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Contents
Foreword by Professor Simon Saunders
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Preface to the Second Edition
This is Still Not a Book for Scientists!
The Practical Approach
Keep the Originals!
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Acknowledgments
Second Edition
First Edition
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Preface to the First Edition
This is Not a Book for Scientists
The Practical Approach
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1 Introduction
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2 Overview of Cellular Systems
2.1 Mobile Telephony
2.1.1 Cellular Systems
2.1.2 Radio Transmission in General
2.1.3 The Cellular Concept
2.1.4 Digital Cellular Systems
2.2 Introduction to GSM
2.2.1 GSM
2.2.2 GSM Radio Features
2.2.3 Mobility Management in GSM
2.2.4 GSM Signaling
2.2.5 GSM Network Architecture
2.3 Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
2.3.1 The Most Important UMTS Radio Design Parameters
2.3.2 The UMTS Radio Features
2.3.3 UMTS Noise Control
2.3.4 UMTS Handovers
2.3.5 UMTS Power Control
2.3.6 UMTS and Multipath Propagation
2.3.7 UMTS Signaling
2.3.8 The UMTS Network Elements
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2.4 Introduction to HSPA
2.4.1 Introduction
2.4.2 Wi-Fi
2.4.3 Introduction to HSDPA
2.4.4 Indoor HSPA Coverage
2.4.5 Indoor HSPA Planning for Maximum Performance
2.4.6 HSDPA Coverage from the Macro Network
2.4.7 Passive DAS and HSPA
2.4.8 Short Introduction to HSPAþ
2.4.9 Conclusion
2.5 Modulation
2.5.1 Shannon’s Formula
2.5.2 BPSK
2.5.3 QPSK – Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
2.5.4 Higher Order Modulation 16-64QAM
2.5.5 EVM Error Vector Magnitude
2.5.6 Adaptive Modulation, Planning for Highest Data Speed
2.6 Advanced Antenna Systems for HSPAþ and LTE
2.6.1 SISO/MIMO Systems
2.6.2 SISO, Single Input Single Output
2.6.3 SIMO, Single Input Multiple Output
2.6.4 MISO, Multiple Inputs Single Output
2.6.5 MIMO, Multiple Inputs Multiple Outputs
2.6.6 Planning for Optimum Data Speeds Using MIMO
2.7 Short Introduction to LTE
2.7.1 Motivation behind LTE and E-UTRAN
2.7.2 Key Features of LTE E-UTRAN
2.7.3 System Architecture Evolution – SAE
2.7.4 EPS – Evolved Packet System
2.7.5 Evolved Packet Core Network – EPC
2.7.6 LTE Reference Points/Interfaces
2.7.7 The LTE RF Channel Bandwidth
2.7.8 OFDM – Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
2.7.9 OFDMA – Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
2.7.10 SC-FDMA – Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access
2.7.11 LTE Slot Structure
2.7.12 User Scheduling
2.7.13 Downlink Reference Signals
2.7.14 The LTE Channel
2.7.15 LTE Communication and Control Channels
2.7.16 Radio Recourse Management in LTE
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Indoor Radio Planning
3.1 Why is In-building Coverage Important?
3.1.1 Commercial and Technical Evaluation
3.1.2 The Main Part of the Mobile Traffic is Indoors
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3.1.3 Some 70–80% of Mobile Traffic is Inside Buildings
