International Journal of Science Engineering and Advance Technology, ISSN 2321-6905 IJSEAT, Vol 3, Issue 11, NOVEMBER - 2015 Dc-Bus Voltage Control With A Three-Phase Bidirectional Inverter For Dc Distribution Systems Venkata Manikanta Guttula1, Mr.B,D.S.Prasad2 PG Scholar, Pydah College of Engineering, Kakinada, AP, India. 2 Assistant Professor, Pydah College of Engineering, Kakinada, AP, India. 1 Abstract—In this paper a new energy management system has been proposed for three-phase bidirectional inverter with dc-bus voltage control. The advantage of this bidirectional inverter is that it can operate in both grid connection and rectification modes with power factor correction. The proposed control system take into account dc-bus capacitance and control dc-bus voltage to track a linear relationship between the dc-bus voltage and inverter inductor current. The inverter tunes the dcbus voltage every line cycle, which can reduce the frequency of operation-mode change and current distortion. With the increase in the demand of renewable energy sources, placed important role in distributed systems. In this paper battery storage system has been proposed with DG system. Battery storage system will give additional support to the DG system and also helps in controlling the DC bus voltage. The simulation results have been presented using MATLAB/SIMULINK software. The simulation results validated for the rectification mode with battery storage. This system will improve the performance of the DG system. inverter will buy power from ac grid, which is a rectification, namely “rectification mode.” Moreover, since in a dc distribution system, the dc-bus voltage is sensitive to step load changes, the control of dc-bus voltage is more critical than that in a grid-connected inverter system. In the past studies, the voltage control based on gain scheduling was presented, which use a droop concept to design proper dc gain. Moreover, some attempts combing the gainscheduling with fuzzy control were also discussed, which incorporate fuzzy control and adjust dc voltage reference to balance power flow. Index Terms—Bidirectional inverter, capacitance estimation, dc distribution system, dc-bus voltage control, grid connection, rectification I. INTRODUCTION In an ac-bus system, the maximum power point tracker (MPPT) will draw maximum power from photovoltaic (PV) arrays and inject the power into ac bus or ac grid through an inverter. For a typical offline application, such as electronic ballast, personal computer, or variable speed appliance, it usually has a rectifier, a power factor corrector (PFC), and a dc/dc or dc/ac converter to supply the loads. However, this ac system leads to high power conversion loss. Thus, the concept of “dc grid” or “dc distribution” system has been presented recently, and the system configuration is illustrated in Fig. 1(b). It can be calculated that the power conversion efficiency in the ac-bus system is less than that in the dc-bus system about 8%. In addition, the dc-bus system can also save one rectifier and one PFC, saving component cost around 25%. Therefore, the dc distribution system is feasible in renewable energy applications. The dc distribution system requires a dc-bus voltage control to balance the power flow among PV panels, dc loads, and ac grid. When the overall PV power is higher than the dc load power, the bidirectional inverter, as shown in Fig. 1(b), needs to sell power to ac grid, which is often defined as grid-connection mode. On the contrary, the www.ijseat.com Fig. 1 Conceptual configurations of (a) an ac-bus system and (b) a dc distribution system Then, other dc-bus voltage controls, such as robust, adaptive, and hybrid control to enhance system stability were reported. However, a dc distribution system requires a power management scheme to improve system availability; that is, it is allowed to have a certain range of dc-bus voltage variation for both grid-connection and rectification modes. When the system is operated in grid-connection mode, it needs a higher dc-bus voltage to prevent dramatic voltage drop below the lower bound due to a step dc load increase. On the contrary, it requires a lower dc-bus voltage to extend the range of voltage swing in rectification mode. In the literature, there are some power flow controls for dc distribution system with constant-power loads, such as general dc/dc converters, which behave with negative dynamic impedance. The loads with negative dynamic impedance will intend to regulate their input power under dc-bus