Coming to Terms: Dealing with the Communist Past in United

Coming to Terms: Dealing with the Communist Past in United Germany Bundesunmittelbare Stiftung des öffentlichen Rechts Preface I. ThePost-CommunistGermanExperience:SpecialFeatures 1. SecuringandOpeningtheFiles 2. RecordsandLustrations 3. EliteChanges 4. CommunistInjusticebeforetheCourts 5. Restitution,Rehabilitation,Compensation 14 15 20 24 32 40 II. 1. 2. 3. 44 45 48 52 III. 1. 2. 3. 4. FederalFoundationfortheReappraisaloftheSED-Dictatorship Origins:ParliamentaryInquiryCommissionsandInitiatives StructureoftheFoundation MandateandScope:ServicesandActivities OtherGermanandInternationalInstitutions:ABriefOverview FederalInstitutions Civicarchives OtherInstitutions,museumsandmemorialsites VictimsAssociations 5 56 58 72 74 86 ComingtoTerms:Dealingwiththe CommunistPastinUnitedGermany ThisbrochureiscommissionedandpublishedbytheFederalFoundationforthe ReappraisaloftheSED-Dictatorship(Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur). WrittenincollaborationwiththeFoundationbyBerndSchaefer,SeniorResearch ScholarwiththeColdWarInternationalHistoryProjectattheWoodrowWilson InternationalCenterinWashingtonD.C.,itprovidesanoverviewofsalientfeatures andimportantinstitutionspertainingtoprocessesofcomingtotermswiththe communistpastinGermanysince1990. Berlin,October2011 Dr.AnnaKaminsky Coming to Terms: Dealing with the Communist Past in United Germany During the course of the 20th century Germany experienced two different dictatorships, the twelve years of fascist Nazi Germany’s “Third Reich” between 1933 and 1945 and the 40 years of communist rule in East Germany between 1949 and 1989 (the latter preceded by Soviet military occupation of Eastern Germany and East Berlin since 1945 when German communists were guided in building up dictatorial structures). 6 Coming to terms: D e a l i n g w i t h t h e Co m m u n i st Pa st i n u n i t e D g e r m a n y Both periods of dictatorshipshadsomestructural elementsincommonwhiletheyalsodisplayedobvious contrasts.Bothdictatorshipsstartedandendedverydifferently, withNaziGermanyresortingtoaglobalwarofaggression resultinginmillionsofwardeadandthegenocideofEuropean Jewry.RespectivecrimescommittedbythetwoGerman dictatorshipsdifferedvastlyinscopeandgeographicalrange. AfterthedemiseofNaziGermanyandtheSecondWorld War’sendinginEurope,Sovietmilitaryauthoritiesusedcertain NaziconcentrationcampsitesinEasternGermanybetween 1945and1950fortheirten“specialinternmentcamps”to detainsomereal,andmanyalleged,national-socialists. About43,000ofthem,i.e.35percentofindividualsinterned, perishedduringconfinement. HowGermanscametotermswiththosetwodictatorships existingontheirsoilvariedsignificantly,giventhemajor differencesinbothinternationalandnationalenvironments after1945andfrom1989.Meanwhilebothexperiencesin redressinginjusticesofthepasthavebeguntoreference eachotherinpublicGermandiscourse.Theyhaveledtoa convergenceinthesensethatobligationsexisttoface dictatorialpastsfromtheperspectivesofvictimsratherthan thoseheldbyperpetrators.Theprocessofhowtocometo termswithvariousinjusticesandcrimescommittedduring dictatorshipsalsofacilitatedascrutinyofthelatter’slegacies. Theywarrantasearchforlessonsapplicabletopost-dictatorial democraticsystemsandcorrespondingsocietalstructures. TheGermanpopulationinareasthatbecamethecommunist GermanDemocraticRepublic(GDR)experiencedthe differencesandsimilaritiesoftwosucceedingdictatorships from1933to1945and1945to1989.TheGDRwasestablished on7October1949andimposedonthepopulationbyGerman communistsorganizedintheSocialistUnityParty(SED)with thevitalassistanceoftheSovietUnionandwithoutpopular legitimization.Afaçadeof“democratic”institutionswasset upwiththeSEDactuallypullingallthestringsbyvirtueofits There were about 250,000 political prisoners in the GDR over the course of 40 years 8 Coming to terms: D e a l i n g w i t h t h e Co m m u n i st Pa st i n u n i t e D g e r m a n y self-assignedabsoluteunfetteredpower.Overthecourseof years,peoplelivinginthissocialiststatehadtoexperience multiplefeaturesofrepression.Opponentsoftheregime,or membersofrivalpoliticalpartiesduringtheearlypostwar years,wereatanytimesubjecttovariousformsof administrativerepressionorarbitraryarrestsbasedon partisandefinitionsofcriminallaw.Thejudicialsystemwas entirelysubordinatedtotheSED’srespectivepoliticalinterests. Overall250,000peoplewerearrestedbetween1945and 1989forpoliticalreasons(between1961and1989about 30,000ofthemwerereleasedtotheWestafterransomwas paidtoGDRauthoritiesbytheWestGermangovernment). ThousandsweredeportedtoSiberiancampsbySoviet authoritiesafter1945andduringthe1950s.UntilAugust1961 alone,morethanthreemillionpeoplefledtheGDRthrough thestillopenborderswithWestGermany:Suchconstituted s ov i et t a n ks te r m i n a te the m a ssi ve e a st g e r m a n po pu l a r r evo l t i n J u n e 1 9 5 3 9 thelargestrefugeemovementinEuropeaftertheendof WorldWarII.Traumaticexperienceswerecreated,for instance,bytheviolentSovietcrackdownonthemassive EastGermanpopularrevoltinJune1953,the1956defeatof theHungarianuprisingandsubsequentrepressivemeasures intheGDR,theAugust1961constructionoftheintra-Berlin borderandthewalling-inandfencing-inof17millionpeople intheGDRnowseparatedfromtheirkininWestGermany, the1968WarsawPactmilitaryinterventioninCzechoslovakia, orthe1981martiallawcrackdownontheSolidarnosclabor andpeasantunionmovementinneighboringPoland.Allthose eventshadincommonthatattemptsbypeopleintheGDR andEasternEuropetoattaindemocraticrightsandfreedoms weremetbydictatorialregimeswithafullforceofrepressive measures. th e B er l i n wa l l i n the 1 9 7 0 s 10 Coming to terms: D e a l i n g w i t h t h e Co m m u n i st Pa st i n u n i t e D g e r m a n y ThecommunistregimeintheGDRremainedinpoweras longasMoscowhadavestedinterestinandthepowerto maintainadivisionofGermanyandtheexistenceofaseparate socialistGermanstate.By1989atthelatest,theUSSRhad implicitlywithdrawnitswarrantyofarmedinterventionto maintainthesurvivalofasocialistEastGermany.Inparallel developments,arefugeewaveexitingtheGDRtoWest GermanythroughHungaryandCzechoslovakiaultimately toppledtheSEDregimeinconjunctionwithunrestinsidethe GDR.Theremassiveand persistentpeacefuldemonstrations The slogan from heldcountrywideinsmallandbig the beginning of citiestookplace.Allthiswas the revolution had inspiredbythehugepath-breaking changed to demonstrationinthecityofLeipzig “We are one people” on9October1989,which ultimatelyforcedtheopeningof theBerlinWallandofthecountry’ssealedborderswiththe Westby9November1989.A“peacefulrevolution”featuring theslogan“Wearethepeople”graduallydismantled communiststatestructuresandestablishedfoundationsfor theemergenceofamulti-partydemocracy.AftertheselfliberationofEastGermansthroughapoliticalrevolution,a processofself-democratizationbegan.Freeelectionson 18March1990resultedinanoverwhelmingmajorityforEast Germanpoliticalpartiesadvocatingrapidunificationwiththe WesternFederalRepublicofGermany(FRG).Bythenthe sloganfromthebeginningoftherevolutionhadchangedto “Weareonepeople”.Ensuingnegotiationsbetweengovernment representativesfrombothGermanstatesthenculminatedin acurrency,economic,andsocialunionon1July1990andin acomprehensiveUnificationTreatysignedon31August1990. Afterextensivemultilateralandbilateraldeliberations,thefour victoriousalliedpowersofWorldWarII(USSR,USA,Great Britain,France)ratifiedon12September1990inMoscowwith bothGermanstatesinaso-called“2+4Treaty”upcoming GermanunificationandthestatusofunitedGermanyasa memberoftheNorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization(NATO) militaryalliance.SovietarmedforcesintheGDR,whichthat atheightoftheColdWarinEuropehadamountedto400,000 men,weretoleavetheEasternpartofunitedGermanyby1994. Backin1945,Sovietmilitaryoccupationauthoritieshad establishedonEastGermanterritorythefivestatesof Brandenburg,Mecklenburg-Vorpommern,Saxony,SaxonyAnhaltandThuringia.ThecityofBerlinwasdividedintofour 12 Coming to terms: D e a l i n g w i t h t h e Co m m u n i st Pa st i n u n i t e D g e r m a n y sectorswiththeSovietUnionadministeringthelargestofthem intheEasternpart.In1952theGDRhadthesefivestates replacedwith14districtsandaseparate15thentityforEast Berlin.WithGermanunificationon3October1990,however, theoriginalfiveEastGermanstatesfrom1945werereestablished.Togetherwiththe reunitedcityofBerlin,nowfiguring Berlin was voted the asastateofitsown,theyjoinedthe capital city by the existingelevenWestGermanstates German parliament tomergeintooneFederalRepublic ofGermany.In1991unitedBerlin wasvotedthecapitalcitybytheGermanparliamentand ultimatelybecametheseatofunitedGermany’sfederal governmentin1999. HowtocometotermswiththecommunistGDRpast becameamajorfeatureofpublicdiscourseinunitedGermany almostimmediatelyafterthefalloftheBerlinWallinNovember 1989.FirststepsinthisregardinitiatedinEastGermanyby multiplecivicgroupsandlocalmedianowfreedfromcensorship (andintenselysupportedbyWestGermanmedia);notthe least,however,mostinitiativeswerelaunchedbycourageous individuals.ThoseactivitiesoccurredduringtheGDR’slast yearbetweenNovember1989andOctober1990–andthus beforeGermany’sofficialunification.Importantdecisionsin thecontextofdemocratization,likeapplyingcriminallawto perpetrators,compensatingthevictims,andopeningthe files,originatedfromthelastGDRgovernment(whichalso happenedtobetheonlyfreeanddemocraticone)afterthe March1990elections. Subsequentlytakenupbythefederalparliamentofunited GermanyandthefivenewstatesinitsEasternpart,broad politicalmajoritiesreachedconsensusaboutapublicdutyto address,andpossiblyredress,themanifoldissuesofinjustice andrepressioncommittedduringGDRtimes.Comprehensive explorationandinformationaboutstructuresandmethodsof adictatorialpast,aswellasthecommemorationofactsof civiccourage,opposition,andresistance,wereseenas necessarypreconditionsforlivinginahealthydemocracy. Since1990,allGermanfederalgovernmentsandparliaments havebeenveryclearinexpressingtheneedforareappraisal ofthecommunistdictatorship.Wide-rangingandintense effortsbyfederal,stateandlocalgovernments,themedia, 13 andcivicsocietydealtinmultiplefacetswiththescopeof issuesraisedbythedemiseofthecommunistGDR.Hardly anyotherdemocracyduringthecourseofthe20thcentury tookmoreinitiativesandsteps,bothquantitativelyand qualitatively,tocometotermswiththelastinglegacyof injusticefromapastdictatorshipthanunitedGermanydid since1990inthecaseofcommunistEastGermany. ResearchersworkingatUniversitiesandelsewhere discoveredavarietyofnewtopicsandpublishednew knowledgewhichenlightenedthepastrealityoftheEast GermanDictatorship.Morethan2.000researchprojects wereaccomplishedsince1990.Especiallythefieldof oppositionandresistanceagainsttheregimeaswellas repressionandpoliticalpersecutioncameintothecentre ofhistoricalinterest. I. ThEPOST-COmmUnISTGERmAn EXPERIEnCE:SPECIAlFEATURES 1. Securing and Opening the Files When communist regimes in Central and Eastern Europe gradually lost their political power and were overthrown in the second half of 1989 by peaceful revolutions, a unique feature was on display in East Germany during the first days of December: Democracy activists and concerned citizens spontaneously forced their entrance into district and county headquarters of the feared and hated Ministry for State Security (MfS, or Stasi; established in 1950). 