UE2011-12
ATTACHMENT 3
The City of Calgary
Construction and
Demolition Waste Diversion
Update
MAY 2011
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Construction and Demolition Waste Diversion Update
Contents
1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 1
2.0 History and Background .......................................................................................................................... 1
3.0 Previous Council Direction ...................................................................................................................... 1
3.1 UEP Report to the S.P.C. on Utilities and Environment UE2005-40 .................................................. 1
3.2 UEP Report to the S.P.C. on Utilities and Environment UE2006-28 .................................................. 2
3.3 UEP Report to the S.P.C. on Utilities and Environment UE2007-36 .................................................. 2
3.4 Notice of Motion NM2010-45 .............................................................................................................. 2
4.0 Calgary’s C&D Waste Characteristics .................................................................................................... 2
5.0 Progress Update ..................................................................................................................................... 4
5.1 The Three-pronged Strategy ............................................................................................................... 4
6.0 Existing Opportunities for C&D Waste Diversion .................................................................................. 11
6.1 Spyhill C&D Waste Diversion Pilot .................................................................................................... 11
6.2 C&D Processing Facility - Under Construction ................................................................................. 11
7.0 Challenges and Barriers with C&D Waste Diversion ............................................................................ 12
7.1 Absence of a Provincial Program ...................................................................................................... 12
7.2 Lack of Incentives ............................................................................................................................. 12
7.3 Lack of Accessibility .......................................................................................................................... 12
7.4 Difficult to Obtain Reliable Data ........................................................................................................ 13
8.0 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................ 13
9.0 Next Steps ............................................................................................................................................. 13
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1.0 Introduction
Construction and demolition (C&D) waste accounts for an estimated 20 percent by weight of the total
amount of municipal solid waste landfilled in Calgary. This represents approximately 130,000 tonnes per
year of C&D waste that is currently being disposed in The City’s landfills. This waste is generated from
construction, demolition and renovation activities from both small and large scale construction projects. It
is generally comprised of non-hazardous materials such as wood, concrete, asphalt, drywall, metal,
roofing materials and cardboard. According to the 2010 Waste Composition Study, “the C&D waste
stream is a good candidate for waste reduction efforts. Most of the materials defined as C&D can be
readily reused, recycled, or reprocessed to have a beneficial use” (Source: CH2M HILL, 2010).
This report provides an update on progress of C&D waste diversion in Calgary and identifies future
opportunities.
2.0 History and Background
In 1999, Alberta Environment formed a C&D Waste Reduction Advisory Committee to explore barriers
and opportunities for waste generated by construction, demolition and renovation activities. The
committee was comprised of stakeholders from industry, municipalities, recyclers and other nongovernment organizations. However, there was little development of a C&D waste reduction initiative until
the introduction of Too Good To Waste, a road map for waste reduction and management developed by
the provincial government in 2004. Discussion of C&D waste reduction was reignited.
The City commissioned a State of Construction and Demolition Waste Diversion in Calgary (CH2M HILL,
2006) study in 2006 to examine best practices in other North American jurisdictions and current diversion
options in Calgary. A core team with members from the industry, The City, The Province and other
stakeholder groups, was formed in 2007 to develop a plan to divert C&D waste. Province-wide
consultation sessions were commenced and the Diversion Strategy for Construction and Demolition
Waste (CH2M HILL, 2007) in Calgary was completed in 2007. Subsequently the framework of a
provincial deposit-refund program for C&D projects was proposed in 2009, and municipalities would play
a key role in facilitating the program.
Amendments to the Environmental Protection And Enhancement Act are required in order to enable
development of regulations pertaining to the C&D waste provincial program. The amendment was
originally scheduled for review and approval by the Legislative Assembly of the provincial government in
the Fall 2009 session. It has since been delayed, and it is uncertain when it will be put forth on the
Legislative Assembly agenda.