voltage variation. Page 1031 International Journal of Science Engineering and Advance Technology, ISSN 2321-6905 IJSEAT, Vol 3, Issue 11, NOVEMBER - 2015 This effect can help the proposed control approach to stabilize the dc-bus voltage regulation. Moreover, the approaches for achieving fast dc-bus voltage dynamics were focused on the systems without dc loads, while there is no control for the bidirectional inverter systems with fast dc load variation. In our previous research, a digital controlled 10-kVA 3φ bidirectional inverter with wide inductance variation has been designed and implemented. Based on its configuration, this paper presents two dc-bus voltage regulation approaches, one line-cycle regulation approach (OLCRA) and one-sixth line-cycle regulation approach (OSLCRA), which are based on a linear power management scheme. They are chosen by considering that the dc-bus capacitance should be large enough (typically > 4000 μF) to extend the hold-up time, and a short time interval does not vary the dc-bus voltage significantly even under high power change. Moreover, the OSLCRA is chosen for that the control laws for each region are changed every one-sixth line cycle, and the complexity of firmware programming can be reduced. The OLCRA is enacting for light load change while the OSLCRA is for heavy load change. The control laws of the two approaches require the information of dcbus capacitance. It needs to determine the total capacitance on the dc bus. In a dc distribution system, dc loads or dc products having electrolytic capacitors are not desired to prevent inrush current. The capacitors are installed in the inverter or in a separate box, and dc-bus capacitance estimation is only required at the start-up of the system operation. Several methods to estimate capacitance have been presented, where a dc-bus capacitance estimation method for ac/dc/ac pulse width modulation converter systems can determine the capacitance online with voltage injection. In this paper, an online capacitance estimation method with a capacitor precharging circuit at the system start-up is presented, which does not need extra inverter input current feedbacks. The proposed two control approaches can reduce the frequency of operation-mode change and current distortion significantly. In addition, they can improve the availability of the dc distribution system without increasing dc-bus capacitance. II. DETERMINATION OF CAPACITOR SIZE AND CAPACITANCE ESTIMATION The proposed system design is based on the power ratings of renewable sources, storage elements, dc load requirements, and the bidirectional inverter. The size of capacitors will affect the dc-bus voltage ripple and hold-up time. Thus, it needs to determine its size first, and then estimate the total capacitance online because of its tolerance. A. Determination of Capacitor Size In determining the capacitor size for the system, two major aspects are considered: dc-bus voltage ripple and energy-storage capability. 1) DC-Bus Voltage Ripple: By neglecting the ripple current of the three-phase inductors, instantaneous output power Pac from the inverter is given by www.ijseat.com Where VRN, VSN, and VTN are the amplitudes of the phase voltages; IR, IS , and IT are their current amplitudes; ωl is the line angular frequency; and θ is the phase between ac currents and voltages. If the 3φ power source is unbalanced, there will exist voltage ripple every one-twelfth line period, Tl /12, and it can be derived from the following equation: Where vDC MAX and vDC MIN are the peak and valley values of the dc-bus voltage ripple, respectively, and Pavg is the average power of the inverter input power. Assuming the system is operated in the maximum power rating, 10kW, two of the phase voltages have the maximum and minimum unbalanced variations of 10%. A plot of dc-bus capacitance CDC versus dc-bus voltage ripple is illustrated in Fig. 2. It can be seen that when the capacitance is higher than 8 × 470 μF, the voltage ripple is lower than 1V. Therefore, we can select PV capacitor Cpv = 12 × 470 μF, which is sufficient enough to filter out the ripple effect from the unbalanced grid voltages. Fig. 2 Plot of dc-bus capacitance CDC versus dc-bus voltage ripple vr under unbalanced grid voltages Moreover, there is another voltage ripple effect resulting from non-constant inductors. Assuming the threephase inductors are identical but with wide inductance variation, the total energy variation will swing at six times line frequency, corresponding to the six-region