16 t h e P o s t - C o m m u n i s t g e r m a n e x P e r i e n C e : s P e C i a l F e at u r e s seCuring anD oPening the Files The Stasi,theclandestinearmoftheSEDwith95,000 employeesandroughly180,000unofficialinformersin1989, hadspiedoneverysegmentoftheGDRpopulationforalmost 40years.Allinall,nearly600,000unofficialinformersand 250,000Stasiemployeesmonitoredthepeopleduringthe existenceoftheGDR.Thisconstitutedtheperhapshighest countryratiobetweenintelligenceoperativesandapopulation anywhereintheworld. ThescenarioofDecember1989unfoldedinmajorcities likeErfurt,Leipzig,Dresden,Magdeburg,Halle,andRostock, butalsoinmanyotherseatsofdistrictorcountygovernments: Activistsseizedthebuildingsandsealedandsecuredmillions ofremainingsurveillancefileswiththehelpofstateprosecutors assistedbythepolice.ThemassiveStasiheadquartersinBerlin, however,wheremajorresistancewasexpected,remained untoucheduntil15January1990beforeitsharedafate identicaltoStasicompoundsinotherEastGermancities. ByearlyDecember1989,theStasididnotputupfights foritspropertiesindistrictandcountyseatsaffected.It cededunderpeacefulpressurewithoutresortingtoviolence sinceitslong-timepoliticalprincipalhadjustceaseditsown existence:TheentirePolitburoandCentralCommitteeofthe SEDinBerlinhadresignedon4December1989,andthusde factoterminatedtheexistenceofacommunistpartyinEast Germany(itspost-communistsuccessorpartiesweretomark abreakfromMarxist-Leninistpatternsofthepast).Whilethe foundingmissionoftheStasiasthe“swordandshieldofthe party”vanished,someregionalStasicommandersgave instructionstodestroyitsincriminatingfiles.Smokefrom chimneysofStasibuildings,andtherapidcountrywidespread ofsuchnews,triggeredapopularmovementtoseizethe buildingsandstopthedestructionofrecords.ActivistEast Germancitizenssucceededinthisregardtolargeextent. TheythuslaidthegroundworkforaspecialfeatureofEast Germany’scomingtotermswiththecommunistpastby providingnecessarytoolsandsourcesforcomprehensive Nearly 600,000 unofﬁcial informers and 250,000 Stasi employees monitored the people during the existence of the GDR 18 t h e P o s t - C o m m u n i s t g e r m a n e x P e r i e n C e : s P e C i a l F e at u r e s seCuring anD oPening the Files lustrationoftaintedindividuals.SecuringtheStasifiles establishedamajorpillaroftransitionaljusticeinGermanyto beestablishedandimplementedduringthefollowingdecade ofthe1990s. InthemonthstofollowthetakeoversofDecember1989 andJanuary1990,Stasirecordsremainedundersealand wereguardedonsitebylocalgroupsofcivicactivists.The freelyelectedGDRparliamenttook upon22July1990itsfirstreading In December 1991 the ofadrafton“securingand German parliament opening”thefilesforvictimsof ultimately passed the surveillanceaswellasfor final draft of the researchers.On24Augustdeputies Stasi Records Law passednearlyunanimouslyalaw providingforacomprehensive lustrationofallEastGermanparliamentariansasafirststep. ArelocationandpotentialclosureplanfloatedbytheWest GermanMinistryofInteriortomovetheStasirecordsintothe FederalArchivelocatedinWestGermanywasmetbyamassive outcryinEastGermany.Asit-ininBerlin’sformerStasi headquarters,andasubsequenthungerstrikebyprominent activists,eventuallyrenderedanyrelocationplansmoot.On 18September1990aclausewasaddedtotheUnification TreatybetweenthetwoGermanstates,accordingtowhich thefutureparliamentofunitedGermanywascommissioned todraftalawbasedonprovisionsfromtheAugust1990 modelpassedbytheEastGermanparliament.WithGerman Unificationdayon3October1990theStasirecordsthen cameundersupervisionofaspecialcommissionerandhis staffwhoturnedintoaFederalCommissionerin1991:This wasEastGermanJoachimGauck,aProtestantpastorfrom RostockandactivistwhohadalsochairedthelastGDR parliament’scommitteeinchargeofdealingwiththeStasi legacy.Aftermuchlegalwrangling,precededbymedia revelationsfromStasifilescirculatinginpublic,inDecember 1991theGermanparliamentultimatelypassedthefinaldraft oftheStasiRecordsLaw(or“StUG”,astheGermanacronym 19 goes).ItestablishedaFederalAgencyheadedbyaFederal CommissionerforStasirecords(“BStU”bytheGerman acronym)andregulatedindetailhowtoaccessandmake useofaltogether180kilometers(120miles)ofsavedand preservedfilesassembledbytheformerGDRMinistryfor StateSecurityoverthecourseofalmost40years.Joachim GauckheadedtheBStUuntil2000when,duetolegalterm limitations,MarianneBirthlersucceededhimintheofficeof FederalCommissionertillMarch2011.RolandJahnisthe thirdFederalCommissionerbynow. th e st a s i c ol l ec ted not only in fo r m a t i o n on f i l es , b u t a l s o va r i ou s i t e m s o f the i r vi c t i ms l i ke ol fa c to r y sa mpl e s 2. Records and Lustrations The December 1991 StUG came into effect on 1 January 1992 and formally established the BStU as a federal agency. Its main tasks stipulated by this law were the following: 21 • Individualsweregrantedtherightofaccessto,and complimentarycopiesof,anypersonalizedrecordsthe Stasimighthavecreatedandfiledonthem.Also,they obtainedtherighttomakepublicanycontentoftheir personalfilesandtoreceive,uponrequest,namesof informerswhohadspiedonthem.(Sofar,theBStU agencyhasreceivedmorethantwomillionindividual inquiriessince1991). • Theagencyprovideddocumentationandinterpretation assistanceforthevettingofpresentandprospective employeesofGermany’sfederalandstatecivilservice. • Inordertofulfilltheneedforpubliclyavailableresearch results,theStUGalsoregulatedoverallgenerousaccess rightsforjournalists,aswellasforacademicand individualresearchers. • TheBStUwastaskedtocontributetopubliceducation aboutStasimethods,structures,andactivities;itdidso throughoutreach,publicevents,documentations, publications,andexhibits. Incombination,thoseprovisionsstimulatedaverylively debateinthemedia,theinterestedpublic,andamong academics.Allinall,since1991morethan6.5million requestsforaccesstoStasirecordswerefiled(including thosebymediaandresearchers).1.7millionindividuals askedtoseetheirpersonalStasifiles. Followingthepath-breakingopeningofthesefilescreated bytheGDRsecurityapparatus,recordsfromallcentral, regional,andlocalbranchesoftheGDRpartyandstate complexweresubsequentlyopenedandmadeaccessibleto thepublic,toresearchers,andtothemedia.Withthesingle exceptionoftheEastGermanyMinistryofForeignAffairs wherefilescameunderauthorityofunitedGermany’sForeign Office,theotherwisecommon30-years-ruleforGerman archivalrecordswaswaivedforallGDR-relatedfiles.Inessence, theybecameavailablefortheentirehistoricalperiodbetween 1945and1990.The42kilometers(26miles)ofrecordsfrom thevastformermulti-branchEastGermanstateapparatus 22 t h e P o s t - C o m m u n i s t g e r m a n e x P e r i e n C e : s P e C i a l F e at u r e s r e C o r D s a n D lu s t r at i o n s weretransferredtotheauthorityoftheGermanFederal Archive.Theyareopentothepublicintheircurrentlocation inBerlin-Lichterfelde.Thesamearchivalcompoundalsohosts thelikewiseaccessiblearchivesofthecommunistpartySED anditsaffiliatedmassorganizations(TradeUnions,Youth Associations,NationalFront).Since1991thosefilesare organizedinaseparatefoundationembeddedintheFederal Archive.Archivesofthesocalled“blocparties”aligned Archives of the sowiththeSEDduringGDRtimes called “bloc parties” weremovedtotheirWest aligned with the SED Germanpatronpartiesin1990. during GDR times were Theretheybecameaccessible moved to their West somewhatlateratthearchives German patron parties oftheChristian-Democratic Union(CDU)inSt.Augustin nearBonnandtheFreeDemocraticParty(FDP)in GummersbacheastofCologne.Basedonthiswiderangeof openedfilesanddocumentsofthecommunistdictatorshipin theGDR,since1990morethan16,000publications appeared,amongthemover6,000booksandacademic monographs. 23 Thevastdocumentationrecordavailable,inparticular fromthecomparativelywell-organizedStasiarchives,was after3October1990alsousedasabasisforcomprehensive lustrationofmembersandapplicantsforcivilservice,aswell asforvariousaffiliatedsectorsofthisserviceinunited Germanyonthefederal,state,andlocallevel.Scopeof screeningsandindividualregulationsvariedwithregardto states,professionalsectors,andrespectivelustration commissions.However,overallmoreorlesscomparable ruleswereappliedtovalidate,ordismiss,questsby individualstoremainin,respectivelyjoin,Germany’svast civilservice.Backgroundchecksremainedineffectand mandatoryuntil31December2006.Afterthatdate,they becameapplicableinlimitedcasesonly,andpertainingto higher-rankingpositions. 3. Elite Changes During GDR times, the SED exerted its constitutionally guaranteed and self-declared “leading role” in state and society not just in theory. By 1989, the communist party had 2.3 million members (out of an entire population of 16 million). 25 Party membership was mandatory forbasicallyevery leadingpositioninsectorslikepublicadministration,the state-runeconomy,police,security,andthemilitary,the judicialsystem,oreducationinschoolsandatuniversities. Afterthepeacefulrevolutionof1989,theSEDrenameditself inPDS(“PartyofDemocraticSocialism”)anditsmembership droppedtoabout200,000bytheendof1990.TheGDR graduallyceasedtoexist,followingthefreeEastGerman electionof18March1990thatoverwhelminglyexpresseda popularwilltopursuerapidunificationandadoptionofthe WestGermanpoliticalandeconomicsystem.Thequestion nowloomedwhowouldformthenewEastGermanelitesin stateandsociety;andwhatrole,ifany,mightbeplayedby themillionsofformerSEDmembers. Asfarastheprocessofreplacementofcommunistelites informerEastGermanyisconcerned,theperiodsince1990 wasanotherratheruniqueexperiencedisplayingvarious Germanspecifics.Withregardtoanexchangeofold administrativeelites,EastGermanshadoneparticularoption thatsetthemapartfromothertransformingformerWarsaw PactmemberstatesinEasternandCentralEurope:Beyond theobvioussearchforpoliticallyuntaintedindigenouselites, thefivenewEastGermanstatesinunitedGermanyhadat theirdisposalresourcesoftrainedadministrativepersonnel fromWestGermanpartnerstates.Also,thereexistedacertain stockofemigratedformerEastGermansnowlivinginWest Germanywhowerewillingto“comeover”,orreturn,tothe Easttotakeoverpositionsvacatedbyoldcommunistand ideologicallyaffiliatedelites.WhereassomeEasternEuropean stateshadaswellnumbersofemigrantslivinginethnic communitiesinWesternEurope,theUnitedStates,and Canadawhoconsideredtoreturntotheirnowpost-communist countriesofbirth,thosenumberspaledinquantitativeterms tothelargeWestGerman-basedpoolofuntaintedpersonnel availabletoEastGermany.Forthosereasons,nowherein previouslysocialistcountriesofEasternandCentralEurope elitechange,i.e.thereplacementofpoliticallycompromised personnel,becameassweepingandprofoundasitdidinthe formerGDR.Inbasicallyallmajorareasofthecivilserviceit wasfar-reaching,deep,andpermanent. 