Basic seminar small wind energy systems with Windy Boy
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p
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SMA Solar Technology AG
Windy Boy-EN120910
2
1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Presentation topics
> Small wind turbine classification
> Grid connection
> Windy Boy Familiy
> Application and installation
> Planning
l
smallll wind
d turbine
b systems
> Wind energy
gy conversion
> Optimizing the system
VAWT „Tripala“ - Pramac
SMA Solar Technology AG
Windy Boy-EN120910
3
1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Small wind turbine classification
American Wind Energy Association
(AWEA)
Rated power up to 100 kW
Residential systems 1 kW - 10 kW
C
Commercial
i l systems
t
21 kW - 100 kW
British Wind Energy Association (BWEA) Rated power up to 50 kW
Mi wind
Micro
wi d turbines,
t bi
rotor
t swept
w t area less
l than
th 3.5
3 5 m2
Small wind turbine, rotor swept area more than 3.5 m2
G
German
Wind
Wi d Energy
E
Association
A
i ti (BWE) Rated
R t d power up tto 100 kW
Residential up to 30 kW
IEC 61400 - 2
R t sweptt area lless th
Rotor
than 200 m2
IEC 61400 - 11
Rated power up to 150 kW, hub height up to 30 m
Source: Kühn[1]
SMA Solar Technology AG
Windy Boy-EN120910
4
1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Small wind turbine market
> Worldwide sales in 2009 42.5 MW
(rated power up to 100 kW)
> 20,700 units (10% growth over 2008)
> 75% were installed in Off-Grid
ff
systems
> 25% were of a very small size
(rated power 5 kW and less)
Source: AWEA [2]
Source: AWEA [2]
SMA Solar Technology AG
Windy Boy-EN120910
5
1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Small wind turbine market - Manufacturers
> More than 260 manufacturers in 26
countries worldwide
> Often cooperation in terms of
production (blades, tower and
inverter) and in terms of distribution
and sales
Source: AWEA [2]
SMA Solar Technology AG
Windy Boy-EN120910
6
1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Turning wind into grid compliant electricity
SMA Solar Technology AG
Windy Boy-EN120910
7
1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Turning wind into grid compliant electricity
Wind
SMA Solar Technology AG
Windy Boy-EN120910
8
1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Turning wind into grid compliant electricity
> Turbines with permanent magnet
synchronous generator
> No ggear box necessaryy = low maintenance
> Operation at variable rotation speed (fixed
rotation speed
d withh asynchronous
h
generators) = optimized yield
> No external excitation necessary = easy
installation and simple generator behaviour
(rotation speed and voltage are
proportional)
HAWT „Antaris“ – Braun Windturbinen
SMA Solar Technology AG
Windy Boy-EN120910
9
1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Wind speed to turbine power
> Connection of MPP* at all wind speeds
lead to optimize load curve (best harvest
by turbines)
Wind
> Programmed load curve with
 operation mode: turbine
12 m/s
> (MPP tracking not dynamic enough)
7 m/s
/s
5 m/s
3 m/s
/ (wi
(wind
d speed)
d)
OutputRotation
voltage of
windofturbine
generator
speed
wind turbine
*Maximum Power Point
SMA Solar Technology AG
Windy Boy-EN120910
10
1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Four questions to find the best match
> Minimum DC voltage of the turbine under load
(at approx. 3 m/s wind speed or cut-in wind
speed)?
> Maximum DC voltage of the turbine under load
(at approx. 12 m/s wind speed)?
> Nominal power of the turbine?
> Maximum open circuit DC voltage of the turbine
(important for over voltage protection (OVP)
matching)
> See bundle list draft from SMA
HAWT „R9000 “ – Evance
SMA Solar Technology AG
Windy Boy-EN120910
11
1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Windy Boy family
SMA Solar Technology AG
Windy Boy-EN120910
12
1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Windy Boy family
> Comprehensive variety of Windy Boy inverters, starting from 1 kW up to 6 kW
> Multiplication of inverters allow combination with (nearly) all turbines
> World-wide operation due to SMA Grid Guard
SMA Solar Technology AG
Windy Boy-EN120910
