimized in the constructing model.
The experimental results showed good performance of PCA-LDA
model. The optimal model was achieved when two PCs with the
identification rates of 95.12% was achieved for the prediction set. The
overall results demonstrated that Vis-NIR spectral data with suitable
pattern recognition method can be successfully applied as a rapid
method to identify orthodox black tea varieties.)
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Angular Trajectory Tracking using Antagonistic Shape Memory Alloy
Actuators
Josephine Ruth (National Institute Of Technology, India); Sunjai
Nakshatharan (National Institute Of Technology, India); Dhanalakshmi
Kaliaperumal (National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli &
National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli, India)
This paper presents an actuator for angular trajectory tracking of a
beam using shape memory alloy wires in an antagonistic
configuration. Antagonistic shape memory alloy actuators use
opposing force to create systems capable of producing alternative
tracking paths and two-way mechanical work is done in an efficient
way. A closed loop PWM based control scheme is designed and
implemented experimentally with rotary position sensing.
Experimental results show that a shape memory alloy actuated beam
in combination with the controller can track any input trajectory signal.
Analytical study of performance variations of fiber optic microdisplacement sensor configurations using mathematical modeling and
an experimental test jig
Supriya Patil (University of Pune & Abasaheb Garware College, pune,
India); Arvind Dattatreye Shaligram (Pune University, Pune, India)
Optical fiber sensors are studied and fabricated for number of
industrial applications. It has certain advantages such as light weight,
low cost etc. Number of configurations is considered depending upon
the need of applications. These configurations are modeled
mathematically and analyzed for studying their performance. It is
observed that modeling is done for specific geometry of the
configuration. These models signify the ideal behavior of the
configuration of sensor system. Practically there are always some
tolerances associated with the sensor system. Hence it is necessary
to develop a flexible mathematical model considering the practical
scenarios. A mathematical model which is used to represent all
possible configurations of fiber optic micro displacement sensor is
proposed. The model is developed using ray trace technique in
MATLAB. Some identified configurations are simulated using this
model and it is validated using the developed test jig. Simulated
results show good agreement with the experimental results obtained
using test jig. The fiber optic sensor configurations tested are
extendable to other practical physical and chemical sensing
applications.
111
Mobility management in IP based Wireless Sensor Network using
TinyOS
Suman Sankar Bhunia (Jadavpur University, India); Soumen Das
(Jadavpur University, India); Sarbani Roy (Jadavpur University, India);
Nandini Mukherjee (Jadavpur University, India)
Mobility management is one of the most important research issues in
6LoWPAN which is a standardized IP based Wireless Sensor
Networks (IP-WSN) protocol. Since the IP-WSN application domain is
expanded to real-time applications such as health-care and
surveillance systems, a fast and seamless handover becomes an
important criterion for supporting mobility in 6LoWPAN. In this paper,
we have studied mobility characteristics along with design issues and
different mobility scenarios. Also, two approaches are incorporated for
mobility management namely timer driven and message driven
approaches. Both of these are implemented using TinyOS.
A novel flexible strain gauge sensor fabricated using screen printing
Akhil Moorthi (Western Michigan University, USA); Ali Eshkeiti
(Western Michigan University, USA); Binu Narakathu (Western
Michigan University, USA); Sai Guruva Reddy (Western Michigan
University, USA); Hemant Bohra (Western Michigan University, USA);
Massood Atashbar (Western Michigan University, USA)
A novel flexible strain gauge sensor was successfully screen printed
on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate using silver (Ag) ink as
metallization. The electro-mechanical characteristics of the printed
strain gauge sensor were investigated by subjecting the sensor to a
cyclic 3-point bend fatigue test. The sensors were subjected to a
displacement of 1 mm and 2 mm, for 10,000 cycles at 0.5 Hz.
Resistance changes of 0.64 % and 1.89 % were observed for the 1
mm and 2 mm displacements, respectively. An average increase of 9
% in the resistance was calculated for every 0.004 mm/mm increase
in the strain, during a strain analysis test performed on the sensor.
These responses of the fabricated sensor demonstrate its potential to
be used in sensing applications for safety measures.
