Power Supplies
Messungen an der Stromversorgung
Thomas Giehm/ dataTec
Agenda
• Grundlagen
• Bauarten und Eigenschaften von Power Supplies
• DC Power Analyser N6705B
• Module
• Beispiele
• Portfolie Überblick
• High Performance Power Supplies (APS)
• Source Measure Unit (SMU)
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Power Supply Categories
Basic Supplies
– Manual or Programmable
– Used for setting bias, powering circuits, etc.
Performance Supplies
– Faster, more accurate, higher power
– Typically used in system applications
Modular Supplies
– Compact, flexible, mix-and-match
– Easily interconnected
Specialty Supplies
– Battery Simulation
– Solar Array Simulation
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Page 3
DC Power Supply Topologies
Linear or series-pass
Advantages
– Low output ripple & noise
– Fast programming speed
– Fast transient recovery
Disadvantages
– Low efficiency
– High weight/watt
– Physically large
Applications
– Bench & laboratory
– Automated test
– Low power: < 500 W
Note: Agilent's linear Power
Supplies classically have fast
programming speed which make
them a good fit in test systems.
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4
DC Power Supply Topologies
Switched mode (SMPS)
Advantages
– High power in small package
– High efficiency
Disadvantages
– Moderate to high** ripple &
noise
– Moderate programming speed
– Moderate transient recovery
Applications
–
–
–
–
Subassembly test
Burn-in
Bench & laboratory
Electromechanical test
**Note: Agilent's newest
Switching Power Supplies have
noise, slew rate, programming
speed and transient performance
nearly that of linear supplies
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5
Key Power Supply Specs: Comparing Noise
High Noise
Typical PC Power Supply
(not an instrument)
100 mVpp
Typical
Switching
(SMPS) Supply
20 mVpp
10 mVpp
Typical
Linear Supply
1 mVpp
Hint
Noise is very dependent
on output voltage,
so a 5V output will have
much less noise than a
100 V output
Agilent
Switching
Supply
Agilent Low Noise
Switching Supply
Agilent
Linear Supply
Low Noise
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6
Output Measurements
• built-in voltmeter and/or ampermeter - read back own
output
• displayed on front panel or queried by remote interface
• accuracy is specified as a % of full scale plus an offset
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Page 7
Remote Sense
(150 mV drop)
Lead resistance can
contribute a significant
voltage drop between the
output of the supply and
the actual voltage
presented at the load
The sense leads measure
the voltage present at the
load itself, and adjusts
the output of the supply
to compensate for the
voltage drops in the leads
I =10 Amps
(150 mV drop)
5.3 V
High Z
Input
I =Zero
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Page 8
N6705A – Remote sense: called “4 Wire Sense”
• Access from Source Settings screen
• Illuminates a green “4 wire” LED on front panel for each output
with 4 Wire Sense turned on
• Setting is stored in non-volatile memory
CAUTION:
If you do not have sense wires connected, turn 4 Wire Sense “off”.
Otherwise, output will regulate slightly higher than setting (a few %).
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DC Power Supply Capabilities
• Constant voltage (CV) mode
– Output sensing
VSet
CV
I
• Constant current (CC) mode
V
CC
ISet
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Page 10
Output Characteristics
Rectangular
Vmax
Pmax
Pmax
Vmax
Dual-range
Pmax
Imax
Imax
Autoranging
Vmax
Maximum
power
range
Imax
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Special Capabilities
Protecting the Device Under Test
– Over Voltage Protection (OVP)
– Over Current Protection (OCP)
– Discrete Fault Indicator (DFI) /
Remote Inhibit (RI)
Protecting the Power Supply
– Over Temperature Protection (OTP)
– Output Disconnect Relay
Output Polarity Reversal
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Page 12
Unique Feature: Down Programming
Capacitors discharge slowly
under light loads
− Static voltage source: no
problem
− Varying voltage levels: slow
tests
Down programming
− Rapidly decrease the output
voltage
− Reducing discharge times by
hundreds of ms
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Page 13
Parallel and Series Safety Precautions
SERIES CONNECTION
Never exceed the floating voltage rating of any of the supplies.
