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CONTENTS
Page
Abbreviations
........................2
Organization
........................3
Research and Development
Solar Energy.........................................................................................................
4
Bio-Conversion.................................................................................................... 6
Thermo-Chemical Conversion............................................................................ 16
Regional Test Centre
.......................22
Training and Awareness Creation
.......................23
Demonstrations and Technology Evaluation
.......................25
Consultancy
.......................31
Transfer of Technology
.......................31
Human Resource Development
.......................32
Important Visitors
.......................32
Participation in Important Meetings / Seminars / Conferences
.......................33
Publications
.......................36
Research Projects Undertaken
.......................37
SPRERI Team
.......................39
Audited Balance Sheet
.......................40
Board of Management SPRERI Technologies
Inside back cover
Back cover
1
ABBREVIATIONS
2DG
- 2 Deoxy-D-Glucose
AC/DC - Alternating current/direct current
Al - Aluminium
AICRP - All India Coordinated Research Project
BIS - Bureau of Indian standards
C & C - Cooling and cleaning
C/N
- Carbon–nitrogen ratio
CFL - Compact fluorescent lamp
CIAE - Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering
CO/CO2 - Carbon monoxide / carbon dioxide
COD - Chemical oxygen demand
CR/CRs - Crop residue/crop residues
CV - Calorific value
DBT - Department of Biotechnology
DST - Department of Science and Technology
ETC - Evacuated tube collectors
ETP - Effluent treatment plant
FP - Filter paper
FVU - Fruit and vegetable unit
GEDA - Gujarat Energy Development Agency
GoI - Government of India
HE - Heat exchanger
HPLC - High performance liquid chromatography
ICAR - Indian Council of Agricultural Research
IDBG - Inverted downdraft biomass gasification
kWp - kilo watt peak
LED - Light emitting diode
LPD - Litres per day
LPG - Liquefied petroleum gas
MNRE - Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
NABL - National Accreditation Board of Testing and Calibration Laboratories
NAIP - National Agricultural Innovation Project
OD - Outer diameter
OLR - Organic loading rate
PP - Polypropylene
PVC - Polyvinyl chloride
R & D - Research and development
RE - Renewable energy
RES - Renewable sources of energy for agricultural and agro based industries
rpm - Revolutions per minute
RRECL - Rajasthan Renewable Energy Corporation Limited
RT / HRT - Retention time / hydraulic retention time
SBC - Solar box type cooker
SPM - Suspended particulate matter
SPRERI - Sardar Patel Renewable Energy Research Institute
SPV / PV - Solar photovoltaic/photovoltaic
TDS - Total dissolved solids
TERI - The Energy and Resource Institute
TIDE - Technology Information Design Endeavour
TNAU - Tamil Nadu Agricultural University
TS / TSC - Total solids / total solids concentration
TSS - Total suspended solids
UV - Ultraviolet
VS
- Volatile solids
2
ORGANIZATION
Sardar Patel Renewable Energy Research
Institute (SPRERI) was established in 1979
at Vallabh Vidyanagar (Gujarat). It is an
autonomous and non-profit organization
managed by a Board comprising of leading
technologists,
scientists,
industrialists
and representatives of Central and State
Governments. Its mission is to develop
viable renewable energy technologies and
to promote their applications. SPRERI has
developed many RE devices and systems
which are now manufactured by selected
industries and supplied to the end users. The
major part of SPRERI’s operating funds is
received through projects sponsored by
central and state government organizations
and non-government organizations in
the Country.
Solar thermal and solar
photovoltaics; bio-conversion of biomass
and thermo-chemical conversion of biomass
are the three major fields of specialization
in SPRERI. Besides, promotion of RE
technologies is pursued through field
evaluation and demonstrations, training and
entrepreneurship development, awareness
programmes and integrated development of
selected tribal villages. English, Gujarati
and Hindi are the official languages. The
objectives of SPRERI are:
products, in the shortest possible time,
which meet customers requirements
in terms of quality, price, operational
ease, maintainability, etc.
 To provide comprehensive and costeffective RE solutions through projects
and consultancy services.
 To provide specialized training in RE
technologies to engineers and scientists
and guidance and facilities to research
students.
 To provide extension support to RE
programmes.
 To organize seminars, conferences and
business meets on different aspects of
RE programmes and technologies.
 To closely interact with other R&D
organizations, Institutes of Technology,
industrial organizations, etc. – both
national and international in the field
of renewable energy.
 To function as a centre of excellence in
design and development of RE devices
and systems.
 To promote wide-spread use of RE
systems for decentralized and grid
connected energy and power generation
and for environmental protection.
 To design and develop RE systems
with a view to bring out marketable
3
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Solar Energy
Solar refrigerator with ice bank
The refrigerator body, capable of storing
10 kg ice in annular space around the
evaporator compartment was fabricated
and tested under no-load condition.
However, the ice compartment was
found to have accommodated 26 l water
when filled to capacity. The temperature
of the water dropped from initial 31.1°C
to final –5.2°C in 64 h of compressor
operation. The ambient temperature
during the period varied from 23.2 to 38.7
°C. Besides, another refrigerator of 80 l
capacity was modified to use one of its
two storage compartments as ice chamber
by providing evaporation coil, which was
kept submerged in 10 l water filled in the
chamber. The water was converted into
ice in 40 h of the compressor operation.
Thereafter, the compressor operation
was switched off and temperature upto
5°C was maintained in the refrigerator
for three successive days.
It was found that a special electronic
controller, which works in a voltage
range of 10 to 45 V DC and is equipped
with soft start function to significantly
reduce the starting current, is available.
The controller will be able to operate the
Danfoss BD compressor (fitted with our
refrigerator) without requiring storage
battery(s). The controller was procured
and fitted with the modified refrigerator.
The refrigerator was tested with direct
PV panels of 150 Wp capacity without
4
storage battery(s). During 9:00 a.m. to
5:00 p.m., the compressor run time was
found varying between 2 to 3 hours only.
The temperature of the water dropped
to 0°C, but there was no ice formation.
The matter was taken up with M/s
Danfoss, Germany and they provided
a new controller unit. The refrigerator
fitted with the new controller unit was
tested with direct PV panels of 180
Wp capacity. Besides, the refrigerator
was equipped with an aluminium tray
containing the evaporator coil, which
was submerged in 4 l water filled in the
tray. Temperatures of the water and the
storage space and ambient temperatures
were measured at every 15 min interval.
The compressor operation started around
9:30 a.m. and continued uninterrupted upto
4:15 p.m. Around 3.25 kg of ice was found
formed in the tray by 4:15 p.m. Overnight
(upto 9:00 a.m. next morning), around 2.20
kg of ice melted and temperature inside the
storage compartment varied between 5 °C
to 8 °C. The next day by 4:15 p.m., all the
4 kg of water in the Al tray was converted
into ice. Further testing of the refrigerator
without battery is under progress.
Solar PV panel
180 Wp
Electronic controller
10 and 45 V DC
Circuit diagram to connect the PV module
to Electronic controller
T- type thermocouple
Ice container with
the evaporator coil
Top opening refrigerator having ice
container
Dual axis sun tracker
Performance evaluation of the imported
dual axis sun tracker equipped with
2.7 kWp SPV panels was continued to
cover both Winter and Summer season.
Systematic scrutiny of the work carried
out last year revealed an experimental
error in the measurement of power
output from SPV panels. The same was
rectified. Average results have been
summarized in following table. The
Month
April
May
November
December
Energy output per day, (kWh)
Tracking mode
Fixed mode
13.46
16.27
9.10
8.70
11.10
11.64
7.70
7.30
increase in power due to tracking was
computed as 28.5%, which is as per the
expectation.
Effect of dust deposition
performance of PV panels
on
A systematic investigation has been
undertaken to study effect of dust
deposition over the PV panels on
energy generation. Dust deposited over
sampling petty discs, each of 3.06 cm2
area, for known time duration is being
collected from four corners of the panel.
Average dust intensity was found varying
between 0.17–0.25 g/m2/d. Testing of the
tracker is being carried out by installing
a new solar charge controller along
with automatic data logging software to
measure the power output as function of
time duration. The average temperatures
of the solar panel surface that received
sun light and the surface underneath
and average wind speed for March 2012
were 54.57 °C, 53.08 °C and 11.32
m/s, respectively. Experiment is under
progress.
Testing of natural turbine roof
ventilator
“The Technotech – 21” natural turbine
powerless roof ventilation system, a
device meant to maintain air circulation
Duration of full
Increase due to
exposures of the PV
tracking, %
panels, h
21.25
8.0
28.45
10.0
18.18
4.0
19.17
4.0
inside the building with the help of natural
breeze, received from an industry, was
tested to estimate its air displacement
capacity for wind velocities ranging
from 4 km/h to 22 km/h. Its exhaust
capacity was found varying from 250 to
1100 m3/h. The testing was completed
5
and the test report has been provided to
the concerned party.
Testing of solar concentrating cooker
Domestic concentrating type solar
cooker received from M/s Taylormade
Solar Solutions Pvt. Ltd., Ahmedabad
was tested as per the MNRE test
Concentrating type solar cooker tested at
SPRERI
procedure. The stagnation temperature
at bottom of the hot plate, which
had been placed at focal point of the
concentrator, reached upto 295 °C.
Average heat loss coefficient and
average optical efficiency were worked
out as 11.17 W/m² °C and 44.1%,
respectively. However, it was felt
that the vessel holding and locking
mechanism of the cooker requires
improvement.