3.1.4 Indoor Solutions Can Make a Great Business Case
3.1.5 Business Evaluation
3.1.6 Coverage Levels/Cost Level
3.1.7 Evaluate the Value of the Proposed Solution
Indoor Coverage from the Macro Layer
3.2.1 More Revenue with Indoor Solutions
3.2.2 The Problem Reaching Indoor Mobile Users
The Indoor UMTS/HSPA Challenge
3.3.1 UMTS Orthogonality Degradation
3.3.2 Power Load per User
3.3.3 Interference Control in the Building
3.3.4 The Soft Handover Load
3.3.5 UMTS/HSPA Indoor Coverage Conclusion
Common UMTS Rollout Mistakes
3.4.1 The Macro Mistake
3.4.2 Do Not Apply GSM Strategies
3.4.3 The Correct Way to Plan UMTS/HSPA Indoor Coverage
The Basics of Indoor RF Planning
3.5.1 Isolation is the Key
3.5.2 Tinted Windows Will Help Isolation
3.5.3 The ‘High-rise Problem’
3.5.4 Radio Service Quality
3.5.5 Indoor RF Design Levels
3.5.6 The Zone Planning Concept
Distributed Antenna Systems
4.1 What Type of Distributed Antenna System is Best?
4.1.1 Passive or Active DAS
4.1.2 Learn to Use all the Indoor Tools
4.1.3 Combine the Tools
4.2 Passive Components
4.2.1 General
4.2.2 Coax Cable
4.2.3 Splitters
4.2.4 Taps/Uneven Splitters
4.2.5 Attenuators
4.2.6 Dummy Loads or Terminators
4.2.7 Circulators
4.2.8 A 3 dB Coupler (90 Hybrid)
4.2.9 Power Load on Passive Components
4.2.10 Filters
4.3 The Passive DAS
4.3.1 Planning the Passive DAS
4.3.2 Main Points About Passive DAS
4.3.3 Applications for Passive DAS
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4.4 Active DAS
4.4.1 Easy to Plan
4.4.2 Pure Active DAS for Large Buildings
4.4.3 Pure Active DAS for Small to Medium-size Buildings
4.4.4 Active Fiber DAS
4.5 Hybrid Active DAS Solutions
4.5.1 Data Performance on the Uplink
4.5.2 DL Antenna Power
4.5.3 Antenna Supervision
4.5.4 Installation Challenges
4.5.5 The Elements of the Hybrid Active DAS
4.6 Other Hybrid DAS Solutions
4.6.1 In-line BDA Solution
4.6.2 Combining Passive and Active Indoor DAS
4.6.3 Combining Indoor and Outdoor Coverage
4.7 Indoor DAS for MIMO Applications
4.7.1 Calculating the Ideal MIMO Antenna Distance Separation
for Indoor DAS
4.7.2 Make Both MIMO Antennas ‘Visible’ for the Users
4.7.3 Passive DAS and MIMO
4.7.4 Pure Active DAS for MIMO
4.7.5 Hybrid DAS and MIMO
4.7.6 Upgrading Existing DAS to MIMO
4.8 Using Repeaters for Indoor DAS Coverage
4.8.1 Basic Repeater Terms
4.8.2 Repeater Types
4.8.3 Repeater Considerations in General
4.9 Repeaters for Rail Solutions
4.9.1 Repeater Principle on a Train
4.9.2 Onboard DAS Solutions
4.9.3 Repeater Features for Mobile Rail Deployment
4.9.4 Practical Concerns with Repeaters on Rail
4.10 Designing with Pico and Femtocells
4.10.1 What is a Femtocell?
4.10.2 Types of Femtocells
4.10.3 The Pico/Femtocell Principle
4.10.4 Typical Pico Cell Design
4.10.5 Extending Pico Cell Coverage with Active DAS
4.10.6 Combining Pico Cells into the Same DAS, only GSM/DCS
4.10.7 Cost Savings When Combining Capacity of GSM
Pico Cells
4.11 Active DAS Data
4.11.1 Gain and Delay
4.11.2 Power Per Carrier
4.11.3 Bandwidth, Ripple
4.11.4 The 1 dB Compression Point
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4.11.5 IP3 Third-order Intercept Point
4.11.6 Harmonic Distortion, Inter-modulation
4.11.7 Spurious Emissions
4.11.8 Noise Figure
4.11.9 MTBF
4.11.10 Dynamic Range and Near-far Effect
4.12 Electromagnetic Radiation, EMR
4.12.1 ICNIRP EMR Guidelines
4.12.2 Mobiles are the Strongest Source of EMR
4.12.3 Indoor DAS will Provide Lower EMR Levels
4.13 Conclusion
5 Designing Indoor DAS Solutions
5.1 The Indoor Planning Procedure
5.1.1 Indoor Planning Process Flow
5.1.2 The RF Planning Part of the Process
5.1.3 The Site Survey
5.1.4 Time Frame for Implementing Indoor DAS
5.1.5 Post Implementation
5.2 The RF Design Process
5.2.1 The Role of the RF Planner
5.2.2 RF Measurements
5.2.3 The Initial RF Measurements
5.2.4 Measurements of Existing Coverage Level
5.2.5 RF Survey Measurement
5.2.6 Planning the Measurements
5.2.7 Post Implementation Measurements
5.2.8 Free Space Loss
