STUDY
CONSTRUCTION and DEMOLITION WASTE
MANAGEMENT IN GERMANY
Lead Partner
TuTech Innovation GmbH
Harburger Schlossstr. 6-12
21079 Hamburg, Germany
Contact persons: Prof. Dr. Walter Leal,
Dr. Claudia Schultz, Julia Gottwald
Telephone number: +49 40 76629-6345
Fax number: +49 40 76629-6349
E-mail: cowam@tutech.de
Website: www.tutech.de
& www.cowam-project.org
Study by ZEBAU GmbH
Simona Weisleder, David Nasseri
Grosse Elbstr. 146
22767 Hamburg, Germany
Contact person: Simona Weisleder
Telephone number: +49 40 380384-28
Fax number: +49 40 380384-29
E-mail: simona.weisleder@zebau.de
Website: www.zebau.de
This project is financed by the EU-ASIA PRO ECO II B Post-Tsunami PROGRAMME, an initiative to rehabilitate and
reconstruct areas affected by the Indian Ocean Tsunami on 26 December 2004.
1 - 27.10.2006
CONSTRUCTION and DEMOLITION WASTE
MANAGEMENT IN GERMANY
CONTENTS
1
OVERVIEW OF CONSTRUCTION WASTE MANAGEMENT IN GERMANY............................... 3
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
2
OVERVIEW OF CONSTRUCTION WASTE MATERIALS IN GERMANY................................... 20
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
3
INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK .............................................................................................................. 4
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ................................................................................................................ 5
RESPONSIBILITIES OF KEY ACTORS AND RELATED ECONOMIC ISSUES ............................................ 7
QUANTIFICATION OF C&D WASTE IN GERMANY .............................................................................. 11
RECYCLING, RE-USE AND DISPOSAL OF C&D WASTE IN GERMANY ............................................... 13
C&D WASTE MANAGEMENT FACT SHEET ....................................................................................... 16
MATERIAL FACT SHEET CONCRETE ............................................................................................. 23
MATERIAL FACT SHEET BRICK ....................................................................................................... 29
MATERIAL FACT SHEET WOOD....................................................................................................... 32
MATERIAL FACT SHEET METAL (STEEL)........................................................................................ 37
MATERIAL FACT SHEET METAL (ALUMINIUM)................................................................................ 40
MATERIAL FACT SHEET PLASTICS................................................................................................ 44
MATERIAL FACT SHEET TILES ........................................................................................................ 48
MATERIAL FACT SHEET EXCAVATION MATERIAL .................................................................... 49
MATERIAL FACT SHEET ASBESTOS.............................................................................................. 51
MATERIAL FACT SHEET MIXED CONSTRUCTION WASTE ....................................................... 54
OVERVIEW OF CONSTRUCTION WASTE COMPANIES IN GERMANY................................... 56
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
COMPANY FACT SHEET OTTO DÖRNER....................................................................................... 60
COMPANY FACT SHEET CV-ABBRUCH ............................................................................................ 64
COMPANY FACT SHEET GOLLAN ................................................................................................... 67
COMPANY FACT SHEET EHLERT & SÖHNE ...................................................................................... 72
COMPANY FACT SHEET HME ........................................................................................................... 76
4
CONCLUSIONS........................................................................................................................................ 78
5
SOURCES .................................................................................................................................................. 80
6
ANNEX....................................................................................................................................................... 82
2 - 27.10.2006
1
Overview of construction waste management in
Germany
Construction and demolition (C&D) waste management in Germany is a mature and
well integrated sub industry within the broader German construction market.
In 2002, German construction and demolition activity generated 214 Megatonnes of
waste composed two thirds of excavation material, nearly another third of building and
road demolition waste and a smaller fraction of mixed construction site waste. Despite
these high numbers, only 15% of this material was disposed of in landfills, while the
remaining 85% was recovered and reused in further applications or recycled.
Germany’s high material, energy and labour and waste disposal costs favour the
economics of recovering, reusing and recycling as much C&D waste as possible.
Additionally, strong waste management systems have been long required by laws and
regulations at all levels of government in order to minimise the impact of C&D waste in the
waste stream. More recent versions of these regulations focus on the complete material
cycle, working towards a closed loop substance cycle in construction and demolition,
known as “Kreislaufwirtschaft”. This combination of regulatory pushes from government
and economic pulls from the market have helped Germany establish an effective C&D
waste management infrastructure. Furthermore, waste management and abatement
practices have been integrated into mainstream architectural and engineering education
and practice. Architects and engineers designing and constructing buildings are obliged
to consider the entire life cycle of materials, from production, to removal and reuse or
recycling, of components they install in buildings.
There is however room for improvement, specifically in increasing the proportion of
material uptake directly by the construction industry, improving demolition and material
processing techniques and developing higher value applications of for higher value
recovered C&D materials, such as concrete and brick, and diverting them from lower
value applications such as soil stabiliser.
3 - 27.10.2006
1.1
Institutional Framework
The Federal German Republic is composed of 16 states (Laender) with relatively
broad powers and responsibilities over their regions. Three Laender (Bayern, Sachsen
and Thueringen) are considered Freistaaten (Free States) and posess somewhat more
autonomy than their counterparts. Another three Laender (Berlin, Hamburg, Bremen) are
city-states and combine the identities and responsibilities of a state and a muinicipality.
Generally, the Federal level of government establishes laws that the Laendner must
implement and administer.
In Germany, the primary responsibility for ensuring the proper treatment of C&D waste
is in the hands of local authorities. Meanwhile, the Laender, are responsible for the
implementation and enforcement of regulations meant to achieve C&D waste goals set by
higher levels of government, particularly the Federal government of Germany and the EU.
At the EU level, regulation of Construction and Demolition Waste falls under the
broader category of waste and is integrated into the broader targets set by legislation in
this area of concern. Member states were obligated to adopt the original waste Directive
of 1975 and all further amendments to the law. The Sixth Environment Action Programme
2010 is the most recent of EU initiatives to improve implementation of EU legislation in
member states and is overseen by the European Commission with the European
Environment Agency as a supporting institution. The European Commission itself is
responsible for ensuring the compliance of member states with EU legislation.
At the national level, Germany’s Ministry of the Environment, Nature Conservation and
Nuclear Safety, supported by the Federal Environmental Agency, is responsible for the
development of legislation on C&D waste. The national level of responsibility includes the
provision of technical instructions regarding the disposal of wastes, the setting of targets
and goals and transposition of EU Directives. All federal level legislation overrides
regional and local legislation when conflicts arise.
At the state level, “Laender” are responsible for the implementation of federal
legislation and establishing more specific extensions waste management legislation. They
are responsible for the enforcement of regulations on C&D waste and overseeing the
proper operation of waste treatment and disposal facilities.
At the local level, municipalities are responsible for the administration and issuing of
demolition and construction permits that now occasionally include detailed deconstruction
plans and detailed recycling specifications of the building’s materials. While local
authorities are responsible for arranging the collection, recycling and disposal
infrastructure of household waste, commercial waste such as C&D waste is solely the
responsibility of the waste’s owners. The local authority ensures this responsibility is met
according to federal and state legislation and is responsible for initiating prosecution
against offenders. Any commercial use of the processing, recycling and disposal
infrastructure operated by the municipality is paid for directly by the user.
4 - 27.10.2006
1.2
Regulatory Framework
The disposal of waste is regulated by a multiplicity of laws and regulations as well as
technical regulations on both the European and national levels.
Germany’s first law on waste disposal was enacted in 1972, establishing a change
from rubbish tips (most of them unregulated and uncontrolled) to centralised, controlled
and regulated landfills.
In 1986 the law for the prevention and disposal of waste was enacted. It outlined
for first time the principles for the transition from disposal to waste management.
According to this law, the first goal must be the prevention of waste and if prevention is not
possible, the composition of waste must be improved in order to permit reuse or recycling.
Generated in 1993, the Technical Instruction for Municipal Waste (DAVA, 1993),
based on the former Law on Prevention and Disposal of Waste of 1986, specifies the
treatment and disposal of waste and deals with waste streams such as domestic waste
and building and demolition waste. The goals of this order are to recycle unavoidable
waste, to reduce the toxicity of waste and to ensure that an environment friendly treatment
or disposal of waste is maintained. It describes that construction and demolition waste
should be collected and prepared for recovery separately at the place of arising. The
responsible municipalities should encourage the utilisation of mobile or semi-mobile
recovery installations. It also contains requirements concerning the disposal of waste.
Fractions which do not meet the requirements set out in the Technical Instruction for
Municipal Waste will not be allowed to be landfilled and will have to be treated further.
In October 1996, the Recycling and Waste Management Act was enacted (Gesetz,
1994). This law set principles for the development of waste management towards a closed
loop economy. It established a new hierarchy for waste treatment where the avoidance of
waste is better than the recycling of waste, but recycling is more preferable to the disposal
of waste. The disposal of waste is only permitted when recycling is much more expensive
or impossible and the waste is unavoidable. This Act established also the responsibility of
the producers for the waste arising from their products.
In order to comply with the objectives of the Act, waste destined for recovery is to be
kept and treated separately. Recovery of waste has priority over disposal to the extent that
recovery is technically possible and economically reasonable (Art. 5 Krw-/AbfG). Art. 7, 23
and 24 KrW-/AbfG authorises the federal government to enact administrative orders and
statutory ordinances, with the aim of enforcing prevention, recovery and to reduce
contamination on wastes. The Recycling and Waste Management Act contains
supplementary subsidiary regulations, which consist of various ordinances and are
shown in table 1.
Table 1: Supplementary regulations of the Recycling and Waste Management Act of
5 - 27.10.2006
1996
Source: Schultmann (2001)
Ordinances that restructure supervision under waste management law and align it with
EU law
• Ordinance on the Classification of Waste Requiring Special Supervision (Verordnung,
1996a)
• Ordinance on the Classification of Waste for Recovery that Requires Supervision
(Verordnung, 1996b)
• Ordinance on the Furnishing or Proof (Verordnung, 1996c)
• Ordinance on Licensing of Transport (Verordnung, 1996d)
Ordinances that create a basis for further deregulation of supervision
• Ordinance on Waste Management Concepts and Waste Life Cycle Analysis (Verordnung,
1996e)
• Ordinance on Specialised Waste Management Companies (Verordnung, 1996f)
• Directive on the Activities and Approval of Waste Management Partnerships
In 1992 a statutory ordinance was drafted in the context of construction and
demolition waste (ZBV, 1992), containing the requirements of waste prevention, recovery
and disposal without affecting the quality of the environment. It also contains quantitative
targets for waste recovery and recycling with a recycling rate of 60% to be met by 1995.
In 1996 a new draft was launched containing requirements for demolition or
deconstruction (ZBV, 1996). The draft requested, among other things, a deconstruction
plan enabling a separation of recyclable materials. The draft established that the disposal
of recyclable construction and demolition waste should be reduced by 50%, based on
1995 levels, by 2005.
Though these two drafts have not thus far come into force they spawned a
Voluntary Agreement (FSBW, 1996) signed in 1996 by several industrial organisations.
The Agreement mainly focused on construction and demolition waste management and
set out the goal of achieving the targets laid out in the draft ordinances. Table 2 shows the
measures included in this agreement.
Table 2: measure related with C&D waste from the Voluntary agreement of
1996
Source: Schultmann (2001)
Measures
• Information and advisory services to be made available to construction and
demolition companies
• R&D about avoidance of construction and demolition waste, separation and
sorting of wastes and recovery measures, quality assurance for recycled
materials and promotion of applications for recycled materials.
The Commercial Wastes Ordinance entered into force on 1 January 2003. It
regulates the separation of certain types of waste from commercial enterprises that is
suitable for recycling and the construction waste sector. Where mixtures are nevertheless
submitted to recycling, they must only contain these specific, recyclable categories of
waste and no other waste which could impair recycling. The ordinance also obliges
commercial enterprises to keep a residual waste container for wastes destined for
disposal; it is assumed that as a general rule, commercial enterprises will also generate
non-recyclable waste which must not be mixed together with the recyclable waste and
must instead be disposed of separately. (BMU, 2003)
6 - 27.10.2006
In March 2003, the Waste Wood Ordinance entered into force. The legal
framework of the Ordinance divides waste wood into four categories, according to
pollutant type. Certain material or energetic recycling processes are only admissible for
individual or multiple waste wood categories. Affected parties are responsible for keeping
records and arranging periodic external controls to verify their compliance with these
provisions. Because waste wood can always be recycled, either materially or
energetically, except contaminated waste wood, which must be thermally treated
(incinerated), the dumping of waste wood on landfill sites is prohibited. (BMU, 2003)
Listing of Regulations Significant to Waste Management in Germany
AbfAblV – regulation on the environmentally compatible deposit of human settlement
wastes
AbfKoBiV - regulation on refuse economy concepts and waste balances
AbfVerbrG - law on the monitoring and control of the transnational movement of wastes
BestueVAbfV - regulation on the usage of waste needing monitoring
AltholzV - regulation on requirements regarding removal and usage of mature timber
AltoelV - waste oil regulation
AVV - regulation on the European waste listing
DepV - regulation over dumps and long-term camp
EfbV - regulation on specialized disposal enterprises
GewAbfV - regulation on the disposal of commercial wastes and
of certain building and demolition wastes
KrW /AbfG – Act promoting closed substance cycle waste management and
ensuring environmentally compatible waste disposal
NachwV - regulation on furnishing of proof for recycling and disposal
PCBAbfallV - PCB/PCT Waste Ordinance
SolidarfAbfV - regulation on the Solidarfonds Institute Waste Recirculation
TgV - transportation permission regulation
VerpackV 1998 - regulation on avoidance and usage of packing wastes
VersatzV - regulation on the storage of waste
1.3
Responsibilities of Key Actors and related Economic Issues
As established by the Recycling and Waste Management Act of 1996, the waste
producer is ultimately responsible for the disposal of any waste they generate. In
Germany however all actors in the building material cycle share responsibility in facilitating
the feasibility of reducing, recovering and recycling of C&D waste.