26 t h e P o s t - C o m m u n i s t g e r m a n e x P e r i e n C e : s P e C i a l F e at u r e s elite Changes Overall,theelitechangeduringthe1990sinEastGermany hadsignificantlymoretorelyonWesternimportsthanon indigenouspotential.From1990onwards,reformistpolitical circlesandcivicactivistsinEastGermanysetthepacefor purgingoldelitesfromthesectorsofpublicadministration andfromtheeducationalsystem(thelattertraditionallybeing apartofcivilserviceinGermany).Initially,theyhopedtodraw mostlyonindigenousresources:Duringcommunisttimes certainpartsofGDRacademicelitesnotaffiliatedwiththe SEDhadlargelystayedawayfrompolitics.They“hibernated” incomparativelynon-ideologicalacademicprofessionslike medicine,thenaturalsciences,engineering,orintheChristian churches.Afterthefallofcommunism,theywherenow expectedtofigureasapotential“counter-elite”andtoserve asanindigenousreservoirforthereplacementofoldelites. Someofthemsubsequentlyindeedemergedinpolitical officeonstateandcountylevel.However,intheendonlya fractionofsuchindividualsactuallywantedtojointhe remodeledsectorsofpublicadministrationinthefivenew EastGermanstates.The“counter-elite”optionfailedto emergeasarealisticalternativewhenthemajorityoftargeted individualsstayedwithintheiroldprofessions;thosehad meanwhilebecomemoreattractiveandofferedperspectives inbothpartsofunitedGermany. ThusimportsfromWestGermanyturnedoutasthefallback optionforelitechangeinEastGermany.Withunification,the WestGermanpolitical,economic,legalandadministrative systemreplicatedandreproduceditselfinthenewlyformed EastGermanstates.Thisentailed alarge-scaledismantlingofformer During communist GDRinstitutionalstructureswhile times certain parts of atthesametimeadministrative GDR academic elites bodiesandbureaucraciesbased not affiliated with the onWestGermanmodelswere SED had largely stayed established.ForEastGermans, away from politics formercommunistsoranticommunistsalike,thiswasan entirelynewexperiencethatrequiredsubstantialadaptation. Withthatexperiencecametheurgentneedtolearnalmost overnightaboutlaws,regulations,andtheactualfunctioning oftheWestGermansystem.HencetheimportofWestGermanbasedtemporaryexpertsandnumerousadvisersforpolitical, administrative,andeducationalleadershippositionsacross thepublicsectorwasinevitableandultimatelyindispensable. Walter Ulbricht: “Nobody has the intention to erect a wall.” 15 June 1961 at a press conference in East Berlin 28 t h e P o s t - C o m m u n i s t g e r m a n e x P e r i e n C e : s P e C i a l F e at u r e s elite Changes AfterGermanunification,thosepersonnelimportswereto spearheadinthefiveEastGermanstatestheimplementation ofallaspectsofthetransferredWestGermansystemfor manyyearstocome. TheWestGermanimportsencounteredamoreorlessblank slateandstruggledtofillvacanciesacrosstheboardinEastern topadministrativepositions.SomeoldGDR-specificinstitutions weredownsized,yetmanyofthemweredissolved.Numerous newadministrativestructureshadtobebuiltfromscratch. ThefivenewstategovernmentsestablishedinEastGermany aftertheWestGermanmodelhadnoequivalentintheGDR wheretheterritoryhadbeensubdividedinto15districts. Afterunification,publicadministrationinEastGermanyhad toshiftgearsandspeedilyimplementWestGermanlawand regulationswithalltheirsubtleties.Thustherewasaconstant needofimportingspecialistsfromtheWestforallhigher levelsofcivilservice.SoonthisresultedinWestGerman dominanceinalmostallhigherranksofEastGermanstate rainer e p p el ma nn, C h a i r ma n of th e B o a r d o f D i r ec tor s of th e Fed er a l Fou nda t i o n for the rea p p r a i s a l of th e se D D i c t a to r shi p ministriesandpublicadministration,especiallyinthesectors offinance,justice,interior,andeconomicregulation.Since alsomostlyWesternimportswereinchargeofrecruitingnew personnel,theyusuallycalledandtappedintopeoplethey knewfromtheirfamiliarWesternprofessionalnetworks. 29 Initially,Westernstategovernmentswerereluctantto overwhelmtheEasternstateswiththeirpersonnel.A temporaryorpermanenttransferofWesterncivilservantsto theEastwasacostlyundertakingwhichWesternstateswere eagertoscaledownassoonaspossible.Soontheyrealized, however,thattherewasnootheralternativeiftheywantedto buildafunctioningadministrationtoapplyandimplement Westernlawsandregulations.Intheearlyyearsafter1990, almostfiftypercentofthebudgetsofEastGermanstates hadtobefinanciallysubsidizedbyWesternpartners.Thus thelatterconsideredexportofadministrativepersonnelas anactivecontributiontooverseeanddirecttheinvestment andspendingofmoneyintheEast.Theyalsohopedfora speedyeconomicrecoveryoftheEastwiththehelpof Westernspecialists.Thoughthisrecoverytooksignificantly longerthaninitiallyexpected,itultimatelyincreasedliving standardsintheformerGDRandledtopartialeconomic self-sufficiencyofEasternGermany;therebyinturngradually n ow and then: l oth a r d e m a i z i èr e, th e l a st a nd on ly de m o cr a t i ca l ly e l e cte d Pr i m e m i n i ste r a n d m ar kus m eckel, pe nu l t i ma te for ei gn mi ni ster of the g D r si g n i n g the co a l i t i o n a g r e e m e n t i n 1 9 9 0 a nd in discussion wi th h er ma nn ru d ol p h , p u b l i s h e r o f “ De r ta ge sspi e ge l ” i n 2 0 1 0 30 t h e P o s t - C o m m u n i s t g e r m a n e x P e r i e n C e : s P e C i a l F e at u r e s elite Changes decreasingtheamountofneededWesternpersonnel imports,financialassistance,andotherformsofaid. Inpublicadministration,Westernimportsinitiallyoccupied manytoppositionsinnewlyformedstateadministration structures,albeitmuchlesssoincontinuingstructureson countyandlocallevels.Numericallythemainbodyofall stateadministrationsconsistedofpoliticallyuntainted Central structures of the Easterners,yetmostlyin vast GDR state apparatus subordinatepositions.The were dismantled, the justicesystemandthe large SED party apparatus courtssawaheavyinfluxof Westernimportsintovarious disappeared. The 95,000 force of the State Security toppositions,againwitha strongnumericalEastern was dissolved without baseinlowerechelons.In replacement, the 165,000 contrast,policeforcesin GDR military demobilized EastGermanyweretogrow rapidlyafterunificationdue toanincreaseincrimeandsafety-relatedneeds.Despite someWesternimportsinstalledattheverytop,manyformer GDRpolicepersonnelhadtoberetainedanditsnumbers increasedfromindigenousresources.Whilethepolicewas sometimesoverwhelmedafterunification,thepublicschool systemanditsbureaucracywereoverstaffedduetosinking enrollment.Muchtaintedpersonnelwasthusdismissedbut otherswereretained,astheinterestofWesternimportsto workinEastGermanschoolswascomparativelylow.University facultypositionsintheformerGDR,incontrast,wereattractivetoWestGermanacademicswhopushedintovacancies createdbydismissalsofpoliticallyandotherwisecompromised EastGermanprofessors.StructuresoftheGDReconomy weresubstantiallytransformed,withthehugeformerall- publicsectorbrokenupintoindividualpiecesandsoldto Westerncompanies.YetmanyEastGermaneliteeconomic professionalsmadetheirwayevenundernewconditionsand despiteWestGermanleadershipatthetop;theirnetworks andexpertiseweremuchindemand.OtherformerGDR sectorsallbutdisappeared:Centralstructuresofthevast GDRstateapparatusweredismantled,thelargeSEDparty apparatusdisappeared.The95,000forceoftheStateSecurity wasdissolvedwithoutreplacement,the165,000GDRmilitary demobilizedandincorporatedintotheWestGermanarmy (Bundeswehr)withultimately11,000menretained. 31 ProcessesofelitechangeandtheroleofWestern importstoEastGermanywereanythingbutuncontroversial duringmostofthefirstdecadeafterGermanunification.Yet aconstanttraining,education,andqualificationofEast Germanspecialistsduringthefollowingyearsnotonlyshrank theabove-mentioneddominanceofimportedWestern personnel.Italsofomentedanevergrowingandmeanwhile substantial“indigenization”ofallsectorswithinEastGerman civilservice;andledtomanyEastGermansnowoccupying leadingpolitical,economic,educational,andadministrative elitepositionsintheirownregions. a ngel a mer ke l , cu r r e n t C h a nc el l or of ger m a ny, wa s th e d ep u t y s p o ke spe r so n of th e l a st g D r g ove r n m e n t u nd er l oth a r de ma i zi è r e 4. Communist Injustice before the Courts Beginning with the last two months of 1989, the now reformist GDR made considerable efforts to prosecute, weigh, and judge almost every aspect of criminal activity in the former GDR. 33 During the following decadeofthe1990s,German courtsappliedGDRlawsineffectduringactualcommitment ofcrimesincommunisttimes,butalsocurrentjurisdictionof unitedGermanywhereapplicable,and,inthecaseofexecuted shoot-to-kill-ordersattheBerlinWallandtheintra-German borderbetween1961and1989,universalhumanrightslaw. Incontinuationoflegalprosecutorialeffortsinitiatedduring thelastyearoftheGDR,thejudiciaryinunitedGermany actedfurtherupon“electoralfraud”,i.e.themanipulationof electionresultsintimesofcommunistrule,aswellasupon issuesconcerning“abuseofprivileges”andcorruption amongformerleadingGDRofficials.Afterunification,the courtsofunitedGermanydefinedthecategorieslistedbelow asmanifestexpressionsof“communistinjustice”duringGDR times.Therewerethereforeconsideredassubjectto prosecution,includingtheobligationtoinvestigateandact onpotential“severehumanrightsviolations”inanyofthe followingcategories: • Politicalinstructionsandmilitaryactionspertainingto shoot-to-killordersagainstEastGermanrefugeesbetween 1961and1989attheBerlinWall(sofar126confirmed deadlyincidents)andtheintra-Germanborder(deaths arenumberingbetweenmanyhundredsupto1,000and arestillsubjecttoexactconfirmation);defendantswere formermembersofhighestGDRdecision-makingpolitical bodies(SEDPolitburo,NationalDefenseCouncil),aswell asindividualborderguardswhoexecutedpoliticalguidelines