Never subject any of the power supplies to negative voltages.
Program each power supply independently. If two supplies are used, program
each one for 50% of the total output voltage. If three supplies are used, program
each supply for about 33% of the total output voltage. Set the current limit of
each supply to the maximum that the load can safely handle.
PARALLEL CONNECTION
One unit must operate in constant voltage (CV) mode and the other(s) in
constant current (CC) mode.
The output load must draw enough current to keep the CC unit(s) in CC mode.
Program the current limit of each unit to its maximum value and program the
output voltage of the CV unit to a value slightly lower than the CC unit(s). The
CC units supply the maximum output current that they have been set to and drop
their output voltage until it matches the voltage of the CV unit, which supplies
only enough current to fulfill the total load demand.
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DC Power Analyzer N6705B has sourcing
and measurement capability
Sourcing functions
• Simple DC bias
• Arbitrary waveform generator-like functions
• Sequencing outputs
Measurement functions
• DC measurements
• Oscilloscope-like functions
• Datalogger function
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Output sequencing
Output waveforms
Agilent N6705 Sourcing Capabilities
V
V
V
V
Ramp turnon
V
V
V pulse
t
Trapezoid
t
OUTPUT ON
Module 3
Module 4
V
V
V dropoutt
t
AC + DC offset
t
User defined
V1
V2
Module 1
Module 2
t
Exponential
turn-on
t
Staircase
turn-on
t
t
Step turnon
DC bias t
V
V
V3
Delay
2
Delay
3
Delay
4
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V4
N6705A – Rear View
Trigger In/Out
Digital port
USB, LAN,
GPIB
(LXI Class C)
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Flexible: Mix and Match Power Modules
N6705A DC Power Analyzer, 600W
– Holds up to 4 modules, below, in any combination
50 W DC Power Modules (6 models up to 100 V or 10 A)
100 W DC Power Modules (6 models up to 100 V or 20 A)
300 W DC Power Modules (4 models up to 100 V or 15 A)
For basic DUT or fixture power
50 W High-Performance, Autoranging DC Power Module
100 W High-Performance, Autoranging DC Power Module
300 W High-Performance, Autoranging DC Power Module
For applications where power supply plays
key role as source and measurement instrument
50 W Precision DC Power Module
100 W Precision DC Power Module
For semiconductor testing and applications
requiring precision in the milli- and microampere region
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7 New High Power Modules, 300 & 500 Watts
N675x
Brings the N6700 family total to 33 modules
N6751A
50V, 5A
50W Max
N6752A
50V, 10A
100W Max
N6753A
20V, 50A
300W Max
N6754A
60V, 20A
300W Max
N6755A
N6756A
20V, 50A
500W Max
$2800 REF
60V, 17A
500W Max
$2800 REF
N6761A
50V, 1.5A
50W Max
N6762A
50V, 3A
100W Max
N6763A
N6764A
N6765A
N6766A
20V, 50A
300W Max
$3500 REF
60V, 20A
300W Max
$3500 REF
20V, 50A
500W Max
$3900 REF
60V, 17A
500W Max
$3900 REF
Precision Series
N6777A
N677x
N676x
High Performance Series
N6773A
20V, 15A
300W
N6774A
35V, 8.5A
300W
N6775A
60V, 5A
300W
N6776A
100V, 3A
300W
Basic Series
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150V, 2A
300W
$1350 REF
New N6700 Series SMU Products Applications
2-Quadrant SMU
for Battery Drain
Analysis 20W
20V +1A /
6V +3A
Application
Battery drain logging and analysis
Battery run-down logging & analysis
Chip set test
PMU test
Active device test
Semiconductor test
Discrete device test
Passive device test
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N6781A
2-Quadrant SMU
for Functional
Test 20W
20V +1A /
6V +3A
N6782A
4-Quadrant SMU
for General
Purpose 20W
+20V +1A /
+6V +3A
N6784A
N6781A 2-Quadrant Source/Measure Unit
+20V
for Battery Drain Analysis
-1A
Voltage Source
Current Source
Electronic Load
+6V
– “Glitch free” sourcing and measurement
– Multiple measurement ranges
– Excellent transient response to GSM pulse
– Stable with capacitive loads up to 150 µF
– Programmable output resistance: -40mΩ to +1Ω