Waste
input
(t/d)
August
2.8
September
2.8
October
2.2
November
2.0
December
1.6
Month
* undiluted leachate
6
Leachate
extracted
(l/d)
1842*
11286
8652
7858
7358
Bio-Conversion
Performance monitoring of 10 t/d
biphasic system at FVU-Mother Dairy,
New Delhi
A biomethanation system was designed
and installed at Fruit and Vegetable
Unit of Mother Dairy at New Delhi
for treatment of the waste fruits and
vegetables. During the year, the system
was commissioned and initially 2 t of
waste was fed everyday. The leachate
was mixed with treated ETP water in
the ratio of 1:8 and fed into the methane
reactor. Gradually, the feeding was
increased to 3 t/d. The mixture was
concentrated by maintaining the ratio
of leachate to water as 1:4. Accordingly,
the biogas production increased and an
average 85-90 cum gas was recorded
per day. Average performance data
of the anaerobic reactor are given in
the following table. The FVU is in
the process of putting-up the system
required for use of the biogas in their
canteen as replacement of LPG. The
solid residues after extraction of the
leachate could be briquetted and used
as fuel in their boiler.
Influent
COD
pH
(mg/l)
5.71
3808
5.09
8502
4.99
7579
5.00
5833
5.00
5670
Effluent
COD
pH
(mg/l)
7.10
943
7.38
645
7.54
959
7.60 1109
8.00
931
COD
reduction
(%)
70
89
87
80
83
Biogas
yield,
(m3/d)
48
69
73
42
35
Development of high capacity digestedslurry dewatering machine
Based on the experience of the
preliminary trials conducted during
last year on the screw press, a couple
of changes were incorporated in the
machine and second set of test run was
performed. As mentioned earlier, a part
of the screw length was kept without
pitch in order to develop more pressure
at the discharge end. This was essential
to maintain the plug in-tact at the end
of a day’s operation, thus eliminating
the requirement for the plug formation
during the next cycle. Accordingly,
following two modifications were made:
i) Part of the screw at discharge end was
kept blind (Fig. a) and
ii) Perforated screen was used in place
of bar screen (Fig. b).
After incorporation of the changes, TSC
of the dewatered solids was found 44%
but throughput of the machine reduced
to 0.5 t/h. It was observed that during
forward motion of the screw, cattle
(b)
(a)
Blind screw press at end and perforated screen
Description of the setting
Bar screen, back pressure
fitting tightly
Perforated screen, part of the
screw without flight, back
pressure fitting tightly
Perforated screen, part of the
screw without flight, reduced
screw-screen distance, back
pressure fitting tightly
Total solids, %
Initial Solid
Liquid
slurry fraction fraction
2.88
33.09
2.87
5.89
32.11
4.17
3.22
44.02
2.88
3.01
42.51
2.77
5.46
36.94
3.86
Observations
High TS in solid
fraction
TS of liquid fraction increased
Complete choking of
screen, hence no
filtration
Continuous filtering,
screen found clean after
completion of the trials
Higher TS of inlet slurry,
the TS in all fractions found
satisfactory
7
dung slurry kept escaping towards the
feeding end through the gap between
the screw and the screen. This decreased
the performance and the throughput
of the machine. The gap between the
screw and the screen was reduced by
fixing a rubber gasket all along the
screw profile and test run was taken.
Incorporation of this modification
resulted in production of dewatered
solids with 42% TSC (initial slurry TSC
of 3%) and the throughput increased to
0.8 t/h. Each modification resulted in
change the overall performance of the
machine. Effect of each modification in
the machine on performance has been
summarised in the following table.
Parameter
Study on use of different packing
media in SPRERI anaerobic filter
system
Some critical characteristics of the media
used are given in following table.
Two brick masonry anaerobic filter
reactors had been constructed and
commissioned using one packing
media each. After completing one
set of experiments, the reactors were
recommissioned with the other two filter
media. All the packing media showed
very good buffering capacities. The pH
of the influent was acidic owing to the
inherent characteristic of cheese whey,
but the outlet pH was near neutral in
each case. No operational problems were
Description
of the media
1
Poly
propylene
bio tower
packing
Effective
volume (l)
3230
3460
2135
1990
2945
2725
diameter
184,
height 50
modules of
1200 x 600
x 600
25
25
25 x 25
30-40
30
50
100
660
90
850
100
105
210
255
210
NA
NA
> 97
90
73
89
55
Size (mm)
Bulk density
(kg/m3)
Surfacevolume ratio
Void space
(%)
2
3
4
5
6
PVC
structured
Poly
propylene
saddles
Ceramic
saddles
Poly
propylene
bioring
Brickbats
Throughout the experiments, the power
consumption of the machine was found
within 5 kW including high starting
torque.
8
encountered with any of the synthetic
media. Both types of saddles gave very
good performance as far as COD removal
efficiency and biogas yield were concerned.
Effluent OLR
per day (kg/
(l)
m3/d)
Media
Bio
tower
Structured
PP saddles
Ceramic saddles
PVC
bio rings
Brickbats
Avg. COD
(mg/l)
In
COD
removed
Out
(%)
Biogas production
m3/kg
Avg.
COD
per day
fed
m3/kg
COD
removed
646
1.00
5010
1403
71.98
0.95
0.29
0.41
692
427
398
1.00
1.67
1.67
5002
8374
8373
1363
1121
1054
72.74
86.61
87.41
1.24
1.93
1.74
0.36
0.54
0.52
0.49
0.62
0.60
590
2.57
12833 2833
77.92
4.61
0.61
0.78
545
2.57
12833 5100
60.26
3.05
0.44
0.72
Cost of treatment
Rs/kg
Rs/m3
COD
biogas yield
removed
857
8675
945
8100
Packing
media
Density
(kg/m3)
Cost
(Rs/m3)
COD
removal
(%)
Bio tower
Structured
Ceramic
saddles
PP Saddles
Bio ring
Brickbats
30
50
4500
3500
77.92
78.62
Biogas yield
(m3/kg
COD
removed)
0.33
0.42
660
15000
87.41
0.60
3275
15963
100
90
850
16000
12600
3900
86.61
77.92
60.26
0.62
0.78
0.72
3286
1358
590
16416
10274
3445
However, among the two, PP saddles were
found slightly better. Financial appraisal
for various options was worked out.
Keeping the performance as well as the
cost in view, structured media seems
to be a better option. A summary of
performance of all the six packing media
evaluated for 5 day retention time and
their cost economics is given below :
Techno-economic analysis of field
scale, water scrubbing based biogasbottling plants
A questionnaire was prepared to collect
technical and financial data for a few
Location of the system Biogas plant Capacity Application Methane content
capacity
utilization of upgraded
of the gas (%)
3
(m /d)
(%)
gas
raw
cleaned
Gau Sewa Sangh,
170
15
Auto-rickshaw
61
75
Durgapura, Jaipur
P.P.Madhav Govigyan
Anusandhan Sansthaan,
110
60
Auto-rickshaw
60
81
Bhilwara
Gau Samvardhan and
Gopalan Trust, Bakrol,
420
100
Kitchen
63
93
Vadodara
9
selected water scrubbing based biogas
bottling systems set-up in the country. Four
locations were identified where such
systems were reported to be in operation
– one each installed at Jaipur, Bhilwara,
Vadodara and Ghaziabad. All the water
scrubbing based biogas bottling plants
were visited and data on operation of the
systems were collected and are shown in
the table below. Samples of raw biogas
and cleaned biogas were also collected
and analyzed at the Institute. Information
for total energy consumption in operating
the system was also collected. The system
installed at Shri Krishna Gaushala,
Ghaziabad was, however, reported to be
non-operational for the last few months.
Developing an integrated process
technology for conversion of crop
residues into ethanol and methane for
use as transport fuel
Work was carried out on pre-treatment
of CR, isolation and optimization of
cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic fungi,
fungal strain improvement for maximum
enzyme production, fermentation studies
using hexose and pentose utilizing yeast
strains and conversion of the solids left
behind after hydrolysis into methane rich
biogas and manure.
For pre-treatment, various parameters
like physical (size optimization), alkali
and acid were optimized keeping in
mind the efficiency of the method in
terms of recovery of the material after
treatment and sugars released. Cellulases
concentrated
by
Ultra-filtration/
Rota evaporation are being used for
10
optimization of saccharification at higher
solid loads (upto 25%).
Routinely
concentrated sugar syrups in the range
of 150-200 mg/ml were obtained using
25% (0.5 % NaOH treated rice straw)
substrate. The sugar syrup obtained
as a result of saccharification was a
mixture of both pentose and hexose
sugars, thus making their fermentation
a challenging task. The hydrolysate
was sterilized by autoclaving and was
inoculated with 10% v/v seed culture of
S.cerevisiae 3570 for 12 h. Incubation
was carried out in a stoppered flask at
28±2 oC without agitation. Samples
(1 ml) were withdrawn at regular
intervals and centrifuged for 10 min at
4 oC and 15,000 rpm. The supernatant
was filtered using 0.45 µ filters and
analyzed using high performance liquid
chromatography (Shimadzu Kyoto,
Japan) for carbohydrates and ethanol.
Fermentation of cellulosic hydrolysate
(100 g/l) using S.cerevisae gave
maximum ethanol (22.04 g/l) after 36 h.
Work is being carried out on feasibility of
using pentose fermenting yeast to utilize
the xylose fraction of the hydrolysate.