resultinginthedeathsofrefugees • ArbitraryandpoliticizedapplicationofGDRlawsresulting indisproportionateprisonordeathsentences • Denunciationsofindividualsresultingintheirpolitically motivatedarrestorinotherformsofretributionor punishment • IllegalactionsaccordingtoGDRlawbytheformerGDR MinistryforStateSecuritylikekidnappingsfromWest BerlinorWesternGermanytoEastGermany(morethan 34 • • • • t h e P o s t - C o m m u n i s t g e r m a n e x P e r i e n C e : s P e C i a l F e at u r e s Communist inJustiCe BeFore the Courts 400casesin40years),intendedoractualassassination attempts,secreteavesdropping,interruptingpostal communication,clandestineapartmentsearches,and variouskindsofblackmailing Mistreatment,deathandtortureinGDRprisons OrganizedsecretdopingofGDRathletes,including minors,causinglastingphysicalandpsychological damageordisability GDR-organizedespionageagainsttheFederalRepublicof Germanyupto1989 WestGermantechnologyexportsintotheGDRviolating existingWesternCOCOM(“CoordinatingCommitteefor East-WestTradePolicy”)tradeembargos Bytheendofthe1990s,Germanloweraswellashigher courtsestablishedalargelyconsistentsystempertainingto applicationsofpastandcontemporarylaw.Afterabout15 yearsofprosecutorialefforts,trials,verdicts,andacquittals, themostrecentcourtdecisiononGDR-erainjusticewas issuedin2005.Giventhelowprobabilityofdiscovering furthercasesofcommunistinjusticeaftermorethana decadeofintensivescrutiny,andGermanamnestylaws allowingonlyforfuturepersecutionofcrimesofextremely severenature,Germanlegaleffortstoaddresscommunist injusticehavebasicallycometoaconclusion. Resultsoftheseeffortsallowforthefollowing assessments: • InitialprosecutionduringthelastyearoftheGDRwas mostlyconcernedwithpartyleadercorruption,electoral fraud,andembezzlement.ItbeganinNovember1989and lasteduntilGermanunificationdayof3October1990. Chargeswerefiledin180casesandresultedinthe investigationof124accusedindividuals.Atleast42of themwereheldundertemporaryarrest.Ultimately41 caseswerebroughttotrial,andGDRcourtssentenced 26individualsbeforeOctober1990. • Incontinuingthisprocessforcasesstillunresolved,and throughasubstantialexpansionofthescopeof investigationsasoutlinedabove,federalandstate authoritiesinunitedGermanycentralizedtheprosecution inBerlinwithaspeciallyassignedteamofprosecutorsto adjudicatestate-sponsoredcrimeduringGDRtimes. One-time compensation payments of about 430 U.S. dollars per month were granted to those who served in prison for political reasons 36 t h e P o s t - C o m m u n i s t g e r m a n e x P e r i e n C e : s P e C i a l F e at u r e s Communist inJustiCe BeFore the Courts • Withexactnumbersdifficulttodeterminegiventhe involvementofvariousregionalcourtssystemsallover Germany,theapproximateoverallestimateforlegal investigationsconductedamountstoroughly75,000 casesinvolvingabout100,000individualsunderinitial suspicion.Intheend,however,only1,021casesagainst altogether1,737defendantswereactuallyslatedfortrial. 14percent(143)ofthosecaseswerewithdrawnbythe prosecutionordismissedbythecourtsandsubsequently leftuntried.Allinall,chargeswerefiledandtriedincourt onlyincasesconcerningabout1,400individuals(1.4 percent)outofthose100,000originallyunder investigation. • Onlyabout54percent(about756inabsolutenumbers) ofdefendantschargedwereultimatelysentenced,24 percent(about336)wereacquitted.Theremaining22 percent(about308)werereleasedwhenproceedingsgot terminatedwithoutanysentencesissued.Onlyinseven percentofcasesprisonsentencesoftwoormoreyears wereissued.53percentofsentencesamountedtoone totwoyearsofprisontimewhile47percentofthosewere verdictsoverlessthanoneyear.In92percentofallthose 37 casesprisonsentencesweresuspended.Defendants wereplacedonprobationandsubsequentlyreleased. • Amajorcauseforthesenumberswasthehighaverage ageofdefendants:Itamountedto58years,withone thirdoftheaccusedbeing64andolder.Manyofthose weredeclaredunfittostandtrialorserveprisontimefor reasonsofhealth. • About37percentofcasesbroughttotrialconcerned “perversionofjustice”inGDRtimesthrougharbitrary applicationofexistinglaws,24percentconcernedthe useofforceattheBerlinWallandtheintra-German border,and14percentwerecrimescommittedbythe formerMinistryofStateSecurity. • Thecomparativelyharshestsentences,inpartamounting tofiveyearsofprisontimeormore,wereissuedagainst formerWestGermancitizensconvictedofespionagefor theGDRaccordingtoWestGermanlaw,whichexplicitly sanctionsespionageagainsttheFederalRepublicof Germany.SentencesofformerGDRcitizenscommitting espionageagainsttheFRG,however,werecommuted sincetheydidnotfallunderthejurisdictionofpre-1990 WestGermanlaw. 38 t h e P o s t - C o m m u n i s t g e r m a n e x P e r i e n C e : s P e C i a l F e at u r e s Communist inJustiCe BeFore the Courts Thosepurefiguresseeminglyindicatedformanyobservers inGermanyanunderperformanceofthelegalsystemin providingjusticeafter40yearsofstate-sponsoredcriminal actsintheGDR.However,inmanycasesprosecutorialhands weretiedbyrespectivestipulationsofthe1990Unification TreatybetweenthetwoGermanstates.Accordingtothose, onlysuchcrimesweresupposedtobesubjecttolegalsanctions thatwerecommittedbefore1990inviolationofthen-existing GDRlaws. Still,suchdidnotapplytocasesofsevereviolationsof humanrights,liketheuseofdeadlyforceagainstrefugees attemptingtoleavetheGDRthroughtheBerlinWallorthe heavilyfortifiedintra-Germanborder.AccordingtoGDRlaws andregulations,itwasillegaltoleavethecountrywithout authorization,andthereforelegaltohinderthosedefyingstate ordersbyforce.Inthiscase,however,thecourtsofunited Germanytookrecourseinsupersedinginternationalhuman rightslaw.Theycompletelyreversedthetermsof“legality” and“illegality”withregardtotheuseofforcealongtheintraGermanborder.Inupholdingprisonsentencesissuedagainst GDRofficialsfromtheSEDPolitburo,theNationalDefense Council,andthehigherechelonsofmilitaryborderunitswho repeatedlyadoptedandre-confirmedtheshoot-to-killorder intheirrespectivemeetings,theGermanFederalConstitutional Courtemphasizedtherelevanceofuniversallyapplicable internationallawanditssupersedingeffectsoveranynational legalconstructionswhichseverelyviolatedhumanrights. Notwithstandingtheseverityorlenienceofsentences issued,thesymbolicandfactualimpactofbringingcasesto court,andarrivingatimpartialverdictswithvariousoutcomes, madesubstantialcontributionstowardsexploringthehistorical truthaboutcommunistinjusticecommittedinthepast.The legalprocessinunitedGermanywascharacterizedby comprehensivenessandthorough professionalism.Itstoodincontinu“We wanted anceofaprocessoflegalreckoning justice, and we got initiatedintheGDRsinceNovember the rule of law” 1989;anditdemonstratedthrough overallmeasuredresultsthatithardly representedanyvindictivepost-unification“victors’justice”. Thepublicverdictontheseresultswasmixed,though,encapsulatedinastatementbyBärbelBohley,amajorprotagonist oftheEastGermananti-communistdissidentmovement: “Wewantedjustice,andwegottheruleoflaw”. 5. Rehabilitation, Compensation, Restitution Communist injustice in the GDR could become very personal: Overall, hundreds of thousands of people were either arrested, sentenced, expropriated, deported, or discriminated against and wronged for political reasons. 41 An unknown number of people werekilledordiedin campsorprisons.Accordingtoestimates,therewereabout 250,000politicalprisonersintheGDRoverthecourseof40 years,andsomewhatover105,000verifiablecaseswhere peoplesufferedprofessionaldiscriminationforpolitical reasons.Sincethefirst1992IndemnificationLaw,andasof 2005,about170,000individualswererehabilitated.Also,the GermanForeignMinistrynegotiatedwithauthoritiesin territoriesoftheformerSovietUnioncancellationsofcourt decisionsandrespectiverehabilitationsforsofarabout 13,500Germanswhoweresentencedafter1945onSoviet territoryforpoliticalreasons. One-timefinancialcompensationspaidtoindividualsfor GDRprisontermsviolatingtheruleoflaw,aswellasfora denialofaccesstoeducationandprofessions,havesofar exceededtheoverallamountof1.0billionU.S.dollars. Compensationshadalreadysurpassedthatlevel,whenin 2007anadditionallawofferedtheoptionofpermanentmonthly financialcompensationtoacertainnumberofqualifying formerprisoners. Amajorareaofredressingpastinjusticeincommunist EastGermanyisrepresentedbycasesofindividual rehabilitationandcompensation.Thisfeatureinitiatedinearly 1990alreadywhenfirstmeasureswereundertakenbythe GDR’slastnominalsocialist-ledgovernment.Backthena decreewasissuedtorehabilitateconvictedorotherwise penalizedformercommunistpartydissidentsandordinary members.Ideologicallychargedverdictsfromcommunist timeswerenullifieddatingbacktotheaftermathofthe1956 Hungarianuprising.Thisrathernarrowconcentrationonformer communistswassupersededbymorecomprehensiveand inclusiveconceptsintroducedthroughaRehabilitationLaw passedon6September1990bythefreelyelectedGDR parliamentfourweeksbeforeGermanunification.Itremained ineffectuntil4November1992whenunitedGermany’s parliamentadoptedthefirstso-called“CommunistInjustice IndemnificationLaw”.Itofficiallyrehabilitatedvictims sentencedonpoliticalprovisionsofGDRcriminallaw.All EastGermancourtdecisionsbetween8May1945and 2October1990that“violatedtheruleoflaw”werenullified. 