5.2.9 The One Meter Test
5.3 Designing the Optimum Indoor Solution
5.3.1 Adapt the Design to Reality
5.3.2 Learn from the Mistakes of Others
5.3.3 Common Mistakes When Designing Indoor Solutions
5.3.4 Planning the Antenna Locations
5.3.5 The ‘Corridor Effect’
5.3.6 Fire Cells Inside the Building
5.3.7 Indoor Antenna Performance
5.3.8 The ‘Corner Office Problem’
5.3.9 Interleaving Antennas In-between Floors
5.3.10 Planning for Full Indoor Coverage
5.3.11 The Cost of Indoor Design Levels
5.4 Indoor Design Strategy
5.4.1 Hot-spot Planning Inside Buildings
5.4.2 Special Design Considerations
5.4.3 The Design Flow
5.4.4 Placing the Indoor Antennas
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5.5
Handover Considerations Inside Buildings
5.5.1 Indoor GSM Handover Planning
5.5.2 Indoor UMTS Handover Planning
5.5.3 Handover Zone Size
5.6 Elevator Coverage
5.6.1 Elevator Installation Challenges
5.6.2 The Most Common Coverage Elevator Solution
5.6.3 Antenna Inside the Shaft
5.6.4 Repeater in the Lift-car
5.6.5 DAS Antenna in the Lift-car
5.6.6 Passive Repeaters in Elevators
5.6.7 Real-life Example of a Passive Repeater in an Elevator
5.6.8 Control the Elevator HO Zone
5.6.9 Elevator HO Zone Size
5.6.10 Challenges with Elevator Repeaters for Large Shafts
5.7 Multioperator Systems
5.7.1 Multioperator DAS Solutions Compatibility
5.7.2 The Combiner System
5.7.3 Inter-modulation Distortion
5.7.4 How to Minimize PIM
5.7.5 IMD Products
5.8 Co-existence Issues for GSM/UMTS
5.8.1 Spurious Emissions
5.8.2 Combined DAS for GSM900 and UMTS
5.8.3 Combined DAS for GSM1800 and UMTS
5.9 Co-existence Issues for UMTS/UMTS
5.9.1 Adjacent Channel Interference Power Ratio
5.9.2 The ACIR Problem with Indoor DAS
5.9.3 Solving the ACIR Problem Inside Buildings
5.10 Multioperator Requirements
5.10.1 Multioperator Agreement
5.10.2 Parties Involved in the Indoor Project
5.10.3 The Most Important Aspects to Cover in the MOA
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Traffic Dimensioning
6.1 Erlang, the Traffic Measurement
6.1.1 What is One Erlang?
6.1.2 Call Blocking, Grade of Service
6.1.3 The Erlang B Table
6.1.4 User Types, User Traffic Profile
6.1.5 Save on Cost, Use the Erlang Table
6.1.6 When Not to Use Erlang
6.1.7 GSM Radio Channels and Erlang
6.1.8 UMTS Channels and Erlang
6.1.9 Trunking Gain, Resource Sharing
6.1.10 Cell Configuration in Indoor Projects
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6.1.11 Busy Hour and Return on Investment
Calculations
6.1.12 Base Station Hotels
6.1.13 Data Capacity
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7 Noise
7.1 Noise Fundamentals
7.1.1 Thermal Noise
7.1.2 Noise Factor
7.1.3 Noise Figure
7.1.4 Noise Floor
7.1.5 The Receiver Sensitivity
7.1.6 Noise Figure of Amplifiers
7.1.7 Noise Factor of Coax Cables
7.2 Cascaded Noise
7.2.1 The Friis Formula
7.2.2 Amplifier After the Cable Loss
7.2.3 Amplifier Prior to the Cable Loss
7.2.4 Problems with Passive Cables and Passive DAS
7.3 Noise Power
7.3.1 Calculating the Noise Power of a System
7.4 Noise Power from Parallel Systems
7.4.1 Calculating Noise Power from Parallel Sources
7.5 Noise Control
7.5.1 Noise Load on Base Stations
7.5.2 Noise and GSM Base Stations
7.5.3 Noise and UMTS Base Stations
7.6 Updating a Passive DAS from 2G to 3G
7.6.1 The 3G/HSPA Challenge
7.6.2 The UMTS Problem
7.6.3 Solution 1, In-line BDA
7.6.4 Solution 2: Active DAS Overlay
7.6.5 Conclusions on Noise and Noise Control
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8 The Link Budget
8.1 The Components and Calculations of the RF Link
8.1.1 The Maximum Allowable Path Loss
8.1.2 The Components in the Link Budget
8.1.3 Link Budgets for Indoor Systems
8.1.4 Passive DAS Link Budget
8.1.5 Active DAS Link Budget
8.1.6 The Free Space Loss
8.1.7 The Modified Indoor Model
8.1.8 The PLS Model
8.1.9 Calculating the Antenna Service Radius
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9 Tools for Indoor Radio Planning