Fermentation trials were also conducted
using both acid and enzymatic
hydrolysates of rice straw using P.
stipits, C. shehatae and S.cerevisiae,
separately.
The
hemicellulosic
hydrolysate containing 14.65 g/l sugars
was fermented with P. stipitis and C.
shehatae and the ethanol produced were
5.0 g/l and 4.2 g/l after 36 h, respectively.
The cellulosic hydrolysate was fermented
with S.cerevisae and a maximum ethanol
yield of 27.09 g/l was obtained after 36 h.
Biomethanation studies on liquid waste
generated during pretreatment process
To harness full potential of the CR, it
was decided to study biomethanation
up flow anaerobic sludge blanket and
stationary fixed film reactor, were
fabricated and commissioned to study
biomethanation potential of the effluent
produced during delignification of
the substrate. Schematic diagram and
pictorial view of these reactors with
Schematic and photograph of the anaerobic reactors
Parameter
Type of media
Total volume of reactor (l)
Effective volume of reactor (l)
Voidage (%)
Surface volume ratio
Reactor A
polypropylene saddles
27.1
26.5
93
210
Reactor B
ceramic saddles
25.9
24.1
71
255
potential of the solid and liquid wastes generated during the process of ethanol
production. Two laboratory scale hybrid anaerobic reactors, each combination of
Parameters
Initial pH
COD (mg/l)
Total solids (%)
Total volatile solids (%)
Total dissolved solids (%)
Total suspended solids (%)
Phenols (mg/l)
Packing
media
HRT
(d)
PP
saddles
Ceramic
saddles
15
10
15
10
Effluent
fed
( l/d)
1.6
2.5
1.6
2.5
Values
7.2
5276
1.46
40
0.9
0.7
790
Avg. COD
(mg/l)
In
Out
5380 2056
5172 2305
5380 2172
5172 2280
necessary pipe & fittings, pump and gas
flow meters are given below:
The effluent generated in NaOH
pretreatment process was analyzed
for various physical and chemical
parameters and these values are given in
the following table:
COD
removed
(%)
61.78
55.43
59.62
55.91
Avg. biogas yield in l per
day
4.21
5.46
4.10
5.58
g CODfed g CODremoved
0.49
0.42
0.48
0.43
0.79
0.76
0.79
0.77
11
COD of the effluent was found favorable
for anaerobic digestion. However, low
VS associated with phenols presented
potential threat to the biogas generation.
After
culture
development
and
acclimatization, both the reactors were
commissioned at 15 d retention time.
Influent and effluent from the reactors
were analyzed regularly for pH and COD
and the biogas production was monitored
daily. The retention time was changed to
the next lower value after steady state
operation was achieved. Data have been
collected for two HRTs and are presented.
Further optimization is under progress.
Traditional mutagenesis for strain
improvement
Owing to higher enzymatic activity, the
strain that grows at 45 °C was used for
strain improvement using both UV and
chemical mutagenesis. A screening plate
for mutant selection was developed inhouse which is now routinely used in
the laboratory. The screening plate was
modified to incorporate end product
inhibition based selection.
Betaglucosidase activity was targeted first since
our culture has good Beta-concentration
and accumulation of cellobiose has been
shown to be one of the rate limiting steps
in the saccharification process. Various
combinations of screening plates have
been listed below:
- 20% Walseth + Sorbose + Glucose (1%)
- 20% Walseth + Sorbose + Glucose (2%)
- 20% Walseth + Sorbose+ Glycerol (2%)
- 20% Walseth + Sorbose +Glycerol (3%)
- 30% Walseth + Sorbose + Glucose (2%)
12
- 40% Walseth + Sorbose + Glucose (2%)
-30% Walseth + Sorbose + Glycerol (3%)
- 40% Walseth + Sorbose +Glycerol (3%)
A mutational scheme was worked out
based on the growth rate and UV response
of the culture. Given that the stability
of any mutant, which is generated, has
always been an issue in the field of fungal
mutagenesis, we have placed strong
emphasis on this aspect. After every step
of mutagenesis the selected strains were
tested on plate for the same colony to zone
ratio by repeated sub-culturing. Once the
stability of the strain was established it was
taken for the next round of mutagenesis.
The pictorial representation of the method
is shown in Figure.
A
B
C
D
A representative schematic of the steps
followed for screening of stable mutants
(A) Colonies after initial enrichment on
2DG (B) Sectored colonies on plate for
stability screening (C) single colony of
mutant on walseth cellulose containing plate
(D) Mutants on slants along with control on
extreme left
Strain
Control
1.8
9
5.14.2
5.15.4
5.15.8
Endo-glucanase
U/mg
3.56
4.03
7.30
3.96
3.46
3.92
Fold increase
NA
0.13
2.05
0.11
0.11
Beta-glucosidase
U/mg
0.89
1.44
1.02
3.25
4.96
2.82
The mutants were tested for their activity by
studying their enzyme production on rice
straw as compared to control. Given that
the media for enzyme production has been
optimized for control, the specific activity
of cellulases was considered to check for
positive mutagenesis. This step was carried
out continuously with sequential passage of
mutants to make sure their ability to produce
the enzymes at the same concentration.
Few of the selected mutants which are
under media optimization are listed in the
following table.
Development of an anaerobic culture by
in vivo and in vitro supplementation of
micronutrients for enhancing solid-state
biomethanation of lignocellulosic wastes
The laboratory models for assessment
Parameters
Concentration (mg/ml)
Biogas production (l)
kg material
kgTS
Methane in biogas (%)
Concentration (mg/ml)
Biogas production (l)
kg material
kgTS
Methane in biogas (%)
Cobalt
FeCl3
Fold increase
NA
0.61
0.14
2.65
4.57
2.16
FP- activity
U/mg
0.19
0.31
0.29
0.28
0.42
0.31
Fold increase
NA
0.63
0.52
0.47
2.21
0.63
of the biogas production from the
rice straw were set-up at mesophillic
and thermophilic temperatures by
incorporating micronutrients viz. Fe,
Co, Ni, Mo and Zn for enhancing biogas
production. Rice straw and culture
were analyzed for physico-chemical
characteristics using standard methods.
One liter BOROSIL glass containers,
each sealed with a rubber stopper, were
used as fermenter. Castor cake was
used to supplement organic nitrogen
source for maintaining the C/N ratio.
All treatments were set-up in duplicate
and average values have been reported.
A fermenter with culture alone (control)
was also set-up and gas produced from
the culture was deducted from the gas
Nickel
Zinc Molybdenum
Thermophilic temperature, RT 25 d
20
30
30
4
Cupric
nitrate
0.04
4
310
270
261
252
333
290
280
270
65±2
64±2
64±2
62±2
Mesophilic temperature, RT 40 d
20
30
10
8
260
279
64±2
213
229
64±2
0.1
8
130
140
63±2
156
168
62±2
128
137
60±2
145
156
63±2
184
198
62±2
134
144
60±2
13
generated from each treatment to arrive
at the net gas production.
Results
for
thermophilic
and
mesophilic conditions are given in the
following tables. For thermophillic
temperature, cobalt (20 mg/l) enhanced
biomethanation process followed by
FeCl3 (30 mg/l), nickel (30 mg/l) and
molybdenum (0.04 mg/l).
Control
with out micronutrients produced
210 l/kg TS of biogas after 25 days of
incubation period. Under mesophilic
temperature, nickel (10 mg/l) enhanced
biomethanation process followed by
molybdenum (0.10 mg/l) and FeCl3 (30
mg/l). The yield was found to be lower
with other micronutrients compared to
the control. Control produced around
143 l/kg TS of biogas after 40 days of
incubation period. Verification of the
optimized nutritional parameters in
bench scale reactors is being taken up.
Development of technology for detoxification of Jatropha de-oiled cake
and production of fuel gas
Jatropha seed cake was produced by
mechanical expulsion and the same was
used for developing extraction protocols for
Curcin, phorbol esters, saponins, tannins and
phytates. The levels of these toxic compounds
in the seed and seed cake are now being
worked out. Optimization for purification
of Curcin is being pursued currently.
HPLC method for phorbol esters have been
tested and are now being attempted for test
samples.
Simultaneously, protocols for
solvent extraction of oil from the seed cake
are being developed. Preliminary analysis
indicated that the mechanically expelled
14
oilcake was found to contain 94% TS and
92.5% VS. Based on the data obtained,
bench scale studies have been initiated at
10% and 15% TSC to determine potential of
biogas from Jatropha oilcake. Two daily fed
type bench reactors comprised of a digester
(effective volume 30 l each), gasholder
and inlet and outlet assembly were used.
The inlet has been provided near bottom
of the digester and slurry outlet near top of
the digester. The gasholder moved up and
down on a central guide pipe in the digester.
The accumulated gas flowed through a gas
outlet pipe provided on top of the gas holder.
Quantity of gas produced was recorded
every day using a gas flow meter. For initial
culture development, fresh cow dung slurry
was charged in both the reactors. When
gas production from culture reached steady
state, feeding of Jatropha oilcake slurry was
initiated and reactors were operated for 10%
and 15% TSC. Results of biogas generation
for both the reactors for retention time of 40
days at mesophilic temperature during the
month of December 2011 to April 2012 are
given in the following table. The biogas
Parameter
Daily Jatropha oilcake
fed (g)
Daily water fed (ml)
Biogas production
• l/day
• l/kg TS
• l/l reactor volume
Methane in biogas (%)
Total solid
concentration
(%)
10
15
72
102
590
560
24.6
362
0.82
29.1
287
0.90
62±2
64±2
yield for 10% TSC was found higher than gas
yield for 15% TSC. However, biogas yield
per unit digester volume was more for 15%
TSC than of biogas produced for 10% TSC.
