International Journal of Innovative and Emerging Research in Engineering
Volume 2, Issue 5, 2015
Available online at www.ijiere.com
International Journal of Innovative and Emerging
Research in Engineering
e-ISSN: 2394 - 3343
p-ISSN: 2394 - 5494
Electromagnetic Field (EMF) and Radio Frequency (RF)
Radiation Assessment on Telecommunication Tower and
Ground Station at National Planetarium
National Space Agency
Mohamad Fahmi Hussina, Mohamad Hamka Bin Muslima, Mohamad Huzaimy Jusoha,
Ahmad Asari Sulaimana
a
Faculty of Electrical Engineering MARA University of Technology (UiTM) Shah Alam, Malaysia
ABSTRACT:
The paper discuss research as a result of anxiety raised by staff and workers that work in the range about
potential health hazard affected by the Radio Frequency (RF) radiation Electromagnetic Field (EMF)
emitted by the Telecommunication Tower and Ground Station at National Space Agency. The radiations
were assessed and evaluated against the exposure limits as stated by Malaysian Communications and
Multimedia Commission (MCMC) Mandatory Standard. The results indicate the average radiation levels
present at measurement locations were low and in compliance with the current exposure limit in the MCMC
Mandatory Standard for members of the public.
Keywords: non ionizing radiation, radio frequency, safety, extremely low frequency, telecommunication
I. INTRODUCTION
Radiation is energy that travels and spreads out as it moves. Visible light, that comes from a lamp, or radio
waves that come from a radio station are two types of electromagnetic radiation. Other examples of Electromagnetic
(EM) radiation are microwaves, infrared and ultraviolet light, X-rays and gamma rays. Hotter, more energetic objects
create higher energy radiation than cool objects and so only extremely hot objects or particles moving at very high
velocities can create high- energy radiation like X-rays and gamma rays [12]. Low-frequency magnetic fields induce
circulating currents within the human body. The strength of these currents depends on the intensity of the outside
magnetic field. If sufficiently large, these currents could cause stimulation of nerves and muscles or affect other
biological processes [11].
Electromagnetic radiation can be described in terms of a stream of photons, each traveling in a wave-like
pattern, moving at the speed of light and carrying some amount of energy. The main difference between radio waves,
visible light, and gamma rays is the energy of the photons. Radio waves have photons with low energies, microwaves
have a little more energy than radio waves, and infrared has still more, then visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma
rays. Electromagnetic radiation carries energy and momentum, which may be imparted when it interacts with matter
[13]. The safety of cell phone towers is the subject of extensive scientific debate. There is a growing body of scientific
evidence that the electromagnetic radiation they emit, even at low levels, is dangerous to human health [11].The cell
phone industry is expanding quickly, which is expected to increase ten-fold over the next five years. The industry has
set what they say are "safe levels" of radiation exposure, but there are a growing number of doctors, physicists, and
health officials who strongly disagree, and foresee a public health crisis [11].
The VHF and UHF frequency allocation for Malaysia are made by Suruhanjaya Komunikasi dan Multimedia
Malaysia (SKMM) in their document, the Spectrum Plan. The Spectrum Plan is a document that contains radio
frequency allocation for various wireless services in Malaysia and accompanying notes on constraints when using the
frequency. It is based on the ITU Allocation table. The Spectrum Plan allocates the spectrum in Malaysia between 9
kHz to 420 THz, is divided into frequency bands, and specifies the general purposes for which the bands may be used.
It consists of Malaysia Table of Frequency Allocations, also known as “Malaysian Table” [10].Table I is the summary
of the VHF and UHF band usage in Malaysia related to this study. Inmost cases, the Spectrum Plan follows the
definitions for term and services that are reflected in Article 1 of the ITU Radio Regulations. However, in some cases
there are differences to reflect matters that are particular to the local environment [10].