7 - 27.10.2006
As per § 22 KrW /AbfG construction material manufacturers are responsible for
ensuring that their products are designed in such a way as to reduce wastage (eg:
different lengths of floorboards to reduce cutoffs), facilitate recovery after usage, work
towards making them recyclable and make them environmentally compatible with post
recovery applications.
Building owners, developers and their agents (engineers and architects) are
responsible for integrating a waste management strategy into their construction plan. This
includes the use of recyclable building materials. Despite this being a regulatory
requirement recyclable buildings provide developers and owners with cost advantages as
demolition materials that can not be recycled must be disposed, making them a financial
liability rather than a valuable asset.
Demolition contractors have a special multi role responsibility in the C&D waste
management process. They provide invaluable service to building owners by taking over
responsibility of recovering, treating, processing and marketing a building’s materials. To
accomplish this demolition and recycling contractors must demolish buildings in such a
way that material recovery and recycling is made possible. They are bound to do this both
by legal considerations as set out in the regulatory requirements for C&D waste
management and financial interest. A demolition company is responsible for the
marketing of recovered demolition materials and can earn a significant portion of its
revenues through the sale of recovered and recycled building materials. Part of the
market competitiveness of a demolition company is their ability to offer demolition services
at low or no cost (occasionally they will pay the building owner). The company that can
extract the highest value possible from demolition wastes will be the most competitive and
profitable on the market. This arrangement bodes particularly well for ensuring the
recovery of waste as either the building owner or demolitions contractor face large costs if
recovered C&D waste is contaminated. Not only does the responsible party lose the sale
value of the material but they must also pay for disposal of the contaminated material in a
landfill or incinerator.
Voluntary Industry Initiative
8 - 27.10.2006
Working Group on Closed Loop Recycling Management in Construction
www.arge-kwtb.de
The “Working Group on Closed Loop Recycling Management in Construction “ (ARGE
KWTB) is an initiative of all trade associations involved in the building process. Its
primary objective is to promote and develop a Closed Loop Recycling System in
the construction industry.
The ARGE KWTB was founded in 1995. In 1996, the organisation made a committed
to the government to reduce by 50% the volume of recyclable construction waste
disposed in landfills by 2005. This obligation has been met annually since 1996.
Performance of the C&D waste and recycling industry are reported every two years to
the Federal Ministry of the Environment.
For a resource-saving, sustainable closed loop recycling system it is necessary
-to avoid construction waste, e.g. by preserving existing building fabric and construction
that has been built for a long useful life.
-to keep construction waste in the economic cycle, e.g. by maintaining nearly
homogeneous division of substances, by recycling methods that allow good future
reutilisation of the material and by the adequate use of recycled construction waste.
- to reduce the disposal of construction waste to the inevitable minimum and to avoid
the disposal of recyclable construction waste.
9 - 27.10.2006
Table 3 shows some measures taken in order to influence the management of
construction and demolition waste in Germany (Symonds, 1999)
Table 3: Summary of Measures used to Influence the Management of C&DW
in Germany
Source: Symonds (1999)
Measure
Comments
Restrictions or bans on
disposal
Mixed or recoverable C&DW may not be landfilled.
Mono landfill (for possible
future recovery)
Other environmental or
planning controls
Some, for inert waste and/or soils.
Taxes (landfill and others)
No federal tax or levy. 5 Länder tried to impose
levies on waste incineration and disposal generally
but this power was overturned in the courts. There
are different prices for landfilling according to the
hazardousness of the waste.
Subsidies
No direct subsidies.
Positive waste planning
measures
There is an obligation to draw up waste
management plans. The 1996 Closed Cycle &
Waste Act requires recycling where possible and
economic.
R&D support
Various programmes for contaminated soils, use of
recycled materials and selective demolition.
Pilot and demonstration
schemes
Voluntary Agreements
Some projects including selective demolition
projects.
National and local VAs to encourage separation, reuse and recycling.
Education and training
Part of VA.
Advisory services
Part of VA.
Waste exchanges
National and regional Internet-based exchange
schemes for inert materials.
Other measures
Return systems for PVC products.
Most effective measure(s)
Combination of measures.
Disposal sites tightly controlled, re-use sites less so.
Destination of C&DW has to be documented from
1.1.1999. System differs for inert/hazardous wastes.
10 - 27.10.2006
1.4
Quantification of C&D Waste in Germany
During 2002 and 2003, Germany generated 381.3 and 366.4 million tons (Mt) of
waste respectively. From these amounts, construction and demolition waste (C&DW)
represented 63.2% in 2002 and 61.0% in 2003.
P ro ductio n
and industrial
wastes
42,218
11.1%
M unicipal
waste
52,772
13.8%
Production
and
industrial
wastes
46,712
12.7%
Slag fro m
mining (no n
hazardo us
waste)
45,461
11.9%
Co nstructio n
and
demo litio n
wastes (incl.
ro ad
demo litio n
waste)
240,812
63.2%
Figure 1: Generation of waste in Germany, in
1000t (2002)
Source: Destatis (2005)
Municipal
waste
49,622
13.5%Slag from
mining (non
hazardous
waste)
46,689
12.7%
Constructio
n and
demolition
wastes (incl.
road
demolition
waste)
223,389
61 0%
Figure 2: Generation of waste in Germany, in
1000t (2003)
Source: Destatis (2005)
The total generation of C&DW in 2002 was 240.8 Mt (see figure 1). From this
amount, 230.9 Mt (95.9%) were non-hazardous waste and 142.0 Mt (59.0%)
corresponded to excavated material
. In 2003, the total generation of C&DW in Germany was 223.4 Mt (see figure 2).
From this amount, 213.7 Mt (95.7%) were non-hazardous waste and 130.3 Mt (61.0%)
corresponded to excavated material. Deeper analyses of the constitution of C&DW for
2003 are still not available.
Ro ad
demo litio n
waste
16,6
7,8%
B uilding
demo litio n
waste
52,1
24,4%
Excavated
material
140,9
65,9%
Co nstructio n
site waste
4,3
2,0%
Figure 3: Composition of C&D waste in
Germany, in Mt (2002)
Source: KWTBau (2005)
According to the report generated by the
Arbeitsgemeinschaft Kreislaufwirtschaftsträger
Bau (KWTBau, 2005), the total amount of
C&DW generated in 2002 was 213.9 Mt. From
this amount, the main part corresponded to
excavation material (65.9%), followed by
building demolition waste (24.3%), road
demolition waste (7.8%) and construction site
waste (2.0%)
According to the Federal Statistical
Office, from the total amount of C&D waste
generated in 2002, the percentage of recycling
was 85.6%. In 2003 this value reached 86.2%
(see figure 4).
11 - 27.10.2006
300.000
250.000
x 1000t
200.000
150.000
Recycling
206.076
192.626
100.000
50.000
0
34.736
30.763
2002
2003
Figure 4: Handling of C&D waste in Germany, 2002-2003.
Source: Destatis (2005b; 2005c)
12 - 27.10.2006
Disposal
1.5
Recycling, re-use and disposal of C&D Waste in Germany
Of the total amount of C&D waste generated in 2002, the percentage of recycling
was 85.6%. In 2003 this value reached 86.2% (see figure 4). Table 4 and figures 5 and 6
present the specific treatments applied to C&D waste in 2002 and 2003.
Table 4 and figures 5 and 6 present the specific treatments applied to C&D waste in 2002
and 2003.
Table 4: Amount and treatment of C&D waste in Germany, 2002-2003
Source: Destatis (2005b; 2005c)
Treatment
2002
Total (including road demolition
waste)
Disposal
2003
Tons (x
1000)
%
Tons (x
1000)
%
240,812
100
223,389
100
34,736
14.4
30,763
13.8
Landfilled
30,741
26,878
Incinerated
410
497
Treated
3,585
Recycled
206,076
3,388
85.6
192,626
Thermal
162
142
Material
205,914
192,484
Landfilled
30.741
12,8%
Landfilled
26.878
12,0%
Incinerated
410
0,2%
Treated
3.585
1,5%
86.2
Incinerated
497
0,2%
Treated
3.388
1,5%
Thermal
recycling
142
0,1%
Thermal
recycling
162
0,1%
M aterial
recycling
205.914
85,5%
M aterial
recycling
192.484
86,2%
Figure 5: Treatment of C&D waste in Germany, in
1000t (2002)
Source: Destatis (2005)
Figure 6: Treatment of C&D waste in Germany, in
1000t (2003)
Source: Destatis (2005)
The Arbeitsgemeinschaft Kreislaufwirtschaftsträger Bau (KWTBau, 2005) estimates the
amount of C&W generated in 2002 in 213.9 Mt (see table 6).
13 - 27.10.2006
Table 5: Composition of C&W in Germany (2002)
Source: KWTBau (2005)
Origin
Road demolition waste
Building demolition waste
Construction site waste
Excavated material
Total
Amount
(million tones)
16.6
52.1
4.3
140.9
213.9
%
7.8
24.3
2.0
65.9
100
According to the KWTBau (2005), the 73.0 Mt of generated C&D waste excluding
excavated material, generated 51.1 Mt of recycled material, representing a 70% rate of
recovery.
From these 51.1 Mt of recycled construction materials, 18.0 Mt (35.2%) were
treated in 639 stationary plants. The other 33.1 Mt (64.8 %) were treated in mobile/semimobile plants, the number of which cannot be established due to the possible double-use
of the plants in different locations. Data from Destatis (2004b) indicates that the total
number of operators of plants is 2,011.
In the case of building demolition waste, KWTBau (2005) determined that from the
52.1 Mt corresponding to this item, 35.7 Mt were recycled representing a 68.5% recyclingrate. 7.0 Mt (13.4%) were used in mining installations and 3.8 Mt (7.3%) were directly
used by public authorities. 1.6 Mt (3.1%) were used for landfill construction and 4.0 Mt
were landfilled. (Figure 7)
From the 16.6 Mt of road demolition waste generated in 2002, 14.2 Mt (85.5%)
were recycled (KWTBau, 2005). 1.7 Mt (10.2%) were used by public authorities, 0.3 Mt
(1,9%) were used in mining installations, 0.1 Mt (0.6%) were used in landfill installations
and 0.3 Mt were landfilled. (Figure 8)
Figure 7: Treatment given to building demolition
Waste (2002)
Source: KWTBau (2005)
Figure 8: Treatment given to road demolition
waste (2002)
Source: KWTBau (2005)
According to KWTBau (2005), from the 4.3 Mt of construction site waste, 2.3 Mt
(53.5%) were landfilled, 1.2 Mt (27.9%) were recycled and 0.8 Mt (18.6%) were used in
superficial applications. (Figure 9)
14 - 27.10.2006
Excavation material represents the bigger amount of C&D waste generated in
Germany in 2002 with 140.9 Mt. From these amount (see figure 10), 74.4 Mt (52.8%) was
used in mining installations, 35.8 Mt (25.4%) were used by public authorities, 6.1 Mt
(4.3%) were recycled, 3,6 Mt (2.6%) were used in landfills and 21.0 Mt were landfilled.
(KWTBau, 2005)
Figure 9: Treatment given to construction site
waste (2002)
Source: KWBau (2005)
Figure 10: Treatment given to excavation
material (2002)
Source: KWTBau (2005)
Application of Recycled C&D Waste
Germany’s annual raw construction material demand is far higher than the annual
amount of recycled building material, implying that all recycled C&D material can
potentially be absorbed by the construction industry alone. This is not however the case
and it appears that a major reason is that engineers and architects have not been able to
specify recycled material without assurances that it will perform equivalent to new
materials.
Much progress, however, has been made in this regard, particularly in terms of
setting and verifying engineering standards for recycled building material, particularly for
use in higher value applications. While applications such as road construction are valid
and cost effective for many C&D materials they imply a downcycling aspect, for example,
from structural components such as brick and concrete, to road base crush.
The German Institute for Quality Assurance and Marking operates a certification
program for C&D material allowing recyclers to market their materials with the confidence
that they are suitable for a particular application. Likewise a builder or material specifier
(architect or engineer) may compare new materials with certified recycled materials, and
take better advantage of the cost savings and ecological benefits inherent in recycled
material.
Germany has elaborated several regulations and indications determining standards
for recycling materials in order to utilize them and make them an alternative to new
materials. Most of them are used in road construction. Some guidelines for the use of
recycled mineral materials in Germany are shown in table 6.