Performance monitoring is in progress.
Screening and improving biomass
production and lipid accumulation
of microalgae from estuary region
(Khambhat, Gujarat)
A state of the art growth room for
algae cultivation has been developed
and necessary modifications are being
continuously incorporated to meet our
requirements. Information on various
forms of micro-algae available and their
identification parameters was collected.
Samples from various estuarine regions
were collected on seasonal basis. These
were then enriched, screened for various
micro-algal forms and have been listed in
following table. Protocols for extraction
and quantification of lipids were
Season of sampling
Sampling site
Soil samples
Water samples
Season of sampling
Sampling site
Water sample
Soil samples
Sampling site
Water sample
Soil sample
Sampling site
Water samples
Soil samples
developed keeping in mind the objective
of identifying good lipid accumulating
micro-algae with a capacity to generate
good amount of biomass over short time
span. Various combinations of media are
being tested to enrich the samples for
algae. The samples were then kept either
in static conditions or under continuous
shaking for enrichment. The enrichments
were routinely screened by various
methods like serial dilution, spread plate
method and micro-manipulation. The
separated colonies were transferred on
to a slant and re-isolated. This process
was repeated till a microscopically pure
colony form was obtained, which was
then transferred to an individual flask
Post monsoon
Bhavnagar, Gujarat
Bhogavo river bank (greenish in color)
500 meters away from bhogavo river bank (dark green in color)
Beyond bhogavo river (brownish in color)
Beyond bhogavo river (marshy land, green in color)
Bhogavo puddle (greenish in color)
Bhogavo puddle (greenish in color)
Bhogavo river bank (green in color)
Beyond bhogavo river (marshy land, green in color)
Beyond bhogavo river (dark green in color)
Pre winter
Narmada river estuary region (Bhadbhoot)
(Green in color)
Below the ship basement (green in color)
Ship surface (green in color)
Narmada river bank (brown color soil sample)
Narmada river bank (green in color)
Tapi river estuary region (Lavachha, Dahej)
(Dark green in color)
Tapi river (green in color)
Tapi river puddle (brown in color)
Tapi river bank (dark green in color)
Purna river estuary region (Navsari)
(All were green in color)
Purna river bank (green in color)
Purna river bank (dark green in color)
Purna river bank (mixed soil sample)
15
and grown under shaking conditions for good biomass generation. The culture was
repeatedly sub-cultured and checked for purity. Currently the cultures have been
maintained in the growth room at cycle of 12 h light and 12 h dark with minimum
or no shaking. A sample pictorial from few of the established enrichments has been
shown in the figure. Isolation of individual algal strains from the enriched samples is
under progress.
Microscopic view of various enrichments set-up for samples collected from different estuaries
Thermo-Chemical Conversion
Fast pyrolysis of selected biomass to
obtain liquid fuel
An automated fixed bed vacuum
pyrolysis system of 1 kg biomass per
hour capacity was designed and is under
fabrication (see figure). The working
system is likely to be ready by May
2012. The system will have an interface
with software for controlling the reactor
temperature, biomass feeding, and char
removal, and will also work as a data
recorder. The designs of other assemblies
like cyclone, condensers, filter, blower
and burners were finalized and related
procurement/fabrication is also under
progress.
16
Automated vacuum pyrolysis system of 1 kg/h
capacity under fabrication
Technology for treatment of wastewater
from biomass gasification system for
power generation
The project aims to reduce COD,
ammonical and turbidity values of the
effluent from producer gas wet scrubbing
unit to meet CPCB norms for reuse
and subsequent safe disposal. Selected
physico-chemical properties of the raw
wastewater were determined and average
values are given in the following table.
was found for the iron electrode. Further
experimental trials with iron electrode
were performed on mixed wastewater for
residence time of 10, 20 and 30 min with
current supply of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 A.
The COD reductions achieved are shown
in the following figure. The amount of
sludge generation was measured and
found varying between 0.5 and 1% of the
total volume. In order to further reduce
the COD value, testing with addition of
Sr.
Parameter
Mixed wastewater Upper tarry
CPCB
No.
sample
layer sample
norms
1
COD (mg/l)
1750
3200
< 250
2
Ammonical content (NH3) (mg/l)
130
420
< 50
Phenolic content (mg/l)
3
*BDL
*BDL
<5
4
pH
8.3
8.3
< 9.0
5
TSS (mg/l)
169
210
< 50
6
TDS (mg/l)
1510
< 2100
*Below detection limit of the available facility (i.e. less than 10 mg/l – photometric method)
A new AC/DC supply panel has been
purchased which gives refined quality
of DC output and has the provision of
regulating the ampere supply within
narrow ranges for constant voltage. The
trials were conducted using the new panel
(see following figure) and highest COD
COD reduction at different ampere values
oxidizing agents like hydrogen peroxide
is under progress.
Experimental set-up with new
AC to DC supply panel
Besides, a bench scale experiment has also
been initiated to study anaerobic treatment of
the waste-water and upper tarry layer sludge
in 1 liter capacity batch type reactors. The
waste-water and distilled water have been
used, separately, to dilute cow dung in 1:5
ratios. Gas yield and composition are being
monitored.
17
Comparative evaluation of improved
biomass cook stoves for their suitability in
tribal region of Gujarat
Comparative evaluation of improved
biomass cook stoves of six selected
designs carried out last year revealed
that SPRERI cook stoves for domestic
and dhaba applications had much higher
thermal efficiencies and lower CO/CO2
ratio. Further evaluation of IDBG
domestic cook stove was carried out
and it was found that the CO/CO2 ratio
initially increased upto 0.04 and then
reduced to less than 0.02 (refer the
graph). The outer surface temperature
of the stove was, however, found
very high, upto 120 oC as against the
recommended value of upto 60 °C.
Therefore, a protective GI wire net was
provided all along the outer surface of
the stove and the surface temperature
of the wire net was found below 60
o
C. Evaluation of that stove at selected
user’s sites revealed that:
• Women, cooking food, always kept
her head stretched upward, putting
undue strain on her neck. Its height
need to be reduced suitably.
• The insulate-7 was prone to abrasion
and needed to be replaced by more
stable insulation material.
Keeping the above in view, a new model
of the stove was developed. The height
of the stove was reduced to 330 mm as
against 480 mm in the original design
and a ceramic lining was provided in
place of insulate-7 for insulation. The
SPRERI cook stove of the revised
18
CO/ CO2 ratio for IDBG cook stove
Low-height cook stove with protection net
and ceramic lining (Model 2.2)
design (see photograph) was provided
to 200 tribal families in five villages of
Dahod and Vadodara districts. Three
different models of the SPRERI cook
stoves i.e. IDBG domestic, IDBG
dhaba (both provided with insulate-7)
and low height SPRERI cook stove
provided with ceramic lining have
been submitted to Sardar Swaran
Singh National Institute of Renewable
Energy, Kapurthala for testing. As per
the interim report, their heat utilization
efficiency values are 32.8%, 33.4% and
27.1%, respectively.
Modifications in open core down draft
gasifier to reduce emissions from top
of the reactor
To overcome the chimney effect,
preliminary experiments were carried
out last year by putting-up a converging
cone of 1/8th, 1/12th and 1/16th area of the
gasifier reactor. To maintain the desired
gas flow rate for high pressure-drop
conditions, a higher capacity blower (400
m3/h, 800 mm WG pressure) was used
and testing was carried out using good
quality briquettes of 55 to 60 mm OD and
30-60 mm length as fuel. The emissions
were found reduced significantly with
reducing top cover opening area. The
temperatures in the oxidation zone and
the gas at the outlet were found slightly
increased. The opening of 1/16th area was
observed to be the best for operation of the
gasifier with 55-60 mm OD briquettes.
The gasifier equipped with a converging
cone of 1/16th area and high pressure
drop blower was working satisfactorily.
However, the converging cone was used
only when gases were found emitting
from top of the gasifier due to excessive
bridging of the fuel (normally 45-60
minutes after start of operation). Detailed
investigation on long duration operation
of around 8 h with converging cone and
its effect on oxidation zone and gas outlet
temperatures is under progress.
for deposition of aerosol particles of
measured sizes under controlled conditions
in laboratory scale experimental set-up.
Models developed by Francisco J. Romay
(1997), Talbot et.al. (1980) and Batchelor
& Shen (1985) were selected for prediction
of thermophoretic deposition of particles
present in the producer gas stream. The
thermophoretic deposition efficiencies were
calculated for the producer gas temperatures
varying between 250 to 500 oC and maximum
deposition efficiency was found for 500 oC
gas temperature. All data for the gas and
cooling water properties were obtained using
the HTRI software available with Parul
Institute of Technology, Vadodara. It has been
reported that experimental thermophoretic
deposition efficiency may be 1.5-2.5 times
of the calculated efficiency due to presence
of phenomena other than thermophoresis
(i.e. turbulent eddy deposition etc.), which
result in deposition of the particles. To
validate the selected mathematical models
for use with the producer gas, an available
double pipe heat exchanger was used for
experimentation. Cold water at 20 oC was
circulated through the outer jacket and the
hot producer gas was allowed to pass through
the inner pipe and deposition of tar and SPM
Thermophoretic deposition of SPM
and tar for cooling and cleaning of
producer gas
A detailed study of the literature available on
thermophoresis was carried out. Most of the
available theoretical models were developed
Over all predicted and actual thermophoretic
deposition efficiencies at various inlet
temperatures of the gas
19
Effect of length of HE on predicted values
was measured. The heat exchanger was
installed just after the cyclone separator in
SPRERI design 50 kg/h capacity open core
down draft gasifier. The tar and SPM data for
entire gas temperature range were measured
for the gas flow rate of 125 Nm3/h using field
type tar and SPM sampler of IIT Bombay
design. The experimental values of particle
deposition efficiency were computed and
found varying in the range of 12-30 % which
matches with the values already reported for
aerosol particle deposition.