transitions. The peak-to-peak voltage ripple can be then derived from the following equation: Fig. 3 shows a plot of CDC versus voltage ripple vr under the maximum output power of 10 kW and the dc-bus voltage of 380V. It can be observed that vr is lower than 0.25V even at only one 470-μF capacitor. Thus, the effect of the voltage ripple due to wide inductance variation is not Page 1032 International Journal of Science Engineering and Advance Technology, ISSN 2321-6905 IJSEAT, Vol 3, Issue 11, NOVEMBER - 2015 significant and can be ignored. However, the capacitor must hold the dc-bus voltage during abrupt power changes, and it will be determined according to energy-storage capability. Where Vpv is the solar array voltage. The proposed capacitance estimation is only working during the precharging time interval, because the dc distribution system has themerit that all of dc-bus capacitors are installed at the input terminal of the inverter or in a separate box, as shown in Fig. 5. An illustration of the proposed estimation method is shown in Fig. 6. During a sampling period ΔT, the estimation equation in (4) can be rewritten as Fig. 3 Plot of dc-bus capacitance CDC versus dc-bus voltage ripple vr under a maximum output power of 10 kW 2) Energy-Storage Capability: Fig. 4 shows a plot of CDC versus dc-bus voltage variation ΔvDC under a maximum power change of 10kW and within one-sixth line cycle. For power supply availability, the voltage variation must be lower than 20V (400 –380V or 380–360 V) within one-sixth line cycle, and 12× 470-μF capacitance can be selected to fit the appropriate range of dc-bus voltage variation, 10–15V. This set of capacitors was used in the experiment. Fig. 4 Plot of dc-bus capacitance CDC versus dc-bus voltage variation ΔvDC under a 10-kW abrupt change and within one-sixth line cycle The inverter microcontrollers will feedback the voltages, vDC and vpv, to determine the dc-bus capacitance from (6). Moreover, the inverter controller will estimate the capacitance automatically when the auxiliary power output is available and the CPU is working. At this moment, the CPU’s timer starts to count. Fig. 5 Configuration of the proposed dc distribution system with a capacitor pre-charging circuit B. Capacitance Estimation The proposed online capacitance estimation method uses the relationship between dc-bus voltage variation and capacitor current injection, and is based on the capacitor pre-charging circuit. The overall system configuration with a pre-charging circuit is shown in Fig. 5, where the circuit includes a resistor R and a relay (normally closed). When any of the three solar arrays generates power, it will charge the dc-bus capacitor through the resistor. The capacitance CDC can be then determined as Where ΔvDC is the dc-bus voltage variation during time interval ΔT, and iR is the current through resistor R. Since there is no feedback from resistor current iR, it is determined as www.ijseat.com Fig. 6 Illustration of the proposed capacitance estimation method Page 1033 International Journal of Science Engineering and Advance Technology, ISSN 2321-6905 IJSEAT, Vol 3, Issue 11, NOVEMBER - 2015 Although the dc-bus voltage variation ΔvDC will change with different start-up times, it does not deteriorate in the estimating results. In the estimation tests, the sampling period ΔT was 10ms, resistor R = 200 Ω was selected, and four different dc-bus capacitances, 8 × 470, 10 × 470, 12 × 470, and 16 × 470 μF, were, respectively, implemented. A comparison between the estimated and measured data for the different dc-bus capacitances is listed in Table I. The estimation errors are all within 1%, which does not penalize the accuracy of the dc-bus voltage regulation. TABLE I COMPARISON BETWEEN MEASURED AND ESTIMATED CAPACITANCES Fig. 7 Diagram of the proposed three-phase bidirectional inverter C. DC-BUS VOLTAGE CONTROL A diagram of the discussed three-phase bidirectional inverter is shown in Fig. 7. It can fit to both delta-connected and Yconnected ac grid. In the designed prototype, Renesas microchip RX62T is adopted for realizing the system controller, which has 1.65 MIPS and includes floating-point calculation and division. By considering wide inductance variation, the inverter can be operated stably, especially in high-current applications. Additionally, the system requires dc-bus voltage control schemes for balancing power flow. It includes linear power management scheme, one line-cycle regulation approach, and one-sixth line cycle regulation approach. A stability analysis is presented to support the proposed regulation approaches. 