13
1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Windy Boy family
> From low-voltage (20…60V) with
Windy Boy 1100LV (1.1kW)
> Wide input voltage range (80…550V)
(80 550V) with
new Windy Boy 3600TL und 5000TL
> Up to high voltages (250…600V)
>
and high power with
Windyy Boyy 6000A ((X*6kW)
W
W)
SMA Solar Technology AG
Windy Boy-EN120910
14
1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Windy Boy 1100LV
> Max. DC power:1240 W
> Recommended array power at 2500/5000 full load
hours per year: 1000 W/900 W
> Max.
Max DC input voltage: 60 V
> Nominal DC voltage: 25 V
> Min. open-circuit voltage for activating ”Turbine Mode”:
25 V
> Voltage range in „Turbine Mode“: 21 V–60 V
SMA Solar Technology AG
Windy Boy-EN120910
15
1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Windy Boy 1200/1700
> Max. DC power:
WB1200: 1320 W, WB1700: 1850 W
> Recommended array power at 2500/5000 full load hours
per year:
WB1200:1050 W/1000 W, WB1700: 1400 W/1300 W
> Max. DC input voltage: 400 V
> Nominal DC voltage:
WB1200:120 V, WB1700:180 V
> Mi
Min. open-circuit
i it voltage
lt
ffor activating
ti ti ”TTurbine
bi M
Mode
d ”:
WB1200: 120 V, WB1700: 150 V
> Voltage range in „Turbine Mode“:
WB1200:100 V–400 V, WB1700:139 V–400 V
SMA Solar Technology AG
Windy Boy-EN120910
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1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Windy Boy 2500/3000
> Max. DC power:
WB2500: 2700 W, WB3000: 3200 W
> Recommended array power at 2500/5000 full load hours
per year:
WB2500: 2100 W/1900 W,
WB3000: 2500 W/2200 W
> Max. DC input voltage: 600 V
> Nominal DC voltage:
WB2500 300 V
WB2500:
V, WB3000
WB3000: 350 V
> Min. open-circuit voltage for activating ”Turbine Mode”:
WB2500: 300 V, WB3000: 330 V
> Voltage range in „Turbine Mode“:
WB2500:250 V–600 V, WB3000: 290 V–600 V
SMA Solar Technology AG
Windy Boy-EN120910
17
1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Windy Boy 3300/3800
> Max. DC power:
WB3300: 3820 W, WB3800: 4040 W
> Recommended array power at 2500/5000 full load hours
per year:
WB3300: 3100 W/2800 W, WB3800: 3600 W/3300 W
> Max. DC input voltage: 500 V
> Nominal DC voltage: 200 V
> Min. open-circuit voltage for activating ”Turbine Mode”:
250 V
> Voltage range in „Turbine Mode“: 200 V – 500 V
SMA Solar Technology AG
Windy Boy-EN120910
18
1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Windy Boy 5000A/6000A
> Max. DC power:
WB5000A: 5750 W, WB6000A: 6300 W
> Recommended array power at 2500/5000 full load hours per
year:
WB5000A: 4600 W/4200 W,
WB6000A: 5500 W/5100 W
> Max. DC input voltage: 600 V
> Nominal DC voltage: 270 V
> Min.
Mi open-circuit
i it voltage
lt
ffor activating
ti ti ”TTurbine
bi M
Mode
d ”: 300 V
> Voltage range in „Turbine Mode“: 250 V – 600 V
SMA Solar Technology AG
Windy Boy-EN120910
19
1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Windy Boy 3600TL/5000TL
> Max. DC power: WB3600TL:
3800 W, WB5000TL: 5300 W
> Recommended array power at 2500/5000 full load hours per
year:
WB3600TL: 3600 W/3600 W,
WB5000TL: 4500 W / 4000 W
> Max. DC input voltage : 550 V
> Nominal DC voltage : 400 V
> Min.
Mi open-circuit
i it voltage
lt
ffor activating
ti ti ”TTurbine
bi M
Mode
d ”: 125 V
> Voltage range in „Turbine Mode“: 80 V – 550 V
> Cannot be connected in parallel
SMA Solar Technology AG
Windy Boy-EN120910
20
1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Windy Boy 2000HF/2500HF/3000HF (coming soon)
> Max. DC power:
WB2000HF: 2100 W,
WB2500HF: 2600 W,
WB3000HF: 3150W
> Max. DC input voltage : 700 V
> Nominal DC voltage : 530 V
> Min. open-circuit voltage for activating ”Turbine Mode”:
220 V
> Voltage
V lt
range iin „Turbine
T bi M
Mode
d “: 175 V – 700 V
SMA Solar Technology AG
Windy Boy-EN120910
21
1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Windy Boy family
> Integration of new technologies (e.g.
Sunclix, Bluetooth™, reactive power
control)
> Extend the complete Windy Boy
portfolio to the US market
> Enable all Windyy Boyy inverters to use
our new, state-of-the-art polynomial
load curve (instead of three point load
curve))
SMA Solar Technology AG
Windy Boy-EN120910
22
1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Application and Installation