Table 6: measure related with C&D waste from the Voluntary agreement of 1996
15 - 27.10.2006
Source: Schultmann (2001)
Area of Application
Regulation
Application
General use of mineral
recycling materials
Technical Specifications of
LAGA
Requirements for the
recycling of mineral wastes
Road construction with
recycling materials
RAL-RG 501/1
Quality assessment for
recycled materials in road
construction
Technical delivery conditions
for mineral materials in road
construction
Supplementary technical
delivery conditions for
recycled mineral materials in
road construction
Guideline for concrete with
recycled aggregates 1998
TL Min-StB 2000
TL RC ToB-StB 1995
Concrete with recycled
aggregates
German Board for Steel and
Concrete Code for
„Concrete with Recycled
Aggregate“
DIN 4226-100
DIN 4226
DIN 1045
1.6
Recycled aggregates for
concrete and mortar
Aggregates for concrete
Concrete and reinforced
concrete: dimensioning
C&D Waste Management Fact Sheet
Regulations
Legislative
Framework
Timeline:
-
1972 First Law on Waste Disposal
o Controlled disposal and introduced prevention and separation
concepts
1986 Prevention and Disposal of Waste
16 - 27.10.2006
-
-
-
-
Implementation
o Introduced waste management principles and recycling
1993 Technical Instructions for Municipal Waste
o Specified requirements for of treatment, recycling and
disposal of waste
o Set goals to reduce toxicity, enable recycling
1996 Recycling and Waste Management Act
o Introduced producer responsibility, closed material cycle
concept, waste treatment hierarchy (avoid, reduce, reuse,
recycle, dispose)
o Increased powers of enforcement
2003 Commercial Waste Ordinance
o Makes separation of wastes from commercial enterprise a
legal requirement
2003 Waste Wood Ordinance
o Requires the recycling or energetic usage of old wood and
prohibits further landfilling
o Regulates the owners of mature wood (eg: old houses, barns
etc.)
2003 Act for Promoting Closed Substance Cycle Waste Management
and Ensuring Environmentally Compatible Waste Disposal
o
All above legislation is fully implemented and enforceable
See page 6
List of
Regulations:
Responsibilities Roles of key actors
Municipalities
-
Administration of C&D permits
Enforcement of C&D permits
Verification of compliance
Waste
Companies
-
Demolition/deconstruction/dismantling of buildings
Collection of waste
Segregation of recyclable and non recyclable materials
Sorting of Recyclables
Disposal
Recycling
Marketing and sales of material
Construction
Companies
-
Use of recyclable and recoverable materials
Avoidance of unnecessary material waste
Separation of process wastes
Manufacturers
-
Must facilitate recycling in product design
Maintain the material homogeneity of products insofar as possible
Investor/ House
Owner
Market
-
Financial liability for their C&D waste
Must dispose themselves or contract out the responsibility
Economic Flows
Who pays whom
for what...
The owner of a given material is ultimately liable for the cost of disposal of
that material. Demolition and recycling firms are often contracted to take over
responsibility for a material and in doing so, often buy the material from the
owner. They then process and market it. All disposal costs are born by the
C&D contractor or its clients.
Economic Impact
Dimension of
waste market or
construction
According to the environmental statistics of the year 2002 the volume of
construction waste and demolition waste amounted to 213,9 million tons.
Total German recycling industry:
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material market
2004 Turnover = 4.94 Billion euro
Employees:
2000 – 13375, 2001 – 18482, 2002 - 15685, 2003 – 15103, 2004 – 17053
(Eurostat 2006)
Material cost savings by use of recycled material are estimated to have
contributed 3.7 billion Euros to Germany’s GDP in 2005. (German Business
Institute, Cologne 2005)
Construction and Demolition Waste
Composition
Composition of C&W in Germany (2002)
% of materials
Source: KWTBau (2005)
Origin
Road demolition waste
Building demolition waste
Construction site waste
Excavated material
Total
%
7.8
24.3
2.0
65.9
100
300.000
250.000
200.000
x 1000t
Recycling/ Reuse
Ratio
performance% and
main focus of
recycling efforts
Amount
(million tones)
16.6
52.1
4.3
140.9
213.9
150.000
Recycling
206.076
192.626
Disposal
100.000
50.000
0
34.736
30.763
2002
2003
Total recycling ratio (2002/2003) Source: KWTBau (2005)
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Demolition waste (2002)
Road demolition waste (2002)
Construction site waste (2002)
Main
Technologies
Excavation waste (2002)
C&D materials are processed by a number of means and techniques.
Excavators are flexible multirole tool that is also widely used along with a
wide variety of task specific attachments used to methodically dismantle
buildings and process material onsite. These include:
-
Crushing jaws
Jackhammers
Saws
Debris buckets
Metal shears
Onsite and in plant sorting and processing of C&D waste is a vital step in the
recycling process. This is accomplished both manually and by way of both
mobile and stationary machines:
-
Manual sorting lines
Shredders
Crushers
Aggregate sifters
Water Based Density separators
Magnetic separators
Eddy current separators
Air blower separators
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2
Overview of construction waste materials in
Germany
Of Germany’s annual total C&D waste stream, materials resulting directly from
demolition and construction site waste account for only about a quarter of the annual total.
These materials are however, both of higher value and more difficult to recover and
process for reuse. Road demolition waste can often be reused onsite or for other
roadwork but it may also be used to as site recovery backfill in mining, gavel and sand
pits. Such usage is normally reserved for excavation material. The only requirement
before such usage of C&D waste is ensuring the environmental inertness of the material
and treating it if necessary. Recovering and recycling of building specific C&D waste
involves separating materials from each other during or after demolition/deconstruction
and processing each according to their specific properties and potential uses. Statistical
data on the Germany wide material composition of C&D waste is unfortunately not
available. Some regional studies, however, can serve as relevant examples.
A study by the French-German Institute for Environmental Research conducted in
the Upper-Rhine Region and a study by the Hamburg Urban Development, Environment
and Waste Authority of compiled statistics from Hamburg and Schleswig Holstein reveal
the following breakdowns of C&D waste:
Gypsumand
Mortar
9.2%
Metals
0.2%
Mixed building and
Tar free bitumen
demolition waste ,
mixes, 17.7%
17.7%
Plastics
0.6%
Wood, 2.5%
,
Concrete
25.5%
Bricks and
Stones
50.2%
Wood
13.4%
Steel
0.9%
Concrete, Brick,
Tile and Ceramic,
59.1%
Metal and Plastics ,
2.4%
Gypsum
contaminated
waste , 0.6%
Figure 11: Composition of building demolition
material, Upper-Rhine Region
Figure 12: Composition of building demolition
material, Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein
In both studies, concrete, bricks and rubble resulting from either or other materials
are the most common material by far. The mixed results of other materials may be due to
the different measuring techniques, samples and regional differences in construction
methods but highlights the requirement for standard classification of materials in order to
avoid confusion among actors in the C&D waste recycling industry.
Germany has adopted the EU’s waste classification system into law and classifies
all types and varieties of C&D wastes as shown below.
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EU Waste Catalogue (Regulated Waste Listing)
[17 BUILDING AND DEMOLITION WASTES (INCLUDING EXCAVATION OF CONTAMINATED
LOCATIONS)
17 01 concrete, brick, tiles and ceramic(s)
17 01 01 Concrete
17 01 02 Bricks
17 01 03 Tiles, bricks and ceramic(s)
17 01 06 * Mixtures of, or fractions of concrete, bricks, tiles and ceramic(s), containing dangerous material
17 01 07 Mixtures of concrete, bricks, tiles and ceramic(s) with exception of those that fall under 17 01 06
17 02 Wood, Glass and Plastic
17 02 01 Wood
17 02 02 Glass
17 02 03 Plastic
17 02 04 * Glass, plastic and wood contaminated by dangerous materials
17 03 Bitumen mixtures, Coaltar and Tar containing products
17 03 01 * Coal tar contaminated bitumen mixtures
17 03 02 Bitumen mixtures with exception of those under 17 03 01
17 03 03 * Coal tar and tar containing products
17 04 Metals (including alloys)
17 04 01 Copper, bronze, brass
17 04 02 Aluminum
17 04 03 Lead
17 04 04 Zinc
17 04 05 Iron and steel
17 04 06 Tin
17 04 07 Mixed metals
17 04 09 * Metal waste contaminated by dangerous materials
17 04 10 * Cables contaminated by oil, coal tar or other dangerous materials
17 04 11 Cables with exception of those, under 17 04 10
17 05 Soil (including excavation of contaminated locations), stones and waste
17 05 03 * Soil and stones containing dangerous materials
17 05 04 Soil and stones with exception that covered by 17 05 03
17 05 05 * Waste containing dangerous materials
17 05 06 Waste with exception of that under 17 05 05
17 05 07 * Track ballasts containing dangerous materials
17 05 08 Track ballasts with exception of that under 17 05 07
17 06 Damming material and asbestos contaminated building materials
17 06 01 *Damming material containing asbestos
17 06 03 *Other damming material, which consists
17 06 04 Damming material with exception of those under 17 06 01 and 17 06 03
17 06 05 *Asbestos contaminated building materials
17 08 Gypsum based building materials
17 08 01 * Gypsum based material contaminated by dangerous materials
17 08 02 Gypsum based building materials with exception of those under 17 08 01
17 09 Other building and demolition wastes
17 09 01 * Building and demolition wastes containing mercury
17 09 02 * Building and demolition wastes containing PCB (e.g. PCB contaminated sealants, PCB
contaminated floor mats on resin base, PCB contaminated insulating glazings, PCB contaminated
condensers)
17 09 03 *Other building and demolition wastes (including mixed wastes), the dangerous materials
contained
17 09 04 Mixed building and demolition wastes with exception of those falling under 17 09 01, 17 09 02 and
17 09 03
(* denotes waste requiring special examination or monitoring)
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The methods for recycling each of these materials is crucial to the economic and
practical feasibility of recovering them in the first place. Wood is widely sought after by
recyclers due to its wide use in energy generation. Germany boasts widespread adoption
of wood based electricity and heat generation from the residential to industrial and utility
scale. Other materials, like metals, have established worldwide markets for recycling
while others, like recovered concrete have limited and often local markets, for example in
road construction.
In order to insure the substitutability of recycled materials for new materials,
a quality assurance system has been established in Germany. The
Laendersarbeitgemeinschaft Abfall (LAGA) has established strict codes to which recycled
material must conform in order to be reused in further applications. These codes give
recyclers and contractors clear indications about what can and can not be done with a
particular material, also facilitating effective estimation of a C&D waste value or cost.
Quality assurance of course involves more than simply publishing specifications.
Each load of material must be inspected and certified by a third party in order to be
considered of sufficient quality for use in applications like road construction, new concrete
or even backfill. This certification of material is carried out by RAL, the German Institute
for Quality Assurance and Labelling. They can verify that a material conforms to the
standards set by either LAGA or the more established DIN (Deutsches Institut fuer
Normung) for use in a particular class of applications and apply the appropriate label. In
this way, recyclers can sell their product to customers as equivalent to new material.
Equivalence to virgin materials is likely the most important factor in assuring
useability of recycled C&D materials. Achieving such material quality is highly dependant
upon the unique challenges and obstacles presented by each material in the C&D waste
stream. A solid understanding of these material properties is crucial to effective recycling.
The following Factsheets describe the unique contexts and properties of each
significant material in the waste stream, as well as the post recycling uses, both real and
potential.
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2.1
Material Fact Sheet CONCRETE
Material
CONCRETE
Normal concrete as per DIN 1045, steel reinforced
concrete, concrete brick, waste concrete
Concrete is produced from cement (binder), aggregate,
water and additives, when required. It is cast on site in
shuttering, or as blocks or concrete elements. With few
exceptions, the products are reinforced.
Cement-based products
Foamed concrete
It consists of Portland cement and fine sand in
proportions of about half and half. Foamed concrete is
seldom use in building construction because its
relatively low thermal insulation and low load-bearing
capacity.
The environmental aspects of this concrete are the
same as in situ concrete.
Aerated concrete
Aerated concrete is produced by reacting finely
powdered quartz (about 50 percent by weight) with lime,
gypsum and cement. A yeast constituent such as
aluminium powder is added to a proportion of about 0.1
percent. Aerated concrete is the only commercial pure
mineral block with good structural properties and a high
thermal insulation value. (Ayres, 1999)
Aerated concrete can be considered inert and problem
free as waste. Both prefabricated units and the blocks
can be re-used, depending upon how they were laid and
the mortar used. Crushed aerated concrete can be used
as insulating granules for road building, and also as
aggregate in lime sandstone, different light mortars and
light concretes.
Concrete with light aggregate
This is usually produced as blocks, slabs or floor beam
units, which are relatively strong. There is a difference
between products that have an organic and a mineral
aggregate. Mineral insulating aggregate in concrete can
be light expanded clay, pumice, fossil meal and
exfoliated vermiculite, perlite or slag (Berge, 2000).
Sawdust and chopped straw can be used as organic
constituents in concrete. Raw materials for concrete
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with light aggregate are widely available.
Origin
Concrete is the primary material for larger buildings in
foundations, retaining walls, walls, roofs and floor
construction. It is also used as pavement on roads.
REUSE
Some concrete can be
reused with little processing:
a) Pre Fabricated
elements
b) Concrete Block (once
cleaned of mortar and
finishes)
Ways of collection
Ways of sorting
Reuse
Technologies
Market
Collection of prefabricated sections and blocks requires
careful dismantling of a building. This may be time
consuming but, if the material costs saving are high
enough, well worth it. Different techniques are possible
but all must avoid damaging the material as this will
prevent reuse.