1. Linear Power Management Scheme In a system design, the maximum PV power and the maximum dc load power will not exceed the inverter capability. In our developed system, both of the two maximum powers are 10kW. Fig. 8 shows an illustration of the proposed linear power management scheme for achieving a linear relationship between inductor current iL and dc-bus voltage vDC. The operating range of the dc-bus voltage is 380±20V. When the inverter is operated in gridconnection mode (selling power), the operating range is from 380 to 400V, which ensures an enough voltage level to accommodate abrupt dc load increase. On the other hand, when the inverter is operated in rectification mode (buying power), a lower dc-bus voltage stands for a higher load power. Therefore, in rectification mode, the system does not have extra high enough dc load power to pull the dc-bus voltage below the lower bound. In short, in grid-connection mode, dramatic voltage drop is the major concern when loads are connected to the dc bus, while in rectification mode, sudden voltage jump up is another concern when loads are disconnected from the dc bus. www.ijseat.com Fig. 8 also shows the locus of the dc-bus voltage regulation sequence in grid-connection mode. At time t0, the inverter stays at operating point (vDC(n – 1), IA(n – 1)) on the load line, where IA is the adjustable current command which is tuned every line cycle with the OLCRA. The operating point will move away from the load line to point (vDC(n), IA(n – 1)) at t1 when there exists power imbalance. Then, the controller will update current command IA(n – 1) with IA(n) at the beginning of the nth line cycle, which will regulate dc-bus voltage to a new set-point voltage vDC(n + 1) according to the linear power management scheme. When the inverter reaches operating point (vDC(n+1), IA(n)) at t2 , the controller will change current command to IA(n + 1), maintaining dc-bus voltage vDC for a new power balance. The system will be operated in the new steady state after time t3. The proposed voltage regulation approaches are based on the linear power management scheme and presented in the following section. Fig. 8 Illustration of a linear power management scheme for achieving a linear relationship between inductor current iL and dc-bus voltage vDC 2 One Line-Cycle Regulation Approach Fig. 9 shows a diagram for illustrating the OLCRA when power imbalance is occurring. In Fig. 9, power imbalance happens at time tx 1 , and dc-bus voltage, for Page 1034 International Journal of Science Engineering and Advance Technology, ISSN 2321-6905 IJSEAT, Vol 3, Issue 11, NOVEMBER - 2015 instance, will increase from vDC(n – 1) to vDC(n). At time tn, dc-bus capacitor current variation ΔiC can be determined as inverter system with even 10% unbalanced three-phase voltage sources, the voltage ripple can be ignored in the control law derivation. Fig. 10 illustrates the current tuning process of the proposed OSLCRA. With the OSLCRA, the inverter will update current command IA at the beginning of each one-sixth linecycle to drive dc-bus voltage to set-point voltage vDC(n + 1) at time tn+1. Thus, according to a dc-bus voltage variation, the current command control law can be derived as follows: Fig. 9 Illustration of the OLCRA to dc-bus voltage regulation for the dc distribution system with power imbalance However, time tx 1 is unpredictable, and an initial guess is made to tn− 1 ; thus, new current command IA(n) for time interval [tn , tn+1] can be determined based on previous current IA(n – 1) as where Tl is a line period, KDA is a mapping ratio between dc input current and ac output current, which is equal to vDC/VAC (VAC is the RMS value of ac grid voltage, typically 220 V), and the initial current command IA(0) is equal to zero at the system start-up. Once the system gets started, current command IA(n – 1) will be updated cycle by cycle. Voltage vDC(n + 1) is the set-point voltage, which can be derived based on the relationship shown in Fig. 8, as follows: In the above equations, IA(n) is always used for regulating dc-bus voltage to set-point voltage vDC(n + 1) according to the control diagrams shown in Figs. 8 and 9. The inverter controller will update current command IA(n) cycle by cycle, that is, IA(i) will be loaded to IA(I – 1) after the new current command has been determined at the beginning of a line cycle. In Fig. 9, if another power imbalance occurs at tx 2 (curve 2), the inverter will tune current command IA continuously to follow curve 2 and reach another set-point. 