SMA Solar Technology AG
Windy Boy-EN120910
23
1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Application and Installation
Indirect grid feed-in/Net metering
Consumer
Windy Boy
M t
Meter
SMA Solar Technology AG
Windy Boy-EN120910
Public
grid
24
1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Application and Installation
Direct grid feed-in
Consumer
Windy Boy
SMA Solar Technology AG
Windy Boy-EN120910
Meter
Öffentliches
Public
Netz
grid
25
1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Application and Installation
Stand-alone power supply systems (Default: OFF-Grid settings!)
Windy Boy
Sunny Island
Sunny Boy
Consumer
SMA Solar Technology AG
Windy Boy-EN120910
26
1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Various application of Windy Boy inverters
Hydropower plant
Wind turbine
CHP plant
p
Diesel generator
SMA Solar Technology AG
Windy Boy-EN120910
27
1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Function of Windy Boy Protection Box
Windy Boy Protection Box
Gleichrichter
Rectifier
Windyy Boyy (DC)
( )
Overvoltage
Spannungsbegrenzung
protection
p
g
g
Turbine (AC)
Lastwiderstand
load
resistance (DC)
(DC)
> Rectifying the turbine output voltage
> Overvoltage protection through switching on load resistor in parallel in case of overvoltage
SMA Solar Technology AG
Windy Boy-EN120910
28
1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Function of Windy Boy Protection Box
Recitifier
> Passive B6 bridge
> Connect „wild“ AC from turbine at L1,
L2 and L3
> 11 and
d3
3-phase
h
systems
> Bypass by direct DC-connection
SMA Solar Technology AG
Windy Boy-EN120910
29
1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Function of Windy Boy Protection Box
Overvoltage protection
UDC
Kritischescritical
DC-Spannungsniveau
DC-voltage
output voltage of Windy Boy Protection Box
t
SMA Solar Technology AG
Windy Boy-EN120910
30
1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Function of Windy Boy Protection Box
Load resistor
> Continious load up to 7000 W
> One resistor for all Protection Boxes
> Spezification:
> Designed for up to 600 VDC
> 42 Ω @ 25 °C (max. 54 Ω)
> 100 % overload
l d ffor 1 min
i
SMA Solar Technology AG
Windy Boy-EN120910
31
1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Function of Windy Boy Protection Box
Power uptake of load resistor:
U2
P
R
WBP-Box
Model
Switching
voltage[V]
Power input[kW]
Can be used
with:
400
350-360
≈3
WB1200,
WB1700
500
450-460
≈ 4,8
WB3300,
WB3800,
WB3600TL,
WB5000TL
600
550-560
≈7
WB5000A,
WB6000A,
WB2500,
WB3000
SMA Solar Technology AG
Windy Boy-EN120910
32
1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Function of Windy Boy Protection Box
Grid-tied operation of turbine
> Components
6 kW Turbine, WB 6000A, WBP-Box 600
> Grid voltage
available
> Wind conditions weak up to strong
Windy Boy Protection Box
6 kW
Gl
Gleichrichter
i h i ht
Recitfier
Overvoltage
Überspannungsprotection
schutz
SMA Solar Technology AG
Windy Boy-EN120910
33
1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Function of Windy Boy Protection Box
Grid-tied operation of turbine
> Components
6 kW Turbine, WB 6000A, WBP-Box 600
> Grid voltage
available
> Wind conditions very strong, hurricane
Windy Boy Protection Box
6 kW
Gl
Gleichrichter
i hri ht r
Recitfier
Overvoltage
Überspannungsprotection
schutz
SMA Solar Technology AG
Windy Boy-EN120910
1 ... 7 kW
34
1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Function of Windy Boy Protection Box
Grid-tied operation of turbine
> Components
6 kW Turbine, WB 6000A, WBP-Box 600
> Grid voltage
not available/cut off
> Wind conditions weak up to strong
Windy Boy Protection Box
Gl
Gleichrichter
i hri ht r
Recitfier
Overvoltage
Überspannungsprotection
schutz
SMA Solar Technology AG
Windy Boy-EN120910
1 ... 7 kW
35
1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Function of Windy Boy Protection Box
Sunny Island grid with small wind turbine
> Components
6 kW Turbine, WB 6000A, WBP-Box 600
> Grid voltage
Sunny Island
> Wind conditions strong wind/high consumption
Windy Boy Protection Box
6 kW
Recitfier
Gl
Gleichrichter
i h i ht
ÜberspannungsOvervoltage
schutz
protection