Some concrete components can be reused with little
processing:
c) Pre Fabricated elements
d) Concrete Block (once cleaned of mortar and
finishes)
Concrete saws, grinders, lifts
The market for recycled concrete is primarily in road
construction as underlays and drainage material.
Ideally, recycled concrete could be used as aggregate in
new concrete and some progress has been made
towards the normalisation of this process. Challenges
do however still exist and so long as virgin material
prices are competitive recycled concrete will remain
primarily dependant on the road construction market.
RECYCLING
The value of in-situ concrete in terms of recycling is low
(Berge, 2000). It can be crushed and ground to
aggregate. The majority of it has to be sorted and used
as fill.
Road base and construction fill
Crushed concrete can be used as base fill in the
construction of roads. The crushed material is used in
place of lime rock. The benefits of such reuse are often
24 - 27.10.2006
dictated by the local availability of lime rock deposits, as
hauling costs are substantial. The purity (i.e. presence
of wood, dirt, other contamination) of the material may
also be an issue.
Crushed concrete may also be used as primary road
surface material on unpaved roads in rural areas. The
use of crushed concrete for driveways can also be
practiced. The limitation for this use comes from the
crushing of the material, which should be ideally made
on site to avoid hauling costs.
Aggregate in concrete
Crushed concrete has been proposed for use as
aggregate in the manufacture of new concrete.
According to Townsend (1999), the addition of crushed
concrete fines has been used, but the quality does not
always meet the same results as when using clean sand
and rock aggregate.
Drainage material
Crushed concrete that has been well screened of fine
particles provides similar drainage characteristics as
new rock or gravel. It can be used for drainage
applications in construction. Other possibilities include
septic drain fields and landfill leachate collection
systems. Crushed concrete does raise the pH of water
in contact with it, so care must be taken if this presents
a concern with regard to water quality (i.e. impact on a
surface water or groundwater supply).
Ways of collection
Recovered from concrete demolition sites unprocessed
or preferably, pre crushed by excavator breaker or
mobile crushing machine. Reduced volume of concrete
allows for fewer loads and lower transport costs.
Ways of sorting
Example of central sorting plant process
Source:
www.uni-weimar.de/Bauing/db/html/RCMW.htm
Jackhammering and crushing in-situ, separation from
25 - 27.10.2006
steel components manually and by crusher and
magnetic separation.
Recycling Process
1. Reduced by crusher and sorted by kernel size
2. Removal of metals by magnet
3. Used concrete as fill material, gravel substitute,
stabilising material
4. Reinforcing steel as scrap for steel production
Technologies
For Example:
Concrete crusher
“RUBBLEMASTER”
“RM60 - The FLEXIBLE
ENTRANCE MODEL the
crane-lift mobile RM60
produces 80 tonnes/h of
granular material from
building debris, bitumen or
concrete. In only ten minutes it
is entirely operational.
Supplementary pre- and post
sorting modules can be
integrated for a complete
recycling system.”
Roller screens
The Minerals roller screens
are used to separate on-size
particles from the oversize
and undersize fractions.
Wobbler feeders/scalpers
The unique action of a
wobbler feeder provides
feeding and scalping of
materials in a single
machine.
Even wet, sticky materials
can often be handled due to
the specially designed selfcleaning, non-clogging
elliptical bars.
Wobbler feeders operate
with low horsepower and
headroom requirements,
and without vibration, noise or transmitted stresses,
26 - 27.10.2006
making them ideal for both stationary and portable
applications.
Market/Products
RC-Frostprotection material 0/32
Base/Filter layer under surface or between foundation slabs
RC Concrete - SPLITT 0-8
Selfhardening Paving
RC Concrete - SPLITT 8-16
Reinforcing of road and walkways, loose top coat
RC Concrete - SCHOTTER 16/32
Drainage layer and basement wall protection
Price per unit (if
available)
Regulations
Example: GOLLAN Recycled Concrete 9,90 €/t
Cross references to
companies
www.doerner.de
www.cv-abbruch.de
www.gollan.de
Landfilling of waste concrete is forbidden in Germany
Reuse is regulated by DIN and LAGA specifications
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www.ehlert-soehne.de
www.buhck-hamburg.de
www.baureka.de/Leistungsverzeichnis/
www.b-i-m.de/struktur
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2.2
Material Fact Sheet BRICK
Material
Origin
BRICK
DIN 106 Standard Bricks
Clay, sand and light mineral materials are wet mixed,
formed, and kiln fired
REUSE
Bricks can also be re-used as bricks directly. The
greatest impediment to this reuse is the time taken to
sort and clean suitable bricks.
Manual dismantling, cleaning and stacking
Manual in-situ
Cleaning and separation from mortar
Saws, grinders, mortar grinders
Mainly care and restoration of monument class
buildings
N/A
Ways of collection
Ways of sorting
Reuse
Technologies
Market
Price per unit (if
available)
RECYCLING
Ways of collection
Ways of sorting
Recycling Process
Technologies
Brick rubble is lifted by sieve shovels with excavators,
thus partial sorting is possible during collection.
Rubble bucket lifting, sieving, magnetic separation
Also see same section in “Concrete”
Crushing and sorting according to kernel size,
separation from metal components
Breakers and Crushers identical to those used for
concrete
Market/Products
Road base and construction fill
Crushed brick can be used as base fill in the
construction of roads. The crushed material is used in
place of lime rock. The benefits of such reuse are often
dictated by the local availability of lime rock deposits, as
hauling costs are substantial. The purity (i.e. presence
of wood, dirt, other contamination) of the material may
also be an issue.
Crushed brick may also be used as primary road
29 - 27.10.2006
surface material on unpaved roads in rural areas.
Clean, crushed brick as sports field lining and
lightweight concrete addition and, with portions of
flashes, mortars and ceramic, as crushed stone
replacement or low density concrete aggregate.
RC-Rubble 0/32
Underlayer or Filter layer for foundations
RC-Rubble 32/56
Top layer for path and public space surfaces
RC-Rubble 0/X
Mechanical Soil stabiliser
Price per unit (if
available)
Cross references to
companies
www.doerner.de
www.cv-abbruch.de
www.gollan.de
www.ehlert-soehne.de
www.buhck-hamburg.de
http://www.baureka.de/Leistungsverzeichnis/
30 - 27.10.2006
31 - 27.10.2006
2.3
Material Fact Sheet WOOD
Material
Origin
WOOD, TIMBER
Timber has been the main structural and covering material in
the county all over the world. In the case of roof construction,
its lightweight and structural properties have made it more
attractive than any other alternative.
Timber can be used to cover roofs as shakes, shingles or
planks. As cladding it can be used as panelling or wattle, and
as flooring it can be used as boards, parquet tiles or timber
sets. The sheeting is produced as fiberboard, cork, chipboard
or veneer.
REUSE
Ways of collection
Ways of sorting
Reuse
Technologies
Market
Considerable quantities of reusable timber can be recovered
during the demolition of old buildings. Older buildings can have
valuable timbers which were prevalent in the past but which are
now quite rare. Demolition of older or unique structures can
also yield materials such as wooden fixtures, moldings, and
framings in addition to structural timber, which can be resold,
reused or re-milled.
Collection of wood for direct reuse is largely done manually,
with the aid of powered hand tools
Reuseable wood is sorted by type, size and quality
a) Direct use when free of pollutants
b) Removal of nails and foreign objects, planing,
surface treatment
Saws, hand tools, planers, sanders
Woodworking
Larger pieces of the highest quality recovered wood, such as
barn boards and structural timbers can be used intact. They
are largely used by the woodworking industry as raw material
for furniture, flooring and specialty items.
Price per unit (if
available)
RECYCLING
Ways of collection
Wood to be recycled can be collected alone from a site or
mixed with other C&D wastes. If the material quantity is large,
in-situ shredding can help reduce transportation costs.
32 - 27.10.2006
Ways of sorting
Recycling Process
Technologies
Recovered wood is sorted by
material quality, degree of
contamination, size and type.
Further sorting is carried out
according to intended processing.
1. Wood is collected onsite
with or without foreign
materials.
2. Sorting is done by hand and
machine
3. Wood is shredded,
sometimes onsite and
sometimes with foreign
matter
4. Further separation, like air
blower and magnetic is
performed on shredded
material
5. Shredded wood is marketed
Shredders
Single-Shaft-Shredder
The high performance shredders from Weima’s Jumbo/Super
Jumbo range of machines are specially designed for the wood
processing and wood recycling industries where very large
quantities of wood are shredded. The rotors, depending on the
model type, are 1000 mm to 3000 mm long. This extremely
high shredding capacity is guaranteed by rotors which have a
diameter of 482 mm (Jumbo) and 600 mm (Super Jumbo).
33 - 27.10.2006
Powerline
Extremely high output rates, highly economical The Powerline
shredder series are designed specially for the production of
substitute fuels (RDF) and offer a wide variety of innovative
equipment and ancillaries.
A high output rate for all types of materials such as industrial,
household and bulk waste, mixed construction site waste,
production rejects, timber, paper, paper rejects etc. guarantees
a maximum rate of productivity. Low power consumption and
low wear costs are the basis for the Powerline's economic
efficiency.
Single shaft shredder The single shaft shredders of the
newPowerline series were developed from the basis of
installation experience and are designed specifically for the
production of substitute fuels. Along with the material to be
shredded, the throughput rate and material size range
determines the individual specification of the machine. More
than 40 different machine options are available.
34 - 27.10.2006
Knife system The knife bearers are screwed or welded onto the
rotor depending on requirements. The multi-turn and
regrindable rotor knives, as well as the newly developed stator
knife system guarantee a considerable reduction in wear costs.
A durable hydraulic drive system is available for highly
contaminated feedstock. The electro-mechanical drive with
frequency converter guarantees maximum throughput rates for
clean and pre-treated materials.
Market/Products
Fuel
The most common reuse option for wood
recovered from C&D recycling is for fuel.
Wood has a high heating value and can
be used by a number of industries as
boiler fuel. Wood for fuel can be chipped
or pelletised for better transportation.
Wood with minimal soil and other foreign objects, and low
moisture content is ideal. The presence of large amounts of
treated wood creates air emission control and ash disposal
problems. Treated wood should be removed from the
recovered wood stream prior to grinding. (Metro, 2002)
Biomass could provide for more than 10% of Germany’s
present primary energy consumption needs. Though this goal
in far away, operators such as EnBW power stations AG are
building and successfully producing heat and electricity from
waste wood and biomass.
Engineered wood
A number of engineered wood products can be produced from
chipped wood material.
These products include fiberboard, oriented strand board, and
particleboard. The wood chips are formed into boards by
various pressing methods and adhesives. No foreign materials
should be present.
Mulch
Chipped wood may be used for mulch in horticultural and
agricultural applications. The wood should be free of foreign
material as much as possible and should contain no treated
35 - 27.10.2006
wood. The reuse possibilities of mulch from recovered C&D
wood typically revolves around aesthetics. Foreign materials
such as nails and plastic greatly limit appeal (MEO, 2004).
Animal bedding and compost amendment
Two other applications for recovered C&D wood that are
sometimes performed because of its moisture absorptive
capacity are animal bedding and bulking agent in composting.
These uses require a clean wood stream in terms of foreign
material. No treated wood should be present (EPA-AU, 2002;
Reinhart, 2002).
Price per unit (if
available)
Regulations
Wood Pellets: €180.20/tonne (2005) (Solar Promotion GmbH)
AltholzVO
According to Wood Waste Ordinance (AltholzV) Waste wood
must be assigned to one of four waste wood categories and
one special category:
A I: Waste wood in its natural state or only mechanically
worked which, during use, was at most insignificantly
contaminated with substances harmful to wood (e.g. natural
solid wood)
A II: Bonded, painted, coated, lacquered or otherwise treated
waste wood with no halogenated organic compounds in the
coating and no wood preservatives (e.g. interior doors)
A III: Waste wood with halogenated organic compounds in the
coating, with no wood preservatives, (e.g. PVC-coated
furniture)
A IV: Waste wood treated with wood preservatives, such as
railway sleepers, telephone masts, hop poles, vine poles as
well as other waste wood which, due to its contamination,
cannot be assigned to waste wood categories A I, A II or A III,
with the exception of waste wood containing PCBs
Waste wood containing PCBs: Waste wood which
constitutes “waste wood containing PCBs” within the meaning
of the “PCB/PCT Waste Ordinance” (a total of more than 50
mg/kg PCB or similar substances) and which is to be disposed
of in accordance with the provisions of this Ordinance (e.g.
sound insulating board treated with agents containing PCB).
This can only be done with the help of thermal waste disposal
plants.
Cross references to
companies
www.doerner.de
http://www.hrg-mbh.de/hhr/
http://www.holz-recycling.de/
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2.4
Material Fact Sheet METAL (Steel)
Material
Origin
METAL (Steel)
Steel is the most important structural metal, and is used in all the
structural components of a building, from foundations (usually
combined with concrete) to the roof.
Steel used in structural cases is often unalloyed. High quality steel
is alloyed with small amounts of aluminium and titanium. The
resulting material is particularly strong, and means that the amount
of material used can be reduced by up to 50 percent (UKSA, 2005).
Germany’s annual quantity of scrap steel is approx. 29 million
tonnes, 22 million of which are supplied by the steel recycling
industry. World-wide about 45% of raw steel production is based on
the employment of scrap steel.