42 t h e P o s t - C o m m u n i s t g e r m a n e x P e r i e n C e : s P e C i a l F e at u r e s r e h a B i l i tat i o n , C o m P e n s at i o n , r e s t i t u t i o n On1July1994asecondparliamentary“Communist InjusticeAmendingLaw”stipulatedtherehabilitation,and possiblefinancialcompensation,ofvictimswhosufferedin GDRtimesfromadministrativeactsofpoliticalpersecution basedonideologicalorpoliticaldiscriminationoverthecourse oftheireducation(highschooland/oruniversityadmission) orprofessionalcareers.Compensationwasofferedfrom1994to About 25 percent indemnifyallvalidatedclaimants of roughly 40,000 forcorrespondinglowerpayments motions filed in this afterretirement.One-timecompenregard were granted sationpaymentsofabout430U.S. dollarspermonthweregrantedto thosewhoservedinprisonforpoliticalreasons.About100,000 applicationsforthistypeofrehabilitationandcompensation werefiled,androughlyhalfofthemgranted.Anothertypeof rehabilitationofferedbythe1994lawconcernedthenullificationofGDRadministrativemeasuresleadingtohealth problems,lossofassets,orpoliticaldiscriminationwith consequencespersistingtothepresent.About25percentof roughly40,000motionsfiledinthisregardweregranted.The burdenofproofforphysicalorpsychologicaldamagesandother detrimentssufferedwaslyingwiththevictimsofpersecution. Followingpubliccontroversiesandamendmentsduring subsequentyearsthatquestionedtheactualfinancial commensurabilityofthe1994stipulations,theGerman parliamentpassedon23June2007athirdbilltoincrease compensationsforvictimsofpoliticalpersecutionduring GDRtimes.Provisionsnowofferedapermanentmonthly paymentof250Euro(about340U.S.dollars)tothoseformer politicalprisonerswhohadtoservejailtimesintheGDRof atleast6monthsandarecurrentlysufferingfromlowincome. Anotherformofcompensationforpastinjustice consistedinmaterialrestitution.Itwasgrantedtoformer GDRcitizensincasesofforcedpropertylossorsale,andit wasappliedtoexpropriatedbusinessesaswellastoprivate homeschangingownerships.ThespecialcaseofformerJewish propertynationalizedduringGDRtimeswasexemptedfrom statuteoflimitationsin1991whentheparliamentofunited Germangrantedtherighttofilerestitutionclaimsforthis typeofproperty.OnlymaterialrestitutionclaimsforSoviet propertyexpropriationexecutedduringtheperiodofmilitary occupationbetween1945and1949wereexemptedby parliamentarylaw.Thismovebarelysurvivedvariouscourt challenges,buton23March2005theEuropeanCourtfor 43 HumanRightsinStrasbourgupheldGermancourtdecisions validatingthislawandthussettledthiscontroversialmatter forgood. Theactualprocessofpropertyreturnwasinitiatedbya decreeissuedbythelastnon-electedGDRgovernmentbefore EastGermany’sfirstfreeelectionsof18March1990.Afew monthslater,withafreelyelectedGDRgovernmentinplace, ajointWestGerman-EastGermansettlementon“open propertyquestions”wassignedinJuly1990.Ultimately,alaw codifiedwithWestGermanlegalexpertiseon23September 1990andrepresentingoneofthelastactsofGDRparliament beforeunification,setthestageformanyyearsofclaimsand subsequentadministrativeandcourtbattlesoverproperty returns.Boththe1990settlementandlawstipulatedmaterial restitutionbutdeniedfinancialcompensationforlossof property:“RestitutionoverrulesCompensation”savedstrained governmentbudgetsalloverGermanyfromlarge-scale payments,butitalsoopenedaplethoraoflegalclaimsfrom peoplewho,forciblyorvoluntarily,leftpropertybehindwhen theyemigratedorfledfromtheSovietOccupationZoneorthe GDRbetween1945and1989.Asmostclaimswereableto proveandvalidatetheexistenceofformerpropertyrights,a largenumberofcasesofmaterialrestitutionwereimplemented incomplexanddrawn-outprocessesstretchingovermany years. B e r n d n e u m a n n , m i n i ste r o f st ate and re pr e se n t a t i ve o f the Fe de r a l g over nment fo r C u l t u r e , w i n n e r o f the st u d ent ’s co mpet i t i o n » ge schi cht s- co de s« and ra i n e r e ppe l m a n n Di r e cto r a n n a Ka m i n sk y o pe n s an exhi bi t i o n a t the ar D ( g e r m a n a sso ci a t i o n o f pu bl i c bro a dca ster s) he a dqu a r te r s i n B e r l i n II. FEDERAlFOUnDATIOnFORThEREAPPRAISAlOF COmmUnISTDICTATORShIP(BUnDESSTIFTUnG zURAUFARBEITUnGDERSED-DIKTATUR) 1. Origins: Parliamentary Inquiry Commissions and Initiatives Between 1992 and 1998 two Enquete (inquiry) Commissions established by parliamentary mandate in two subsequent session periods of the German federal parliament (Bundestag) investigated the history of the SED dictatorship and its effects on German unity. The commission in session between 1992 and 1994 was assigned to deal with “Coming to Terms with History and Consequences of the SED Dictatorship in Germany”. 46 F e D e r a l F o u n Dat i o n F o r t h e r e a P P r a i s a l o F C o m m u n i s t D i C tato r s h i P o r i g i n s : Pa r l i a m e n ta ry i n q u i ry C o m m i s s i o n s a n D i n i t i at i v e s Its successor commissionrunningfrom1995to1998was taskedwithaddressing“OvercomingtheConsequencesof theSEDDictatorshipwithintheProcessofGermanUnity”. Altogether,bothcommissionspublished34volumeswith morethan30,000pagescontainingcompletetranscriptsof publichearingsandnumerouscommissionedexpertanalyses onawiderangeofhistoricalandcurrentsubjects. Onrecommendationbythesecondcommissionofinquiry, theGermanfederalparliamentenactedon5June1998alaw ontheestablishmentofafederal“FederalFoundationforthe ReappraisaloftheSED-Dictatorship”(Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur).Thefoundationstartedits workinfallof1998,andthusapublic-fundedinstitutional clearinghousewascreatedtoraisepublicawarenessand continuediscussionsaboutthesecondGermandictatorship. Byitsmandatereceivedfromawidemajorityofparties representedinGermanparliament,thefoundationstandsfor anactiveandpluralisticdiscussionoftheSEDdictatorship anditslastingeffectsonreunitedGermany.Itfunctionsas bothamediatorandintermediarybetweenacademicand privateresearch,politics,themedia,andthepublicpertaining tothereappraisaloftheSEDdictatorship.Thefoundation’s librarywithits45,000itemsanduniquearchivewiththeir collectionsofmaterialonrepressedliteratureandoppositional activitiesintheGDRprovidesdocumentarymaterialtoaid researchers.Since1998thefoundationhassupportedmore than2,000research,documentationandexhibitionprojects inGermanyandvariouscountriesofCentralandEastern Europe,spendingaltogethermorethan26millionU.S.dollars fortheseprojects. The Federal Foundation for the Reappraisal of the SED Dictatorship contributed towards the realization of more than 2,200 exhibitions, publications, conferences, workshops and documentary ﬁlms 2. Structure of the Foundation The Board of Trustees (Stiftungsrat) comprises of 16 members elected for a five-year term. It serves as the central decision-making body of the Foundation. 49 It consists of members of the German parliament representingallitsfactions,membersappointedbyministries oftheGermanfederalandtheBerlincitygovernment,aswell asoffiveindividualsnominatedbyfederalparliamentary factionswhoareespeciallycommittedtodealwithchallenges andquestionsofcomingtotermswiththeSEDdictatorship. TheChairmanoftheBoardisMarkusMeckel,vice-chairman thememberofGermanparliamentHartmutKoschyk.The BoardofTrusteesdecidesonallfundamentalquestions concerningthefoundation’sgeneralobjectivesandactivities. TheBoardofDirectors(Stiftungsvorstand),workingona honorarybasis,guidesthemoreconcretetasksofthe foundation.Itconsistsoffivemembers:RainerEppelmann (chairman),BerndFaulenbach(vice-chairman),Annemarie Franke,GerdPoppe,andGerryKley.Theboardissupported andadvisedbythreeadvisorycommitteesonacademic, societalreappraisal,andarchivalissues.Thosecommittees consistofaltogether32individuals. 50 F e D e r a l F o u n Dat i o n F o r t h e r e a P P r a i s a l o F C o m m u n i s t D i C tato r s h i P s t r u C t u r e o F t h e F o u n Dat i o n TheOfficeoftheFoundationisdirectedbyDr.Anna Kaminskyandcurrentlyemploysastaffof22.Itisincharge ofallissuesandquestionsconcerningtheactivitiesofthe foundation,includingthefundingofprojects,allocationof scholarships,andtheorganizationofconferencesandother events.Thefoundation’sofficeservesasamediatorbetween variousorganizationsandinstitutionsinGermanycommitted toresearch,documentandinvestigatethehistoryoftheSED dictatorshipanditsconsequences;inthiscontexttheoffice alsoprovidesinformationandadviceaboutprofessional development. The foundation raises public awareness and continues discussions about the second German dictatorship 3. Mandate and Scope: Services and Activities The Foundation contributes, in cooperation with other institutions, to a comprehensive reappraisal of origins and causes, history and impact of the communist dictatorship in East Germany between 1945 and 1989. 53 It aims to provide testimonytoinjusticescommittedby theSEDregimeandtorecognizevictims,tofurthertheantitotalitarianconsensuswithinGermany,andtostrengthen democracyandGermanunity.Thefoundationwasestablished toservethefollowingaims: • topromoteandsupportprojectsdealingwithexploring GDRsociety,privatearchivesandvictim’sorganizations, academicresearch,andpoliticaleducation; • tocontributetothemaintenance,collection anddocumentationofmaterialswithregard tooppositiontotheSEDdictatorship; • toprovidepsychologicalandlegalassistance forvictimsofpoliticalpersecution; • toadvanceinternationalcooperationonthe reappraisalofdictatorshipsworldwide; • tocontributetopublicdiscoursewithits ownpublicationsandevents; • toawardprizesandscholarships. Currentlythefoundationhasanannualbudgetofabout 7.6millionU.S.dollarssuppliedbytheGermanFederal GovernmentonmandateoftheGermanparliament.Ithasan endowmentofabout120millionU.S.dollars,mostlyderived fromassetsformerlyheldbytheEastGermanCommunist PartySEDandallocatedtothefoundationbydecisionofthe Germanparliament. 54 F e D e r a l F o u n Dat i o n F o r t h e r e a P P r a i s a l o F C o m m u n i s t D i C tato r s h i P m a n Dat e a n D s C o P e : s e r v i C e s a n D aC t i v i t i e s Sinceitsestablishmentin1998,thefoundation • contributedtowardstherealizationofmorethan2,200 exhibitions,publications,conferences,workshopsand documentaryfilms • awardedmorethan31millionU.S.dollarsingrants • awardedmorethan75dissertationscholarships • builtitsownlibraryandarchiveswithmorethan45,000 books,40,000copiesofun-publishedunderground literature,40,000photographs,and3,700piecesofart • undertakesandpublishescontinuouslydocumentations featuringmemorialsandcommemorativesitesofmore than800largerandsmallerGermanmemorialsitesto commemoratethecommunistdictatorshipandkeepits memoryalive;alsofeaturedspecialdocumentations concerningrepressioninothernationsintheformer communistbloclike,forexample,theGreatTerrorin Russia,HolodomorinUkraine,Belarus,thePrague Spring,ortheHungarianUprising1956. • establishedpartnershipswithmorethan 300institutionsworldwide Contact: Bundesstiftung zur aufarbeitung der seD-Diktatur Kronenstraße 5 | D-10117 Berlin Phone:+49(0)303198950 Fax:+49(0)30319895210 Mail:buero@stiftung-aufarbeitung.de www.stiftung-aufarbeitung.de Comprehensive exploration about structures of a dictatorial past, as well as the commemoration of acts of civic courage and resistance, were seen as necessary preconditions for living in a healthy democracy III. OThERGERmAnAnDInTERnATIOnAl InSTITUTIOnS:ABRIEFOVERVIEw Since 1990 all over Germany, and particularly so in the five new federal states on former East German communist territory, a wide range of publicly and privately funded institutions were established. Regional and local initiatives emerged, and victims associations and NGOs were formed. All of them contribute actively to a coming to terms with the legacy of the communist dictatorship and the crimes it committed. A significant number of museums and memorials were opened on historic sites of repression and of German division. Without claiming to be exhaustive, the following overview will introduce some important institutions. 