– Auxiliary voltage measurement input
for battery rundown test
-3A
Measurement
– Built-in digitizer of 200,000 samples/second
14585A Software
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+1A
+6V
+3A
Introduced in
2010
Making Measurements – Battery Rundown Test
N6781A only
• Battery Rundown Test (Single reading, Scope or Data log)
• Zero-burden ammeter mode --plus-• Aux input voltage measurement to measure battery voltage
• Gives most realistic assessment of DUT operation under battery power
Your
power
source
DUT
Battery Current Drain
0 Volts
_
Ammeter
+
Up to 4
Aux In Voltage Measurement
on N6781A
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Example Application: Helping to solve an ABS
module manufacturing problem
Problem: At
automotive body & assembly plant, during final assembly, as
battery connector was slid onto battery post, intermittent power was briefly
applied to ABS module causing ABS light to erroneously come on
Testing requirement: Quality Engineers needed a way to simulate intermittent
power to the ABS module to test it on the bench
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Example Application: Helping to solve an ABS
module manufacturing problem (continued)
N6705A arbitrary waveform generator was used to create a variety
of power drop-outs to look for problems and evaluate margin after design
changes were made
Solution:
•Arb definition: User defined voltage
• Only part of arb shown above
• Voltage bouncing between 0V & 14.4V
• Experiment with time settings & number
of dropouts to try to create problem
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•Scope view
•200ms/div
• Shows simulated intermittent
battery connection
Effect of Output Capacitor on Current
Measurements
Each module measures its
output current here
•Ic = C x dV/dt
Ic = cap current
•Note: Ic flows only when Vout is changing
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User’s current
“Compensate current measurements
during voltage transients” setting
5000V/s
slew rate
25V step
•N6762A, no load
The only difference…
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14585A Control and Analysis Software
for the DC Power Analyzer
• Works with N6705A/B, N6715A/B mainframes only
• Simultaneously control up to 4 mainframes;
Up to 16 power supplies
• Advanced features made easy,
such as record & playback
• Works with all N6700 modules
– $1,240 per mainframe license (after 30 day free trial)
•www.agilent.com/find/14585
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Dynamic Battery Test Examples
Examples of dynamic battery drain:
GSM phone current
during a phone call
Digital camera current
during a picture
Google G1 phone current
during boot process (turn on)
Dynamic battery drain reproduced using N6781A as an electronic load:
All screenshots are of 14585A Control & Analysis Software for the DC Power Analyzer
www.agilent.com/find/14585
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Agilent Basic DC Power Supplies
Non-programmable (for Labs and Low-cost Manufacturing)
Being discontinued
U8000A
90 W, 150 W
$290
Single output
E3610A-17A
30 W - 60 W
E3620A
50 W
11 models
E3630A
35 W
Multiple Output
$700
Programmable (All have GPIB -- some include RS-232 or USB + LAN/LXI)
E3640A-45A
Single Output
30 W - 80 W
$700
E3646A-49A
Dual Output
60 W - 100 W
E3631A
E3632A-34A
Triple Output Single Output
80 W
120 W - 200 W
72 models
N5700
Single Output
750 W, 1500 W
N8700
N8900
Single Output
Single Output
3200 W, 5100 W 5 kW, 10 kW, 15 kW
$12,000
Agilent Performance DC Power Supplies
$8,000
$20,000
N6705
DC Power Analyzer
$4,000
$15,000
N6700 Low-Profile
Modular Power System
$6,000
$20,000
66000 Modular Power System
8 x 150 W, for legacy systems
Single Output DC, GPIB, Ideal for ATE, Accurate, Low Noise
6610
50 W
6630
100 W, 2Q
$2,000
6640
200 W
6650
500 W
6670
2000 W
45 models
N6900
Advanced Power System
1000 W, 2000 W
6680
5000 W
$8,000
6690
6600 W
Agilent Precision DC Power Supplies
U2722/3A USB
Modular Source
Measure Unit
$2,300-$4,000
$2,000
B2900A
Precision
SMU
B2960A 6.5 Digit