Other than steel and iron a number of other metals are
encountered, particularly in sheeting applications, and recovered
from the C&D waste stream.
REUSE
Reuse
Technologies
Market
Price per unit (if
available)
Directly ready for smelting if segregated and free of hazardous
materials
Occasionally used in shredded form in place of gravel fill
Crusher/scalper/separators for cleaning, magnetic separators, eddy
current separators, shredders, electric arc furnaces, oxide furnaces
See below
See below
RECYCLING
In 2000, 42 % of German steel was produced from scrap. The
foundry industry produced approximately 5.3 million tonnes of cast
steel in the same year. According to data the German Foundry
Federation this was 88% more scrap utilisation than in the previous
37 - 27.10.2006
year. Germany’s foundry industry is highly dependant on scrap
metal.
Steel is an ideal recycling material as it does not lose quality in
process. Greenhouse missions savings associated with steel
recycling are significant amount in Germany to 27 million tonnes or
86% over virgin material only. Each tonne of steel scrap used
negates the use of 1.5t of iron ore, 0.5t of coal oil and significant
savings on transportation. Steel production with scrap steel
requires 90% less energy than with virgin materials.
Ways of collection
Metals recovered from C&D waste may be directly removed from a
building already segregated from other materials. Large sections
may be cut or shredded onsite before transport. When collected in
conjunction with other materials such as concrete, brick, wood,
plastic and others metals must be sorted out from other materials at
a central processing site.
Ways of sorting
Density Separation
Manual separation
Magnetic Separation
Eddy Current Separation
The steel recycling process involves collecting unalloyed and
alloyed scrap, sorting it manually or by magnetic separation,
shredding, further sorting of reduced material and marketing it
domestically or internationally to foundries.
Recycling Process
Both collected old scrap and new scrap, from manufacturing, is
sorted according to internationally agreed lists, ensuring
homogenous high quality materials that, once processed by shears
or shredder, can go directly into the furnace for production. In this
fashion secondary raw material is interchangeable with primary raw
material.
Technologies
In Germany two different steel production methods are used, each
with different possible levels of scrap steel content.
The Oxygen Steelmaking Method (in 2000 approx. 71 % of total
production) works with a scrap iron employment between 20 % and
30 %.
The Electric Arc Furnace steel production method (approx. 29 % of
2000 production) is capable of employing 100 percent scrap metal
in production.
Market/Products
Processed or unprocessed scrap steel is sold internationally and
provides the raw material for roughly half of the world’s 790 million
tonnes of annual steel production
Processed scrap may also be used in place of crushed stone
38 - 27.10.2006
Global supply of metal using
scrap (Annual Tonnes)
Blue
Pig Iron
Violet
Electrolytic Iron
Yellow
Scrap
Price per unit (if
available)
Steel Scrap Prices (As of 10.10.2002 * in €/t)
West
E2/Sorte 2
New steel scrap
ca. € 95,00/t - € 110,00/t
E3/Sorte 3
Heavier old steel scrap ca. € 90,00/t - € 105,00/t
North
E2/Sorte 2
New steel scrap
ca. € 95,00/t - € 110,00/t
E3/Sorte 3
Heavier old steel scrap ca. € 95,00/t - € 112,00/t
East
Sorte E3/1
New steel scrap
ca. € 64,50/t - € 67,00/t
E3/Sorte 3
Heavier old steel scrap ca. € 72,00/t - € 74,50/t
Southwest
E1/Sorte 1
New steel scrap
ca. € 60,50/t - € 61,50/t
E3/Sorte 3
Heavier old steel scrap ca. € 68,50/t - € 71,50/t
South
E1/Sorte 1
New steel scrap
ca. € 46,00/t - € 51,00/t
E3/Sorte 3
Heavier old steel scrap ca. € 64,00/t - € 69,00/t
Prices are for material only. All logistics, transport and labour
costs must be covered by the buyer or seller.
Regulations
Long before the entry into law of the Closed Substance Cycle
Waste Management in 1996, the German steel recycling industry
was meeting goals set out in the EU’s Agenda 21 initiative. Today,
documentation, certification and industry wide quality management
systems ensure a high quality of recycled steel material. This
allows for even more steel to be recycled, yielding important cost,
resource and energy savings.
Cross references to
companies
www.doerner.de
www.bdsv.de
39 - 27.10.2006
2.5
Material Fact Sheet METAL (Aluminium)
Material
Origin
METAL (Aluminium)
REUSE
Direct reuse where appropriate when free of dangerous
materials and damage. Aluminium is rarely however directly
reusable as it is often intended for one time use and easily
damaged with handling.
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Ways of collection
Ways of sorting
Reuse
Technologies
Market
Price per unit (if
available)
RECYCLING
Aluminium is a metallic material often used in light structures
and as roofing or exterior siding material. Its properties and
characteristics are not affected even after it has been used in a
product. Therefore aluminium can be recycled and re-used,
after having undergone adequate treatment and preparation,
as often as necessary without any loss in quality. The high
value of the metal is maintained through multiple reapplication
cycles, guaranteeing sufficient economic incentive for its
collection and recycling into a similar or comparable product.
The recovery and recycling of aluminium is carried out by metal
merchants, processors, aluminium refiners and remelters, the
latter two groups form the end of the recycling process as
producers of casting and wrought alloys. However, the
aluminium recycling industry also counts among its members
those companies which treat
and process salt slags and filter
dust, both arising during
production. They contribute to
the fact that Germany has
already largely reached the goal
of recovering and recycling
aluminium without leaving any
residues behind.
Ways of collection
Collection occurs onsite and during post collection of mixed
wastes or mixed metal wastes. Aluminum, once reduced by
crusher and shredder with mixed waste is one of many metal
40 - 27.10.2006
components that can be effectively separated from a mix by
eddy current separation.
Ways of sorting
Seperation from foreign materials
Magnetic separation
Eddy Current Seperation (can distinguish alloys and non
ferrous metals)
Density separation (dry and wet cyclonic)
Inspection and removal
Seperation in melting
Recycling Process
Collection and recovery
Old and new scrap are collected and recovered by the metal
trade or the refiners and remelters themselves.
Preparation and treatment
The scraps recovered are treated according to their quality and
characteristics. Common treatment processes are for example
sorting, cutting, baling or shredding. Turnings are dried and
crushed. Free iron is removed by magnetic separators.
Aluminium skimmings, a mixture of aluminium metal and
aluminium oxide, are crushed or ground and air separated.
Charging
As a rule computer controlled selection and mixing of scrap
types whose chemical composition is as close as possible to
that of the required alloy.
Melting
Various furnace types are available for melting aluminium
scrap. In Germany, scrap for the production of casting alloys is
commonly melted in rotary furnaces under a layer of liquid
melting salt (flux). Producers of wrought alloys prefer open
hearth furnaces in varying designs.
Refining
The alloy production in rotary furnaces is followed by a refining
process. The molten alloy is fed into a holding furnace
(converter) and purified through the addition of refining agents.
Quality control
Every single charge of the furnace is tested in the plants’
laboratories with modern computer controlled analytical
technology equipment and, provided that the result is positive,
receives a certificate.
Casting
The molten aluminium is either cast into ingots or transported in
liquid form to a foundry. The ingots weigh, depending on the
shape of the mould used, between 4 and 25 kg. Liquid
aluminium is filled into pre-heated thermos containers and
transported to the foundries, where the liquid metal is filled into
41 - 27.10.2006
holding furnaces and processed immediately.
Homogenising
Heat treatment of extrusion billets in special furnaces in order
to obtain a metal structure which is appropriate for further
processing and to remove residual stress of the casting.
Technologies
Market/Products
Shears, Shredders, Magnetic and Eddy Current Separators,
Furnaces, etc.
Scrap aluminium from product manufacture or at the end of a
product's service life becomes a secondary raw material which
has markets world-wide.
Primarily two kinds of firms purchase aluminium scrap.
Refiner
Produces casting alloys and deoxidised aluminium from old
and new scrap and supplies them in the shape of ingots and
liquid aluminium.
Remelter
Produces wrought alloys from mainly clean and sorted wrought
alloy scrap and supplies them in the shape of rolling slabs,
extrusion billets or master alloys.
In Germany, the aluminium recycling business provides about
20,000 jobs.
Casting alloys
Casting alloy, standardised or produced according to specific
customer requirements, are supplied in ingot or liquid form to
foundries which cast them into high quality components.
Typical applications are cylinder heads, engine blocks or gear
boxes in automobiles, components and parts in the mechanical
and electrical engineering industries, casings for household
equipment etc.
Wrought alloys
Wrought alloys are predominantly cast directly into extrusion
billets and rolling slabs. Typical wrought alloy products are
42 - 27.10.2006
semifabricated items in the form of sheet, foils or profiles, which
are processed into automobile body parts, commercial vehicle
constructions, rail vehicles, doors and windows, packaging, etc.
Deoxidised aluminium
Deoxidised aluminium consists of alloys with a high share of
aluminium (usually exceeding 95 %) in the form of waffle plates
consisting of one or more parts, granules or pellets, which are
used to remove free oxygen from the liquid steel.
Scale
At present, German refiners produce about 626,600 tonnes of
casting alloys annually from secondary raw materials. EU
annual production is in the range of 2.3 million tonnes.
Quantities of aluminum alloys made from secondary raw
materials can at present only be estimated, with European
production figures being in the range of 3.5 million tonnes
(turnaround scrap included).
Price per unit (if
available)
Regulations
Varies according to location and material type
Cross references to
companies
www.doerner.de
http://www.aluminiumonline.de
http://www.aluminium-recycling.com/
43 - 27.10.2006
2.6
Material Fact Sheet PLASTICS
Material
(Bauteil/Baustoff)
Origin
(Stoffbeschreibung)
PLASTICS
REUSE
Reusage of plastics is rarely possible and has a very small
market
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Ways of collection
Ways of sorting
Reuse
Technologies
Market
Price per unit (if
available)
RECYCLING
Ways of collection
Separated collected plastic tubes, roof sheets, floor mats and
plastic windows can be frequently well recycled.
Plastic tubes or rohrreste can to the plastic tube federation e.V.
be transferred, which operates a country wide collecting and
recycling system (www.krv.de).
PVC floor mats are collected country widely by the working group
PVC floor mat recycling (AgPR) and prepared in recycling plants
(www.agpr.de).
PVC roof sheets are collected over the working group for PVC
roof sheet recycling GmbH in a country wide collecting system
with the logistics enterprise Interseroh and spent to recycling
plants (www.dud-ev.de).
PVC plastic windows, roller-type shutters and doors are collected
over a country wide collecting system of the Rewindo GmbH and
supplied to the processing in recycling plants (www.rewindo.de).
Ways of sorting
Recycling Process
Flooring removal
Material Sorting
44 - 27.10.2006
Recycling system
Shredding
Shredded Chips (30mm)
The sorted old PVC floor mats are cut up first into chips
measuring at the most 30 millimeters. After a magnetic metal
separation process, a hammer mill releases the chips from
adhering screed and adhesive remainders. Thereupon they are
separated in a sieve jigger from these
reduced impurities. For following fine grinding
the PVC material with liquid nitrogen is cooled
on a temperature of minus 40° C. By the
cooling the PVC chips briefly embrittled and
finely ground into particles with a diameter of
no more than 0.4 millimeters.
PVC Particles in Bags
Technologies
PVC-Roofing
Recycelt recovers all sorts of plastics sheet roofings. They are
separately collected depending upon the application system and
physical condition and marked differently. In 2003 the collecting
system ROOFCOLLECT was established based on the country
wide logistics of INTERSEROH. A fax is sufficient to arrange the
collection of one’s roofing materials. Clients pay for the service
on a monthly billing basis. The administration expenses were
made deliberately small and the required lead time to the
scheduled collection time is usually four days. The system
functions in
45 - 27.10.2006
PVC –Windows, Doors and Shutters
PVC Window Recycling Statistics 2005
PVC Recycling Statistics (Tonnes)
Total Recycling potential
Recoverable, Available
Input
Recycled Material
Recycling Rate
21500
9675
10848
7359
76%
Market
While the market for PVC recycling is still limited and largely
driven by regulation, rising energy and material costs are making
it a more attractive means of sourcing raw material for PVC
manufacturing.
Price per unit (if
available)
Regulations
N/A
Vinyl 2010 – A voluntary initiative of the PVC industry towards
sustainable development is a 10 year program with a mid term
review of goals in 2005 and a definition of new goals in the year
2010 according to technical progress and the extension of the
European Union. A component of the program is a strict
monitoring process in the form of certified annual reports.