SMA Solar Technology AG
Windy Boy-EN120910
36
1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Function of Windy Boy Protection Box
Sunny Island grid with small wind turbine
> Components
6 kW Turbine, WB 6000A, WBP-Box 600
> Grid voltage
Sunny Island
> Wind conditions strong wind/low consumption, reduced power
Windy Boy Protection Box
1 kW
Recitfier
Gl
Gleichrichter
i h i ht
ÜberspannungsOvervoltage
schutz
protection
SMA Solar Technology AG
Windy Boy-EN120910
5 kW
37
1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Use of Windy Boy Protection Box
Connection of 1 x WBP-Box 1-phase
Eigenverbrauch
self
consumption
Lastwiderstand
Load resistor
Windgenerator
Wind
turbine system
Windy Boy Protection Box
Windy Boy
Öffentliches
Public gridNetz
Small
S
a W
WES
S up to
o 7 kW
W
SMA Solar Technology AG
Windy Boy-EN120910
38
1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Use of Windy Boy Protection Box
Connection of 1 x WBP-Box 3-phase
self consumption
Load resistor
Wind turbine system
Windy Boy Protection Box
Windy Boy
Public grid
Small
S
a W
WES
S up to
o 7 kW
W
SMA Solar Technology AG
Windy Boy-EN120910
39
1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Use of Windy Boy Protection Box
Connection of 3 x WBP-Box 3-phase
self consumption
Load resistor
Windy Boy Protection Box
Wind turbine system
AC distribution box
Windy Boy
Public grid
Small
S
a W
WES
S up to
o 18
8 kW
W
SMA Solar Technology AG
Windy Boy-EN120910
40
1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Windy Boy Protection Box with Load Resistor
SMA Solar Technology AG
Windy Boy-EN120910
41
1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Planning small wind turbine systems
SMA Solar Technology AG
Windy Boy-EN120910
42
1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Planning small wind turbine systems – Key tasks
R
Resource
assessmentt
A
Average
wi d speed,
wind
d main
i wi
wind
d di
direction,
ti tturbulence
b l
Siting
Positioning of tower, effects of obstacles, terrain type
Turbine technology
Rotor design, type of generator, inverter
Operation
Noise, maintenance and repair (accessibility), safety
risks
Identification of local
regulations
Planning and building laws
SMA Solar Technology AG
Windy Boy-EN120910
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1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Planning small wind turbine systems – Resource accessment - Siting
> Preliminary Assessment: Evaluation of selected site for adequate wind speed based on
available sources (e.g. Wind Atlases, NASA [5])
SMA Solar Technology AG
Windy Boy-EN120910
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1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Planning small wind turbine systems – Resource accessment - Siting
> Frequency distribution of wind speeds. Mathematical approximation possible (Weibull function)
> The wind speed for the hub height (largely determined by the roughness of the site‘s surface,
defined by the roughness length z0)
Types
yp of terrain surfaces
Water surfaces
Sand surfaces
Snow surfaces
Bare earth
Meadow
Airports, runway
Airports with building and trees
Agricultural terrain with very few
b ildi
buildings,
trees
t
Agricultural terrain with an open
appearance
Agricultural terrain with a closed
appearance
Many trees and/or bushes
Built-up terrain
Suburbs
Forest
City
SMA Solar Technology AG
Windy Boy-EN120910
z0 [[m]]
0.0001
0.0003
0.004
0.005
0.008
0.01
0.02
Roughness
g
class
0
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.7
0.8
1
0 03
0.03
1
0.05
1.5
0.1
0
1
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.8
1
2
2.5
3
3
>3
>3
Source: Hau [3]
45
1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Planning small wind turbine systems – Resource accessment - Siting
> Wind measurement campain on-site (time period of at least one year)
> Data output is organised in bins, e.g. two-dimensional binning of wind
speed and wind direction
Bin
Mean
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Start
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
45
4.5
5.5
6.5
7.5
8.5
95
9.5
10.5
11.5
12.5
13.5
14.5
SMA Solar Technology AG
End
Sum
N
NNE
ENE
E
ESE
SSE
S
0.49
4
