Trends in Applied Sciences Research
OPEN ACCESS
ISSN 1819-3579
DOI: 10.3923/tasr.2016.
Research Article
SOM Attributes for a Ubiquitous P2P Communication in Wireless
LAN Application
1
Mohammed F. Alsharekh, 2Anwar Hassan Ibrahim and 2Muhammed Islam
1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Unaizah College of Engineering, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia
Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia
2
Abstract
Objective: Line-of-sight (LOS) is a characteristic of simple visible site in selected distant from the transmitter antenna location to the
receiver. The main objective of this study is to presents a prediction of System Operating Margin (SOM) of propagation loss for site specific
scenarios on a line-of-sight (LOS) having an intersection for demonstrating the propagation loss characteristic in Flexible Antenna Height
Communications (FAHC). Methodology: The design analysis is applied to the propagation prediction generated by MATLAB simulation
based on the geometrical theory and the link between antennas were established as a dual slope having variables of distance, frequency,
road width and antenna height. Results: In this analysis, the position of breakpoint is determined so that the RMS error of the regression
becomes the smallest on both slope regions due to its position as important factor for good prediction accuracy. Conclusion: This study
concludes the predicted delay is performed in 2 GHz and 5 GHz bands and the effectiveness of the prediction formula is confirmed by
evaluating the prediction errors.
Key words: Line-of-sight, system operating margin, flexible antenna height communications, breakpoint, predicted delay
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Citation: Mohammed F. Alsharekh, Anwar Hassan Ibrahim and Muhammed Islam, 2016. SOM attributes for a ubiquitous P2P communication in wireless
LAN application. Trends Applied Sci. Res., CC: CC-CC.
Corresponding Author: Anwar Hassan Ibrahim, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia
Copyright: © 2016 Mohammed F. Alsharekh et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Competing Interest: The authors have declared that no competing interest exists.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its supporting information files.
Trends Applied Sci. Res., 2016
distant site could be seen optically through graphs according
INTRODUCTION
to radio with correspondence to conceivable wave.
Line-of-Sight (LOS) radio propagation viewable pathway
Consequently, there is a choice to show observable pathway
is characterized as the straight line connection, clear of any
scope in visual plot representing the physical path loss due to
obstruction, between the transmitter and receiver1. Poor
free space is the mismatch of the link between antennas
correspondences can bring about two unfriendly impacts:
and it doesn't consider deterrents. It accept that the space
Missed alignment and an abbreviated connection life2. On
are totally free, thus the expression "Free space". It might
the off chance that a signal strength experiences difficulty
likewise be called "Viewable pathway loss". The regularly
corresponding with a communication it might need to
acknowledged mathematical statement for ascertaining
re-build up an association while reporting a level of
Free Space Loss (FSL) is:
signal attenuation. This procedure draws out radio wave
propagation and further depletes the connection. In the event
FSL (dB) = 36.57+20×log10 (D)+20×log10 (F)
(1)
that an appropriate LOS communication can't be set up, the
missing level perusing will be skipped from the target,
Where:
specially the short range of microwave link.
FSL = Free space loss (dB)
Radio propagation is the investigation of how radio
D
= Distance (miles)
waves go from a transmitter to a receiver site through the air.
F
= Frequency (MHz)
Radio signs are influenced by landscape rise between the
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
destinations and blocks, including trees, structures, terrain
and other factor, that might be in the middle of the two
locales. Radio signs are likewise influenced by climatic and
Accurate los planning: After some extensive literature
other climate related conditions.
review and data analysis of wave propagation, it was found
Any development of line-of-sight connection quality
that if the diameter of the earth is initiated by roughly 1.33,
relates on the dependability of a LOS connection to way
radio waves will travel in conservative/straight lines over
length,
this bigger earth4. The 1.33 earth radius is named the factor
geophysical
area,
equipment s
ability,
radio
frequency and meteorological variables. The geophysical
K-factor and frequently expression up in radio path strategy
and meteorological variables are depicted as far as an
and propagation philosophy as shown in Fig. 1.
atmosphere climate factor and component, such rain,
The K factor is the difference between performing radio
humidity and temperature. The significance of atmosphere
propagation studies as line of sight paths and actual radio
on the dependability of interchanges connections has been
paths. It is also worth noting that K is another of the variables
abundantly exhibited by involvement in selected area 3.
that changes with atmospheric conditions. The typical values5
of K is 4/3. However, it can range anywhere from about 2/3 to
MATERIALS AND METHODS
up as high as 10. These ranges do not occur often, however,
they can and have occurred on microwave test ranges 6.