The calculated gas cleaning efficiency
or thermophoretic deposition efficiency
was found in the range of 6.75-15.9
% for the gas inlet temperature
varying between 250 to 500 oC. The
experimentally computed efficiency
values were found 1.62-1.86 times
of the calculated value. The overall
values of deposition efficiencies by
phenomena other than thermophoresis
were estimated and were found varying
in the range of 5.7-16.2 %. The present
study was carried out with an open
core downdraft gasifier. However, the
same procedure may be adopted for
estimation of producer gas cleaning
potential by thermophoretic deposition
for other gasifiers also. For the present
20
experimental set-up, length of the heat
exchanger for optimum thermophoretic
deposition efficiency was estimated
to be 6 m (for gas temperature 350
o
C). No significant improvement was
found in the thermophoretic deposition
efficiency beyond 6 m length (for
present case). The methodology may
be useful to estimate the maximum
possible cleaning of the gas by
thermophoresis and to determine the
length of particular heat exchanger for
optimum thermophoretic deposition
efficiency for any kind of raw producer
gas at any temperature.
Value chain on biomass based decentralized
power generation for agro enterprises
(NAIP-ICAR)
All the components of the gas cooling and
cleaning (C&C) assembly of Unit-II (for
CIAE centre) were tested by retrofitting
with 100 kWe capacity biomass
gasification based power generation
system of the first Unit-I at SPRERI
and a working demonstration with all
components installed was carried out
in presence of Shri. Anil Kumar Dubey,
Principal Investigator, on 13th Sep. 2011.
The performance of the system was found
satisfactory and all sub-assemblies of the
unit-II were shifted to the project site of
CIAE, Bhopal. The box type organic
filter designed for permissible superficial
velocity was tested extensively and found
satisfactory in long duration trials. That
box type organic filter was sent to CIAE,
Bhopal. For the present, the gasification
system at SPRERI has been equipped
with two units of the original organic
Main burner
Cold
cyclone
Char coal filter
Fabric filter
Organic
filter 1
Main
blower
Twin spray
towers
Wood saving
filter
Organic
filter 2
100KWe producer
gen.set
Schematic of the modified gas cooling and cleaning assembly
filters in parallel. This has brought down
the gas velocity within the permissible
superficial velocity value. Schematic of
the modified C&C assembly is shown in
figure below.
During sixth Consortium advisory
committee meeting of the project held
in the month of January 2012, the
Chairperson suggested carrying out
testing of the gasifier using 55 mm
diameter briquettes prepared with cotton
stalk + pigeon pea stalk (1:1). The center
had earlier reported better performance
with briquettes of 40 mm diameter
briquettes of cotton stalk and pigeon
pea stalk. The required briquettes were
prepared in adequate quantity. A few
more refinements are being made in
the gas C&C system and testing will be
resumed shortly.
21
REGIONAL TEST CENTRE
Regional Test Centre for solar thermal
devices is supported by MNRE, New
Delhi, GoI and approved by the Bureau
of Indian Standards (BIS). During the
period, process of NABL accreditation
was pursued vigorously. The quality
manual was revised by incorporating
comments of the lead assessor. All
the instruments used for testing were
got calibrated from NABL accredited
laboratories.
Thereafter, Prof. R.L.
Sawhney, Lead Assessor visited SPRERI
and completed pre-assessment of our
laboratory on 19th November 2011.
Three non-conformities, observed during
pre-assessment, were closed by taking
Devices
Solar flat plate collector
• Through BIS
• Direct from manufacturer
Solar hot water systems
• Flat plate collector based
• ETC based
Solar concentrating cooker
Solar box cooker
• Through BIS
• Direct from manufacturer
Total
by them and posted on MNRE website.
Renewal audit under BIS Laboratory
Recognition Scheme was carried out by
Shri. K. Sudhakar Rao, Scientist-E &
Head, (NROL), Mohali on 16th and 17th
January 2012. Two non-conformities
were observed during the renewal audit,
and the same were closed by taking
necessary action and submitting the
required documents.
Information on solar thermal devices
received for testing and the devices for
which testing was completed during
the year 2011-12 is summarized in the
following table :
Received for
testing(Units)
Testing completed
(Units)*
8
7
5
5
0
34
1
0
24
1
2
1
53
2
0
37
* includes a few devices which had been received during the last year.
necessary action and the final audit has
been scheduled for June 9-10, 2012.
In keeping with the instructions received
from MNRE, a committee consisting
of representatives of our test centre and
GEDA/RRECL initiated inspection of
manufacturers of ETC based solar hot
water systems in Gujarat and Rajasthan
States to verify the information provided
22
The Test Centre also provided technical
back-up to industries in maintaining
quality standards in manufacturing of solar
thermal devices. Besides, four low carbon
content plain glass samples were also
received for testing. Their testing was
completed and the test reports sent to the
concerned parties.
TRAINING AND AWARENESS CREATION
Open House
Training Programme
An Open House was organized at
SPRERI on January 6-7, 2012 to create
awareness of RE technologies primarily
among students of science, engineering
and other disciplines of various schools
and colleges spread all over Gujarat. Dr.
Basudeb Bakshi, Principal, N V Patel
College of Pure and Applied Sciences,
Vallabh Vidyanagar inaugurated the
Open House. Dr. Bakshi and Dr. Shyam,
Director, SPRERI advised the students
to have intensive interaction with the
scientists and technical staff of SPRERI
and representatives of the manufacturers
and to develop understanding of various
RE technologies on display. Around
350 students from different schools
and colleges along with their teachers
and professors participated in the
inauguration function. Some stalls were
put up by school students to display
their innovative ideas in the form of
actual working prototypes/models. In all,
around 2000 participants visited SPRERI
during the event. Sceintists and technical
personnel of SPRERI explained various
RE technologies and gadgets to the
visitors (photographs on cover page)
Besides SPRERI, M/s Steelhacks
Industries, M/s Sun Energy Systems, M/s
Redsun Solar Industries, M/s Sunfree
Heat Industries, M/s 2N Solar and M/s
Taylor- made Solar Solutions displayed
their renewable energy gadgets in the
Open House.
A training - cum - demonstration
programme of RE devices was
organized on 23rd May, 2011 at village
Thakar Faliya, district Dahod, in
association with Jivan Jyot Sarwajnik
Vikas Trust, Dahod. Large number
of villagers participated in the
programme. A training programme
was organized at SPRERI on March
28, 2012 on “Testing of Solar Box
type Cooker as per BIS Standard
(IS 13429:2000)”. Ten participants
from academic institutions and SBC
manufacturing industries participated
in the training programme. Er. Farha
Tinwala, made a detailed presentation
on SBC testing procedure according to
BIS standards. In the afternoon session,
all the participants were associated
with actual field testing of SBCs under
the technical guidance of Mrs. H.N.
Mistry. The participants also interacted
with the SBC manufacturers to gain
information about the materials used
and methods adopted in manufacturing
of the cookers.
Practical session on testing of SBC
23
Post-graduate dissertations
During the year, four students, as per details given below, completed their M.Tech
dissertation at SPRERI. Besides, two M.Sc students from Jaipur National University,
Jaipur joined the Bioconversion Technology division and continued pursuing their
dissertation work.
Sr.
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
24
Name of the
Institute/
student/degree
university
Kataria Mahendra.B B.V.M Engg.
(M.Tech)
College,
VV Nagar
Boricha Nitin
Junagadh
Govindbhai
Agricultural
(M.Tech)
University,
Junagadh
Samir Vahora
Nirma Institute
(M.Tech)
of Technology,
Ahmedabad
Jignesh Makwana
(M.Tech)
Jitendra Singh
Jaipur National
Sangawat
University, Jaipur
(M.Sc)
Rakesh Patidar
(M.Sc)
Topic
Design of a screw press for dewatering
of cattle dung slurry
Performance, monitoring and evaluation
of field scale biomethanation system for
fruit and vegetable wastes
Comparative study of two packing
media for anaerobic filter reactor for the
treatment of cheese whey
Experimental studies on SPRERI design
fluidized bed gasifier
Use of traditional mutagenesis for
generation of hypercellulolytic mutants
and optimization of enzyme production
by solid state fermentation
Effect of various pretreatment methods
on the fermentation efficiency of the
yeast
DEMONOSTRATIONS AND TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
Renewable energy demonstrations
explained to the participants.
SPRERI demonstrated IDBG cook stove,
box type solar cooker and solar lanterns
in a RE awareness programme organized
by B & B Polytechnic College, Vallabh
Vidyanagar at Thamana village under
Umreth taluka district Anand on 19th
April, 2011. Large number of villagers,
including women participated in the
demonstration. The methods of use and
benefits of the RE gadgets were explained
to the participants.