3. One-Sixth Line-Cycle Regulation Approach If dc loads change abruptly, the OLCRA cannot regulate dc bus voltage immediately, and it needs a fast dynamic current control to balance the power flow. In a three-phase inverter system, the fast regulation interval is selected to be one-sixth line-cycle according to each zerocrossing point of the three phase line currents. Since the voltage ripple on the dc-bus is insignificant in a three-phase www.ijseat.com Voltage variation Δvi includes two portions: one is the variation ΔvDC(T ) between two consecutive one-sixth cycles, and the other is the average difference ΔvDC(A) between vDC(n+1) and the current operating point: And Fig. 10 Illustration of the OSLCRA to dc-bus voltage regulation for the system under power imbalance The variation ΔvDC(T ) is caused by abrupt power imbalance, of which the dc-bus voltage will deviate from the load line. By adding this variation to the current command in one-sixth cycle, the inverter can balance power flow substantially, but dc-bus voltage vDC still does not reach its set-point yet. Thus, the variation ΔvDC(A) is used for regulating vDC to voltage vDC(n + 1) which has been determined at the beginning of the nth line cycle, as shown in (9). With the compensation of these two portions, the dcbus voltage will come back to the load line after power imbalance occurs at ty 1 (curve 2) or ty 2 (curve 3), as shown in Fig. 10. It can be observed that the inverter controller updates current command IA(n + 1/6) at tn + Tl /6 after dc-bus voltage drops abruptly at ty 1 (curve 2). However, the inverter controller will determine a wrong current command due to the unpredictable time tY 1 , and Page 1035 International Journal of Science Engineering and Advance Technology, ISSN 2321-6905 IJSEAT, Vol 3, Issue 11, NOVEMBER - 2015 the dc-bus voltage will not be regulated to a correct voltage value until next one-sixth line cycle, tn + 2Tl/6. If another power imbalance occurs at ty 2 (curve 3), the same regulation process will be conducted again. That is, the inverter will use a correct current command IA(n + 3/6) to regulate the dc-bus voltage to a set-point voltage. Furthermore, current command IA(n) must be modified for determining command IA(n + 1) at the beginning of a new cycle due to the one-sixth line-cycle command change, and it is just equal to the average value of all current commands within the time interval of [tn , tn+1]. The determination of current command IA(n) can be expressed as III. SIMULATION RESULTS Fig. 12 Measured waveforms of the three-phase inductor currents and dc-bus voltage vDC for dc load variation (a) from no load to 3kW and (b) from 3 to 1.5 kW in rectification mode with BSS Fig 11 simulation diagram of proposed system Fig 13 measured waveforms of BSS Fig. 11.Measured waveforms of the three-phase inductor currents and dc-bus voltage vDC for dc load variation (a) from no load to 800Wand (b) from 800W to 2 kW in rectification mode with BSS www.ijseat.com CONCLUSION A dc-bus voltage control for three-phase bidirectional inverters in dc distribution systems has been presented. The linear power management scheme including both grid-connection and rectification modes have been described in detail. In the paper, the one line-cycle regulation approach based on the linear power management scheme has been proposed for tuning current command cycle by cycle to regulate the dc-bus voltage according to the load line. For an abrupt voltage change, the one-sixth line cycle regulation approach has been also proposed to prevent over/under dc-bus voltage fault, ensuring system availability. Since both of the approaches are dependent on the parameter of dc-bus capacitance, a determination of capacitor size and a capacitance estimation method have been discussed according to the aspects of dc-bus voltage ripple and energy-storage capability. Page 1036 International Journal of Science Engineering and Advance Technology, ISSN 2321-6905 IJSEAT, Vol 3, Issue 11, NOVEMBER - 2015 REFERENCES [1] T.-F. Wu, K.-H. Sun, C.-L. Kuo, and C.-H. Chang, “Predictive current controlled 5-kW single-phase bidirectional inverter with wide inductance variation for dcmicrogrid applications,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 25, no. 12, pp. 3076–3084, Dec. 2010. [2] L. Xu and D. Chen, “Control and design of a DC microgrid with variable generation and energy storage,” IEEE Trans. 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