46 - 27.10.2006
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Cross references to
companies
Vinyl 2010 contains the following guidance actions and
obligations:
Adherence to the ECVM Charter regarding emission limit
values with the PVCHerstellung;
Flat for a complete substitution from lead stabilizers to
2015 additionally to the substitution of cadmium
stabilizers, valid since March 2001;
The utilization of 200.000 tons of "post usage PVC
wastes" in the year 2010. This goal is added to the 1999
decided utilization quantities for "post usage wastes" as
well as for the any utilization of "post usage wastes" in
accordance with the requirements of the conversion of the
European Union guidelines for packaging wastes, old cars
and electrical and electronics old devices for the period
after 1999;
Utilization of 50% of the detectable available PVC wastes
of window sections, pipes, armatures and roof foils starting
from 2005 as well as of floor coverings starting from 2008;
A research and a development program for new utilization
and recuperation technologies including the raw material
utilization and the solvent-based technologies;
The conversion of one with the European federation the
mining industry -, chemistry and energy trade unions
(European mine, Chemical and Energy Workers '
Federation - EMCEF) signed social Charter for the
development of standards for the social dialogue as well
as for training, health protection, security and
environmental protection, including a transmission of
these standards on the European Union entry countries;
Partnership with the municipalities within the "Association
OF Communes and region for recycling (ACRR)" with the
goal of the promotion of best practices as well as of local
pilot measures in the area of the utilization. Extension of
the European Union contains. A component of the
program is beyond that also a strict monitoring process
regarding its conversion in the form of certified annual
reports.
www.krv.de
www.agpr.de
www.dud-ev.de
www.rewindo.de
47 - 27.10.2006
2.7
Material Fact Sheet TILES
Material
(Bauteil/Baustoff)
Origin
(Stoffbeschreibung)
TILES
REUSE
Direct reuse when free of dangerous materials and
damage
Requires careful, labour intensive removal
Cleaning and separation from grout and adhesives
Reuseable as tile in further applications
Powered and unpowered hand tools
Specialty architecture, heritage restoration and
maintenance. The market for intact ceramic is rather
small and oriented towards higher end specialty
products.
Ways of collection
Ways of sorting
Reuse
Technologies
Market
Price per unit (if
available)
RECYCLING
Ways of collection
Ways of sorting
Recycling Process
Technologies/Products
Clay, Sand and Metal oxides are wet formed and kiln
fired
Widely variable
Onsite
Seperation of non frost resistant material, Wobbler
feeders, Sifting
Ceramics are crushed, often along with brick and
concrete. The mixtures are then sorted according to
kernel size.
Machines to crush ceramics are practically identical
as those used to crush brick and concrete.
Crushed ceramic with portions of brick, mortars and
stones and concrete may be used as gravel and
crushed stone replacement
Applications include: noise protection barriers, soil
stabilisers, cover material and backfill of excavations
Market
Crushed ceramic, in conjunction with brick, concrete
and rubble make for useful underlay and drainage
material. Similar to brick and concrete the largest
market for crushed recycled ceramic tiles (in mixed
form) is in road construction.
Price per unit (if
available)
Regulations
N/A
Cross references to
companies
See Concrete and Brick
Similar to all regulations for concrete and brick
48 - 27.10.2006
2.8
Material Fact Sheet EXCAVATION MATERIAL
Material
Origin
EXCAVATION MATERIAL
Arising from the excavation of building foundations,
excavation materials includes both urban soils mixed
with old construction wastes and contaminants to
virgin soils as may be found in Greenfield
construction. Composition may range from organic
soils, through to clays, gravels and sands, generally
in heterogenous form.
REUSE
The primary destination of excavation materials in
reusage as backfill for construction material mines,
particularly sand and gravel pits. If the material is
free from contaminants that may affect soil or
groundwater quality it may be tipped directly into
unused pits, aiding in the restoration of these areas
to their previous state.
It is unlikely that excavation material used as mine
backfill will ever be used again. Despite this, the
restoration role it is playing is considered to close a
loop in the construction material cycle.
Ways of collection
Ways of sorting
Reuse
Technologies
Market
Price per unit (if
available)
Conventional methods: Dig and Haul
Directly reused material is generally unsorted
Backfill
Excavators, Tracked Earth Movers, Trucks
Primarily for backfill of mining operations
N/A
RECYCLING
Recycling of excavation material differs from reuse in
that it involves treatment of the material in order to
make it conform to a specific use.
Such processes include contaminated excavation
material that must be treated in order to eliminate the
contamination.
Wiedereinbau bei Baumaßnahmen, ggf. vorherige
Sichtung und Absieben von Steinen
Kontaminierte Böden: Wäsche oder mikrobiologische
Dekontaminierung, danach Einbau
sonst: Deponie
Ways of collection
Ways of sorting
Haulage from site
Material without dangerous materials may be sifted
and filtered in order to remove stones, rocks and
49 - 27.10.2006
building material waste.
Contamination with hazardous materials requires,
washing, biological or thermal decontamination.
Recycling Process
Sorting is sufficient for most material in order to make
it reuseable for a specific task.
This may be done in-situ or in a central plant
Technologies
Sifters, Filtering machines, Magnetic separators
Market/Products
Price per unit (if
available)
Regulations
Cross references to
companies
Recycled excavation material is primarily used in
backfill operations, however, specific types with
particular treatments can also be used in road
construction and other higher value applications,
generally as fill and base material.
BOMIX ®
Reprepared soil, stable fill material, road construction
fill, and gravel/sand pit backfill
N/A
Simple disposal is forbidden
http://www.baureka.de/Leistungsverzeichnis/
50 - 27.10.2006
2.9
Material Fact Sheet ASBESTOS
Material
Origin
ASBESTOS
Asbestos is the name for a group of naturally
occurring, fibrous minerals. White asbestos
(Chrysotil) and blue asbestos (Krokydolith) were
most frequently used. Since asbestos is
extraordinarily heatproof and very chemically stable,
it was used for the production of various products.
It was applied in two forms.
Firm fiber (non-friable) connection asbestos was
used in cement products, pipes, and other building
materials. It was also widely used in brake linings.
Such materials are stable and present fewer risks.
Weak fiber connection (friable) asbestos was often in
the form of asbestos sprayed on as fire protection. It
was also however used in asbestos boards, precast
plates, electric insulation, noise insulation and heat
and vapour protection.
Asbestos contaminated wastes occur particularly in
the demolition, reorganization or maintenance of old
buildings. It is regulated as a dangerous material
and the methods and requirements for disposal are
specificied in the regulation.
Danger
Products with weak fiber (friable) asbestos are
particularly dangerous. Inhaled asbestos fibers are
known to cause Asbestosis and/or cancers. Due to
its carcinogenic effect asbestos is classified in the
dangerous material regulation as a particularly
dangerous carcinogenic dangerous material. As
a result the prevention of asbestos fibers from
becoming airborne is a very important public health
measure that must be undertaken in the demolition of
old buildings.
Disposal
The intended measures orient themselves at the
hazard potential of the different asbestos
contaminated wastes.
Ways of collection
In order to make possible the processing of the
usable components of building wastes as well as the
normal disposal of the asbestos contaminated
components the following work routine must be
observed:
- Before beginning of demolition and/or
renovation, an examination of asbestos
51 - 27.10.2006
-
-
contaminated materials and components is
conducted
If asbestos contamination is present – a
specification of the demolition or
deconstruction process must be provided to
the responsible authorities.
Before beginning of the demolition and/or
renovation asbestos contaminated materials
are to be removed and disposed according to
the provided procedure.
Asbestos contaminated components such as steel
girders, air ducts etc do not need to be disposed as
asbestos contaminated wastes, so long as they are
cleaned sufficiently according to TRGS 519. Once
clean they can be reused.
Ways of sorting
Asbestos in a pure form is separated from materials
with asbestos contamination and these materials are
further separated between those to be cleaned and
those to be disposed.
Sorting is important in order to ensure appropriate
treatment for each particular type of asbestos form.
Disposal Process
Generally, asbestos and materials contaminated with
asbestos are stabilised and disposed of in
specifically identified areas of landfills.
Technologies
At present chemical, thermal and mechanical
procedures for asbestos fiber destruction are in
different stages of development and testing. Until the
establishment and operation of such plants the
requirements of Germany’s federal Emmission
Control law apply. Sprayed asbestos and asbestos
types of dust, which are to be disposed, are to be
preferably solidified or stabilised by means of
suitable inorganic bonding agents, like glass, at the
point of accumulation. Depending upon the condition
of the asbestos contaminated wastes (excluding
sprayed asbestos and asbestos types of dust)
different methods of the surface treatment or the
packing are necessary. Wastes accompanying
asbestos removal operations, primarily those with
organic compounds, (e.g. carpets, textiles, curtains
etc.) must be thermally treated and brought to landfill
in stable, depositable form.
Chemical procedures for the chemical treatment of
asbestos contaminated wastes largely use
hydrofluoric acid. Byproducts of this neutralisation
process include calcium fluoride, metallic oxides and
hydroxides as well as silica.
Use of the byproducts of asbestos treatment are
52 - 27.10.2006
directed at cement and concrete production, as
fluxing agent and as secondary raw material for
hydrofluoric acid
Thermal procedures include
a) Vitrification of asbestos contaminated wastes
involves melting them at temperatures around 1400°
C. Asbestos-free glass granulates are the process
output.
b) Asbestos minerals are converted in special rotary
kilns at temperatures by 800° C into other minerals,
such as forsterite and olivin.
Market
Cost per unit (if
available)
Regulations
Cross references to
companies
N/A
Asbestos contaminated products may no longer be
introduced into the material cycle in Germany but for
very few exceptions.
www.doerner.de
www.cv-abbruch.de
www.gollan.de
www.ehlert-soehne.de
www.buhck-hamburg.de
53 - 27.10.2006
2.10
Material Fact Sheet MIXED CONSTRUCTION WASTE
Material
(Bauteil/Baustoff)
Origin
(Stoffbeschreibung)
MIXED CONSTRUCTION WASTE
REUSE
Reuse of mixed construction waste is unusual
without some sort of treatment. If the mixed waste is
specifically mineral and has very little contamination
it may be reused directly as construction or mine
backfill.
Mixed building site wastes arise from construction,
renovation, and demolition and contain mixtures of
building materials, accessories, packing materials
and household waste like components. These
materials are often both mineral and non-mineral
(concrete remainders, stones, glass, wood, scrap
iron, packing, insulating materials, carpet
remainders, aerated concrete, plastics etc.).
Ways of collection
Ways of sorting
Reuse
Technologies
Market
Price per unit (if
available)
RECYCLING
No overall statement can be made regarding
Germany’s quantities of mixed construction waste.
But generally, they are composed primarily of
excavation or mineral materials with smaller fractions
of wood, plastics, metals, paper and packing
materials.
Ways of collection
Through planned and controlled waste separation
already running on building sites, a large part of the
wastes can be recovered as valuable material. Many
can be used in material or thermal applications. Clear
examples are: glass, plastics, iron and non-ferrous
metals is considered.
Ways of sorting
Due to its heterogeneity the processing of building
site mixing wastes is technically more complex than
with mineral building debris. A complete sorting of
mixed building site wastes is so far only possible with
manual labour.
Commercial waste producers however, are obliged to
separate their mixed wastes by law and thus mixed
building waste quantities should be limited and/or
feasibly sorted machine.
54 - 27.10.2006
Recycling Process
Technologies
Market
Price per unit (if
available)
Regulations
Cross references to
companies
Materials recovered from mixed wastes are either
added to their respective material groups and
recycled, sent to an incinerator for energy recovery
or landfilled.
Separation of polluting materials can allow for
significant savings in disposal costs.
The Commercial Waste Regulation requires
separation wastes from the building site into
respective groups in order to in order to make highquality utilization of the wastes possible. Exceptions
to this requirement are only possible under certain
conditions.
www.doerner.de
www.cv-abbruch.de
www.gollan.de
www.ehlert-soehne.de
www.buhck-hamburg.de
55 - 27.10.2006
Overview of construction waste companies in Germany
German demolition and construction waste companies are the vital link in the C&D
waste management chain. They possess the technical knowledge, equipment, training
and organisation vital to an effective recover C&D waste management system.
Furthermore, they play an important role in the construction industry by assuming
responsibility for the dismantling, processing, marketing, sale or disposal of all building
related wastes. They have significant incentives to improve their techniques and the
quality of the material they process because they often also earn a proportion of their
revenue from selling the material they recycle.
The below table lists the average deposit fees and recycling costs for various types of
materials in Germany.
Table 7: Comparison on Recycling and Disposal Costs
Category of Materials
Mineral materials
Concrete Scrap
Bricks
Mixed mineral Materials
Metals
Iron
Aluminium
Copper
Wood
Untreated Wood
Lightly treated Wood
Treated Wood (pressure
impregnation)
Other Building Materials
Glass
Plastics
Mixed Building Materials *
Mixed Materials (only recycling)
Mixed Materials (recycling and
disposal)
Mixed Materials (only disposal)
Disposal Fees
[EUR]
Recycling Costs
[EUR]
80 to 200 EUR/t
7 to 10 EUR/t
7 to 10 EUR/t
9 to 13 EUR/t
-
-40 to 0 EUR/t
-250 to -100 EUR/t
-
-1000 to -250
EUR/t
-
35 to 65 EUR/t
50 to 100 EUR/t
50 to 250 EUR/t
-
30 to 65 EUR/t
50 to 200 EUR/t
125 to 200 EUR/t
125 to 300 EUR/t
125 to 300 EUR/t
* Mixed Material have to be sorted according to their material composition
Source: Schultmann, F.; Seemann, A.; Garbe, E.; Rentz, O.
As is evident in the table, while recycling is advantageous for many materials, the
cost of recycling is required as disposal of recyclable C&D waste materials is simply
forbidden by German law. It should also be noted that the ability of a recycler to earn
revenues with the material they receive can affects the cost of recycling to the material
owner. If the material is of higher quality and recovered in a manner that preserves this
56 - 27.10.2006
quality a recycler may be able to sell it as a higher valuable material and pass on some of
these earnings to the original material owner in the form of lower recycling costs.