Village Simal Faliya, Chhotaudepur
taluka, district Vadodara in association
with a local NGO, Don Basco Tech,
Lok Seva Kendra
Demonstration of solar cooker at Thamana
village (Anand)
Large number of villagers participated
in demonstrations of improved biomass
cook stove, solar lanterns and box type
solar cookers held as per the details
given below. Salient features, method of
operation and merits of the gadgets were
RE Gadgets being demonstrated at Simal
Faliya village
Villages Dageria (Zalod taluka) and
Chedia (Limkheda taluka) district Dahod
Forced circulation solar cabinet dryer
Packed bed type solar air heaters based
solar drying systems were installed
at M/s Vitagreen Products Pvt. Ltd.,
Rajkot (50 m²) and Dr. Panjabrao
Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Krish
Nagar, Akola (72 m²). During the
year, both the systems were provided
with necessary instrumentation for
collecting performance data under no
load and load conditions. It was found
that air temperature gain during no
load condition varied from 20 to 41 °C
at PDKV, Akola. During the tests, solar
radiation on the plane of solar collector
surface varied from 200 to 560 W/m2
and ambient temperature varied from
31 to 36 °C. The system was handed
over to the University.
The continuous dryer with the conveyor
belt system designed and developed by
the M/s Vitagreen Pvt. Ltd., was found
not in working condition. As such no
load tests were performed on 3rd and
4th June 2011. The result showed that
maximum air temperature gain was
31.1 °C and temperature gain during no
load condition varied from 8.0 to 31.1
25
°C. During these tests, solar radiation
on the plane of solar collector surface
varied from 235 to 840 W/m2 and
ambient temperature varied from 33 to
43.4 °C.
Demonstration biogas plants of solid-state
Deenbandhu design
The Gujarat Agro Industries Corporation
Ltd. had provided funds for setting-up
family-size demonstration biogas plants
of the new solid-state Deenbandhu
design (from ICAR) at selected farmers’
sites in Anand and adjourning districts of
Gujarat in cost sharing mode. During the
Bharuch, Kheda and Vadodara districts of
Gujarat as per details given in following
table. All plants were found working
satisfactorily and the beneficiaries were
satisfied with the quality of construction,
quantity and quality of the gas produced
and overall performance of their plants.
The farmers reportedly fed 50-70%
less water than the plants of common
designs. The Methane content in the
biogas samples collected from a few
farmers’ sites was found around 61%.
The gas at all the sites, except one, is
being used for thermal applications
Biogas plants constructed at Nisaraya and Davol villages
District-wise solid-state Deenbandhu biogas plants set-up and their average performance
District/Parameter
No. of plants of different capacities
3 m3
4 m3
6 m3
Total
5
1
2
12
---2
--1
1
2
--6
7
1
3
21
25 (5 – 75)
22 (22)
28 (10 – 60)*
Anand
Bharuch
Kheda
Vadodara
Total
Avg. cattle, Nos.
2 m3
4
2
-4
10
7 (4 – 14)
Avg. family members, Nos.
8 (4 – 16)
12 (7 – 15)
6
10 (4 – 15)
46 (40 – 60)
67 (60 – 70)
80
123 (100 – 150)
17 (10 – 20)
22 (16 – 30)
30
48 (35 – 70)
Avg. dung fed, kg/d
Avg. water poured, l/d
* Figures in parenthesis give the variation
year, twenty one demonstration biogas i.e. cooking and water heating. Duration
plants of 2, 3, 4 and 6 m3/d capacities were of biogas use was found varying from 3-7
set-up at selected farmers’ sites in Anand, hours per day depending upon number
26
of family members, size of the plants
and quantity of the dung fed. Biogas
from one of the plants was also being
used as fuel in dual fuel diesel engine
for irrigation. Total cost of setting-up
a 2, 3, 4 and 6 m3/day capacity plant
in central Gujarat was estimated to be
Rs 17,230, 21,210, 26,110 and 32,280,
respectively.
Renewable energy intervention for rural
development (DST)
This programme was initiated during
the year 2010-11 in three tribal villages
i.e. Chillakota, Chedia and Dageria of
Dahod district. During the year, the
programme was extended to two more
tribal villages i.e Simal Faliya and
Raysingpura in Chhotaudepur taluka of
Community cook stove set-up at Primary
School of Chillakota village
Vadodara district. A community cook
stove (TIDE, Bangalore designed)
was set-up in the Primary school of
Chillakota village for cooking the mid
day meal for the school children (see
photograph below). The school has
started using the new gadget and the
cooks appeared fully satisfied with the
performance of the new stove.
In the same village, an evacuated
Solar water heating system installed at
Primary School of Chillakota village
tube collector based solar water
heating system of 125 LPD capacity
was installed and connected with the
existing drinking water supply system.
The water is solar heated during the
day time, stored over night and used
for drinking next day. Samples of
raw water and solar heated water were
collected during February and May
months and were got analyzed for
electrical conductivity, salinity, pH,
TDS and total hardness and all these
properties were found improved with
solar treatment. However, E-coli was
found positive for both the samples
collected during February and negative
for both the sample collected during
May. Further study will be carried out
for the solar treatment of water.
In the same village one unit each of
ISI marked box type solar cooker with
4 cooking vessels was provided to 21
different households. The house women
were given extensive training in use of the
solar cookers. The women were found
using their cooker for preparing a variety
of local dishes including vegetables, rice,
dhal, etc.
27
Solar cooker at Chillakota village under Limkheda taluka of Dahod district
During the year, the original IDBG
domestic stove design was modified
to suit local requirements and its
manufacturing and marketing right
were transferred to a local firm. One
hundred units of the modified improved
biomass cook stove were procured and
all those were readily taken by 100
different households. Keeping in view
the response in the selected villages,
100 more stoves were procured and
those were also taken by another 100
households. In all, IDBG type improved
biomass stoves have been set-up in
Chillkota, Chedia and Dageria villages
in Dahod district and Simal Faliya
and Raysingpura villages in Vadodara
district. Performance monitoring of the
stoves is under progress.
Providing improved domestic Biomass
cook stove to villagers of Limkheda
(Dahod)
28
Villagers using biomass cook stove in
their houses
Biogas plants of new solid state
Deenbandhu design, each of 2 m3/d
capacity, had been constructed at nine
selected farmer’s houses in Chillakota
village last year. During the year fourteen
more biogas plants of the same design
were constructed at other 14 selected
farmers’ houses in Chillakota, Dageria,
Constructed and commissioned biogas plants at two different sites
Chedia and Simal Falia villages. All
the plants were commissioned and
were found working satisfactorily.
Performance monitoring is under
progress.
SPRERI IDBG large capacity biomass
cook stoves were provided to a few
primary schools and restaurant in the
selected tribal villages.The feedback
suggested that the stove considerably
reduced the emissions and the fuel
consumption. However, the insulation
(insulate-7) was found crumbling during
routine use. Material of the insulation is
required to be improved.
The commercial (dhaba) cook stove in use at
Kedar Nath Bhojanalaya in Limkheda, Dahod
One units each of 2.5 W LED solar
lantern was provided to selected
twenty five un-electrified households
and one unit each of 7 W CFL lantern
was provided to another nine farmers
of Chillakota village. Those lanterns
had been procured from a Bangalore
based firm. The feedback available
was that illumination of 2.5 W LED
lanterns was insufficient for their
routine uses. The Bangalore based
firm from whom the lanterns had been
procured did not provide support for
the repairs and maintenance to rectify
the faults reported by the beneficiaries.
Keeping this in view, a MoU was
signed with a local firm to supply 7
W LED and CFL lanterns equipped
with standard components and with
a commitment to provide free of cost
maintenance for a period of 2 years.
Subsequently, 25 units of LED lanterns
and 40 units of CFL lanterns were
procured and provided to the selected
farmers. Most of those lanterns have
been found working satisfactorily and
the manufacturer extended the service
support, wherever required.
29
Some of the farmers with their solar lanterns
‘Stand alone SPV lighting systems’ at
Dageria village (Dahod)
During 2006, stand alone SPV lighting
systems had been installed in Dageria
village of Dahod district under an
ICAR sponsored project. All the houses
connected with such lighting systems
were re-visited during the year. Except
the individual home lighting systems,
most of the other systems were put in
working order by extending routine
maintenance. The charge controller
of the 12 individual home lighting
systems required replacement at a
cost of around Rs 25,000. Efforts are
underway to resolve the issue.
30
PV panel of the stand alone lighting system
at one of the hamlets in Dageria village
CONSULTANCY
Generation of biogas from kitchen
wastes
An agreement for supply of technology
for generating biogas from kitchen
waste for treating 2400 kg/day plant
on consultancy basis was signed with
Sumandeep
Vidyapeeth,
Pipariya,
Gujarat.
Pyrolysis oil production studies for
selected biomass samples
Biomass samples of brown chickpea
Biomass
Neem seed
Pigeon pea husk
Yellow pea husk
Ground nut shell
Brown chickpea husk
Brown chickpea stalk
Wheat straw
Soyabean stalk
Saw dust
Moisture
content
(%)
18.30
8.66
11.63
8.67
12.47
10.75
13.08
9.08
21.67
stalk and husk, yellow pea husk, neem
seed, soybean stalk, wheat straw and
pigeon pea husk, received from M/s
Shivganga Shrikishan Agrotech Farm,
Akola, were grinded to 1-2 mm particle
size and their proximate analysis and CV
were determined and are given in the
following table. Oil production phase of
all the samples will be pursued as soon
as vacuum pyrolysis system becomes
operational.