1.49
2.49
3.49
4.49
5 49
5.49
6.49
7.49
8.49
9.49
10 49
10.49
11.49
12.49
13.49
14.49
15.49
7.05
912
611
1336
2208
3152
3621
4434
4387
3898
3333
2433
1593
1079
714
489
304
6.44
311
82
155
224
308
352
423
393
295
288
195
126
108
80
59
35
5.67
149
4
48
123
238
292
284
288
232
150
115
87
53
41
32
28
11
4.81
18
48
135
208
262
247
225
137
75
37
13
12
3
3
0
1
5.01
154
4
44
120
209
345
319
279
192
112
62
45
13
8
4
4
3
5.53
64
4
50
112
209
281
348
422
417
170
102
53
31
16
14
2
1
6.78
17
51
128
208
306
350
479
493
449
360
252
123
70
33
20
11
7.5
136
56
116
198
291
376
458
492
556
525
421
276
180
101
65
46
Windy Boy-EN120910
SSW WSW
6.86
20
43
96
177
247
313
458
556
480
342
175
136
68
39
21
4
6.55
12
40
103
150
193
253
344
412
409
271
142
54
16
10
3
2
W WNW NNW
7.53
10
54
57
121
184
211
303
337
353
361
291
198
105
40
24
7
8.29
11
45
92
114
200
260
347
367
372
393
334
224
159
117
70
41
9.34
10
50
99
152
243
308
408
459
477
477
425
347
305
241
193
142
46
1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Planning small wind turbine systems – Resource accessment - Siting
> Turbulence is the standard deviation of wind speed
(horizontal or vertical) and wind direction around the average
wind direction
3h
2h
h
20 h
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1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Planning small wind turbine systems – Software tools
License
Alwin
BLADED
Greenius
RETscreen
Freeware
Commercial Commercial Freeware
SWT Yield
E ti t
Estimator
WAsP
WindFarm
WindFarmer WindPro
Freeware
Commercial Commercial Commercial Commercial
Yield Estimation
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Structural Stresses
o
x
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Wind Analysis
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
Noise Calculation
o
o
o
o
o
o
x
x
x
Calculation of
Profitability
o
o
x
x
o
o
o
x
o
Source: Quaschning [4]
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1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Planning small wind turbine systems - Technology
> Turbines with vertical axis
> Savonius Turbine
> Darrieus Turbine
> H-Turbine
> Turbines
T bi
with
ith hhorizontal
i t l axis
i
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1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Planning small wind turbine systems - Technology
> Rotors using aerodynamic drag
lift
low pressure
> Rotors
R t using
i aerodynamic
d
i lift
airfoil chord
drag
g
angle of attack
free-stream velocity
hi h pressure
high
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1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Planning small wind turbine systems - Technology
> Power control by rotor blade pitching
> PPassive
i stall
t ll control
t l with
ith fifixed
d bl
blade
d
pitch
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1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Planning small wind turbine systems – Standard - Certification
> International standard for small wind energy systems – IEC 61400 –XX
> Certification organisations:
> Cooperation of certification instituts with harmonised measurements and evaluations:
MEASNET
> www.measnet.org
> The Microgeneration Certification Scheme
> www.microgenerationcertification.org
www microgenerationcertification org
> Small wind certification organisation: certifications according to the AWEA Small Wind
Turbine Performance and Safetyy Standard
www.smallwindcertification.org
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1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Planning small wind turbine systems – Wind energy association
> The European Wind Energy Association,
> www.ewea.org
> RenewableUK, formerly British Wind Energy Association
> www.bwea.com/small/index.html
> American Wind Energy Association
> www.awea.org
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1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Wind Energy Conversion
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1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Wind Energy Conversion – momentum theory
> Wind energy is the kinetic energy of an air mass m moving at a velocity v
2
v
m
12
n
i
Ek