9.1 Live and Learn
9.2 Diagram Tools
9.2.1 Simple or Advanced?
9.3 Radio Survey Tools
9.3.1 Use Only Calibrated Equipment
9.4 The Simple Tools and Tips
9.4.1 Use a Digital Camera
9.4.2 Use the World Wide Web
9.4.3 Traffic Calculations
9.5 Tools for Link Budget Calculations
9.6 Tools for Indoor Predictions
9.6.1 Spreadsheets Can Do Most of the Job
9.6.2 The More Advanced RF Prediction Models
9.7 The Advanced Toolkit (RF-vu from iBwave.com)
9.7.1 Save Time, Keep Costs and Mistakes to a Minimum
9.7.2 Import Floor Plans
9.7.3 Diagram and Floor Plan
9.7.4 Schematic Diagram
9.7.5 Error Detection
9.7.6 Component Database
9.7.7 Equipment List and Project Cost Report
9.7.8 RF and Installation Report
9.7.9 Multisystem or Multioperator
9.7.10 Importing an RF Survey
9.7.11 Site Documentation
9.7.12 RF Propagation
9.7.13 Fully Integrated
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10 Optimizing the Radio Resource Management Parameters on Node B
When Interfacing to an Active DAS, BDA, LNA or TMA
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 UMTS Radio Performance is All About Noise and Power Control
10.1.2 UMTS RF Parameter Reference is Different from GSM
10.1.3 Adjust the Parameters
10.1.4 How to Adjust this in the RAN
10.1.5 Switch Off the LNA in Node B when Using Active DAS
10.2 Impact of DL Power Offset
10.2.1 Access Burst
10.2.2 Power Offset Between Node B and the Active DAS
10.2.3 Solution
10.2.4 Impact on the UL of Node B
10.2.5 Admission Control
10.3 Impact of Noise Power
10.3.1 The UL Noise Increase on Node B
10.4 Delay of the Active DAS
10.4.1 Solution
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Impact
10.5.1
10.5.2
10.5.3
of External Noise Power
To Calculate the Noise Power
To Calculate the UL Attenuator
Affect on Admission Control
11 Tunnel Radio Planning
11.1 The Typical Tunnel Solution
11.1.1 The Penetration Loss into the Train Coach
11.2 The Tunnel HO Zone
11.2.1 Establishing the HO Zone Size
11.2.2 The Link Loss and the Effect on the Handover
Zone Design
11.2.3 The Handover Challenge Between the Tunnel and
Outside Network
11.2.4 Possible Solutions for the Tunnel HO Problem to the
Outside Network
11.3 Covering Tunnels with Antennas
11.4 Radiating Cable Solutions
11.4.1 The Radiating Cable
11.4.2 Calculating the Coverage Level
11.4.3 Installation Challenges Using Radiating Cable
11.5 Tunnel Solutions, Cascaded BDAs
11.5.1 Cascaded Noise Build-up
11.5.2 Example of a Real-life Cascaded BDA System
11.6 Tunnel Solutions, T-Systems
11.6.1 T-systems, Principle
11.6.2 Example of a Real-life T-system with BDAs
11.6.3 T-systems with Antenna Distribution
11.7 Handover Design inside Tunnels
11.7.1 General Considerations
11.7.2 Using Antennas for the HO Zone in Tunnels
11.7.3 Using Parallel Radiating Cable for the HO Zone
11.7.4 Using a Coupler for the HO Zone
11.7.5 Avoid Common HO Zone Mistakes
11.8 Redundancy in Tunnel Coverage Solutions
11.8.1 Multiple Cell Redundancy in Tunnels
11.9 Sector Strategy for Larger Metro Tunnel Projects
11.9.1 Common Cell Plans for Large Metro Rail Systems
11.9.2 Using Distributed Base Station in a Metro Tunnel Solution
11.9.3 Using Optical Fibre DAS in a Metro Tunnel Solution
11.10 RF Test Specification of Tunnel Projects
11.11 Timing Issues in DAS for Tunnels
11.11.1 Calculating the Total Delay of a Tunnel Solution
11.11.2 Solving the Delay Problem in the Tunnel DAS
11.11.3 High Speed Rail Tunnels
11.11.4 Road Tunnels
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12 Covering Indoor Users From the Outdoor Network
12.1 The Challenges of Reaching Indoor Users From the Macro Network
12.1.1 Micro Cell Deployment for IB Coverage
12.1.2 Antenna Locations for Micro Cells
12.1.3 Antenna Clearance for Micro Cells
12.1.4 The Canyon Effect
12.2 Micro Cell Capacity
12.3 ODAS – Outdoor Distributed Antenna Systems
12.3.1 The Base Station Hotel and Remote Units
12.3.2 Simulcast and Flexible Capacity
12.3.3 Different Sector Plans for Different Services
12.4 Digital Distribution on DAS
12.4.1 Advantages of ODDAS
12.4.2 Remote Radio Heads
12.4.3 Integrating the ODAS with the Macro Network
12.5 High Speed Rail Solutions
12.5.1 Calculating the Required Handover Zone Size for High
Speed Rail
12.5.2 Distributed Base Stations for High Speed Rail
12.5.3 Covering High Speed Rail with Outdoor Distributed
Antenna Systems
12.5.4 Optimize the Location of the ODAS and Base Station
Antennas for High Speed Rail
12.5.5 The Doppler Effect
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References
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Appendix
Reference Material
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Index
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