DIELECTRIC BEHAVIOR OF DISPERSED POLAR
MOLECULES IN DE-IONIZED WATER
By
Bushra H. Abu-Awad
Supervisor
Prof. Sa’di M. Abdul Jawad
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree
of Master of Science in Applied Physics
Deanship of Scientific Research and Graduate Studies
The Hashemite University
April, ٢٠٠٥
ii
This thesis was successfully defended and approved on (٧ / ٤/ ٢٠٠٥).
Examination Committee
Dr. Sa’di Abdul Jawad / (Chairman)
Prof. of Materials Science.
Signature
----------------
Dr. Awni Hallak / (Member)
Prof. of Condensed Matter.
-----------------
Dr. Hayel Shehadeh / (Member)
Asst. Prof. of Condensed Matter.
----------------
Dr. Riyad Bitar / (Member)
Prof. of Condensed Matter.
----------------
iii
DEDICATION
TO MY PARENTS
TO MY SISTER AND BROTHERS
TO MY CHILDHOOD FRIENDS
LORA, DINA AND WAFA’A
iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I am greatly indebted to my supervisor: Professor Sa’di Abdul Jawad for his
continuous encouragement and cooperation throughout the course of this
research.
Special thanks go to Dr. H. M. El-Ghanem from The University of Science
and Technology for providing samples for this research.
I wish also to thank my friends Noor Al-Awwad, Lowana Barghothi and Mais
Momani for their encouragement.
Finally, deep gratitude goes to my family for their financial and moral support.
Bushra Abu-Awad
v
LIST OF CONTENTS
Page
Committee Decision
ii
Dedication
iii
Acknowledgment
iv
List of Contents
v
List of Tables
viii
List of Figures
ix
Abstract in English
xv
Chapter One: Introduction
١
١١ Dispersed particles
٢
١٢ De-ionized water
٤
١٣ Interaction between particles
٥
١٤ Previous studies
١١
١٥ Current studies
١٣
Chapter Two: Theoretical Background
١٥
٢١ Equivalent Electric Circuit
١٦
٢١١ Impedance
١٦
٢١٢ Series Connection
٢٣
٢١٣ Parallel Connection
٢٥
vi
٢١٤ Two RC networks in parallel
٢٦
٢١٥ RC circuit with a resistor in series
٢٩
٢١٦ RC circuit with two resistors in series
٣١
٢٢ Impedance-Dielectric Properties Correlation
٣٢
٢٣ Relaxation in Electrical Circuits
٣٥
٢٤ Dielectric with a Single Relaxation Time
٤١
٢٤١ Macroscopic Derivation of the Debye Equation
٤١
٢٤٢ The effect of Temperature
٤٦
٢٤٣ Methods of Displaying Relaxation Peaks
٤٧
٢٥ Dielectric Polarization
٤٩
٢٥١ Basic Principle
٤٩
٢٥٢ Polarization of polar molecules
٥٠
٢٥٣ Orientation of dipoles in an electric field
٥٠
٢٦ Dipolar Interaction
٢٦١ Dipolar Molecules in Dilute Solutions
٥٤
٥٥
Chapter Three: Experimental Part
٦٠
٣١ Materials
٦١
٣٢ Impedance Measurements
٦١
٣٢١ The ١٢٦٠ Impedance/Gain Analyzer
٦٢
٣٢٢ The ١٢٩٤ Impedance Interface
٦٧
vii
٣٢٣ Impedance Measurement Software
٦٧
Chapter Four: Results and Discussion
٦٨
٤١ Equivalent Circuits
٦٩
٤١١ Impedance Analysis
٧٠
٤١٢ Electric Modulus
٧٥
٤١٣ Admittance Analysis
٧٩
٤١٤ Dielectric Permittivity Analysis
٨٢
٤٢ Dielectric Behavior of Dispersed Polar Molecules in De-Ionized
Water
٨٦
٤٢١ Impedance
٨٧
٤٢٢ Permittivity
١٠٦
٤٢٣ Electric Modulus
١١٧
٤٢٤ Activation Energy
١٢٥
Chapter Five: Conclusions and Recommendations
١٣٠
٥١ Conclusions
١٣١
٥٢ Recommendations
١٣٢
Chapter Six: References
١٣٣
Abstract in Arabic
١٣٨
viii
LIST OF TABLES
Table No.
Title
Page
٢١
Common Electrical Elements.
٢١
٣١
Materials properties.
٦١
٤١
Average molecular separation for
٩٢
different concentrations.
٤٢
Conductivity at concentration about
١٠١
٠٠٣M/L.
٤٣
Relaxation times at concentration
١٠٥
about 8.5 x10 −3 M / L .
٤٤
Relaxation times for Sodium Benzoate.
١٠٥
٤٥
Activation energy.
١٢٥
ix
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No.
Title
Page
٢١
Sinusoidal current response in a linear system.
١٧
٢٢
Nyquist plot with impedance vector.
١٩
٢٣
Simple equivalent circuit with one time constant.
٢٠
٢٤
Bode plot with one time constant.
٢١
٢٥
Series connection for a resistor and a capacitor.
٢٣
٢٦
Parallel connection for a resistor and a capacitor.
٢٥
٢٧
Two RC networks in parallel.
٢٦
٢٨
RC with a resistor in series.
٢٩
٢٩
RC with two resistors.
٣١
٢١٠
Series connection for a resistor and a capacitor.
٣٦
٢١١
Charge, current and voltage represented in the
٣٨
complex plane.
٢١٢
Parallel connection for a resistor and a capacitor.
٣٩
a) A capacitor in vacuum. b) A capacitor filled
٢١٣
with a dielectric.
٤٢
x
Figure No.