117
International Journal of Innovative and Emerging Research in Engineering
Volume 2, Issue 5, 2015
Table 1: Summary of VHF/UHF Band Usage in Malaysia
Studies have shown that even at low levels of this radiation, there is evidence of damage to cell tissue and
DNA, and it has been linked to brain tumours, cancer, suppressed immune function, depression, miscarriage,
Alzheimer's disease, and numerous other serious illnesses [11]. To date, no adverse health effect from low level, long
- term exposure to radiofrequency or power frequency fields have been confirmed, but scientists are actively continuing
to research this area [11]. Despite extensive research, to date there is no evidence to conclude that exposure to low
level electromagnetic fields is harmful to human health [11]
Safety Regulation
Telecommunication applications should be bounded with some standards in order to prevent interference and
to limit its possible effects on human health. One of the famous standards is the International Commission for NonIonizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), which is widely adopted worldwide. In this work, the electric field (E) will
be the factor of interest to be examined. Several other standards were also assigned by concerned organizations
including the World Health Organization (WHO) and IEEE [12].
Specific Absorption Rate (SAR)
Specific energy absorption (SA). The energy absorbed per unit mass of biological tissue, expressed in joule
per kilogram (J kg-1); specific energy absorption is the time integral of specific energy absorption rate.
Specific energy absorption rate (SAR). The rate at which energy is absorbed in body tissues, in watt per
kilogram (W kg-1); SAR is the dosimetry measure that has been widely adopted at frequencies above about 100 kHz.
Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)
Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) was enacted on 25th February 1994 with the intent to ensure
safety, health and welfare of all persons at all places of work. It was promulgated based on the self-regulation concept
with the primary responsibility of ensuring safety and health at the workplace lying with those who create the risks
and work with the risks. The Act also provides for a consultative process at the policy level with the establishment of
National Council for Occupational Safety and Health. This consultative process extends to where safety and health
programs are implemented with both employers and employees representative as members of safety and health
committee [14].
The Act contains 67 sections, divided into 15 parts and appended with 3 schedules. The first three parts state
the objects of the Act and provide the infrastructure for appointment of officers and the National Council. The essences
of the Act are the provisions in Part IV to VI. These parts provide for the general duties for those who create the risks
e.g. employer, self-employed person, designer, manufacturer, supplier, etc and those who work with the risks i.e
employees. How the Act is to be implemented and enforced are stipulated in other parts [14].
Part VIII
Notification of Accidents, Dangerous Occurrences, Occupational Poisoning and Occupational Diseases, and Inquiry
32. Notification of accidents, dangerous occurrence, occupational poisoning and Occupational diseases, and inquiry;
8) Failure of industrial radiography or irradiation equipment to de-energize or return to its safe position after the
intended exposure period [14];
ICNIRP
In 1974, the International Radiation Protection Association (IRPA) formed a working group on nonionizing radiation
(NIR), which examined the problems arising in the field of protection against the various types of NIR. At the IRPA
Congress in Paris in 1977, this working group became the International Non-Ionizing Radiation Committee (INIRC)
[15].
118
International Journal of Innovative and Emerging Research in Engineering
Volume 2, Issue 5, 2015
In cooperation with the Environmental Health Division of the World Health Organization (WHO), the
IRPA/INIRC developed a number of health criteria documents on NIR as part of WHO's Environmental Health Criteria
Programme, sponsored by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Each document includes an overview
of the physical characteristics, measurement and instrumentation, sources, and applications of NIR, a thorough review
of the literature on biological effects, and an evaluation of the health risks of exposure to NIR. These health criteria
have provided the scientific database for the subsequent development of exposure limits and codes of practice relating
to NIR [15].
At the Eighth International Congress of the IRPA (Montreal, 18–22 May 1992), a new, independent scientific
organization — the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) — was established as
a successor to the IRPA/INIRC. The functions of the Commission are to investigate the hazards that may be associated
with the different forms of NIR, develop international guidelines on NIR exposure limits, and deal with all aspects of
NIR protection. Biological effects reported as resulting from exposure to static and extremely-low-frequency (ELF)
electric and magnetic fields have been reviewed by UNEP/WHO/IRPA (1984, 1987). Those publications and a number
of others, including UNEP/WHO/IRPA (1993) and Allen et al. (1991) provided the scientific rationale for these
guidelines [15].