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14:00 - 15:00
S13A: Electronic Tongue
Chairs: Rezaul Begg (Victoria University, Australia), Krishanthi Jayasundera
(Massey University, New Zealand)
14:00
Correlation of Tasters scores with biochemical and electronic sensor
data for Darjeeling Orthodox Black Tea
Prosenjit Biswas (Tea Board, India); Narendra Kumar (Tea Board,
India); Mahipal Singh (Tea Board, India); Anirban Basu Majumder
(Tea Board, India); Biswajit Bera (Tea Board, India); Indra Bahadur
Karki (North Bengal University, India); Suman Chatterjee (North
Bengal University, India)
The term 'quality' is used as a description of all the characters of tea
by which it is judged on its market value. So quality means the
summation of the desirable attributes comprising aroma/flavour,
strength, colour, briskness and character of infused leaf. In this
investigation, as a new approach to determine tea quality, biochemical
investigation, such as determination of total phenols, theaflavins,
thearubigins and caffeine, E-Nose response, E-Vision taken images
and tasters scores were acquired for large number of orthodox black
tea samples obtained from different Darjeeling tea gardens and
results are correlated to find the functional relationship. The
relationship is used to calibrate the E-Nose sensor response for this
kind of produce. A relationship between the types of the liquor colours
with taster's scores of the samples has also been observed and also
explained with the help of the biochemical test results.
14:15
Taste sensing with HDTC modified polyvinyl alcohol-polyacrylic acid
membrane
Manmatha Mahato (IIT Kharagpur, India); Tridib Sinha (IIT Kharagpur,
India); Arnab Halder (IIT Kharagpur, India); Basudam Adhikari (IIT
Kharagpur, India); Devdulal Ghosh (Govt. of India & C-DAC, India);
Nabarun Bhattacharyya (Centre for Development of Advanced
Computing, India); Jayanta Mukherjee (BARC, India)
There are reports of taste sensor fabrication by incorporating lipids in
PVC matrix. We have taken an attempt to prepare taste sensor
material by using functionalized polymer. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and
polyacrylic acid (PAA) have been modified to fabricate the sensor
material. The research work covers polymer membrane preparation,
morphology study, and structural characterization of membrane and
study of the taste sensing characteristics. The membrane was
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prepared by cross-linking polyvinyl alcohol and polyacrylic acid in
aqueous-organic medium by using hexadecyltrimethylammonium
chloride (HDTC) with proper heat treatment. The cross-linked PVAPAA was phosphorylated with POCl3. PVA-PAA membranes of
suitable thickness were thus prepared with good threshold sensing
value and less swelling in water. FTIR spectroscopic analysis, XRD
analysis and optical microscopy were done to get an idea about the
structure and morphology of the polymer membrane. Sensor device
prepared with this membrane has shown distinct response patterns for
different taste substances in terms of membrane potential. The sensor
characteristics like temporal stability, response stability, response to
different taste substances, and reproducibility of sensing performance
were studied. Membranes also showed characteristic response
patterns for organic acids like acetic acid, citric acid, formic acid, etc.,
mineral acids like HCl, H2SO4 and HNO3, etc., salt, bitter substance,
sweet substance, umami substance and different grades of tea.
Sensor device prepared with this membrane has excellent shelf life.
14:30
Discrimination of tea quality by polymer membrane electrode based
potentiometric taste sensor
Tridib Sinha (IIT Kharagpur, India)
Tea is one of the most widely consumed beverages all over the world
due to its delicate taste. It is, therefore, essential to establish a simple
and reliable analytical tool for determination (or, discrimination) of tea
quality. We have taken an attempt to discriminate the black tea of
different qualities/grades by means of polymer membrane electrode
based potentiometric taste sensor. Different types of phosphorylated
and crosslinked polymer membranes were used to discriminate
different grades of black tea by measuring the tastes in terms of
membrane potential.
14:45
Polymer membrane electrode based potentiometric taste sensor: A
new sensor to distinguish five basic tastes
Arnab Halder (IIT Kharagpur, India); Manmatha Mahato (IIT
Kharagpur, India); Subhankar Mukherjee (Centre for Development of
Advanced Computing, India); Tridib Sinha (IIT Kharagpur, India);
Basudam Adhikari (IIT Kharagpur, India); Nabarun Bhattacharyya
(Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, India)
Functionalized polymer membrane based potentiometric taste sensors
with efficient selectivity and sensitivity was developed to mimic the
mammalian tongue for measurement of basic tastes like saltiness,
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sourness, bitterness, sweetness and umami or savory. It may solve
the real-world analytical problems arising out of inspection judgment
of human sensory organ in wide area of application ranging from
foodstuff recognition to environmental monitoring and pharmaceutical
application. The membrane was developed using poly (vinyl alcohol)
as base polymers (containing -OH as active group); glutaraldehyde
(as cross linking reagent); POCl3 (for functionalization as
phosphorylation). The investigation covers polymer membrane
preparation, its characterization and study of taste sensing
characteristics like temporal stability, response stability, response to
different taste substances, and reproducibility of sensing
performance.Membrane electrode based on the polymer showed
distinct response patterns in terms of electric potentials for different
taste substances and their sensing ability of basic tastes is highlighted
in this work.