Scale of C&D Waste Management Industry
Rest (waste fro m
building sites,
demo litio n
wo o d)
1.924,9
3,2%
B uilding
demo litio n waste
32.712,1
54,7%
M ixed debris and
excavated
material
5.863,5
9,8%
Excavated
material
7.021,5
11,7%
Ro ad demo litio n
waste
12.253,3
20,5%
Figure 13: C&D waste treated in construction
waste treatment plants in Germany, in 1000t (2002)
Source: Destatis (2004a)
Figure 14: Use of recycled material from C&D
waste (2002)
Source KWTBau (2005)
From the 51.1 Mt of recycled material, 35.5 Mt (69.4%) were used in road
construction and 9.9 Mt (19.4%) in earth-moving. 4.9 Mt (9.6%) were used for various
purposes like garden, landscape and sport-field construction. 0.8 Mt (1.6%) were used as
concrete aggregate. (Figure 14)
The data of table 8 show that the main amount of the 59.8 Mt entering C&D waste
treatment plants was treated in mobile/semi-mobile plants (55.3%) and the rest in
stationary plants (44.7%). From this value, 57.2 Mt were recycled, representing 96% of the
total C&D waste treated in Germany in 2002. The main recycled products were concrete
from building and road demolition (44%); sand, gravel, crushed stones, plaster, gypsum
and mixed mineral material (20%) and bricks (17%). A summary of the amount of
recovered material in construction waste treatment plants is shown in table 9.
Table 8: Material treated in C&W treatment plants in Germany, in 1000t (2002)
Source: Destatis (2004b)
Treated material
Total
1.924,9
In stationary
plants
1,712.7
In mobile /semi-mobile
plants
222.2
Rest (waste from building sites, demolition
wood)
Mixed debris and excavated material
Excavated material
Road demolition waste
5.863,5
7.021,5
12.253,3
3,608.3
3,351.0
5,282.6
2,255.2
3,670.5
6,970.7
Building demolition waste
32,712.1
12,741.6
19,970.5
Treated material (total)
59,775.3
26,696.4
33,079.0
57 - 27.10.2006
Table 9: Recovered material treated in C&W treatment plants in Germany, in 1000t (2002)
Source: Destatis (2004b)
Recovered material
Total
25,060.9
9,557.6
In stationary
plants
9,351.7
4,186.3
In mobile /semimobile plants
15,709.2
5,371.3
Concrete (from building and road demolition)
Bricks (from building demolition)
Ceramic and tiles (from building demolition)
sand, gravel, crushed stones, plaster, gypsum and mixed
mineral material (from building/road demolition and
excavation)
Excavated material
311.8
11,359.1
240.1
6,816.9
71.7
4,542.2
6,096.3
2,806.6
3,289,7
Asphalt
4,129.2
1,230.3
2,898.9
Tar containing material
688.1
276.1
412.0
Recovered material (total)
57,203.0
24,907.9
32,295
Figures 15 to 17 show some examples of mobile, semi-mobile and stationary plants used in Germany.
Figure 15: Mobile Plant
Figure 16: Semi-Mobile Plant
Figure 17: Stationary Plant
Economics
Germany’s entire recycling market recorded a 2004 turnover of 4.94 billion Euros.
Employment in the industry grew from 13375 employees in 2000 to over 17000 in 2004.
(Eurostat 2006) While some of this economic activity and employment accounts for the
recycling of household and commercial wastes, C&D wastes account for a large portion of
the overall waste mix, implying that a significant portion of these numbers can be
attributed specifically to the C&D recycling industry.
While these statistics are encouraging, they reflect only one side of the economics of
recycling. The Cologne Institute for Economic Research estimates that the use of
secondary raw materials added 3.7 billion to German GDP in 2005 in terms of avoided
material costs. Such savings are particularly significant for materials that are in short
supply or regularly imported.
58 - 27.10.2006
59 - 27.10.2006
3.1
Company Fact Sheet OTTO DÖRNER
Name
OTTO DÖRNER Entsorgung GmbH
Contact Details
Nils Siebörger
Assistent der Geschäftsleitung
Lederstrasse 24
22 525 Hamburg
fon +49_40_54885_125
fax +49_40_54885_204
nils.sieboerger@doerner.de
www.doerner.de
Organisational Form
Private company (GmbH)
Type of company
Number of employees/
annual turnover
Demolition, recycling
500 employees (Ganze Dörner-Gruppe
Locations: Hamburg, Kiel, Lübeck, Itzehoe
135 employees (Otto Dörner Entsorgung)
annual turnover: not available
General Intro
Main business fields...
- Transport
- Recycling
- Waste Management
- Intermediate storage for hazardous waste
- Sorting facility (manually and mechanically) for
commercial waste and building-site waste
- Shredder for scrap wood
- waste containers 1 - 35 m3
- collection, treatment, disposal of waste
- collection and disposal of hazardous waste
- consulting
- waste management for commercial properties and
building-sites.
- garbage collection
60 - 27.10.2006
Materials
Input:
2004: 190,000 t
Output:
Seperated Materials (2004)
Processes
Different processes
for each material…
Construction waste: automatic and manual sorting, screening air
separators, magnetic separators
Technologies/
Machinery
Used for collection,
sorting,
treatment….
Systems and equipment used for construction waste recycling:
61 - 27.10.2006
1 Segregation line with manual sorting of construction waste
1 Automated sorting line using a combination of different
screens and air separators to sort debris
2 Wood shredders, one mobile and one stationary
-
Excavators
Wheel-loader
62 - 27.10.2006
Collection
Market
Main
Customers/Partners
Fees/Financing
40 trucks and some trailers with 8-40 tons permissible maximum
weight
25 garbage-trucks with 26 tons permissible maximum weight
-
building and demolition companies
craftsmen
public-sector companies
public authorities
Example Dumping Fee:
158 €/t or 45,50 €/cbm (Mixed Construction Waste)
63 - 27.10.2006
3.2
Company Fact Sheet CV-Abbruch
Name
CV Abbruch und Räumung GmbH
Contact Details
Herr Schmidt
CV Abbruch und Räumung GmbH
Kronsaalsweg 30
22525 Hamburg
fon +49_40_896776
fax +49_40_8904732
info@cv-abbruch.de
http://www.cv-abbruch.de/profil/default.htm
Organisational
Form
Private company (GmbH)
Type of company
Working in the areas of Deconstruction, Recycling, Environmental
Technology and Earthwork - service covers the entire spectrum of
modern demolition works
Number of
employees/ annual
turnover
General Intro
Main business
fields...
25 Employees
Turnover not available
CV Demolition deals with a wide range of construction
components, from windows and doors to the reutilisation of
demolition materials. CV Demolition guarantees professional
disassembly of your building and sorting of materials to be
recycle. The reprocessing and marketing of demolition materials
belongs to a qualified waste management company like CV
Demolition.
Materials
Input:
Delivery of the construction waste on the sorting plant.
64 - 27.10.2006
Construction waste after the first sorting
Output:
Different types of recycled materials
Processes
CV Demolition produces building materials from building debris.
Mobile crushing and screening systems are used in the
processing of material, allowing the recovery of valuable materials
such as rough fine stones as well as road construction material
from materials like brick and concrete.
Technologies/
Machinery
Used for collection,
sorting,
treatment….
Equipment for construction waste recycling:
Delivery of waste
65 - 27.10.2006
Excavator sorting tool
Excavator jackhammer
Mobile crushing machine
Excavator crushing tool
Mobile crushing machine with
magnetic separation
Information about the machines:
http://www.volvo.com/group/germany/de-de
Market
Customers/Partners not available
Fees/Financing
not available
Fax from Simona
66 - 27.10.2006
3.3
Company Fact Sheet GOLLAN
Name
Gollan Recycling GmbH
Contact Details
Herr Werner Süß
Gollan Recycling GmbH
Dorfstraße 7
23730 Neustadt/Beusloe
fon +49_4561_398_0
fax +49_4561_398_65
werner.suess@gollan.de
www.gollan.de
Organisational
Form
Private company (GmbH)
Type of company
Sales and delivery of recycled building materials, Demolition and
Renovation, Waste Processing, Wood Waste Processing,
Excavation Material Processing, Sieving and Shredding
Operation of 2 Class Z1 Landfills.
Number of
employees/ annual
turnover
General Intro
Main business
fields...
250 Employees
30 million Euro annual turnover
Apart from the classic waste container service, Gollan offers
building waste recycling with building debris sorting, crusher
plants and the processing of cinder from incineration plants to
building materials for road construction. Gollan also offer
demolition services, the reorganization of materials and the
disposal of mixed and unmixed wastes.
Materials
Input:
http://www.gollan.de/pdf/Annahmekatalog.pdf
Output:
Examples
Sales/Delivery
ConcreteAggregate
RC-Concrete
0-8
FSS 0 - 32, 30 % > 2 mm
FSS 0 - 32, 40 % > 2 mm
FSS 0 - 32, 60 % > 2 mm
FSS 0 - 45, B2 > 40 % > 2 mm
67 - 27.10.2006
Backfill
FSS 0 - 45, > 60 % > 2 mm, conforms to
ZTVT-STB 95
STS 0 - 45, > 60 % > 2 mm, conforms to
ZTVT-STB 95
0-8
8 - 16
16 - 32
Compost
(from the pre-seive), dark looking
Barkmulch
Compost with organic matter
Topsoil
spruce/fir, 0/45
Gravel
sieved/unsieved
Gravelsand
washed, 8 - 16 und 16 – 32mm
Debris
0/4
0/32, 30 % > 2 mm (FSS o. L.)
Sand
8 – 45mm
Natural stone
0/2
0/4
washed 0 - 4
washed 0 - 8
sieved 0/2 (clean sand)
Natural stone
0 - 45, 60 % > 2 mm (STS)
Irregular block bis ø 150 cm
Sales and delivery of Recycled and Natural stone material
Our fleet of over 30 delivery and approximately 2500 containers
vehicles we are able to deliver every type of material from our
staging yard. Pick up of material is of course, also possible.
Processes
68 - 27.10.2006
Demolition/Renovation
Gollan Recycling is specially equipped with demolition
excavators and machines to handle complex, fastidious core
removals and the recovery of demolition wastes.
Recycling
Gollan provides waste treatment with a variety of systems,
centrally in our recycling plant or on your site. Gollan can handle
debris, concrete, natural stones, building -, trade and waste
wood and much more.
Timber recycling
Building timber treatment is carried out by four mobile shredders
preparation with four mobile and two rotary screens. Gollan is
also the primary place in entire north of Germans for shredding
and disposal of building timber.
Debris recycling
With twelve diverse stationary and mobile debris processing
units Gollan is able to separate all varieties of waste materials
69 - 27.10.2006
into recyclable, quality, materials.
Sieving/Shredding
With four mobile shredders and two rotary screens Gollan is the
natural choice for shipment of wood waste in northern Germany.
In addition we are able to prepare green wastes from composting
to sieved plant soil.
Technologies/
Machinery
Used for collection,
sorting,
treatment….
equipment for construction waste recycling:
Used machines are also sold via Gollan.
Location in Neustadt/Beusloe
70 - 27.10.2006
Market
Customers/Partners
Private and public customers
Fees/Financing
From Simona
71 - 27.10.2006
3.4
Company Fact Sheet Ehlert & Söhne
Name
H. Ehlert & Söhne (Gmbh & Co.)
Contact Details
Herr/Frau
H. Ehlert & Söhne (Gmbh & Co.)
Grevenweg 121
20537 Hamburg
fon +49_40_4013 79 - 0
fax +49_40_4013 79 - 79
info@ehlert-soehne.de
http://www.ehlert-soehne.de/main.htm
Organisational Form
Private company (Gmbh & Co.)
Type of company
Number of
employees/ annual
turnover
General Intro
Main business fields...
Demolition and core removal, including asbestos removal and
disposal at all scales.
Materials
Input:
N/A
Output:
N/A
Processes
72 - 27.10.2006
Technologies/
Machinery
Used for collection,
sorting, treatment….
Equipment for construction waste recycling:
Machines
Frontloaders up to 45 Tonnes
Excavators
45.0
to
Longfront excavator
Cat 330 BL
26.0
to
Tracked excavator
Cat 322 CL
23.0
to
Tracked excavator
Cat 320 CL (2 Stück)
23.0
to
Tracked excavator
Fiat Hitachi EX 215 ELC5
23.0
to
Tracked excavator
Daewoo 255
22.0
to
Tracked excavator
Daewoo S 225 LC-V (2
Stück)
20.0
to
Mobile excavator
Cat M320 C
13.0
to
Mobile excavator
Hyundai Robex 130W
6.0
to
Mini excavator
Volvo EC 55
5.5
to
Mini excavator
Yanmar VIO 55 VCR
73 - 27.10.2006
3.5
to
Mini excavator
Fiat Hitachi EX 35
1.5
to
Mini excavator
Yanmar B 15-3
0.9
to
Mini excavator
Kubota U 10
0.8
to
Mini excavator
Kubota U 08
12.0
to
Wheeled loader
Fiat Hitachi W110
7.5
to
Wheeled loader
Atlas 72 E
6.0
to
Wheeled loader
Zeppelin ZL 100
4.5
to
Wheeled loader
Volvo B 20 L
2.8
to
Compact loader
Cat 216
1.6
to
Compact loader
Bobcat M 553
1.1
to
Compact loader
Bobcat M 463
1.1
to
Compact loader
Bobcat M 453 (3 Stück)
14.0
to
Mobile Crusher
Prallmühle RM 80
Auxiliary Tools
5
Stck
Sorting Shovel
5
Stck
Concrete- / Scrap Cutter
Maulweite 80 cm
3
Stck
Concrete crusher
Maulweite 87 cm
4
Stck
Hydraulic hammer
1
Stck
Gravel Shovel
3
Stck
6
Stck
Concrete Cutter for Mini
excavator
Hydraulic hammer for Mini
excavator
Miscellaneous Machines
LKW with Hook system
Flat bed truck
Forklift
Power System
Compressor 2.5 - 5.0 m³
Vibrator Plate
74 - 27.10.2006
Hydraulisch verstellbar
Maulweite 45 cm
Welder Cutting machine
Asbestos cleaning system
Worksite Truck
All excavators are strengthened, fully armoured and have
quick change mechanisms for dippers, grip arms, shears,
hammers and crushers. Maintenance and repairs are
accomplished by our master team in the own workshop. For
fast repair, two fully equipped workshop vehicles are locally
available.