3.0 Previous Council Direction
3.1 UEP Report to the S.P.C. on Utilities and Environment UE2005-40
On 2005 September 28 Council directed Administration to
•
Identify policies, practices and bylaws, aimed at reducing construction and demolition waste
sent to landfill to support Council’s goal of 80% landfill diversion by 2020, as outlined in the
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Construction and Demolition Waste Diversion Update
Waste and Recycling Services’ Business Plan, for a report back to the 2006 October Regular
Meeting of the S.P.C. on Utilities and Environment
3.2 UEP Report to the S.P.C. on Utilities and Environment UE2006-28
In response to UE2005-40, with the assistance of a consultant and engagement with stakeholders,
Administration conducted a study of policies, best practices and bylaws pertaining to C&D waste
diversion. At the 2006 October 18 S.P.C. on Utilities and Environment meeting, Administration was
directed to
•
•
•
Continue working with Construction and Demolition (C&D) stakeholders to identify practices,
policies and bylaws that would support C&D waste diversion and align with provincial
objectives
Design a pilot program that would test C&D waste diversion options for Calgary
Report back to S.P.C. on Utilities and Environment by 2007 October with a C&D waste
diversion strategy for the 2009-2011 business plan which will include recommended
programs, policies and bylaws as well as a C&D pilot program
3.3 UEP Report to the S.P.C. on Utilities and Environment UE2007-36
In response to UE2006-28, Administration engaged stakeholders and developed a diversion strategy for
C&D waste in Calgary. At the 2007 November 19 Special Meeting of Council RE: 2008 Business Plans
and Budget Adjustments, Council directed Administration to
•
•
•
Proceed with the Short-Term Initiatives of the Construction & Demolition Action Plan
supported by The City of Calgary, as identified in Attachment 2 [of UE2007-36]
Consider the capital adjustment for pilot C&D Materials Recovery Facility as part of the 2008
Adjustments process
Defer all C&D Action Plan recommendations, as identified in Attachment 3 [of UE2007-36], to
the 2009-2011 business planning and budget process
3.4 Notice of Motion NM2010-45
In the Notice of Motion NM2010-45, Recycling Next Steps, Administration was directed to report no later
than 2011 May through the SPC on Utilities and Environment on progress toward the 80/20 by 2020
waste diversion goal on the progress of the non-residential stream waste diversion.
Non-residential waste is made up of two primary sectors. The C&D sector is the subject of this
attachment. The other sector, institutional commercial industrial (ICI), is covered in a separate report to
the SPC on Utilities and Environment.
4.0 Calgary’s C&D Waste Characteristics
Based on provincial data (Source: Alberta Environment) and available information from The City and
private landfills, waste generated by C&D activities accounts for approximately 20 percent by weight of
municipal solid waste going for landfill disposal in Calgary. This represents about 130,000 tonnes of C&D
waste disposed in The City’s landfills in 2010. The estimated breakdown of waste disposed is shown in
Exhibit 1.
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Construction and Demolition Waste Diversion Update
Exhibit 1 Breakdown of Waste Disposed in The City's
Landfills (by weight) in 2010
Residential Waste
30%
ICI Waste
50%
C&D Waste
20% (see note)
NOTE: That translates to 130,000 tonnes of C&D waste to The City’s landfills.
The actual composition of the generated C&D waste varies depending on the type of construction,
demolition or renovation project. The City has completed two C&D waste composition studies. The first
one was conducted in 2005 to establish baseline data defining the quantity and composition of C&D
waste disposed in The City’s landfills (EBA, 2006). The second one was completed by CH2M HILL in
2010. The 2010 study showed that about 58 percent of waste generated by C&D activities contains wood,
1
drywall, asphalt shingles and other roofing materials . These materials are by definition called “dry waste”
2
or “inert waste” . For discussion purposes, these materials will be categorized as “C&D Rubble” in this
document. See Exhibit 2 for breakdown by weight.
The remaining 42 percent is highly variable in composition. Approximately 10 percent is made of
recyclable materials such as cardboard, metals and concrete. The other 32 percent consists of objects
made of mixed materials that are not readily recyclable, such as furniture, fibreglass insulation and
electrical equipment, or debris generated by activities associated with C&D projects, such as soil, rock
and paint.
1
Other roofing materials typically include wood, composite and tile.