Title
Page
a. The real part of complex dielectric constant as a
٢١٤
function of log ωτ for a dielectric. b.The imaginary
٤٥
part of ε * for the same dielectric.
٢١٥
٢١٦
Arc plot for a Debye dielectric.
The orientation of a dipole moment (٢aq) in a
٤٨
٥١
presence of an electric field E.
٣١
Impedance measurement system.
٦٢
٣٢
١٢٦٠ Impedance/Gain-Phase Analyzer.
٦٣
٣٣
The three FRA signals.
٦٤
٣٤
Circuit for charge amplifier-FRA setup.
٦٥
٤١
Real (Z`) and imaginary (Z``) components of ac impedance
٧١
versus frequency for RC circuits.
٤٢
Real (Z`) versus imaginary (Z``) components of ac
٧٤
impedance for RC circuits.
٤٣
Real (M`) and imaginary (M``) of electric modulus versus
٧٧
frequency for RC circuits.
٤٤
Real (M`) versus imaginary (M``) components of ac
electric modulus for RC circuits.
٧٨
xi
Figure No.
Title
Page
٤٥
Real (Y`) and imaginary (Y``) components of ac
٨٠
admittance versus frequency for RC circuits.
٤٦
Real (Y`) versus imaginary (Y``) components of ac
٨١
admittance for RC circuits.
٤٧
Dielectric relative permittivity (ε`) and dielectric
٨٣
loss (ε``) versus frequency for RC circuits.
٤٨
Dielectric permittivity ( ε`) versus dielectric loss
٨٤
(ε`) for RC circuits.
٤٩
The logarith of the dielectric relative permittivity
٨٥
(ε`) and dielectric loss (ε``) versus frequency for RC
circuits.
Real component ( Z ′ ) versus frequency for (a)
Ketrolac (low concentration), (b) Ketrolac (high
concentration), (c) Sod. Lauryl.SO٤, (d) Na٤١٠
Salicylate, (e) Sodium Benzoate and (f) Sodium
Chloride.
٨٩
xii
Figure No.
Title
Page
Imaginary component ( Z ′′ ) versus frequency for (a)
٤١١
Ketrolac (low concentration), (b) Ketrolac (high
٩٣
concentration), (c) Sod. Lauryl.SO٤, (d) NaSalicylate, (e) Sodium Benzoate and (f) Sodium
Chloride.
Real component ( Z ′ ) versus imaginary component
٤١٢
( Z ′′ ) for (a) Ketrolac (low concentration), (b)
٩٨
Ketrolac (high concentration), (c) Sod. Lauryl.SO٤,
(d) Na-Salicylate, (e) Sodium Benzoate and (f)
Sodium Chloride.
Conductivity versus concentration for (a) Ketrolac
٤١٣
(b) Sod. Lauryl.SO٤, (c) Na-Salicylate, (d) Sodium
١٠٢
Benzoate and (e) Sodium Chloride.
Real component of permittivity ( ε ′ ) versus
frequency for (a) Ketrolac (low concentration), (b)
Ketrolac (high concentration), (c) Sod. Lauryl.SO٤,
٤١٤
(d) Na-Salicylate, (e) Sodium Benzoate and (f)
Sodium Chloride.
١٠٧
xiii
Figure No.
Title
Page
Imaginary component ( ε ′′ ) versus frequency for (a)
٤١٥
Ketrolac (low concentration), (b) Ketrolac (high
١١١
concentration), (c) Sod. Lauryl.SO٤, (d) Na-Salicylate,
(e) Sodium Benzoate and (f) Sodium Chloride.
Logarithm ( ε ′′ ) versus frequency for (a) Ketrolac
٤١٦
(low concentration), (b) Ketrolac (high frequency),
١١٤
(c) Sod. Lauryl.SO٤, (d) Na-Salicylate, (e) Sodium
Benzoate and (f) Sodium Chloride.
Real component of electric modulus ( M ′ ) versus
٤١٧
frequency for (a) Ketrolac (low concentration), (b)
١١٩
Ketrolac (high concentration), (c) Sod. Lauryl.SO٤,
(d) Na-Salicylate, (e) Sodium Benzoate and (f)
Sodium Chloride.
Imaginary component of electric modulus ( M ′′ )
٤١٨
versus frequency for (a) Ketrolac (low
concentration), (b) Ketrolac (high concentration),
(c) Sod. Lauryl.SO٤, (d) Na-Salicylate, (e) Sodium
Benzoate and (f) Sodium Chloride.
١٢٢
xiv
Figure No.
Title
ln σ
٤١٩
Page
Versus ١/T for (a) Ketrolac, (b) Sod.
Lauryl.SO٤, (c) Na-Salicylate, (d) Sodium Benzoate
and (e) Sodium Chloride.
١٢٧
xv
Abstract
DIELECTRIC BEHAVIOR OF DISPERSED POLAR
MOLECULES IN DE-IONIZED WATER
By
Bushra H. Abu-Awad
Supervisor
Prof. Sa’di M. Abdul Jawad
The dielectric behavior of polar molecules dispersed in de- ionized water was
measured at room temperature in the frequency range ١ Hz to ١٠٦ Hz, for five
polar molecules materials.
The real and imaginary components of complex dielectric permittivity, loss
factor, electric modulus and admittance were determined from the
measurements of ac impedance. For certain concentration of each polar
molecule the measurements were performed in the temperature range ٢٥ ٠ C
up to ٨٠ ٠ C in order to calculate the activation energy from the plot of log
conductivity versus temperature.
Dielectric behavior of different RC circuits was performed and employed in
the interpretation of dielectric behavior of dispersed polar molecules in deionized water. The effect of H-bonds and the interactions between the polar
molecules and water molecules were discussed.
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