S13B: Sensor Interfacing And Signal Analysis
Chair: PoonamChand Panchariya (CSIR-CEERI, India)
14:00
A Signal Conditioning Circuit to measure Human Biopotentials
Aditi Bhattacharya (Jadavpur University, India); Dibyendu Basu
(Jadavpur University, India); Bhaswati Goswami (Jadavpur University,
Calcutta, India); Ratna Ghosh (Jadavpur University, India)
It is well known that the human being is a complex system made up of
cells, tissues, organs and organ systems that function together to
maintain the health. The coordinated physiological processes maintain
most of the steady states in an organism, not at a fixed value, but
within a narrow, relatively constant range, known as homeostasis.
Recently, a non-invasive measurement of human biopotentials has
been proposed in order to provide information about the health of the
human system as a whole. In the present work, a signal conditioning
circuit has been developed to enhance the signal level of the
measured biopotentials so as to achieve better resolution. This is
expected to enable a more reliable and detailed analysis of the
acquired signals.
14:15
Electronic and Electromechanical Tester of Physiological Sensors
Edward Sazonov (The University of Alabama, USA); Bryant Grace
(The University of Alabama, USA); Andrew Price (The University of
Alabama, USA); Tim A. Haskew (Alabama, USA)
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Physiological sensors for respiration, and electrodermal activity have
been historically used in polygraph devices and sleep laboratories.
Periodic testing of these sensors is important to maintain predictable
performance of the measurement equipment. This paper describes an
Electronic and Electromechanical Tester (EET) for physiological
sensors that allows for accurate and repeatable reproduction of the
recorded or computer-generated physiological signals. The tester is
interfaced to a personal computer via USB and contains three timesynchronous channels: two electromechanical simulators for testing
abdominal and thoracic respiratory sensors, and an electronic
simulator for testing electrodermal sensors. All of the simulated
physiological channels apply direct physical actuation to the
corresponding sensors. Preliminary validation of the EET
demonstrated high accuracy and repeatability of the simulated
physiological signals with an average absolute difference between
simulated waveforms in the range of 1%-3.9%.
14:30
Comparative sensor analysis for an electronic wearable and noninvasive respiratory signal acquisition system
Paulo Lopez-Meyer (The University of Alabama, USA); Brian Cheung
(Case Western Reserve University, USA); Edward Sazonov (The
University of Alabama, USA)
The capability of three different sensors was analyzed in this study
with the aim to build a simple electronic, wearable and non-invasive
system to accurately capture human respiratory signals in free-living
conditions. Two of the sensors were based in the piezoelectric effect
and the third one was resistive in nature. These sensors were
compared to the Respiratory Inductive Plethysmograph (RIP)
technique used as a gold standard. RIP utilizes elastic belts to capture
the expansion and contraction of the lungs based on changes in the
belt inductance. The possibility of using less expensive sensors was
explored in this study and the compared to the RIP reference
respiration signal. Results suggest that data collected using a single
piezoelectric belt correlates significantly with the reference signal
( >0.81), regardless of the position of the sensor for passive activities
like sitting and reading. However, lower correlation was observed for
activities (such as like walking and eating) that involve substantial
motion of body parts.
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14:45
Ranking of Sensitive Positions Based on Statistical Parameters and
Cross Correlation Analysis
Nishchal Verma (Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India); Kumar
Piyush (BIT Mesra, India); Rahul K. Sevakula (Indian Institute of
Technology Kanpur, India); Sonal Dixit (Indian Institute of Technology
Kanpur, India); Al Salour (The Boeing Company, USA)
Condition Based Monitoring of a machine refers to analysis of the
health status of the machine and its components. For this purpose,
acoustic data is acquired from various positions on the machine.
Acquiring data from large number of sensor positions is not
economically viable. It is preferable to have an effective monitoring
system that is faster in data acquisition without compromising on the
robustness of the system. In fact taking data from too many positions
would directly affect its reliability due to various kinds of noises.
Therefore there is a need to locate sensitive positions on a machine.
These sensitive positions are expected to exhibit appropriate fault
characteristics in a much better way as compared to other sensor
positions. This paper presents a method for ranking sensitive
positions based on statistical parameters. While selecting the required
number of sensitive positions, cross-correlation among the positions is
taken into consideration to avoid redundancy. Furthermore, a
standalone application for implementing the same has been
developed on Android platform.