58 other german institutions: a BrieF overview FeDeral institutions 1. FederalinStitutiOnS — FEDER AlCOmmISSIOnERFORSTASI RECORDSOFThEFORmERGDR( BSTU ) DerBundesbeauftragtefürdieUnterlagen desStaatssicherheitsdienstesder ehemaligenDDR(BStU) Shortdescription TheOfficeoftheFederalCommissionerforStasiRecords (Bundesbeauftragte für die Unterlagen des Staatssicherheitsdienstes)preservestherecordsoftheMinistryfor StateSecurity(MfS)oftheGDRinitsarchives.Itmakes themavailableforvariouspurposestoprivateindividuals, institutions,andthepublicinaccordancewithaccess rulesstipulatedbyGermany’sStasiRecordsLaw(StUG). Italsohelpstocreatepublicawarenessofthevastscope ofStasioperationsduringGDRtimesthroughexhibitions, events,publications,andpublicoutreach. postaladdress Karl-Liebknecht-Straße31–33|D-10178Berlin contactinformation Phone:+49302324-0 E-mail:info@bstu.bund.de Website www.bstu.de englishversion www.bstu.bund.de/nn_715182/EN/Home/ homepage__node.html__nnn=true__nnn=true — STATECOmmISSIOnERFORSTASIRECORDS DieLandesbeauftragtenfürdieUnterlagendes StaatssicherheitsdienstesderehemaligenDDR Shortdescription AllsixformereasternfederalStateshasappointeda StateCommissionerforStasirecords(LStU).TheLStU aresupposedtosupporttheFederalCommissionerfor StasiRecords(BStU)initsmission,thoughtheLStUacts 59 t he Feder al Co mmi s s i oner for st a s i r ec or d s ( B st u) : J o a chi m g a u ck ( 1 9 9 0 – 2 0 0 0 ) , ma r i a n n e B i r thl e r ( 2 0 0 0 – 2 0 1 1) with a nna Kami ns k y a nd rol a nd J a h n ( a s s i gned i n 2 0 1 1 ) t a l k i n g to the j o u r n a l i st h a - J o lo r e n z independentlyonthestatelevelanddoesnotreportto theBStU.TheLStUadvisecitizensfromtheirstatetoapply foraccesstotheirStasifiles.Theyofferpsychological helpandconsultationsonlegaloptionsforrehabilitation andcompensationtothosewhosufferedinGDRtimes fromimpactsofoperationsconductedbytheMinistryfor StateSecurity.Also,theLStUhelptocreatepublic awarenessofStasioperationsduringGDRtimesthrough exhibitions,events,publications,andpublicoutreach. 60 other german institutions: a BrieF overview FeDeral institutions • StateCommissionerforStasiRecordsBerlin Der Berliner Landesbeauftragte für die Unterlagen des Staatssicherheitsdienstes der ehemaligen DDR postaladdress Scharrenstraße17|D-10178Berlin contactinformation Phone:+49302407920 E-mail:lstu-berlin@t-online.de Website www.berlin.de/lstu • StateCommissionerinBrandenburgforComingto TermswithConsequencesofCommunistDictatorship Die Landesbeauftragte zur Aufarbeitung der Folgen der kommunistischen Diktatur des Landes Brandenburg postaladdress Hegelallee3|D-14467Potsdam contactinformation Phone:+493312372920 E-mail:aufarbeitung@lakd.brandenburg.de Website www.aufarbeitung.brandenburg.de/sixcms/detail. php?template=start_aufarbeitung • StateCommissionerforStasiRecords mecklenburg-Vorpommern Die Landesbeauftragte für Mecklenburg-Vorpommern für die Unterlagen des Staatssicherheitsdienstes der ehemaligen DDR postaladdress Jägerweg2|D-19053Schwerin contactinformation Phone:+49385734006 E-mail:post@lstu.mv-regierung.de Website www.landesbeauftragter.de • StateCommissionerforStasiRecordsSaxony Der sächsische Landesbeauftragte für die Unterlagen des Staatssicherheitsdienstes der ehemaligen DDR postaladdress UntererKreuzweg1|D-01097Dresden contactinformation Phone:+49351656810 Fax:+4935165681-20 E-mail:inof@lstu.smj.sachsen.de Website www.justiz.sachsen.de/lstu 61 • StateCommissionerforStasiRecords Saxony-Anhalt Der Landesbeauftragte Sachsen-Anhalt für die Unterlagen des Staatssicherheitsdienstes der ehemaligen DDR postaladdress Klewitzstraße4|D-39112Magdeburg contactinformation Phone:+493915675051 Fax:+493915675060 E-mail:info@lstu.justiz.sachsen-halt.de Website www.sachsen-anhalt.de/LPSA/index.php?id=5750 • StateCommissionerforStasiRecordsThuringia Die Landesbeauftragte des Freistaats Thüringen für die Unterlagen des Staatssicherheitsdienstes der ehemaligen DDR postaladdress Jürgen-Fuchs-Straße1|D-99096Erfurt contactinformation Phone:+493613771951 Fax:+493613771952 E-mail:TLStU@t-online.de Website www.thueringen.de/de/tlstu — FEDER AlAGEnCyFORCIVICEDUCATIOn BundeszentralefürpolitischeBildung(bpb) Shortdescription TheFederalAgencyforCivicEducation(Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung/bpb)isapublicinstitutionthat promotesdemocraticawarenessandpoliticalparticipation. Itsvariousprintpublications,dossiers,andDVDscovera broadrangeofcurrentandhistoricalissuesinthefieldof politics,economy,andsociety.Further,thebpboffers seminars,conferences,culturalevents,studytrips, exhibitionsandcompetitions,andprovidessupportfor 62 other german institutions: a BrieF overview FeDeral institutions partnerinstitutionsworkinginciviceducation.Theportfolio includesspecialoffersforteachers,civiceducation practitioners,journalists,andyoungpeople.Allthebpb’s activitiesaimtomotivatepeopleandencouragethemto reflectonpoliticalandsocialissues. postaladdress Adenauerallee86|D-53113Bonn contactinformation Phone:+4922899515200 E-mail:info@bpb.de Website www.bpb.de informationinenglish www.bpb.de/die_bpb/PE8IKY(aboutbpb), www.bpb.de/nece(thebpb’sEuropeanprogram) — FEDER AlSTATEARChIVBERlIn–KOBlEnz BundesarchivKoblenz postaladdress PotsdamerStraße1|D-56075Koblenz contactinformation Phone:+492615050 Fax:+49261505226 E-mail:koblenz@bundesarchiv.de Fe de r a l st a te ar chi v Ko bl e n z 63 Website www.bundesarchiv.de/index.html.de informationinenglish www.bundesarchiv.de/index.html.en — STATEARChIVES Landesarchive • landesarchivBaden-württemberg postaladdress Eugenstraße7|D-70182Stuttgart contactinformation Phone:+497112124272 Fax:+497112124283 E-mail:landesarchiv@la-bw.de Website www.landesarchiv-bw.de/web/ informationinenglish www.landesarchiv-bw.de/web/49435 • Bayrischeshauptstaatsarchiv postaladdress Schönfeldstraße5–11|D-80539München contactinformation Phone:+4989286382596 Fax:+4989286382954 E-mail:poststelle@bayhsta.bayern.de Website www.gda.bayern.de/index.php informationinenglish www.gda.bayern.de/enp1.htm • landesarchivBerlin postaladdress Eichborndamm115–121|D-13403Berlin contactinformation Phone:+4930902640 Fax:+493090264201 E-mail:info@landesarchiv-berlin.de Website www.landesarchiv-berlin.de/lab-neu/start.html 64 other german institutions: a BrieF overview FeDeral institutions • Brandenburgischeslandeshauptarchiv postaladdress ZumWindmühlenberg|D-14469Potsdam contactinformation Phone:+4933156740 Fax:+493315674212 E-mail:poststelle@blha.brandenburg.de Website www.landeshauptarchiv-brandenburg.de informationinenglish www.landeshauptarchiv-brandenburg.de/ netCmsFrames.aspx?URL=english_0.aspx • StaatsarchivBremen postaladdress AmStaatsarchiv1|D-28203Bremen contactinformation Phone:+494213616221 Fax:+4942136110247 E-mail:office@staatsarchiv.bremen.de Website www.staatsarchiv.bremen.de/sixcms/detail. php?gsid=bremen02.c.730.de • Staatsarchivhamburg postaladdress Kattunbleiche19|D-22041Hamburg contactinformation Phone:+4940428313200 Fax:+4940428313201 E-mail:poststelle@staatsarchiv.hamburg.de Website www.hamburg.de/staatsarchiv • hessischeshauptstaatsarchiv postaladdress MosbacherStraße55|D-65187Wiesbaden contactinformation Phone:+496118810 Fax:+49611881145 E-mail:poststelle@hhstaw.hessen.de Website www.hauptstaatsarchiv.hessen.de 65 • landeshauptarchivmecklenburg-Vorpommern postaladdress Graf-Schack-Allee2|D-19053Schwerin contactinformation Phone:+4938558879410 Fax:+4938558879412 E-mail:poststelle@landeshauptarchiv-schwerin.de Website www.kulturwerte-mv.de/cms2/LAKD_prod/LAKD/ content/de/Landesarchiv/Landeshauptarchiv_ Schwerin/index.jsp informationinenglish www.kulturwerte-mv.de/cms2/LAKD_prod/LAKD/ content/de/Landesarchiv/The_archives_in_English/ index.jsp • niedersächsischeslandesarchiv postaladdress AmArchiv1|D-30169Hannover contactinformation Phone:+495111206601 Fax:+495111206639 E-mail:poststelle@nla.niedersachsen.de Website www.staatsarchive.niedersachsen.de/live/live. php?navigation_id=24756&_psmand=187 • landesarchivnordrhein-westfalen postaladdress Graf-Adolf-Straße67|D-40210Düsseldorf contactinformation Phone:+492111592380 Fax:+49211159238111 E-mail:poststelle@lav.nrw.de Website www.archive.nrw.de/LandesarchivNRW/ • landeshauptarchivRheinland-Pfalz postaladdress Karmeliterstraße1/3|D-56068Koblenz contactinformation Phone:+4926191290 Fax:+492619129112 E-mail:post@landeshauptarchiv.de Website www.landeshauptarchiv.de 66 other german institutions: a BrieF overview FeDeral institutions • ArchivdesSaarlandes postaladdress Dudweilerstraße1|D-66133Saarbrücken contactinformation Phone:+4968150100 Fax:+496815011933 E-mail:landesarchiv@landesarchiv.saarland.de Website www.saarland.de/SID-3E724395-7E2E639A/ landesarchiv.htm • landeshauptarchivSachsen-Anhalt (Abt.magdeburg) postaladdress Hegelstraße25|D-39104Magdeburg contactinformation Phone:+4939156643 Fax:+493915664440 E-mail:poststelle@lha.mi.sachsen-anhalt.de Website www.sachsen-anhalt.de/LPSA/index.php?id=32023 • SächsischesStaatsarchiv postaladdress Wilhelm-Buck-Straße4|D-01097Dresden contactinformation Phone:+493515643740 Fax:+493515643739 E-mail:poststelle@sta.smi.sachsen.de Website www.staatsarchiv.sachsen.de • landesarchivSchleswig-holstein postaladdress Prinzenpalais|D-24837Schleswig contactinformation Phone:+494621861800 Fax:+494621861801 E-mail:landesarchiv@la.landsh.de Website www.schleswig-holstein.de/LA/DE/LA_node.html 67 • Thüringischeshauptstaatsarchiv postaladdress Marstallstraße2|D-99423Weimar contactinformation Phone:+4936438700 Fax:+493643870100 E-mail:meiningen@staatsarchive.thueringen.de Website www.thueringen.de/de/staatsarchive/weimar/ content.html — STATEAGEnCIESFORCIVICEDUCATIOn LandeszentralenfürpolitischeBildung • landeszentralefürpolitischeBildung Baden-württemberg postaladdress Stafflenbergstraße38|D-70184Stuttgart contactinformation Phone:+497111640990 Fax:+4971116409977 E-mail:lpb@lpb-bw.de Website www.lpb-bw.de/lpb_index.html • landeszentralefürpolitischeBildungBayern postaladdress Praterinsel2|D-80538München contactinformation Phone:+498921862172 Fax:+498921862180 E-mail:landeszentrale@stmuk.bayern.de Website www.km.bayern.de/blz • landeszentralefürpolitischeBildungBerlin postaladdress AnderUrania4–10|D-10787Berlin contactinformation Phone:+493090162552 Fax:+493090162538 E-mail:landeszentrale@senbwf.berlin.de Website www.berlin.de/lzpb/index.html 68 other german institutions: a BrieF overview FeDeral institutions • landeszentralefürpolitischeBildungBrandenburg postaladdress Heinrich-Mann-Allee107|D-14473Potsdam contactinformation Phone:+493318663541 