2
“Inert waste” means a solid waste that, when disposed of in a landfill or re-used, is not reasonably expected to undergo physical,
chemical or biological changes to such an extent as to produce substances that may cause an adverse effect and includes without
limitation, demolition debris, concrete, asphalt, glass, ceramic materials, scrap metal and dry timber or wood that has not been
chemically treated - Standards For Landfills In Alberta, Government of Alberta, February 2010
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Construction and Demolition Waste Diversion Update
Exhibit 2 - Composition of Construction and Demolition
Waste
Recyclable Wood
31%
Other Materials
42%
Asphalt Shingles
5%
Source: 2010 Waste
Composition Study,
CH2M HILL, 2010
Drywall
14%
Other Roofing
Materials
8%
5.0 Progress Update
5.1 The Three-pronged Strategy
As described in the Diversion Strategy for Construction and Demolition Waste in Calgary (CH2M HILL,
2006) and other attachments of UE2007-36, the most effective approach to increase waste diversion is to
adopt a strategy that would combine Economic, Regulatory Policy, and Voluntary Measures. This multidiscipline approach, which is shown in Exhibit 3, would provide incentives to reduce and divert waste from
landfill. In addition, collection of reliable diversion data would be possible. It would also enable private
enterprises to take advantage of the business opportunity to develop reprocessing facilities and provide
alternatives that are cost-competitive to landfilling. As a result, a number of action items were identified in
2007 and the following sections describe progress update.
An action plan was outlined in the attachments of UE2007-36 to support the C&D waste diversion
strategy in Calgary. It was based on the input and recommendations from a stakeholder core team
comprised of representatives from industry, municipalities, recyclers and other non-government
organizations. The City plays a number of roles in C&D waste management:
•
•
•
•
•
Influencer - The City participates in various stakeholder groups, and plays an active role in
developing provincial policies and programs
Facilitator - The City can promote diversion through economic and policy instruments
Regulator - The City conducts regular load audits at landfills
Educator - The City can encourage diversion through outreach and education programs
Service provider - The City can offer more options for C&D waste diversion, which will extend the
life of The City’s landfill assets
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Construction and Demolition Waste Diversion Update
Exhibit 3 - Proposed Waste Diversion Strategy, Economic, Regulatory, and Voluntary Mechanisms
Source: Diversion Strategy for
Construction and Demolition Waste
in Calgary, CH2M HILL, 2006
Since 2007, Administration has undertaken many initiatives to encourage and facilitate C&D waste
diversion, such as
•
•
•
•
•
•
reviewed and amended Land Use Bylaw 1P2007 to accommodate temporary C&D waste
recycling depots at construction sites
implemented the C&D waste diversion pilot at the Spyhill landfill
implemented the Designated Materials Rate and increased tipping at The City’s landfills to
encourage waste diversion
conducted load audits at The City’s landfill
participated in provincial discussion forums and C&D technical committee
collaborated with Green Calgary Association on various educational programs
Progress on these initiatives are shown in Exhibit 4 and described further in Table 1.
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Construction and Demolition Waste Diversion Update
Exhibit 4 - Construction and Demolition Waste Diversion Progress to Date
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Develop a standardized Material
Recovery Plan which accompanies
applications for building / development
Reclassify concrete, brick, masonry
concrete block, asphalt, and metal as
“Hard to Handle” materials at The City
landfills, thereby increasing the tipping
fee for these materials to $86 / tonne
in 2008
Recommended Action
Raise municipal solid waste tipping
fees
Delayed
Complete
Complete
Status
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Regulatory / Policy
Strategy
Economic Incentives
& Disincentives
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The City was originally part of the proposed framework of a
provincial deposit-refund program for C&D projects in 2009. A
standardized Material Recovery Plan would be required as
part of the building / development permit application. An
arm’s length body, or Delegated Administrative Organization
(DAO), which acts independently, would manage refunds,
audits and other administrative tasks.
Rates for 2012-2014 are currently under review and will be
presented with the 2012-14 business plan and budget.
The Designated Materials Rate can be applied to waste other
than “C&D Dry Rubble”. Any material that is recyclable and
has established and sustainable markets can be classified as
“Designated Material”, and be charged at the landfill
accordingly. Drywall, recyclable wood and cardboard are
some materials that can be considered for program
expansion.
Currently concrete, asphalt shingles / road asphalt, masonry
brick and scrap metals are on the list. Administration began
regular load audits in 2010 at all three landfills. It is estimated
that one in every five inspected loads contains unreported
designated materials.
Originally this material specific surcharge tipping fee, now
called The Designated Materials Rate, was intended to target
the “C&D Dry Rubble”. It was approved by Council in 2008
and implemented in 2009. The rate increased from $86 /
tonne in 2008 to $135 / tonne in 2011.