LOS propagation prediction: Radio path loss between two
Figure 2 and 3 displayed the effect of diffraction loss for
sights uses free space loss only with no other loss parameters
P2P link for random antenna height planning according to the
are considered. Viewable pathway is essentially noticed from
given parameters shown in Table 1. This supplement values is
the transmitter reception apparatus area towards the receiver
being driven by the software steady for higher transmission
if the distance is short and accessible, it is considered inside of
capacity interchanges to upgraded sight and joint cooperation
the scope range. This is referred to as optical observable
pathway scope. The fresnel zone viewable pathway technique
dLOS
does not consider reflections or the slight twisting of radio
TRX
TRX
waves laterally to the curve of the earth as a radio waves
foldaway in straight lines.
The early science of radio propagation developed via
mathematical model considered that radio and light were
Fig. 1: Line of sight view due to earth curvature
basically the same and normally follow the same way. In a
2
Trends Applied Sci. Res., 2016
Fig. 2: First fresnel zone design for point to multipoint transmission system
Fig. 3: Main window for system operating margin calculation for line of sight
devices as shown in Fig. 4 for k (true earth radius) equal to 1.3.
The new innovation that empower this transformation in
ability is being made accessible by business created
advancements that will give higher transfer speed, upgraded
3
Trends Applied Sci. Res., 2016
Fig. 4: System operating margin calculation when key factor (K) =1.3 for true earth radius
Table 1: Link budget design condition for system operating margin with
different key factor
Condition
Parameter
Value
Initial values
Frequency (GHz)
5.50
Distance (mile)
40.00
Tx cable loss (dB)
4.00
Rx cable loss (dB)
0.10
Tx power (dBm)
36.00
Transmitter antenna gain
2.15
Receiver antenna gain
3.00
Results
SOM for K = 1 (true earth radius)
SOM for K = 1.3 (true earth radius)
Received signal
Free space loss
EIRP
SOM
Received signal
Free space loss
EIRP
SOM
line-of-sight transmission. The reason for this planning aided
to give the most extreme direction in the usage of LOS
frameworks where appropriated to the wireless link planning
used for technical application9,10.
Link budget analysis for los propagation prediction: There
are three antennas that added together as the atmospheric
and distance loss between a transmitter and receivers site.
Both can be considered between as stated between the
transmitter and receiver sites. Due to the distance between
sites, it does not take into account any other factor rather
than obstruction (terrain). It is expected that the destinations
are totally free, thus the term free space depend on diffraction
loss from signals being obstructed by terrains, trees,
buildings or other obstructions in between. The propagation
loss prediction results as the distance between sites
intensifications and the earth curvature obstruction of the
path. Usually the earth curvature obstruction is referred to the
earth bulge being bending due to radio signals over an edge.
The direction of the radio wave will change the direction
of the signal. However, the transmitting and receiving radio
wave ought to be both polarized either on a level plane or
vertically11. Contiguous reception apparatuses on various
frequencies can be fractious polarized to lessen interference
between the two links. Furthermore, the LOS link should be
clear of any radio frequency conductive substances within a
horizontal spacing identical to the distance 12.
-211.26
185.43
22.00
-33.991
-106.39
143.446
34.15
-11.389
proficiency and the combination of information, voice and
video7. The accompanying subparagraphs give a brief outline
of the advancements equipment in this configuration
conducted while the true earth curvature is equal to 1 as
shown in Fig. 5. The link prerequisite for expanded data
transfer capacity and abilities couldn't be met without good
planning for transmission frameworks8.