Absorption of energy from electromagnetic fields
Exposure to low-frequency electric and magnetic fields normally results in negligible energy absorption and
no measurable temperature rise in the body. However, exposure to electromagnetic fields at frequencies above about
100 kHz can lead to significant absorption of energy and temperature increases. In general, exposure to a uniform
(plane-wave) electromagnetic field results in a non-uniform deposition and distribution of energy within the body,
which must be assessed by dosimetric measurement and calculation. As regards absorption of energy by the human
body, electromagnetic fields can be divided into four ranges [16]:
 Frequencies from about 100 kHz to less than about 20 MHz, at which absorption in the trunk decreases rapidly
with decreasing frequency, and significant absorption may occur in the neck and legs;
 Frequencies in the range from about 20 MHz to 300 MHz, at which relatively high absorption can occur in
the whole body, and to even higher values if partial body (e.g., head) resonances are considered;
 Frequencies in the range from about 300 MHz to several GHz, at which significant local, no uniform
absorption occurs;
 Frequencies above about 10 GHz, at which energy absorption occurs primarily at the body surface.
In tissue, SAR is proportional to the square of the internal electric field strength. Average SAR and SAR
distribution can be computed or estimated from laboratory measurements. Values of SAR depend on the following
factors [15]:
 The incident field parameters, i.e., the frequency, intensity, polarization, and source–object configuration
(near- or far-field);
 The characteristics of the exposed body, i.e., its size and internal and external geometry, and the dielectric
properties of the various tissues;
 Ground effects and reflector effects of other objects in the field near the exposed body.
Indirect effects of electric and magnetic fields
Indirect effects of electromagnetic fields may result from physical contact (e.g., touching or brushing against)
between a person and an object, such as a metallic structure in the field, at a different electric potential. The result of
such contact is the flow of electric charge (contact current) that may have accumulated on the object or on the body of
the person. In the frequency range up to approximately 100 kHz, the flow of electric current from an object in the field
to the body of the individual may result in the stimulation of muscles and/or peripheral nerves. With increasing levels
of current, this may be manifested as perception, pain from electric shock and/or burn, inability to release the object,
difficulty in breathing and, at very high currents, cardiac ventricular fibrillation [17].
Threshold values for these effects are frequency-dependent, with the lowest threshold occurring at
frequencies between 10 and 100 Hz. Thresholds for peripheral nerve responses remain low for frequencies up to several
kHz. Appropriate engineering and/or administrative controls, and even the wearing of personal protective clothing,
can prevent these problems from occurring [15].
Occupational and general public exposure limitations
The occupationally exposed population consists of adults who are generally exposed under known conditions
and are trained to be aware of potential risk and to take appropriate precautions. By contrast, the general public
comprises individuals of all ages and of varying health status, and may include particularly susceptible groups or
individuals. In many cases, members of the public are unaware of their exposure to EMF. Moreover, individual
members of the public cannot reasonably be expected to take precautions to minimize or avoid exposure. It is these
considerations that underlie the adoption of more stringent exposure restrictions for the public than for the
occupationally exposed population [15].
119
International Journal of Innovative and Emerging Research in Engineering
Volume 2, Issue 5, 2015
Basic restrictions and reference levels
Restrictions on the effects of exposure are based on established health effects and are termed basic
restrictions. Depending on frequency, the physical quantities used to specify the basic restrictions on exposure to EMF
are current density, SAR, and power density. Protection against adverse health effects requires that these basic
restrictions are not exceeded [15].
Reference levels of exposure are provided for comparison with measured values of physical quantities;
compliance with all reference levels given in these guidelines will ensure compliance with basic restrictions. If
measured values are higher than reference levels, it does not necessarily follow that the basic restrictions have been
exceeded, but a more detailed analysis is necessary to assess compliance with the basic restrictions [15].
Reference levels
Where appropriate, the reference levels are obtained from the basic restrictions by mathematical modelling
and by extrapolation from the results of laboratory investigations at specific frequencies. They are given for the
condition of maximum coupling of the field to the exposed individual, thereby providing maximum protection. Tables
6 and 7 summarize the reference levels for occupational exposure and exposure of the general public, respectively,
and the reference levels are illustrated in Figures 1 and 2. The reference levels are intended to be spatially averaged
values over the entire body of the exposed individual, but with the important proviso that the basic restrictions on
localized exposure are not exceeded [15].
The research is to measure as a result of concern raised by staff and workers that work in the area about
potential health hazard caused by the Radio Frequency (RF) radiation emitted by the Telecommunication Tower and
Ground Station requested by Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Committee. The measurement carried out on the
26th November 2014 until 5th December 2014.
The main objectives of the research were:
1. To determine and assess Radio Frequency (RF) and microwave radiation present in all accessible places at
the concern area.