S13C: Gas Sensors - II
Chair: Nachiket Kotwaliwale (Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering &
Indian Council of Agricultural Research, India)
14:00
Development of Nanostructured ZnO based Gas Sensors to use in
Electronic Nose for Biochemical Compounds in Black Tea
Samir Das (Jadavpur University & Jadavpur University, India);
Sankhadeep Ghosh (Jadavpur University, India); Bipan Tudu
(Jadavpur University, India); Nabarun Bhattacharyya (Centre for
Development of Advanced Computing, India); Rajib Bandyopadhyay
(Jadavpur University, India); Panchanan Pramanik (IIT Kharagpur,
India)
Quantitative evaluation of aroma of black tea is a difficult task as no
single sensor has been developed which can quantify the volatile
aroma compounds. As an alternative, the array of sensors has been
attempted to solve this problem involving the principle of neuralnetwork for analysis of responses. To develop the array we have used
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nano-structured ZnO doped with various metals. In this presentation
we describe the responses of Geraniol, Trans-2-Hexenal, Linalool
Oxide & Linalool, the major aroma chemicals of black tea to doped
and undoped ZnO with Pt metal. Nanostructured ZnO doped with and
without Pt are synthesized through chemical process. The
synthesized materials are characterized by XRD and SEM which
confirm their nanostructure and phase purity. The synthesized
sensors are heated in the temperature range of 200°C to 400°C and
their responses towards volatile biochemical compounds like Geraniol,
Trans-2-Hexenal, Linalool Oxide and Linalool are studied.
14:15
Growth and Gas Sensing Properties of Self-Assembled Chain-Like
ZnO Nanostructures
Vardan Galstyan (University of Brescia and CNR-IDASC, Italy);
Elisabetta Comini (University of Brescia, Italy); Camilla Baratto
(University of Brescia, Italy); Andrea Ponzoni (University of Brescia,
Italy); Guido Faglia (University of Brescia, Italy); Giorgio Sberveglieri
(University of Brescia, Italy); Elza Bontempi (University of Brescia,
Italy); Mariangela Brisotto (University of Brescia, Italy)
This work reports the preparation of self-assembled chain-like ZnO
nanostructures and investigation of their gas sensing properties.
Chain-like ZnO nanostructures of high density and homogeneity were
obtained by electrochemical anodization method. The structures were
prepared on alumina, silicon and flexible substrates. Optical properties
of the structures were investigated. Gas sensing properties of
obtained structures have been tested in a wide range of operating
temperatures and towards different gases.
14:30
Synthesis of Ni-doped ZnO Nanorods by Hydrothermal Route and Its
Gas Sensing Properties
Gotan H Jain (K. T. H. M. College, Nashik, India)
In this work, we propose a novel method for the synthesis Ni-doped
ZnO nanorods, analytical grade zinc acetate dehydrate
[Zn(Ac)2.2H2O], nickel acetate [Ni(Ac)2.4H2O], sodium hydroxide
(NaOH) and poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) were used. All the reagents were
used as received (Sigma Aldrich, USA) without further purification.
Various (Zn1-xNix)O (x = 0.01, 0.06, and 0.10) nanorods were
obtained via a facile hydrothermal method. This work aims at
preparing sensing material of Nidoped ZnO nanorods by hydrothermal
process, and testing their sensing properties for detection of toxic
gases. The growth mechanism, morphology, as well as gas sensing
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properties of the Ni-doped ZnO nanorods were systematically studied
in this paper.
14:45
Sensing 1-propanethiol, ethyl methyl sufide, Disulfide, bis[1(methylthio)ethiol] from odorous emissions of a Sewage Treatment
Plant
Baisali Rajbansi (Calcutta Institute of Technology, India); Ujjaini
Sarkar (Jadavpur University, India)
Odours emitted from Sewage Treatment Plants (STP) create nuisance
in the surrounding. The odour comes from the mixture of volatile
organic compounds present in the sewage gas, leachate, leachate
treatment systems, sewage sludges and waste materials. The
research objective is to develop a quantitative Odour Assessment and
Control Scheme (OACS) describing various methods for the
assessment and control of odour. Assessment of Odour Intensity is
done by the standard Sniffer Panel method of Olfactometry.
Psychophysical laws are applied and validated to evaluate odour
concentrations in the semi solid, liquid and gas phases. Parameters of
these laws are estimated by a robust non-linear least square
technique. The time-variant odour concentration profile goes at par
with the time variant VOC concentration (GC/MS outputs) for all the
three components like n-Propyl Mercaptan (1-Propanethiol), EthylMethyl Sulphide (Methylthio Ethane) and 3,6 Dimethyl 2,4,5,7tetrathiooctane (bis 1-[{methylthio}ethyl] disulphide).
15:30 - 16:00
S14: Closing Ceremony And Prize Distribution
Chairs: Nabarun Bhattacharyya (Centre for Development of Advanced
Computing, India), Subhas Mukhopadhyay (Massey University, New Zealand)
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