The objective of these planning criteria is to give
engineers mindful to actualizing the configuration of any
physical frameworks with data on approaches, plan
imperatives, relocation technique and target models via
4
Trends Applied Sci. Res., 2016
Fig. 5: System operating margin calculation when key factor (K) increased to1.3
Table 1 provides understanding into the planning
essential to prepare your site for your fixed wireless system.
The establishment of a wireless link system requires much the
same essential arranging as any wired system. The principle
contrast is that the control signal requires some extra
arranging, such as directivity and antennas height. This
arranging incorporates radio frequency site readiness and
establishment of open free space air conditions.
REFERENCES
1.
Garlington, P.E.T., 2006. Microwave line-of-sight transmission
2.
Garg, V.K., 2007. Wireless Communications and Networking.
3.
Dutta, S., M. Mezzavilla, R. Ford, M. Zhang, S. Rangan and
engineering. WP No. AMSEL-IE-TS-06015, June 2006.
1st Edn., Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, USA.
M. Zorzi, 2015. Frame structure design and analysis for
millimeter wave cellular systems. arXiv:1512.05691 [cs.NI].
CONCLUSION
http://arxiv.org/pdf/1512.05691.pdf
4.
A basic attention for line of sight link planning in a
physical location of the sites at each end of the link may need.
Because RF signals travel in a conservative line, a clear LOS link
between antennas is superlative. However, the sites of the
desired links are fixed, when a clear LOS cannot be realized,
you must plan consequently. The planning of a LOS link
involves gathering information and making verdicts. This
study will help you to determine which physical part is serious
to the site and will be assistance in the assessment making
procedure to initiate a specific connection. It is significant that
the features of the path be carefully surveyed. With this
information, mechanisms and network necessities can be
appropriately planned for your exact request.
Naimi, A. and G. Azemi, 2009. K factor estimation in
shadowed Ricean mobile communication channels. Wireless
Commun. Mobile Comput., 9: 1379-1386.
5.
Oestges, C., V. Erceg and A.J. Paulraj, 2004. Propagation
modeling of MIMO multipolarized fixed wireless channels.
IEEE Trans. Vehicular Technol., 53: 644-654.
6.
Doukas, A. and G. Kalivas, 2006. Rician K factor estimation
for wireless communication systems. Proceedings of
the International Conference on Wireless and Mobile
Communications, July 29-31, 2006, Bucharest, Romania,
pp: 69-10.1109/ICWMC.2006.81.
7.
Rangan, S., T.S. Rappaport and E. Erkip, 2014. Millimeter-wave
cellular wireless networks: Potentials and challenges.
Proc. IEEE., 102: 366-385.
5
Trends Applied Sci. Res., 2016
11. Ghosh, A., T.A. Thomas, M.C. Cudak, R. Ratasuk and
P. Moorut et al., 2014. Millimeter-wave enhanced local area
systems: A high-data-rate approach for future wireless
networks. IEEE J. Selected Areas Commun., 32: 1152-1163.
12. Varela, F., P. Sebastiao, A. Correia, F. Cercas, A. Rodrigues,
F.J. Velez and D. Robalo, 2010. Unified propagation model
for Wi-Fi, UMTS and WiMAX planning in mixed scenarios.
Proceedings of the 21st Annual IEEE International Symposium
on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications,
September 26-30, 2010, Instanbul, pp: 81-86.
8.
Lehpamer, H., 2010. Microwave Transmission Networks:
Planning, Design and Deployment. 2nd Edn., McGraw-Hill,
New York, ISBN-13: 978-0071701228, Pages: 496.
9. Federal Communications Commission, 2005. CFR Part
101.147, frequency assignments. https://www.law.cornell.
edu/cfr/text/47/101.147
10. Ford, R., M. Zhang, S. Dutta, M. Mezzavilla, S. Rangan and
M. Zorzi, 2016. A framework for cross-layer evaluation of 5G
mmWave cellular networks in ns-3. WNS3, June 15-16, 2016,
Seattle, WA, USA.
6