Low Noise Power
Source
$6,000 4+2 models $13,000
5 modules
$5,000
$2,000
N676xA Series Precision DC Power Modules
50 W, 100 W, 300 W, 500 W
E5260A
series High
Speed
Measurement
E5270A
series High
Precision
Measurement
$20,000-$110,000
5 modules
$5,000
N678xA Series SMU and
Application Specific Modules
B1500A
Semiconductor
Device Analyzer
$50,000-$150,000
$9,900
B1505A Power
Device Analyzer /
Curve Tracer
$70,000-$250,000
12 models
$12,900
N7900 Series Dynamic DC Power Supplies
Advanced Power System
1000 W, 2000 W
The APS: A high performance ATE system dc power supply
Small, fast
and accurate
Low output noise
Advanced
triggering
Optional: 2-quadrant
source/sink operation
Advanced
measurements
Optional: “strip-chart”
recorder for forensic
troubleshooting
The APS has 2 series, each optimized to meet your test needs
N6900 Series
DC Power Supply
Designed for ATE applications
where high performance is critical
N7900 Series
Dynamic DC Power Supply
Designed for ATE applications
where high-speed dynamic sourcing and
measurement is needed
DC to DC Converter Test with the APS
Target power range ~500 W to 5 kW
Test setup with the APS
APS , Dynamic DC
Power Supply
Load
DC to DC Converter
The APS will make your DC
to DC converter customer’s
life easier by:
•Providing an integrated one
box solution
•Providing throughput,
performance, and test
integrity never before seen in
a power product
APS provides an integrated solution
Bidirectional DC to DC Converter Test with the APS
Bidirectional DC to DC Converter
in energy storage applications
•
Can allow current to flow in both directions. Used widely
Today most customers use a power supply, electronic load, and a switch
•This method is not a continuous 2 quadrant solution
APS Power Supply
APS Power Dissipater
Test setup with the APS
• APS power supply combined with the APS Power Dissipater Unit solves
bidirectional DC to DC converter test challenge
• Provides a continuous 2-quadrant solution
Why Buy the APS for DC to DC Converter
Customer test challenges
Increasing test
throughput
Generating power
transients
Characterizing
dynamic currents
APS solves them
Output speed, List
mode, advanced
triggering
AWG capabilities,
fast output, high
output bandwidth
I and V digitizers,
seamless ranging,
high resolution
Why Buy the APS for DC to DC Converter
APS solves them
Customer test challenges
Efficiency
measurements
I V measurements,
datalogging, high
accuracy
Characterizing
inrush current
I V digitizers,
advanced triggering,
slew rate control
+V
Continues current
source and sink
E-Load
-A
Quadrant
II
DC Source
Quadrant
I
+A
Provides
continuous two
quadrant operation
The Agilent Advanced Power System
1000 W in 1U
2000 W in 2U
N6950A
N6951A
N6952A
N6963A
N6954A
9V, 100A
20V, 50A
40V, 25A
60V, 16.7A
80V, 12.5A
N6970A 9V, 200A
N6971A 20V, 100A
N6972A 40V, 50A
N6973A 60V, 33A
N6974A 80V, 25A
N6976A 120V, 16.7A
N6977A 160V, 12.5A
1000 W and 2000 W
N7950A
N7951A
N7952A
N7963A
N7954A
9V, 100A
20V, 50A
40V, 25A
60V, 16.7A
80V, 12.5A
N7970A 9V, 200A
N7971A 20V, 100A
N7972A 40V, 50A
N7973A 60V, 33A
N7974A 80V, 25A
N7976A 120V, 16.7A
N7977A 160V, 12.5A
Accessories
N7907A Rack Mount Kit
Agilent N6900 Series
DC Power Supplies
1000 W and 2000 W
Agilent N7900 Series
Dynamic DC Power Supplies
N7908A Black Box Recorder
N7909A 1000 W Power Dissipater Unit
High performance ATE system dc power supplies
(400 V and 600 V models under investigation)
APS rear panel and connections
LAN, USB, GPIB
All 3 computer interfaces
are standard
Trigger in/out
and digital I/O
connector
Earth
ground
point
Parallel
control
connector
DC output
bus bars
Remote
sense
connector
Universal
AC in
Dissipater
connectors
APS N6900 and N7900 series 2-quadrant operation
+V
N7909A
1000 W in 1U Full Rack
-A
E-Load
DC Source
Quadrant
II
Quadrant
I
+A
100%
Add an N7909A Power Dissipater Unit to any APS power supply
to provide continuous sink current at up to 100% with no limits on duty cycle
Provides seamless transition between source and sink. All control comes from the DC
Source. No extra programming or interfacing required.