The new rates for BPBC3 are currently under review.
Discussion
General tipping fee increases were proposed in 2007 to
encourage C&D waste generators to reduce and recycle C&D
materials sent to landfill. The Basic Sanitary Waste rate
increased from $50 / tonne in 2007 to $95 / tonne in 2011.
Table 1 - Progress Update to 2007 C&D Waste Diversion Action Plan
Construction and Demolition Waste Diversion Update
Review and, as appropriate, revise
bylaws and policies to facilitate
establishment of temporary and
Construct pilot materials drop-off
facility at Spyhill landfill, which will turn
into a full-scale MRF, pending on the
findings from the pilot.
Recommended Action
Complete
Ongoing
Status
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Strategy
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Land Use Bylaw 1P2007 was amended in 2009 to allow the
setup of “Recyclable Construction Material Collection
Depots”, with a renewable five-year time limit. There have
Rates are under review as part of 2012-2014 planning.
The pilot has been well received since its launch in 2009. 221
tonnes of wood, 3,227 tonnes of asphalt shingles, 213 tonnes
of drywall and 0.6 tonnes of cardboard were collected in
2010.
Materials accepted include untreated wood, asphalt shingles,
drywall and cardboard. A dedicated pad was constructed as a
transfer station, which clean and sorted materials are
stockpiled separately. A landfill staff (traffic controller) would
accompany the customers to the specific location and inspect
the load to ensure that it meets the criteria (mixed loads are
not accepted at the pilot). Haulers are charged at a reduced
rate of $65 / tonne to recycle accepted and sorted materials.
There are recycling opportunities for some “C&D Dry Rubble”
materials in south Calgary. However, such facilities are
limited in the north part of the city, and this is why the
stakeholders recommended the Spyhill landfill location.
Since the provincial program has not materialized, and is
uncertain when it will move forward again, there is no C&D
waste management requirement as part of the permit
application process. However, Administration has re-engaged
the Development & Building Approvals BU to explore the
possibility of a similar program on a municipal level.
The Government of Alberta took the lead on this initiative
which The City fully supported. Administration participated as
a stakeholder in all consultation sessions, prepared and
agreed to facilitate at the building / development permit stage.
Discussion
Table 1 - Progress Update to 2007 C&D Waste Diversion Action Plan
Construction and Demolition Waste Diversion Update
Develop an education and awareness
program for C&D diversion
Prepare list of recyclers and a
successful case studies document for
C&D materials in Calgary and
distribute to The City and Industry
Assess existing and potential markets
for recycled materials
Recommended Action
permanent transfer stations and MRFs
Ongoing
Ongoing
Ongoing
Status
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Voluntary Measures
Strategy
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Through the pilot at the Spyhill landfill, the introduction of the
Designated Materials Rate and the provincial consultation
sessions in 2008 and 2009, there have been communications
to the industry. The City provides support to Green Calgary
In 2004, The Province introduced Too Good To Waste. It is a
road map for waste reduction and management which
identifies issues and opportunities, outlines strategies and
outcomes pertaining to waste management in Alberta.
The industry is generally aware of the importance of C&D
waste management, although there is no provincial program
or a formal education and awareness program.
A survey on available C&D waste diversion opportunities was
completed in 2009. The City provides funding to Green
Calgary Association to help Calgarians create healthy homes
and communities through environmental education and
services. It maintains a database of C&D waste recyclers that
is available to both residential and non-residential customers.
The database also allows customers to exchange materials
directly with each other.
Markets for additional C&D materials have developed since
2008. Noticeably there are new recycling facilities for asphalt
shingles and drywall. Administration continues to monitor the
development of sustainable markets for recycled materials.
Discussion
been two Development Permit applications for such use to
date.
A survey on available C&D waste diversion opportunities was
completed in 2009. They are mostly for the “C&D Rubble”
and typically only accept separated and clean loads. A private
company is constructing a co-mingled “C&D Rubble”
recycling facility. However, its expected completion date is
not known. Recycling options for co-mingled (mixed) waste
remain limited in Calgary.
Table 1 - Progress Update to 2007 C&D Waste Diversion Action Plan
Construction and Demolition Waste Diversion Update
Corporate leadership by example
Recommended Action
Ongoing
Status
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Roads also has a number of initiatives that involve the use of
recycled materials. Most noticeable is the Reclaimed Asphalt
Pavement (RAP) program that allows The City to salvage a
substantial portion of the value of distressed pavements. The
distressed pavements are removed, processed and reused in
asphalt concrete mixtures for paving.