2
v
m
t
1 2
E

m
t
m
> The
Th mass m off the
h moving air at a given time t can b
be d
described
b d as:



E
m: moving mass [kg]
v: velocity [m/s]
m
m

Ekin: kinetic energy [Nm]
3
v
A
ρ
t 2

v
A
ρ
at a velocity vv, then the mass flow is:
m
> If the moving air with the air density ρ passes through a cross-sectional area A


3
v
A
ρ
1 2
P

E t
P
> With
: mass flow [kg/s]
P: power [Nm/s=W]
ρ: air density [kg/m3]
A: cross-sectional area [m2]
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1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Wind Energy Conversion - power coefficient
> Energy from the wind can only be extracted by reducing the flow velocity, which means a
widening of the cross-section as the air mass remains unchanged
> The ratio between the extracted power and the power of the undisturbed mass flow is the
power coefficient
ffi i cp
> cp reaches its maximum at the ratio between the velocity v1 before and the velocity v2
after the turbine of 1/3
> cpmax = 0.593
3
v
R
A
ρ
1 2
cp
P

v: velocity
l it [m/s]
[ /]
P: power [Nm/s=W]
ρ: air density [kg/m3]
AR: rotor
o o swept
swep a
area
ea [[m2]
SMA Solar Technology AG
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Source: Hau [2]
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1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Wind Energy Conversion – tip speed ratio
> While extracting power from the wind, the rotor will impart a spin to the wake in opposite
to the torque of the rotor
> The power coefficient cp is dependent on the ratio between the tangential velocity of the
rotor blades and the undisturbed air flow, called the tip speed ratio λ
Source: Hau [2]
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1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Wind Energy Conversion – tip speed ratio
3
v
R
A
ρ
1 2
cp
P

v: velocity [m/s]
P: power [Nm/s=W]
ρ: air density [kg/m3]
AR: rotor swept area [m2]
cp : power coefficient
Source: Hau [2]
e
d
a
l
b
d
r e
o
t
e
o
p
r
s
f
d
o
n
d i
e
w
e
p
s
p
i
t
λ
o
i
t
a
r
d
e
e
p
s
p
i
t