Market
Customers/Partners
Fees/Financing
75 - 27.10.2006
3.5
Company Fact Sheet HME
Name
Contact Details
Buhck Gruppe
HME – Hamburger Müllentsorgung Rohstoffverwertungsges. mbH
Herr Ulf-D. Hennies
HME – Hamburger Müllentsorgung Rohstoffverwertungsges. mbH
(ein Unternehmen der Buhck-Gruppe )
Hamburg
fon +49_40_736093_56
fax +49_40_736093_66
uhennies@buhck-hamburg.de
http://www.buhck-hamburg.de
Organisational
Form
Private company (GmbH)
Type of company
Number of
employees/ annual
turnover
General Intro
Main business
fields...
Entsorgungsunternehmen / Sortieranlage
31 / 8 Mio. €
The HME Waste Management Center in Hamburg undertakes the
sorting of construction and demolition wastes into materially pure
fractions. HME also prepares foundation engineering materials
intended for use in road construction.
Materials
Input:
Beside excavation material and road demolition waste we rimarily deal
with unsorted building debris building site wastes. Approximately
1,100 m3 of these materials are delivered to the HME on a daily basis.
Output:
Contaminating materials are removed from the input yielding a rate of
up to 80% of reusable, new economic good.
Processes
Crushing of building debris and sieving from earth.
Technologies/
Machinery
Used for collection,
sorting,
treatment….
Crusher, Earth sieve with maximum size of 200mm
A first approach years ago involved the simple sorting of materials by
76 - 27.10.2006
hand. From this beginning arose the concept of a large scale
mechanical sorting installation, begun in Hamburg as HME in 1986.
AUA – HME – Liebigstraße 22113 Hamburg
Market
Customers/Partners Hamburg region contractors, disposal companies and container
services
Fees/Financing
Pricelist
Sales from building materials
Mixed Mineral (MG) 0-45
Concrete Mineral Mix (BMG) 032
Sieved sand
Sieved Topsoil
Services
Sorting
Sorting of Hazardous material
77 - 27.10.2006
As per LAGA
specification
As per LAGA
specification
unit
per
tonne
per
tonne
per
tonne
per
tonne
per hour
per hour
Euros
5.40
8.50
6.00
8.50
45.00
53.0
4 CONCLUSIONS
Germany has a successful and effective construction and demolition waste
management system. The recovery, reuse and recycling of these waste materials
ensures the diversion of what was historically the largest portion of the waste mix.
Simultaneously, the demand for new materials is reduced, conserving domestically
available virgin materials and energy while reducing the need for imports.
A particularly important challenge in any waste management system is ensuring
consistent, high quality recycled material. The roles of LAGA in publishing specifications
for recycled materials and RAL in inspecting and labelling materials for quality assurance
are key to the smooth running of a the German recycled C&D waste materials market.
Without the vital contribution of specification and quality assurance, sellers and buyers
would be forced to evaluate and negotiate every sale or purchase on a case by case
basis. While the work of LAGA and RAL has simplified much of this process,
implementation of these practices is still underway.
There is however room for improvement in the performance of Germany’s construction
material cycle. The potential for Germany’s C&D waste companies to provide even more
savings is evident in the literature on the subject as indicated by the Schultmann and Co.
in the following case study figure:
50
44,4
45
recycling / disposal /
transport
dismantling or demolition
40
[EUR/m³]
Costs [?
/m³]
35
30
25
20
15
16,7
13,5
15,1
13,3
10
7,9
5
3,5
1,5
0
-5
Location
use of building
type of building
vgl-dbmhstrw
selective
dismantling
conventional
demolition
Dobel (D)
hotel
timber framed building
selective
dismantling
conventional
demolition
Mulhouse (F)
dwelling -house
masonry building
selective
dismantling
conventional
demolition
Strasbourg (F)
industrial building
masonry building
selective
dismantling
conventional
demolition
Rottweil (D)
school building
masonry building
Figure 18: Comparison of costs for selective dismantling and conventional demolition
As is evident above, in Germany, the costs for recycling and disposal of demolition
waste range are the same category as the costs for demolition. So it can be advantageous
to dismantle as many building elements as possible if this leads to a decreasing of the
recycling and disposal costs. (Schultmann, 2005) This is especially true if dismantling
78 - 27.10.2006
preserves the quality of the recovered materials, making them available for higher value
uses than if they were simply demolished. This may go some length to addressing the
phenomenon of downcycling in the C&D waste management cycle.
A study of 70 recycled C&D waste material sales outlets by the Ruhr University of
Bochum showed that more than 60% of recycled C&D material sold was used in road
construction , particularly as crushed stone base and frost protection. An additional 30%
of material was used in landscaping and earthworks (eg: soil stabilization) while reusable
materials like tiles, fixtures and windows constituted the smallest portion of sales.
The more specific of Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein’s experience with C&D
recycling show that while nearly 90% of the 10 million Mt of C&D materials are recovered,
only about 40% of this material is reabsorbed by the construction industry. The
remainder, largely mineral materials resulting from excavation is used to backfill old gravel
and sand pits.
Road construction is a notable exception to this norm and is often able to achieve
nearly 100% recycling of materials, sometimes in place and with significant savings in
materials and energy.
If a truly cyclical flow of construction materials is to be achieved, the preservation of
material quality in demolition as well as the improvement of recycling of used material into
new equivalent material requires some improvement. In today’s environment of high raw
material prices and even higher energy costs there is significant incentive to take these
steps towards improvement. It seems therefore, that Germany’s progressive success in
abating the disposal of C&D wastes is bound to continue.
79 - 27.10.2006
5 Sources
1) BMU. 2003. Waste Legislation News: Ordinances of the Federal Repubic of Germany on
Sustainable Waste Management, May 2003. Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature
Conservation and Nuclear Safety. [online]. Available from:
http://www.bmu.de/files/pdfs/allgemein/application/pdf/waste.pdf [Accessed 15 February 2006]
2) Behoerder fuer Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt Abfallwirtschaft. 2006. Gemeinsamer
Abfallwirtschaftsplan fuer Bau- und Abbruchabfaelle von Hamburg und Schleswig-Holstein,
Hamburg, 2006.
3) Bustamante, Waldo. 2006. Construction Waste in Germany, Technische Universitaet
Hamburg Harburg, Hamburg, 2006.
4) Destatis. 2004a. Pressemitteilung vom 14. September 2004. Statistisches Bundesamt
Deutschland. [online]. Available from:
http://www.destatis.de/presse/deutsch/pm2004/p3840111.htm [Accessed 15 February 2006]
5) Destatis. 2004b. Erhebung über die Aufbereitung und Verwertung von Bauschutt,
Baustellenabfällen, Bodenaushub und Straßenaufbruch - Ergebnisbericht 2002. Statistisches
Bundesamt. Juni, 2004
6) Destatis. 2005a. Amount of waste generated. Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland. [online].
Available from: http://www.destatis.de/basis/e/umw/umwtab1.htm [Accessed 15 February
2006]
7) Destatis. 2005b. Aufkommen, Beseitigung und Verwertung von Abfällen im Jahr 2002. Juni,
2005. Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland. [online]. Available from:
http://www.destatis.de/download/d/umw/entsorgung2002.pdf [Accessed 15 February 2006]
8) Destatis. 2005c. Aufkommen, Beseitigung und Verwertung von Abfällen im Jahr 2003. Juni,
2005. Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland. [online]. Available from:
http://www.destatis.de/download/d/umw/entsorgung2003.pdf [Accessed 15 February 2006]
9) FSBW. 1996. Freiwillige Selbstverpflichtungserklärung der am Bau beteiligten
Wirtschaftszweige und Verbände zur umweltgerechten Verwertung von Bauabfällen, 1996.
10) Gesetz. 1994. 28 Gesetz zur Förderung der Kreislaufwirtschaft und Sicherung der
umweltverträglichen Beseitigung von Abfällen (Kreislaufwirtschafts- und Abfallgesetz - KrW/AbfG), 27. September 1994, Bundesgesetzblatt I S. 2705-2728.
11) KWTBau. 2005. Monitoring-Bericht Bauabfälle, Erhebung 2002. Arbeitsgemeinschaft
Kreislaufwirtschaftsträger Bau. Berlin, 31. Oktober 2005. [online]. Available from: http://www
[Accessed 15 February 2006]
12) Schnurer, H. 2002. German Waste Legislation and Sustainable Development: Development of
waste legislation in Germany towards a sustainable closed substance cycle. [online]. Available
from: http://www.bmu.de/files/pdfs/allgemein/application/pdf/entwicklung_abfallrecht_uk.pdf
[Accessed 15 February 2006]
13) Schultmann, F. 2001. Deconstruction in Germany. French-German Institute for Environmental
Research (DFIU), University of Karlsruhe, Germany. [online]. Available from:
http://www.dcp.ufl.edu/ckibert/DeconstructionBook/CountryReports/2.Germany2003.doc
[Acccessed 17 February 2006]
14) Symonds. 1999. Construction and Demolition Waste Management Practices, and their
Economic Impacts. Report to DGXI European Commission. Final Report, February 1999.
[online]. Available from:
http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/waste/studies/cdw/cdw_report.htm [Accessed 20
January 2006]
80 - 27.10.2006
15) Verordnung. 1996a. Verordnung zur Bestimmung von besonders überwachungsbedürftigen
Abfällen (Bestimmungsverordnung besonders überwachungsbedürftige Abfälle - BestbüAbfV),
10. September 1996, Bundesgesetzblatt I S. 1366-1376.
16) Verordnung. 1996b. Verordnung zur Bestimmung von überwachungsbedürftigen Abfällen zur
Verwertung (Bestimmungsverordnung überwachungsbedürftige Abfälle zur Verwertung BestüVAbfV), 10. September 1996, Bundesgesetzblatt I S. 1377-1381.
17) Verordnung. 1996c. Verordnung über Verwertungs- und Beseitigungsnachweise
(Nachweisverordnung - NachwV), 10. September 1996, Bundesgesetzblatt I S. 1382-1410.
18) Verordnung. 1996d. Verordnung zur Transportgenehmigung
(Transportgenehmigungsverordnung - TgV), 10. September 1996, Bundesgesetzblatt I S.
1411-1420.
19) Verordnung. 1996e. Verordnung über Abfallwirtschaftskonzepte und Abfallbilanzen
(Abfall¬wirtschaftskonzept- und -bilanzverordnung - AbfKoBiV), 13. September 1996,
Bundesgesetzblatt I S. 1447.
20) Verordnung. 1996f. Verordnung über Entsorgungsfachbetriebe
(Entsorgungsfachbetriebeverordnung - EfbV), 10. September 1996, Bundesgesetzblatt, I S.
1421-1427.
21) ZBV. 1992. Zielfestlegungen der Bundesregierung zur Vermeidung, Verringerung oder
Verwertung von Bauschutt, Baustellenabfällen, Bodenaushub und Straßenaufbruch (Entwurf),
Bonn, 1992.
22) ZBV. 1996. Zielfestlegungen der Bundesregierung zur Vermeidung, Verwertung und
Beseitigung von Bauabfällen (Entwurf), Bonn, 1996.
81 - 27.10.2006
6 Annex
List of Regulations
-
AbfAblV – regulation on the environmentally compatible deposit of human
settlement wastes
-
AbfKoBiV - regulation on refuse economy concepts and waste balances
-
AbfVerbrG - law on the monitoring and control of the transnational movement
of wastes
-
BestueVAbfV - regulation on the usage of waste needing monitoring
-
AltholzV - regulation on requirements regarding removal and usage of
mature timber
-
AltoelV - waste oil regulation
-
AVV - regulation on the European waste listing
-
DepV - regulation over dumps and long-term camp
-
EfbV - regulation on specialized disposal enterprises
-
GewAbfV - regulation on the disposal of commercial wastes and of certain
building and demolition wastes
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KrW /AbfG – Act promoting closed substance cycle waste management and
ensuring environmentally compatible waste disposal
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NachwV - regulation on furnishing of proof for recycling and disposal
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PCBAbfallV - PCB/PCT Waste Ordinance
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SolidarfAbfV - regulation on the Solidarfonds Institute Waste Recirculation
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TgV - transportation permission regulation
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VerpackV 1998 - regulation on avoidance and usage of packing wastes
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VersatzV - regulation on the storage of waste
82 - 27.10.2006