As of July 2010, seven LEED certified City buildings have
been constructed and operational. [Source: Sustainable
Building Policy 2009 Annual Report]
®
The Sustainable Building Policy was introduced and adopted
by Council in 2003 to “demonstrate The City of Calgary’s
commitment to sustainable buildings, and to show leadership
to the broader Calgary community as one of the drivers for
transformation of the city towards a more sustainable urban
form”. In 2007, The City of Calgary’s Sustainable Building
Policy (UEP001) was amended that “all City facilities in
2
excess of 500 m will meet or exceed Silver level of [the
®
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design or] LEED
rating system”. It is a third-party certification program that
focuses on sustainable green building and development
practices. One of the most noticeable examples is the Water
®
Centre, which it received the LEED Gold Certification.
During its construction, over 90 percent of all construction
waste was diverted from landfills and recycled.
Discussion
Association to offer services that educate and help facilitate
waste reduction.
Table 1 - Progress Update to 2007 C&D Waste Diversion Action Plan
Construction and Demolition Waste Diversion Update
Construction and Demolition Waste Diversion Update
6.0 Existing Opportunities for C&D Waste Diversion
There are a number of existing recycling opportunities in the Calgary region for most materials in the
“C&D Rubble” category, as summarized below:
Material
Examples of Recycling Opportunity / Use
Wood (untreated)
Mulch for landscaping, animal bedding material
Asphalt Shingles
Additive in asphalt mix for roads, dust control for gravel and dirt roads
Drywall
Reuse in manufacturing new drywall, soil amendments for reclamation
Concrete and Asphalt
Reuse as aggregate and asphalt mix in construction projects
Masonry Blocks
Reuse as aggregate in construction projects
These materials account for approximately 58 percent of the overall C&D waste stream.
6.1 Spyhill C&D Waste Diversion Pilot
The Spyhill C&D waste pilot launched in 2009. It accepts clean and sorted wood (untreated), asphalt
shingles, drywall and cardboard. The collected materials are sent to downstream recyclers. It is
noteworthy that the amount of asphalt shingles exceeded the original estimate, which was likely due to
the significant cost difference. They are accepted at $65 / tonne. They are also a designated material
which cost $135 / tonne (2011 rate) to landfill. Tonnages for 2010 are summarized in Table 2.
Table 2 - Spyhill C&D Waste Diversion Pilot 2010 Tonnage Data
Material Type
Cardboard
Actual 2010 Tonnage
1
Wood (untreated)
221
Asphalt Shingles
Drywall
3,227
213
Cardboard and metals also have established markets for recycling. There are also a small number of
materials exchange or reuse type of programs, such as Habitat for Humanity. Haulers and waste
generators can deliver loads directly to these recyclers and do not have to go through any City facilities.
6.2 C&D Processing Facility - Under Construction
A private company has started the construction of a facility in SE Calgary that will accept mixed C&D
loads. This facility would have an estimated maximum 300,000 tonnes per year processing capacity of
acceptable materials. It would potentially be able to process most of the C&D rubble generated in the
Calgary region. It would also be the first large-scale co-mingled C&D waste recycling facility in the city,
and would have a very positive impact on the overall C&D waste diversion.
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7.0 Challenges and Barriers with C&D Waste Diversion
In spite of the available recycling options, the estimated diversion rate of C&D waste is about 10 per cent
province-wide (Source: Alberta Environment, 2009). Some of the possible challenges and barriers are as
follows:
7.1 Absence of a Provincial Program
A province-wide deposit-refund program is one of the most critical components in the overall C&D waste
management strategy. As mentioned in section 2.0, such a program was proposed in 2009. It would be
administered by a third-party organization operating at arm’s length from the provincial government and
reporting to the Minister of Environment. Builders would be required to submit a financial deposit when
applying for building or development permits. Some or all of the deposit would be refunded back to the
builder, depending on the percentage of C&D waste diverted from landfill. Such a program would provide
the necessary framework and mechanisms to facilitate waste diversion.
•
•
•
•
It would provide a level playing field for the industry.
It would enable better data collection on diversion rates, performance measures, trends, gaps
and opportunities.