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1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Wind speed to wind power
3
v
R
A
ρ
1 2
p
c
P

v: velocity [m/s]
P: power [Nm/s=W]
ρ: air density [kg/m3]
AR: rotor swept area [m2]
³
g m
k
5
2
2
,
1
ρ
cp: power coefficient

(air density)
Wind velocity[v]
> Doubled wind velocity means 8 times more power to harvest by turbines
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1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Wind speed to wind power (calculation example)
︶ ︵
3
v
R
A
ρ
1 2
p
c
︵
P 3
m s
2
1
π
2
m
2
g
k
3
5
2 m
2 2
,
1
3
9
5
.
0
W
7
8
8
7


︶
v: velocity [m/s]
P: power [Nm/s=W]
︵
︶ ︵
3
m s
6
π
2
m
2
g
k
3
5
2 m
2 2
,
1
3
9
5
.
0
W
6
8
9

︶
ρ: air density [kg/m3]
AR: rotor swept area [m2]

³
g m
k
5
2
2
,
1
ρ
cp: power coefficient
(air density)
Wind velocity[v]
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1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Wind speed to turbine power
Summing
g up:
p
> The tip speed ratio (TSR) is the ratio between the rotational speed of the tip of a blade
and the current velocity of the wind
> If we operate
t the
th tturbine
bi always
l
att it‘
it‘s optimal
ti l TSR (e.g.
(
7 for
f a three-wing-turbine)
th
i t bi )
then we ensure the system‘s best power coefficient cp
> But how can we ensure this at dynamically changing wind velocity
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1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Determination of the turbine curve – wind tunnel
> Test setup in the wind tunnel with
matching Windy Boy
> Set the operating condition
„constant voltage“
l
“ ffor the
h Wi
Windy
d
Boy
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1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Determination of the turbine curve – wind tunnel
> Measuring the output power for
different voltages at constant wind
speed
> D
Determination
i i off MPP for
f different
diff
wind speeds
7 m/s
Output voltage of wind turbine generator
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1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Determination of the turbine curve – measurement campaign
> Execution of measurement
campaigns (wind speed, output
power of wind turbine) with different
curves and comparing the output
power of the turbine
Wind speed
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1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Determination of the turbine curve – measurement campaign
> Determine the best turbine curve for
different wind speeds
12 m/s
7 m/s
/s
5 m/s
3 m/s
/ (wi
(wind
d speed)
d)
Output voltage of turbine generator
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1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Determination of the turbine curve – calculation
> Calculation of rotor area and circumference of the blade length
> Choosing the optimal tip speed ratio λ for the rotor type (e.g. λ = 7 for three-bladed rotor)
> Calculation of the rotation of the rotor from the circumferential speed (wind speed times tip speed
ratio) divided by the circumference
> Multiplying by 60 to get rotations per minute
> The AC voltage is obtained by multiplying the generator ration with the rotation of the rotor
> The voltage for three-phase generators is indicated between two phases, therefore calculation of
the inverter input voltage from the product of the generator voltage and square root 2
> Calculation of power by inserting the calculated variables in the equation:
3
v
R
A
ρ
1 2
p
c
P