Add one dissipater for each 1 KW unit; add two dissipaters for each 2 KW unit
Gives you a DC Source and E-load in one setup
with measurement and control of current flow in either direction (source or sink)
Ideal for testing batteries and other bi-directional power sources,
or for emulating dynamic braking of motors
1000 W, 1U power supply power and sense connections
Output power bus bars
Plastic safety cover with
knock-outs for bus bars or
wires of various sizes
Remote sense
APS seamless current measurement ranging
Go faster with no time wasted during ranging
Range
Example using
APS N7974A 80V, 25A, 2000W
Measurement
Accuracy
= Seamless range change
±(0.04% + 2.5 mA)
(100% of
FS)
Low
range
2.5 A
Activity
Amperes
High
range
25 A
Idle
±(0.05% + 500 µA)
(10% of FS)
Time (ms)
APS N7900 series built-in data logger
Operates in continuously sampled mode
Sample Interval n
Min = 100 µs
Max = 60 s
Sample Interval n+1
Sample Interval n+2
…
…
Avg
Min
Max
Avg
Min
Max
Sampled
every 5 µs
• Select what measurements to log: Vaverage, Vmin, Vmax, Iaverage, Imin, Imax
• Readings stored in circular buffer of 200K readings (= 20 s at max speed).
User written app needs to unload before buffer over-writes.
• Longer interval gives data reduction but still fast measurement BW
• No gaps in data; never misses a sample
1000 W, 1U APS power supply with dissipater unit
CAT-6A, 1 m max
Signals are not Ethernet
High current
twisted wire,
1 m max
APS N7908A Black Box Recorder
Unique and innovative feature
for high value DUTs
Concept: Flight Data Recorder on an airplane
Continuously records everything that is happening
No configuration needed;
always running from moment AC switch is turned on
An airplane’s
flight data recorder
Completely independent from all sourcing and measurement functions
Circular recording size of 24 hours at 100 readings/second (=8.6M readings)
or 10 days at 10 readings/second.
Non-volatile and user installable
Each reading captures: Min, max, average Vout, Iout, Pout, all status,
events (front panel or commands received, trigger occurred, user generated tags)
You can read out a snapshot of the recording whenever you want.
Recording continues while you are extracting the data. Includes a Windows software utility
to decode the recording and see the traces on a timeline
Capture critical data with no effort. Eliminates need for external strip chart recorders.
Measurement Challenge: Dynamic Current
Devices with dynamic current, such as
battery operated mobile devices, transition A
between sleep current, idle current pulses
and active current pulses when in full
transmit mode
Active
current pulses
Idle
current pulses
µA
Measuring low current, pulsing current,
current with fast rise/fall times over a wide
dynamic range is difficult:
• Extremely wide dynamic range
• Current signal rapidly changing (wake up,
transmit, go back to sleep)
• Current varies (random in nature) depending on
what tasks the device/subcircuit is doing
• Cannot make these difficult measurements
using today’s test tools
nA
Sleep current
…and, customers also worry about:
• Does the DC source impact my
current measurement accuracy?