The Government of Alberta has the authority to regulate waste generators, haulers and
managers, and the ability to stimulate development of recycling facilities and markets.
Municipalities and industry could facilitate and support the program without incurring significant
costs associated with program administration.
7.2 Lack of Incentives
The community and the industry are generally aware of the importance of waste diversion. However,
landfilling is still seen as the preferred economic option for many reasons.
•
•
•
Despite the general awareness of the importance of waste reduction, many will only actively
participate when it is mandatory and enforced.
Without the front-end policies and programs in place, the industry is hesitant to invest in
development of potential markets for recyclable materials.
Other than the materials on the Designated Materials list, there is limited financial benefit to
waste generators to divert the recyclables from the landfills. This further hinders the development
of green alternatives and best management practices.
7.3 Lack of Accessibility
Although there are successful recyclers that accept source separated C&D waste in the Calgary area,
accessibility to single-stream (co-mingled) options is instrumental in the success of the overall diversion
program. Currently such options are lacking.
•
•
Most of the material specific C&D waste recycling facilities are located in the SE and NE
quadrants of the city. Construction, demolition and renovation projects that are in other quadrants
would incur the costs of additional bin rental and hauling, which could make recycling an
unappealing choice.
Most of the existing recycling facilities accept only separated clean loads. This requires on site
separation which can take up resources and add extra costs to the project. Often space at job site
is limited and having multiple containers on site is cumbersome, or simply not feasible.
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7.4 Difficult to Obtain Reliable Data
•
•
At the municipal level, it is difficult to collect accurate and up to date data on C&D waste diversion
and disposal. Such data can tremendously help shape programs and measure performance. It
also provides valuable information on gaps and opportunities. Most of the C&D waste recycling
operations are privately owned and are out of The City’s control. The Province would have the
authority to collect this information from private and public entities. The City, however, would only
be able to ask for this information voluntarily.
Tracking of C&D waste tonnages generated and diverted is challenging. Different stages in a
project produce different types of waste. They could be transferred at different times and to
different locations, but not necessarily to the City’s landfills, depending on the waste type and the
size of the project. Various trade workers and contractors would come in at different stages,
which would further affect the amount and composition of the waste generated. As well, activities
associated with the project, such as renovation and landscaping, present additional hurdles to
reliable data collection.
8.0 Conclusion
There has been interest in diverting C&D waste from landfills since 1999 on both provincial and municipal
levels. Numerous province-wide engagement sessions took place for the last several years, and The City
has taken steps to encourage C&D waste diversion. A number of initiatives have been taken by the
private sector to create new opportunities for diverting C&D waste, including the current construction of a
large-scale single-stream C&D waste recycling facility. However, there are still challenges and it is
estimated that only 10 percent of C&D waste is being diverted provincially. Therefore, additional steps
need to be taken to encourage further C&D waste diversion.
9.0 Next Steps
Waste & Recycling Services proposes to take the following next steps to continue to encourage
Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste diversion in Calgary:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
re-engage C&D stakeholders and work together to identify and overcome challenges, starting in
2011 and continuing into the 2012-2014 business cycle;
continue to promote C&D waste diversion through communications and education;
continue to monitor C&D waste diversion progress and opportunities;
continue to explore best practices to identify opportunities relevant to Calgary;
transition the Spyhill C&D pilot to regular operations in 2011;
expand source-separated C&D collection and diversion to the other two City landfills in 20122014;
include drywall and recyclable wood on the Designated Materials List in 2012-2014;
enhance waste load audits at the City landfills to ensure compliance with the Designated
Materials List (2012-2014);
continue to work with and advocate for the provincial government to assume a leadership role in
C&D waste diversion, and to implement a deposit-refund program for C&D projects (2012-2014);
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•
•
•
in the absence of a provincial program, develop a proposal for a deposit-refund
refund program for C&D
projects at the municipal level in consultation with C&D stakeholders, that could be implemented
in 2015-2017;
collaborate with The Province and industry to address the need for a baseline study and improve
data reporting (2012-2014);
2014); and
report back to Council by March 2013 on the progress of C&D waste diversion in Calgary.
Calgary
The proposed timeline for implementing the next steps are show in Exhibit 5 below.
Exhibit 5 – Construction and Demolition Waste Diversion Next Steps
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