Fax:+493318663544 E-mail:info@blzpb.brandenburg.de Website www.politische-bildung-brandenburg.de/index.html • landeszentralefürpolitischeBildunghamburg postaladdress Dammtorstraße14|D-20354Hamburg contactinformation Phone:+4940428234826 Fax:+4940428234813 E-mail:PolitischeBildung@bsb.hamburg.de Website www.hamburg.de/politische-bildung/ • landeszentralefürpolitischeBildungBremen postaladdress Osterdeich6|D-28203Bremen contactinformation Phone:+494213612922 Fax:+494213614453 E-mail:office@lzpb.bremen.de Website www.lzpb-bremen.de/sixcms/detail. php?gsid=bremen02.c.730.de • landeszentralefürpolitischeBildunghessen postaladdress Taunusstraße4–6|D-65183Wiesbaden contactinformation Phone:+49611324051 Fax:+49611324077 E-Mail:hlz@hlz.hessen.de Website www.hlz.hessen.de 69 • landeszentralefürpolitischeBildung mecklenburg-Vorpommern postaladdress Jägerweg2|D-19053Schwerin contactinformation Phone:+493853020910 Fax:+493853020922 E-mail:poststelle@lpb.mv-regierung.de Website www.lpb-mv.de/cms2/LfpB_prod/LfpB/de/start/ index.jsp • landeszentralefürpolitischeBildung nordrhein-westfalen postaladdress Horionplatz1|D-40213Düsseldorf contactinformation Phone:+4921186184615 Fax:+4921186184675 E-mail:info@politische-bildung.nrw.de Website www.politische-bildung.nrw.de • landeszentralefürpolitischeBildung Rheinland-Pfalz postaladdress AmKronbergerHof6|D-55116Mainz contactinformation Phone:+496131162970 Fax:+496131162980 E-mail:lpb.zentrale@politische-bildung-rlp.de Website www.politische-bildung-rlp.de • landeszentralefürpolitischeBildungSaarland postaladdress Beethovenstraße26/Pavillon|D-66125Saarbrücken contactinformation Phone:+4968977908144 Fax:+4968977908177 E-mail:lpb@lpm.uni-sb.de Website www.lpm.uni-sb.de/typo3/index.php?id=978 70 other german institutions: a BrieF overview FeDeral institutions • landeszentralefürpolitischeBildungSachsen postaladdress Schützenhofstraße36|D-01129Dresden contactinformation Phone:+49351853180 Fax:+493518531855 E-mail:info@slpb.smk.sachsen.de Website www.slpb.de • landeszentralefürpolitischeBildung Sachsen-Anhalt postaladdress Schleinufer12|D-39104Magdeburg contactinformation Phone:+493915676463 Fax:+493915676464 E-mail:politische.bildung@lpb.stk.sachsen-anhalt.de Website www.sachsen-anhalt.de/LPSA/index.php?id=5752 • landeszentralefürpolitischeBildung Schleswig-holstein postaladdress Kehdenstraße27|D-24103Kiel contactinformation Phone:+494319885937 Fax:+494319885942 E-mail:info@lpb.landsh.de Website www.schleswig-holstein.de/LPB/DE/LPB_node.html informationinenglish www.schleswig-holstein.de/LPB/EN/LPB_node.html • landeszentralefürpolitischeBildungThüringen postaladdress Regierungsstraße73|D-99084Erfurt contactinformation Phone:+493613792701 Fax:+493613792702 E-mail:heike.hartmann@tsk.thueringen.de Website www.thueringen.de/de/lzt/content.html informationinenglish www.thueringen.de/de/lzt/ec/ 71 — COnTEmPOR ARyhISTORyFORUmlEIPzIG ZeitgeschichtlichesForumLeipzig Shortdescription TheContemporaryHistoryForum(Zeitgeschichtliches Forum)isthemostimportantmuseumcommemorating thehistoryofGDRrepression,opposition,resistanceand peacefulrevolutionbeforethebackgroundofGerman division.SituatedinLeipzig’scitycenterwhereinfallof 1989themassivepath-breakingdemonstrationsagainst thedictatorialregimetookplace,italsodocumentseverydaylifeundercommunistdictatorshipandtheprocessof reunificationafter1990.TheForumistheLeipzigbranch oftheHistoryMuseumoftheFederalRepublicofGermany locatedinWestGermany’sformerfederalcapitalinBonn. postaladdress GrimmaischeStraße6|D-04109Leipzig contactinformation Phone:+493412220-0 E-mail:zfl@hdg.de Website www.hdg.de/leipzig C o n te mpo r a r y hi sto r y Fo r u m l e i pzi g 72 other german institutions: a BrieF overview CiviC arChives 2.civicarchiveS BesidestheStateFederalArchiveandtheArchiveofthe FederalCommissionerofStasi-recordsseveralcivicarchives resultingfromthecivicoppositionmovementareworking: — ROBERT- hAVEmAnn - GESEllSChAFTE .V. postaladdress Schliemannstraße23|D-10437Berlin contactinformation Phone:+493044710813 Fax:+493044710819 E-mail:info@havemann-gesellschaft.de Website www.havemann-gesellschaft.de 73 — ARChIVBüRGERBEwEGUnGlEIPzIGE.V. postaladdress Katharinenstraße11(Fregehaus)|D-04109Leipzig contactinformation Phone:+493418611626 Fax:+493418611626 E-mail:info@archiv-buergerbewegung.de Website www.archiv-buergerbewegung.de — ThüRInGERARChIVFüRzEITGESChIChTE postaladdress CamsdorferUfer17|D-07749Jena contactinformation Phone:+493641228605 Fax:+493641229743 E-mail:archiv@thueraz.de Website www.thueraz.de — UmwElTBIBlIOThEKGROSShEnnERSDORF postaladdress AmSportplatz3|D-02747Großhennersdorf contactinformation Phone:+493587340503 Fax:+493587330921 E-mail:mail@umweltbibliothek.org Website www.umweltbibliothek.org 74 other german institutions: a BrieF overview other institutions, museums anD memorial sites 3. OtherinStitutiOnS, muSeumSand memOrialSiteS — STASImUSEUmBERlIn Shortdescription TheStasiMuseumBerlin(Forschungs- und Gedenkstätte Normannenstraße/Haus I)isaprivateinitiativelocatedin “House1”oftheformerGDRMinistryforStateSecurity’s headquarterscomplexintheEastBerlindistrictof Lichtenberg.Atthatverylocationlong-timeGDRStasi MinisterErichMielke(1957–1989)hadhisoffices. Theyarepreservedinitsoriginalconditionandopento visitors.FurtherpartsoftheexhibitdealwithState Securitytechnologyandvariousobjects,aswellaswith oppositionandresistanceintheGDR. postaladdress Ruschestraße103,Haus1|D-10365Berlin contactinformation Phone:+49305536854 Fax:+49305536853 E-mail:mfsmuseum@aol.com Website www.stasimuseum.de englishversion www.stasimuseum.de/en/enindex.htm — “ROUnDCORnER” STASImEmORIAlmUSEUmlEIPzIG Museuminder“RundenEcke”Leipzig Shortdescription TheCitizensCommitteeofLeipzig(Bürgerkomitee Leipzig),originatingin1989,openedthissubsequently developedexhibitin1990alreadyintheauthenticsiteof formerStasidistrictheadquarters(referredtoas“round 75 corner”duetobuilding’speculiarshape).Todaythe CitizensCommitteeeducatesabouthistory,structure, andmethodsoftheStasi.Itactivelyparticipatesinpublic debatesaboutdictatorshipsandlessonsapplicableto discoursesoncivillibertiesandhumanrights. postaladdress Dittrichring24|D-04109Leipzig contactinformation Phone:+493419612443 Fax:+493419612499 E-mail:mail@runde-ecke-leipzig.de Website www.runde-ecke-leipzig.de/cms englishversion www.runde-ecke-leipzig.de/cms/index.php?id=76&L=1 “round C or ner” st a s i memor i a l mu s e u m le i pzi g 76 other german institutions: a BrieF overview other institutions, museums anD memorial sites — FORmERSOVIETSPECIAl InTERnmEnTCAmPS AfterthedemiseofNaziGermanyandtheSecondWorld War’sendinginEurope,Sovietmilitaryauthoritiesusedin partNaziconcentrationcampsitesinEasternGermany between1945and1950fortheirten“specialinternment camps”todetainsomereal,andmanyalleged,nationalsocialists.About43,000,i.e.35percentofindividuals interned,perishedduringtheirconfinement.Theten camps,listedinthesequenceofnumberingassignedby Sovietauthorities,were:Mühlberg,Buchenwald, Berlin-Hohenschönhausen,Bautzen,Ketschendorf/ Fürstenwalde,Frankfurt/OderandlaterJamlitz,Weesow andlaterSachsenhausen,Torgau/FortZinna,Fünfeichen, Torgau/SeydlitzBarracks. Inthefollowinglocationspermanentexhibitions, gravesites,andmemorialscommemoratethesecamps andtheplightoftheirinmates: • Buchenwaldmemorial Gedenkstätte Buchenwald postaladdress D-99427Weimar-Buchenwald contactinformation Phone:+4936434300 Fax:+493643430100 E-mail:buchenwald@buchenwald.de Website www.buchenwald.de englishversion www.buchenwald.de/english • mittelbau-Doramemorial KZ-Gedenkstätte Mittelbau-Dora postaladdress Kohnsteinweg20|D-99734Nordhausen contactinformation Phone:+49363149580 Fax:+493631495813 E-mail:info@dora.de 77 Website www.dora.de englishversion www.dora.de/index_cten.html • InitiativgruppeInternierungslager Ketschendorfe.V. postaladdress FrankfurterStraße4|D-15517Fürstenwalde contactinformation Phone:+49-3361-307873 E-mail:info@uokg.de Website www.uokg.de/Text2/Mit-Ketsch01.htm • InitiativgruppeInternierungslagerJamlitze.V. postaladdress Bergmannsweg9|D-03159Groß-Kölzig contactinformation Phone:+49356006552 E-mail:info@uokg.de Website www.uokg.de/Text2/Mit-Jamlitz01.htm me m o r i a l a n d m u se u m sa chse n ha u se n • memorialandmuseumSachsenhausen Gedenkstätte und Museum Sachsenhausen postaladdress StraßederNationen22|D-16515Oranienburg contactinformation Phone:+493301810912 Fax:+493301810928 E-mail:info@gedenkstätte-sachsenhausen.de Website www.stiftung-bg.de/gums/de/index.htm englishversion www.stiftung-bg.de/gums/en/index.htm 78 other german institutions: a BrieF overview other institutions, museums anD memorial sites • DocumentationandInformationCentre(DIz)Torgau Dokumentations- und Informationszentrum (DIZ) Torgau postaladdress SchlossHartenfels,Schlossstraße27|D-04860Torgau contactinformation Phone:+493421713468 Fax:+493421714932 E-mail:info@diz-torgau.de Website www.stsg.de/cms/torgau/startseite englishversion en.stsg.de/cms/node/876/ m e m o r ial neub r andenb u r g • memorialneubrandenburg Gedenkstätte Neubrandenburg (Fünfeichen) postaladdress Rosenstraße13–15|D-17033Neubrandenburg contactinformation Phone:+493955551800 Fax:+493955551861 E-mail:stadt@neubrandenburg.de Website www.neubrandenburg.de/index.php?option=com_ content&task=view&id=103 79 — mEmORIAlSITESInFORmERGDRPRISOnS Thefollowingformerprisonsites,runduringcommunist timesbytheformerGDRMinistryofInteriorandtheMinistry ofStateSecurity,heldnumerouspoliticalprisoners.Today theyserveaspermanentpublicmemorials,featureguided toursandexhibitions,andholdeventstocommemorate victimsofpoliticalpersecutionandrepression. • Bautzenmemorial Gedenkstätte Bautzen postaladdress Weigangstraße8A|D-02625Bautzen contactinformation Phone:+49359140474 Fax:+49359140475 E-mail:info.bautzen@stsg.smwk.sachsen.de Website www.stsg.de/cms/bautzen/startseite englishversion en.stsg.de/cms/node/977/ B a u t ze n me m o r i a l 80 other german institutions: a BrieF overview other institutions, museums anD memorial sites contactinformation Phone:+493098608230 Fax:+4930986082464 E-mail:info@stiftung-hsh.de Website www.stiftung-hsh.de englishversion en.stiftung-hsh.de/document.php?cat_ id=CAT_231&special=0 Be r lin -h ohenschönhausen m emor i a l • Berlin-hohenschönhausenmemorial Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen postaladdress Genslerstraße66|D-13055Berlin • Andreasstrassememorial Gedenkstätte Andreasstraße Freiheit e. V. Förderverein Gedenkstätte Andreasstraße postaladdress BechtheimerStraße2|D-99084Erfurt