• How do I make long term (data
logging) measurements?
Test Challenge: Unable to Measure Dynamic
Current Accurately Using Today’s Methods
DMM
Scope
V meas
shunt
shunt
Vburden
Vshunt
Vbat
Ibat
VDUT
DUT
VDUT = Vbat – Vshunt
Scopes
Sufficient bandwidth for dynamic current
Insufficient accuracy
Selecting proper shunt is nearly impossible
to get good low current measurement and
tolerable burden voltage at high current
Current probe compensation and drift
Vbat
Ibat
VDUT
DUT
VDUT = Vbat – Vburden
DMMs/Ammeters:
Sufficient accuracy
Insufficient bandwidth for dynamic current
Imposes an unacceptable burden voltage
Range changing is slow
Range changing turns off output and in
some cases causes DUT to shut off
Dual Channel Current Probes with Sense Resistors
Agilent N2820A current probe example
Vcc
DUT
Zoom-out
view
Low
gain
amp
Rs
High
gain amp
Zoom-in
view
Test Challenge: Unable to Measure Dynamic
Current Accurately Using Today’s Methods
SMU
shunt
Data Acq
equipment
PC
Vshunt
Ibat
VDUT
DUT
Vbat
shunt
Vshunt
Vbat
VDUT = Vbat – Vshunt
Traditional SMUs
Easy to connect, provides DC voltage,
sufficient bandwidth, built-in measurement
Measurement system unable to handle
dynamic pulsing currents when spanning
multiple ranges
Autoranging measurement system causes
DC output instability issues
Burden voltage issues, multiple internal
shunts
Ibat
VDUT
DUT
VDUT = Vbat – Vshunt
Custom Digitizing System:
Offers high sampling rates, data logging
Requires multiple instruments, multiple
shunts, complex configurations
Requires programming
Measurement accuracy suffers at very
low levels
Offset, drift, and noise issues
Patented Seamless Current Measurement
Range
Measurement
Accuracy
3A
±(0.03% + 250 µA)
100 mA ±(0.025% + 10 µA)
1 mA ±(0.025% + 100 nA)
10 µA
±(0.025% + 8 nA)
= Seamless range change
TRANSMIT MODE
Current
Seamless Range Changes
Included in N6781A and N6782A SMU’s
STANDBY MODE
SLEEP MODE
FIXED RANGE
See the complete current waveform you’ve never seen before
– from sub µA to A in one pass and one picture
Time
What Is an SMU ?
= Source/Measure Unit
SMU =
Precision PS
+
DMM
SMU is a single or combination of
voltage/current sources and
voltage/current measurements.
•
Like power supply
– Voltage source, current source
• Like multi-meter
– Voltage meter, current meter
• As an SMU
– I-V measurement
• Voltage source - Current measurement
• Current source - Voltage measurement
Diode
I-V curve
4 functions in 1 frame
B2900A Line Up
B2900A Source Measure Unit :
Good Source and Measure Capability
Source Function
Measure Function
B2960A Low noise Power Source :
Low Noise & Excellent Sourcing capability
Source Function
Measure Function
5.5 digit source (*1)
(1 µV/1 pA)
6.5 digit measure
6.5 digit source
(100 nV/10 fA)
4.5 digit measure
Sweep waveform
generation function
I/V-t plotting
Sweep waveform
generation function
I/V-t plotting
2,500 points
Sweep measurement
& I-V plotting
Introduced May, 2011
Measurement
auto-range
10 µVrms output noise
Performance (*2)
Built-in waveform
generation function
Introduced Nov. 2012
100,000 points
*1) 6.5 digit for B2911A/12A
I/V characteristic
emulation function
*2) with noise filter option
B2960A with low noise filter option offers World’s
Lowest Noise Source
Much smaller
than scope’s
resolution !