Ash
content
(%db)
3.79
2.11
1.53
4.79
0.66
6.85
9.34
3.92
2.26
Volatile
matter
(%db)
78.62
74.36
83.85
72.71
74.72
76.92
75.48
83.92
85.01
Fixed
carbon
(%db)
17.60
23.53
14.62
22.49
24.61
16.23
15.18
12.14
12.73
Calorific
value
(kcal/kg)
4677
4214
4580
4161
3960
3428
3874
4730
4841
TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY
The technology of IDBG cook stoves
developed at SPRERI was transferred to
M/s Patel Trunk Factory, Gandhi Road,
Anand, Gujarat on non-exclusive basis.
Manufacturing and marketing rights
in respect of this technology were also
transferred to the firm for a period of five
years w.e.f. September 29, 2011.
31
HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT
1. Er. Tilak Chavda and Mrs. H. N. Mistry
attended two days training programme
on “Awareness on ISO/IEC: 170252005 and measurement uncertainty”
held at Sadbhav Institute of Training
for Standardization (SITS), Vadodara,
April 7-8, 2011.
2. Er. Tilak Chavda, Er. Farha Tinwala and
Er. Nishadh Nibarka attended two days
training programme on “Understanding
requirements of ISO/IEC: 170252005 and evaluation of measurement
uncertainty as per ISO – GOM 1995
method – in calibration & testing”
held at Sadbhav Institute of Training
for Standardization (SITS), Vadodara,
December 23-24, 2011.
3. Er. Devendra Pareek participated
in a short course on “Economics
of Renewable Energy based Power
Generation” organized by IIT Delhi
during May 25-27, 2011.
4. Er. Devendra Pareek participated in
the DST sponsored “SERC School
on Combustion in Energy Sector”
organized by IIT Bombay during June
7-11, 2011.
IMPORTANT VISITORS
1. Dr. P.N. Joshi, Principal Scientist and
Head of Division, CIFT, Cochin visited
SPRERI on 16th June, 2011.
2. Er. A.K. Dubey, Principal Scientist,
CIAE, Bhopal visited SPRERI on 23rd
September, 2011.
3. Shri D.P. Joshi, Director, GEDA,
Gandhinagar visited SPRERI on 5th
October, 2011.
4. Dr. Anwar Alam, Ex–Deputy Director
General (Engg), ICAR, New Delhi
visited SPRERI on 13th October, 2011.
5. A team of PHT scientists from UAS,
Raichur visited SPRERI on October
17-18, 2011.
6. Quinquennial Review Team of AICRP
on RES (ICAR) consisting of Dr. A.N.
Mathur (Chairman), Dr. J.P.Mittal,
32
Dr. Harpal Singh and Dr. P.L.Singh
along with Dr. K.C. Pandey (Project
Coordinator) visited SPRERI on
January 10-11, 2012.
7. Dr. S. Santhana Bosu, Dean (Engg),
TNAU, Coimbatore accompanied with
five senior colleagues visited SPRERI
on 4th February, 2012.
8. Ms. Barbara B. Pike, Executive
Director,
Maritimes
Energy
Association, Canada visited SPRERI
on 15th March, 2012.
9. Mrs. Usha Thorat, Ex-Deputy
Governor, Reserve Bank of India
and Member, Board of Directors,
Foundation for Ecological Security,
Anand visited SPRERI on 31st March,
2012.
PARTICIPATION IN IMPORTANT MEETINGS, SEMINARS
AND CONFERENCES
1. Dr. M. Shyam participated in the
National Seminar on “Green Energy
: Empowering Rural India at Rajiv
Gandhi Institute of Information
Technology”, Amethi and presented
an invited talk on “Bioenergy
Management
for
Sustainable
Development of Rural India” during
April 15-16, 2011.
2. Ms. Himali Mehta delivered an
invited talk on “Bioconversion of
different wastes for energy options”
at a short seminar on Trends in
Renewable Energy Technologies
organized by Board for Environment
and Green Technology, Gujarat
Technical University on April 30,
2011 at Ahmedabad Management
Association, Ahmedabad.
3. Ms. Himali Mehta attended “National
Conference on Recent Trends
in Engineering & Technology”
organized by B.V.M Engineering
College, V.V.Nagar, Gujarat during
13-14 May 2011 and presented a
paper on Experiments for designing a
screen of a screw press for dewatering
of cattle dung slurry.
4. Dr. M. Shyam attended the Selection
Committee
(Senior
Faculty)
Meeting held at Sardarkurshinagar
Dantiwada Agricultural University,
Sardarkrushinagar on June 15, 2011.
5. Dr. M. Shyam participated in the
National Conference on “Recent
Development in Wind and Solar
Power” held at Jainarain College of
Technology, Bhopal and presented
paper on “Status and Potential
of Wind Power Development in
Gujarat” during July 1-2, 2011.
6. Dr. M. Shyam participated as Chief
Guest in the Inaugural Function
of Departmental Physical Society
for the year 2011–12, Sardar Patel
University, Vallabh Vidyanagar on
July 30, 2011.
7. Ms. Madhuri Narra attended the first
and second meeting of the Task force
on Energy Bioscience held in DBT,
Delhi during 5th August 2011 and
7th February 2012, respectively, and
presented the progress of the project
on “Developing an integrated process
technology for conversion of crop
residues into ethanol and methane for
use as transport fuels and establishing
a biotechnology R&D centre for
transport fuels”.
8. Dr. M. Shyam attended the Selection
Committee Meeting as an Expert
Member at Central Salt & Marine
Chemicals
Research
Institute,
Bhavnagar held on September 6,
2011.
9. Ms. Himali Mehta delivered an invited
talk on “Energy and Community” at
a programme organized by Gujarat
Council of Science and Technology
(GujCOST), Gandhinagar for staff
members of Community Science
Centres on October 20, 2011
10.Dr. M. Shyam participated in the
National Seminar on “Recent
33
Advances in Bio-Energy Research”
held at SSS-NIRE, Kapurthala and
delivered a key-note lecture on “Crop
Residues Gasification based Power
Generation System in the Production
Catchment” on November 25, 2011.
17.Dr. M. Shyam attended the CAS
Screening Committee Meeting as an
Expert Member held at Maharana
Pratap University of Agriculture and
Technology, Udaipur on December
29, 2011.
11.Dr. M. Shyam, Er. Devendra
Pareek and Er. A.K. Joshi attended
the Consortium Implementation
Committee (CIC) meeting of
NAIP project on “Value Chain on
Biomass based Decentralized Power
Generation” held at CIAE, Bhopal on
October 19, 2011.
18.Er. Asim K. Joshi delivered a lecture
on “Biomass Gasification Basics”
during one week state level STTP on
“Recent trends in Renewable Energy
Systems” on December 29, 2011.
12.Dr. M. Shyam participated in the
Brainstorming Session on “Precision
Farming, Farm Mechanization and
Energy” held at IASRI, New Delhi
on November 16, 2011.
13.Er. A. Gokul Raj attended 7th
National Conference on Indian
Energy Sector, Synergy with Energy
2011” as delegate at Ahmedabad on
November 18-19, 2011.
14.Dr. M. Shyam and Er. S. N. Singh
participated in the DST Review
Meeting held at New Delhi on
December 12, 2011.
15.Er. A. Gokul Raj delivered a keynote
address as guest of honor in inaugural
function of “National energy
conservation day” at N V Patel
Science College, Vallabh Vidyanagar
on December 14, 2011.
16.Dr. M. Shyam attended the Annual
Review Meeting of Bio-energy
projects held at Directorate of
Sorghum Research, Hyderabad on
December 26, 2011.
34
19.Dr. M. Shyam and Er. Asim K. Joshi
attended the Consortium Advisory
Committee meeting of NAIP project
on decentralized power generation,
CIAE Bhopal on January 16, 2012.
20.Er. Asim K. Joshi attended the
Reference
Group
Committee
meeting organized by VIKSAT
Nehru Foundation for Development,
Ahmedabad, Gujarat on January 24,
2012.
21.National seminar on “Power
Generation from Renewable Energy
Sources” was held at Department of
Renewable Energy Sources, College
of Technology and Engineering,
MPUAT,
Udaipur
(Rajasthan),
February 2-3, 2012.
• Dr. M. Shyam delivered inaugural
addressed as Chief Guest and also
delivered a key-note address on
“Power generation from renewable
energy sources – Rural perspective”,
• Er. S. N Singh presented a research
paper entitled “Effect of compression
ratios on performance and exhaust
emission characteristics of 6 kW
compression ignition engine fueled
by diesel and bio-diesel at varying
load”, and
• Er. A. Gokul Raj presented a research
paper entitled “Development and
evaluation of a 2.75 kWp solar
photovoltaic power supply system
using imported dual axis sun tracker”
22.Ms. Himali Mehta presented a
status paper on “Climate change
mitigation efforts in Gujarat”,
during the brainstorming session
of various stakeholders on climate
change organized by Institute of
Rural Management, Anand (IRMA)
and Gujarat Ecology Commission,
Gandhinagar at IRMA on February
2, 2012.
23.Dr. M. Shyam attended the
Workshop on “Global Warming:
Mitigation Strategies During 21st
Century” held at Sardarkurshinagar
Dantiwada Agricultural University,
Sardarkrushinagar and delivered a
talk on “Impacts and strategies for
climate change” on February 24,
2012.
24.Dr. M. Shyam attended the Selection
Committee (Senior Faculty) Meeting
at Anand Agricultural University,
Anand on February 11, 2012 and
March 27, 2012.