v: wind speed [m/s]
P: power [Nm/s=W]
ρ: air density [kg/m3]
AR: rotor swept area[m2]
cp: power coefficient
ffi i
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1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Determination of the turbine curve – calculation example
> Blade length: 2,5 m
> Tip speed ratio: 7
> Power coefficient: 0,32
> Air density 1,22 kg/m3
> Generator ratio: 0,5 V/min-1
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1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Optimizing your system
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1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Key feature: turbine curve
Wi d turbine
Wind
t bi
SMA Solar Technology AG
Wi d B
Windy
Boy PProtection
t ti Box
B
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1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Turbine mode with 3-point load curve
3-point load curve
> Good approximation
> Optimized control
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1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Turbine mode with polynomial load curve
Polynomial load curve
> „The real thing“, not
just an approximation
> Optimized
O i i d controll
> Continious load gradient
(minimized mechanical stress)
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1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Polynomial load curve
Parameters
> UPVStart
 start of grid monitoring
> UDCWindStart
Wi dS
 start of load curve
> Wind_a0 to Wind_a3
 amplification of polynom
PAC(UDC)  Wind_a0  Wind_a1 UDC  Wind_a2 UDC 2  Wind_a3 UDC 3
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1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Windy Boy Setup Tool
> Optimize your load curve
(even offline)
> Perfect adjustment of your Windy Boy
to your turbine
> Easy-to-use tool
all yyou need in one window
http://www.SMA.de/en/service/downloads.html
(tab„Software“)
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1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Setting of the load curve – USB-Service-Interface
> Easy upload and download of Windy
Boy settings
> C
Communication
i i e.g. via
i USB-Service
USB S i
interface
 latest driver downloadable from
SMA website
> Save and reuse your optimized settings
(for multiple sites)
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1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Setting of the load curve - Bluetooth®
> Direct communication with the Windy
Boy via Bluetooth®-connection
> EExtract the
h coefficients
ffi i
from
f
the
h Wi
Windy
d
Boy Setup tool and enter them in the
Windyy Boyy via Bluetooth® and Sunnyy
Explorer
>
Wind_a0=Constant deviation of power calculation
>
Wind_a1=Coefficient of power calculation based on Udc
>
Wind_a2=Coefficient of power calculation based on Udc^2
>
Wind_a3=Coefficient of power calculation based on Udc^3
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1. SWT classification | 2. Grid connection | 3. Windy Boy family | 4. Application and Installation | 5. Planning SWT | 6. Wind energy conversion | 7. Optimizing the system
Windy Boy Setup Tool
Windy Boy Setup Tool documentation, chapter 5.4.1
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Appendix – References
> 1. Kühn, Paul: Introduction to small wind turbines, www.iset.uni-kassel.de,
accessed 2010-10-31
> 2. American Wind Energy Association (AWEA): 2010 AWEA Small Wind Turbine Global
Market Study, www.awea.org, accessed 2011-02-16
> 3. Hau, Erich: Wind Turbines, 2006
> 4
4. Quaschning,
Q
h i Volker:
V lk www.volker-quaschning.de,
lk
h i d accessed
d 2011
2011-02-21,
02 21 extension
i ffor
SWT Yield Estimator
> 5. NASA, Surface meteorology and Solar Energy:
http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/sse/RETScreen/
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Appendix – Software tools
> Alwin: http://www.ammonit.com/en/support/downloads/214-software
> BLADED: http://www.gl-garradhassan.com/en/software/GHBladed.php
> Greenius: http://www.f1.fhtw-berlin.de/studiengang/ut/downloads/greenius/index.html
> RETscreen: http://www.retscreen.net/ang/home.php
> SWT Yield Estimator: http://www.renknow.net/,
search for „small wind turbine yield estimator“
> WAsP: http://www.wasp.dk/Download/Index.htm
> WindFarm:
Wi dF
htt //
http://www.resoft.co.uk/English/index.htm
ft
k/E li h/i d ht
> WindFarmer: http://www.gl-garradhassan.com/en/software/GHWindFarmer.php
> WindPro: http://www.emd.dk/WindPRO/Frontpage
http://www emd dk/WindPRO/Frontpage
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Let‘s be realistic
and try the impossible!
SMA Solar Technology AG