What is Great?
Achieve ultra low
noise which is
required for recent
sensitive devices.
>x 100 less noise
than other
competitor’s product!
> 3mVrms
10µVrms / 350µVrms
(conventional switching
power supply)
Conventional Switching
DC Source
LNF：N1294A-021 Low
Noise Filter (210V/3A)
B2961A/62A +ULNF
ULNF：N1294A-022 Ultra Low
Noise Filter (42V/105mA)
Application Example for B2960A:
Bias Source with Network/Spectrum Analyzer
S21
S12
S11
S22
S parameter measurements using voltage
source mode
55 mA
40 mA
30 mA
25 mA
Issues:
The conventional power supplies require a bias resistor to
source current in order to bias circuits
Solved:
The B2961A’s current source mode makes it easy to provide a
more precise and repeatable current bias.
Forward gain (S21) measurements with
various current using current source mode
B2900A: Front View
Trigger key generates
a single trigger
Auto key turns the
automatic trigger on/off
On/Off switch
enables/disables the
output
Vertical Softkeys
(Asist keys)
set the measurement condition
Rotate knob assists
moving among input
fields (click to set)
SMU Channel 1
Output
Horizontal Softkeys
(Function keys)
View key changes view mode
Cancel/Local key cancels the current
set the instrument condition
operation or return the control mode to
local
B2900A: Rear View
SMU Channel 2 Output
(2-channel models)
Digital I/O for triggering
and interlock functions
GPIB, USB, and LAN ports for
instrument remote control.
B2900A Related Accessories
1
Model
N1294A-001
2
N1294A-002
3
N1294A-021
4
N1294A-022
5
N1294A-031
6
N1295A
7
8
9
16494A
16493L
16493B
Description
Banana - Triax Adapter for 2-wire (non
Kelvin) connection
Banana - Triax Adapter for 4-wire
(Kelvin) connection
Ultra Low Noise Filter (42V/105mA,
50Ohm) for B2961/62A
Low Noise Filter (210V/3A) for
B2961/62A
GPIO - BNC Trigger Adapter
Device/Component Test Fixture with 4
Triax Connectors for Agilent B2900A
Series
Triaxial Cable
GND Cable
COAXIAL CABLE
Note
recommend typ. < 1nA
recommend typ. < 1nA
only for B2961/62A
only for B2961/62A
1
2
<= 42V, 1A DC
(Not Disty Preferred)
(Not Disty Preferred)
(Not Disty Preferred)
3
6
7, 8
4
5
What is a Source/Measure Unit (SMU)?
Simplified equivalent circuit (2-wire measurements):
Voltage Source
Ammeter
-
+
+
A
High Force
+
V
Chassis
Ground
Current Source
Low Force
Voltmeter
Note: The tight integration of these measurement resources yields better accuracy
and faster measurement than would an equivalent collection of separate instruments.
Why Are Triaxial Cables Needed for Low-Current?
BNC (Coaxial) Cable:
Leakage Current:
Triaxial Cable:
Leakage Current:
Triaxial cable reduces leakage current by a factor of 100,000,000.
Triaxial SMU Outputs
Simplified Diagram
The guard voltage tracks
the force voltage exactly.
Cable charging current
and noise are eliminated.
Buffer
Do not ever short the guard to
the force line or ground line!
x1
Guard
Rs
Force
V
Ground
Simplified SMU Schematic
What is a 4-Wire (Kelvin) Measurement?
IForce
Force Line 2
Rcable
RDUT
Sense Line 2
Rcable
I=0
Rcable
Force Line 1
+
VSense
Rcable
Sense Line 1
I=0
Eliminate cable resistance from the measurement
SMU Sense, Force & Guard Connections
Simplified Diagram
Buffer
Guard
x1
Sense
Relay
Force
V
Shield
Quick I/V Software Provides Convenient PC-Based
Instrument Control
VIELEN DANK
FÜR IHRE
AUFMERKSAMKEIT.