25.Ms. Anushree Kogje attended
the workshop on “Alternative
Sustainable Processes” organized by
Institute of Chemical Technology,
Mumbai during 14-18 March 2012.
26.E r. Tilak Chavda presented a
lecture on “Solar energy and
its application” during one
day seminar on “Solar Energy
Utilization: Learning from the
past” held at CSIR-Central Salt
and Marine Chemicas Research
Institute, Bhavanagar on March
27, 2012.
35
PAPERS PUBLISHED/SENT FOR PUBLICATION
1. Tilak V. Chavda, Naveen Kumar & A.
Sreekumar (2011). Development of
a simple solar powered intermittent
adsorption refrigeration system.
(Accepted for publication in Journal
of Agricultural Engineering).
2. Himali Mehta, Samir Vahora and
D. Senthilkumar. Efficacy of two
different packing media in treating
cheese whey in Anaerobic Filter
Reactors. (Submitted for publication
in Solar Energy Society of India).
3. Himali Mehta and Samir Vahora,
Experience of operating an indigenous
screw press for dewatering cattle dung
slurry. (Submitted for publication in
Agricultural Engineering Today).
4. Samir Vahora, Himali Mehta and
Nikita Chokshi. Packing media for
anaerobic fixed film reactor – A
review. (Submitted for publication in
Journal of Environmental Science &
Engineering).
36
5. Madhuri Narra, Garima Dixit, Jyoti
Divecha, Datta Madamwar, Amita
R Shah. “Production of cellulases
by solid state fermentation with
Aspergillus terreus and enzymatic
hydrolysis of mild alkali-treated rice
straw”. (Accepted for publication in
Bioresource Technology).
6. Devendra Pareek, Sunil Narnaware,
Asim Joshi and Vikas K Verma.
Gasification of crop residue briquettes
in an open core down graft gasifier.
Journal of Agricultural Engineering,
48(2), April–June 2011.
7. Sunil Narnaware and Devendra
Pareek. IDBG cook stove improving
efficiency and environment of rural
kitchens. Renewable Energy Akshay
Urja, 5 (3): 30-33, December 2011.
8. S.N. Singh and M. Shyam.
Demonstration of biogas plants of
solid-state Deenbandhu design in
Gujarat. (Submitted to Agricultural
Engineering Today).
RESEARCH PROJECTS UNDERTAKEN DURING 2011-12
Solar Energy
SP-2008-ST-31
ORP on forced circulation solar dryer
by using packer bed solar air heaters
(AICRP – ICAR)
Investigators: Tilak Chavda and Swati
Mane
SP-2008-PV-6
Design and development of solar
refrigerator with ice making facility
(AICRP – ICAR)
Investigators: Tilak Chavda and A.
Sreekumar
SP-2008-PV-7
Testing and evaluation of dual axis sun
tracker (AICRP – ICAR)
Investigators: Tilak Chavda and Manish
Bhayani
Regional Test Centre for Solar Thermal
Devices (MNRE, New Delhi)
Staff involved: Tilak Chavda, H. N.
Mistry and Swati Mane
Bioconversion
SP-2008-AT-27
Development and evaluation of digested
slurry dewatering machine (TSC
approx.35%) suitable for large capacity
biogas plants (AICRP – ICAR)
Investigators: Himali Mehta and Samir
Vahora
SP-2009-AT-28
Study on use of different packing media
in the anaerobic filter system developed
by SPRERI with reference to efficiency
and cost (AICRP – ICAR)
Investigators: Himali Mehta and Samir
Vahora
SP-2010-AT-29
Performance monitoring and evaluation
of 10 t/d biphasic system installed at
JISL, Jalgaon and FVU-Mother Dairy,
New Delhi (AICRP – ICAR)
Investigators: Himali Mehta and Samir
Vahora
SP-2009-AT-30
Developing an integrated process
technology for conversion of crop
residues into ethanol and methane for
use as transport fuels and establishing a
biotechnology R&D centre for transport
fuels (DBT, New Delhi)
Investigators: Madhuri Narra, Garima
Dixit and Himali Mehta
SP-2010-AT-32
Techno-economic analysis of field scale,
water scrubbing based biogas bottling
plants (AICRP – ICAR)
Investigators: Himali Mehta
SP-2010-AT-34
Development of an anaerobic culture by
in vivo and in vitro supplementation of
micronutrients for enhancing solid state
biomethanation of lignocellulosic wastes
(AICRP – ICAR)
Investigators: Madhuri Narra, Nitin
Deshmukh/B.Velmurugan
SP-2010-AT-35
Development of an economically viable
process technology for de-toxification of
Jatropha de-oiled cake and simultaneous
fuel gas production (DST, New Delhi)
Investigators: Garima Dixit and Madhuri
Narra
37
SP-2010-AT-36:
Screening and improving biomass
production and lipid accumulation
of microalgae from estuary region
(Khambhat, Gujarat) by conventional
approach (DST, New Delhi)
Investigators: Sudha Sahay and Garima
Dixit
Thermo-Chemical Conversion
SP-2008-PG-45
Value chain on “Biomass based
decentralized power generation for agro
enterprises (AICRP-ICAR)
Sponsor:
National
Agricultural
Innovation Project of ICAR
Investigators: Asim Joshi, Devendra
Pareek, Sunil Narnaware, Vikas Verma,
Sachin Ghanchi and M. Shyam
SP-2010-PG-49
Fast pyrolysis of selected biomass to
obtain liquid fuel (AICRP-ICAR)
Investigators: Asim Joshi, Devendra
Pareek and Jayprakash Samariya
SP-2010-PG-50
Modification in open core downdraft
gasifier to reduce emissions from top of
the reactor (AICRP-ICAR)
Investigators: Asim Joshi and Devendra
Pareek
SP-2010-PG-51
To study the effect of different design and
operating parameters on thermophoretic
depositions of suspended particulate
matters and tar for cooling and cleaning
of the producer gas (AICRP-ICAR)
Investigators: Asim Joshi,
Narnaware and Devendra Pareek
38
Sunil
SP-2010-PG-52
Development of technology for treatment
of waste water from producer gas wet
scrubbing unit for reuse and final disposal
(AICRP-ICAR)
Investigators: Asim Joshi, Devendra
Pareek and Jayprakash Samariya
SP-2010-PG-53
Comparative evaluation of improved
cook stoves (AICRP-ICAR)
Investigators: S.N. Singh, Asim Joshi,
Devendra Pareek, Sunil Narnaware and
Sachin Ghanchi
Technology Transfer
DST Core project on renewable energy
intervention for rural development
(DST, New Delhi)
Investigators: S.N. Singh, S. Mohana
and J. P. Makwana
Setting-up of demonstration biogas
plants of solid-state deenbandhu design
(GAICL, Ahmedabad)
Investigators: S.N. Singh and M. Shyam
SPRERI TEAM (2011-12)
Director
Dr. M. Shyam
Scientists
Solar Division
Er. Tilak Chavda, I/C Head
Er. Swati Mane (upto 19.11.2011)
Er. Vinayak Muley (upto 04.10.2011)
Er. A. Gokul Raj
Er. Farha Tinwala
Mrs H. N. Mistry
Er. Nishadh Nimbark
Mr. Herma Hasmukh
Mr. Manish Bhyani (upto 01.07.2011)
Mr. Nirav Solanki
Bio-Conversion Technology Division
Er. Himali Mehta, I/C Head
Dr. Sudha Sahay (upto 30.6.2011)
Dr. Garima Dixit
Er. B.Velmurugan
Mrs. Madhuri Narra
Er. Manish Detroja (upto 30.6.2011)
Er. Samir Vahora
Dr. Tarak Parekh
Dr. Nitin Deshmukh (upto 11.1.2012)
Dr. Bhavik Acharya (upto 6.7.2011)
Er. D.Senthil Kumar (upto 30.8.2011)
Ms. Anushree Kogje
Mr. Punit Karawadia
Er. Sandeep Sharma
Thermo-Chemical Conversion Division
Er. Devendra Pareek, I/C Head (upto 31.10.2011)
Er. Asimkumar Joshi, I/C Head (w.e.f. 1.11.2011)
Er. Sunil Naranaware (upto 30.9.2011)
Er. Jignesh Makwana
Er. Vikas Verma (upto 1.11.2011)
Er. Sachin Ghanchi
Er. Jayprakash Samariya
Er. Shakil Saiyad
Mr. Anant Patel
Mr. Harshad Suthar
Extension
Dr. S. Mohana, Head (upto 29.6.2011)
Er. Satya Narayan Singh, I/C Head
Mr. Jitendra Suthar
Administration
Mr. P. Amar Babu
Ms. Pragna Dave
Mr. Rajendra Shah
Mr. Hitesh Dalwadi
Mrs. Aida Mascarenhas
Mr. Hasmukh Vaghela
Technicians and Drivers
Mr. Jayesh Parmar
Mr. Bhupendra Prajapati
Mr. Rakesh Parmar
Mr. Ramesh Bhoi
Mr. Rajesh Machhi
Lab Attendant and Helpers
Mr. Minesh Suthar
Mr. Purshottam Harijan
Mr. Ashok Harijan
Mr. Dahya Harijan
Mr. Prakash Machhi
Mr. Natu Parmar
Mr. Bhupat Parmar
Mr. Ishwar Harijan
Mr. Harman Parmar
Mr. Laxman Parmar
Mr. Ashok Patel
Mr. Vijay Vasava
Mr. Bhailal Solanki
Ms. Manjula Vadhel
39
BALANCE SHEET AS ON 31.03.2012
40