contactinformation Phone:+491775972723 E-mail:freiheit@andreasstrasse-erfurt.de Website www.andreasstrasse-erfurt.de 81 • memorial“RedOx”halle Gedenkstätte ‘Roter Ochse’ Halle postaladdress AmKirchtor20B|D-06108Halle contactinformation Phone:+493452201337 Fax:+493452201339 E-mail:info-roterochse@stgs.sachsen-anhalt.de Website www.sachsen-anhalt.de/LPSA/index.php?id=31471 • memoriallindenstrasse54/55Potsdam Gedenkstätte Lindenstraße 54/55 postaladdress Benkertstraße3|D-14467Potsdam contactinformation Phone:+493312896803 Fax:+493312896808 E-mail:museum-geschichte@rathaus.potdsdam.de Website www.potsdam.de/cms/beitrag/10028894/34714/ • memorialmagdeburgmoritzplatz Gedenkstätte Moritzplatz Magdeburg postaladdress Umfassungsstraße76|D-39124Magdeburg contactinformation Phone:+493912445590 Fax:+4939124455999 E-mail:Info-Moritzplatz@stgs.sachsen-anhalt.de Website www.sachsen-anhalt.de/LPSA/index.php?id=31585 me m o r i a l l i n de n st r a sse 5 4 / 5 5 Pot sda m 82 other german institutions: a BrieF overview other institutions, museums anD memorial sites • DocumentationCentermecklenburg-Vorpommern forVictimsofDictatorshipinGermany Dokumentationszentrum des Landes Mecklenburg-Vorpommern für die Opfer der Diktaturen in Deutschland postaladdress Obotritenring106|D-19055Schwerin contactinformation Phone:+4938574529911 Fax:+493857778847 E-mail:dokuzentrum-schwerin@lpb.mv-regierung.de Website www.lpb-mv.de/cms2/LfpB_prod/LfpB/de/dz/index. jsp —BORDERmEmORIAlSAnDmUSEUmS Memorialsandmuseumslistedbelowwerebuiltor establishedatcertainsitesorcrossingpointsnearthe formerborderinstallationsinBerlinorbetweenEastand WestGermany. • Berlinwallmemorial Gedenkstätte Berliner Mauer postaladdress BernauerStraße111/119|D-13355Berlin contactinformation Phone:+4930467986666 Fax:+4930467986677 E-mail:info@berliner-mauer-gedenkstaette.de Website www.berliner-mauer-dokumentationszentrum.de/de/ englishversion www.berliner-mauer-dokumentationszentrum.de/en/ index.html 83 84 other german institutions: a BrieF overview other institutions, museums anD memorial sites m e m o r ial of ger man Divi s i on a t ma r i enb or n • wallmuseum/houseatCheckpointCharlie Mauermuseum/Museum Haus am Checkpoint Charlie postaladdress Postfach610226|D-10923Berlin contactinformation Phone:+49302537250 Fax:+49302512075 E-mail:info@Mauermuseum.de Website www.mauermuseum.de englishversion www.mauermuseum.de/english/frame-index-mauer. html • marienfeldeRefugeeCentrememorial Erinnerungsstätte Notaufnahmelager Marienfelde postaladdress MarienfelderAllee66/80|D-12277Berlin contactinformation Phone:+493075008400 Fax:+493075446634 E-mail:info@notaufnahmelager-berlin.de Website www.notaufnahmelager-berlin.de/de/ englishversion www.notaufnahmelager-berlin.de/en/ • memorialofGermanDivisionatmarienborn Gedenkstätte Marienborn postaladdress AnderBAB2|D-39365Marienborn contactinformation Phone:+493940692090 Fax:+493940692099 E-mail:gedenkstaette@marienborn.de Website www.sachsen-anhalt.de/LPSA/index.php?id=31581 85 • German-Germanmuseummödlareuth (“littleBerlin”) Deutsch-Deutsches Museum Mödlareuth postaladdress Mödlareuth13|D-95183Töpen contactinformation Phone:+4992951334 Fax::+4992951319 E-mail:museum.moedlareuth@t-online.de Website www.moedlareuth.de • BorderlandmuseumEichsfeld Grenzlandmuseum Eichsfeld postaladdress DuderstädterStraße5|D-37339Teistungen contactinformation Phone:+493607197112 Fax:+493607197998 E-mail:info@grenzlandmuseum.de Website www.grenzlandmuseum.de/museum/index.html • memorialPointAlpha Gedenkstätte Point Alpha postaladdress PlatzderdeutschenEinheit1|D-36419Geisa contactinformation Phone:+496651919030 Fax:+496651919031 E-mail:service@pointalpha.com Website www.pointalpha.com/gedenkstaette B o r de r l a n d m u se u m ei chsfe l d 86 ot h e r i n t e r n at i o n a l i n s t i t u t i o n s : a B r i e F ov e r v i e w v i C t i m s a s s o C i at i o n s 4.victimSaSSOciatiOnS Since1990numerousassociationsandinterestgroupsof formervictimsofpoliticalpersecutionintheGDRwereformed. TheyjoinedexistinginstitutionsinWestGermanylikethe UnionofVictimsAssociationsofCommunistDictatorship (Union der Opferverbände kommunistischer Gewaltherrschaft), whosemembersrepresentalmosttheentirescopeof mechanismsofcommunistrepressionbetween1945and 1989.Respectiveassociationswereeitherestablishedby formerinmatesheldincertaincampsorprisons(likeBautzen, Buchenwald,Cottbus,Sachsenhausen,etcetera),orbyvictims ofparticularformsofrepression,likeforcedevacuations fromGDRborderareasin1952and1961,forcedadoptions, orStasirepressioningeneral.TheUnionofVictimsAssociations ofCommunistDictatorshipservesasanumbrellaorganization forcurrently32individualassociationsandvictimsgroupsin WesternandEasternpartsofunitedGermany(websitein Germanonly:www.uokg.de/cms).Theexecutiveofficeofthe InternationalAssociationofFormerPoliticalPrisonersand VictimsofCommunism(Internationale Assoziation ehemaliger politischer Gefangener und Opfer des Kommunismus) currentlyresidesintheFederalRepublicofGermany;the associationitselfhassofarorganized17international congressesinvariousEuropeancitiesandcomprisesof memberorganizationsfrom17differentcountries(Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina,Bulgaria,Croatia,CzechRepublic, Estonia,Germany,Hungary,Latvia,Lithuania,Moldavia, Poland,Romania,Russia,Slovakia,Slovenia,andUkraine). — UOKG postaladdress Ruschestraße103,Haus14|D-10365Berlin contactinformation Phone:+493055779351 Fax:+493055779340 E-mail:info@uokg.de Website www.uokg.de 87 — VOS–VereinigungderOpferdesStalinismus postaladdress Hardenbergplatz2,Zoobogen|D-10623Berlin contactinformation Phone:+493026552380 Fax:+493026552382 E-mail:VOS-Berlin@vos-ev.de Website www.vos-ev.de — InternationalAssociation • AlBAnIEn ShoqataAntikomunisteeish-te PëmdjekurvePolitikeDemokratë postaladdress Bulevardi“Dëshmorët”KarshiKryeministrisë ALTiranë|Albania contactinformation Phone:+3554223287 • BUlGARIEn UnionoftheRepressedPeople postaladdress BGSofia contactinformation Phone:+35929879473 • DEUTSChlAnD UnionderOpferverbändeKommunistischer Gewaltherrschafte.V. postaladdress Ruschestraße103,Raum419 D-10365Berlin-Lichtenberg contactinformation Phone:+4903055779354 • ESTlAnD BoardofSouthEstonianAssoziation ofPoliticalPrisoners postaladdress Tahe74-6|EE2400Tartu contactinformation Phone:+3727 88 ot h e r i n t e r n at i o n a l i n s t i t u t i o n s : a B r i e F ov e r v i e w v i C t i m s a s s o C i at i o n s • lETTlAnD latvijasPolitiskiRepresetoApvienida postaladdress Skunuiela15|LV1050Riga contactinformation Phone:+3717222368 Website www.vip.latnet.lv/LPRA i nte r n ational a ssociatio n • KROATIEn hrvatskoDrustvoPolitickih(hDPz) postaladdress Masarykowa22/IV|HR10000Zagreb contactinformation Phone:+38514222879 Website www.hdpz.htnet.hr • lITAUEn lithuanianPoliticalPrisonersandDeportees Association postaladdress Laisvesal.39,Kaunas3000|Lithuania contactinformation Phone:+3702(837)323214 Website www.lpkts.lt 89 • mOlDAwIEn AVRC-VRARRmAssoziationderehem.politischen häftlingeausderRepublikmoldau postaladdress Str.N.Iorgia8|MD2009Chisinau contactinformation Phone:+3732240077 • POlEn zwiazekwiezniowPolityccznychOkresu Stalinowskiego postaladdress ZarzadGlownyul.11-goListopada17/19PL00-987 Warszawa4 • RUmänIEn AsociataFostilorDetinutiPoliticidinRomania postaladdress MantuleasaNr.10Sect.3|Ro7070387Bucuresti • RUSSlAnD “memorial” postaladdress Vitebskijpr.41-3-25|SanktPetersburg,Russland contactinformation Phone:+78122995579 Website www.memo.ru • SlOwAKEI KonfederaciaPolitickychVaznovSlovenska postaladdress Leskova3|SK-81104Bratislava contactinformation Phone:+42731800700 • SlOwEnIEn zdruzenjezrtevKomunisticneganasilja postaladdress Izanska206a|Slo1000Ljubljana contactinformation Phone:+386611274059 90 ot h e r i n t e r n at i o n a l i n s t i t u t i o n s : a B r i e F ov e r v i e w v i C t i m s a s s o C i at i o n s • TSChEChIEn KonfederacePolitickýchVeznuCR postaladdress Skretova6|CZ12000Praha contactinformation Phone:+42224230536 Website www.kpv.kozakov.cz • UKRAInE nationaleVereinigungderpolitischen GefangeneninderUkraine postaladdress ul.Mejygirska,7/16|252071Kiew71,Ukraina • UnGARn magyarPolitikaiFoglyokSzövetsege(POFOSz) postaladdress Nadoru.36.IV|H1051Budapest contactinformation Phone:+36613116746,+36613117550 Website www.1956.mti.hu/Pages/Gallery.aspx?GalleryID=1 www.gulag.hu Credits/Imprint editor:Dr.AnnaKaminsky, BundesstiftungzurAufarbeitungderSED -Diktatur author:Dr.BerndSchäfer photoeditor:DietrichWolfFenner design:ultramarinrot,Berlin SecondEdition2011 picturecredits: Cover:Bundesregierung/EngelbertReineke;Bundesregierung; Bild4–7BundesstiftungAufarbeitung;Bundesregierung/Klaus Lehnartz S.4:BundesstiftungAufarbeitung/BestandKlausMehner, Bild72_0325_POL_Mauer_05 S.3;S.5;S.6;S.17;S.22;S.23/2;S.27;S.28;S.29/2; S.31;S.32;S.36;S.37;S.45;S.47;S.48;S.49;S.501/2; S.52;S.57;S.581–3;S.71;S.72;S.75;S.76;S.77;S.78; S.79;S.80;S.81:BundesstiftungAufarbeitung S.83Flix„Dawarmalwas…“, S.84;S.85;S.88:BundesstiftungAufarbeitung S.7:BundesstiftungAufarbeitung,BestandKlausMehner, 89_1110_ausreise01 S.8:Bundesregierung/Perlia-Archiv S.9:ArchivBundesstiftungAufarbeitung/BestandKlausMehner, Bild77_1205_POL-Mauer_05 S.13:1,2Bundesregierung/KlausLehnartz; 3Bundesregierung/HeikoSpecht S.11:ArchivBundesstiftungAufarbeitung/BestandKlausMehner, Bild21_89_1104_POL-Demo_67 S.14:ArchivBundesstiftungAufarbeitung/BestandKlausMehner S.15:Bundesregierung/ArneSchambeck S.20:Bundesregierung/ArneSchambeck S.23/1:Bundesregierung/KlausLehnartz S.24:Bundesregierung/SieghardLiebe S.29/1:Bundesarchiv,183-1990 - 0412- 019,Oberst S.35:BundesarchivBild175 -15451 S.39;S.54;S.55:BundesstiftungAufarbeitung/ ThomasTrutschel/photothek.net S.40:Bundesregierung/JuliaFassbender S.43;S.51;S.53:BundesstiftungAufarbeitung/BirgitMeixner S.44:Bundesregierung/EngelbertReineke S.56:Bundesregierung/EngelbertReineke S.59/1:Bundesregierung/SteffenKugler S.62:Bundesregierung/TorstenKrause headOffice:BundesstiftungzurAufarbeitungderSED -Diktatur Kronenstraße5|D -10117Berlin|Germany ©BundesstiftungzurAufarbeitungderSED -Diktatur2011 Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur Kronenstraße 5 D-10117 Berlin Germany www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de

Coming to Terms: Dealing with the Communist Past in United

Related documents

Products

Support

Coming to Terms: Dealing with the Communist Past in United

Related documents

Add this document to collection(s)

Add this document to saved

Suggest us how to improve StudyLib