2. To assist the agency on awareness of the measurement based on the Malaysian Communications and
Multimedia Commission (MCMC) Mandatory Standard.
II. METHODOLOGY
For the broadband measurement, a portable broadband isotropic electric field strength meter was used. The
probe of the meter was designed such that it has three (3) omni-directional antennas each laid on the x, y and z-axis
respectively (i.e. triaxial design). Such meter is easy to operate and can immediately calculate to give the reading in
electric field strength, magnetic field strength or in power density. However, these meters are non-frequency selective,
and hence tends to measure fields that are outside the band of interest [4].
For narrowband measurements, the cable loss and the receiving antenna factor were determined to calculate
the power density. The signal amplitude is usually measured in dBm (dB relative to a miliwatt). The electric field
strength can be calculated using Equation 1.
E (dBμV=m) = P(dBm)+107+AF(dB=m)+CL(dB)
(1)
Where, E is the electric field strength, P is the measured power received by the antenna, AF is the receiving
antenna factor and CL is the cable loss factor. The field strength values then can be converted to power flux density
(or simply power density), S commonly expressed in (W/cm²) using Equation 2.
S = E²/Ƞ
(2)
Table 1: Spacing Guidelines
Measurement Area
Spacing, d (m)
1
Below 20 m2
2
20 - 100 m2
3
Above 100 m2
Where, S is the power density (in W=cm2), E is the measured electric field strength (in V=m) and Ƞ is the
characteristic impedance of free space (≈ 377) [4].
Safety Guidelines and Exposure Limits
For the purpose of this measurement, relevant safety guidelines and standards produced by local and
international organisations, namely The Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission (MCMC)
Mandatory Standards for Electromagnetic Field Emission from Radio communications Infrastructure, Determination
No. 1 of 2010 were referred [5][6] These guidelines were established based on ICNIRP standard
120
International Journal of Innovative and Emerging Research in Engineering
Volume 2, Issue 5, 2015
guidelines[10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. The permissible exposure limits for both workers and members of the public
excerpted from these guidelines are given in Tables 2 and 3.
Exposure limits are referred to RF and microwave radiation frequency involved and set differently for workers and
members of the public. Public being more critical to radiation because of longer exposure time involves, unknown
exposure situation and more diverse in term of health status and age groups represented, has had the limits
established at much lower levels (by 2 to 5 times) than the workers.
Table 2: Exposure Limit for General PublicSource: Report on Mandatory Standard on Electromagnetic Field
(EMF) Emissions from Radio communications Infrastructure, MCMC
Table 3: Exposure Limit for Occupational Workers Source: Report on Mandatory Standard on
Electromagnetic Field (EMF) Emissions from Radio communications Infrastructure, MCMC
Standard Measurement Equipment
The measurement was carried out using PMM Instrument Model 8053 with an isotropic probe model PMM
HP-102. The PMM instrument Model 8053 attached with an isotropic electric field probe Model HP-102 was also
used to measure the radiation contribution at the narrow range frequencies from 30MHz to 1GHz. For details spectrum
analysis of radiations involved, measurements were made using a Narda-Safety Test Solution instrument Model NBM
550 Broadband Field Meter attached with Three-Axis-Antenna, E-Field Model EF-0691 which measure
radiofrequency and microwave electric field strength from 100 kHz up to 6GHz .Types of probe and instrument use
in the measurement are given in Table 4. In order to maintain the reliability and accuracy of the measurement, probes
and instrument were calibrated at the recognized standard laboratory for every three years [7] [8].
Table 4: List equipment for measurement
Probe Type and Antenna
Frequency
Range
PMM instrument Model
30MHz - 1GHz
8053 attach with
HP-102
NBM 550 Broadband
Field Meter attach with
EF-0691
100kHz - 6GHz
121
International Journal of Innovative and Emerging Research in Engineering
Volume 2, Issue 5, 2015
NBM 550 with EF-0691
PMM 8053 with HP-102
Figure 1: Instrument Type
Figure 2: Equipment on during measurement
III. Method of Measurement
The site involved in this measurement are telecommunications tower and ground station. It was assumed that
the radiation level at the time of the measurement are from the background radiation and sources from rectangular
antennas and several point-to-point parabolic antennas installed on the telecommunications tower owned by
telecommunication provider and antenna installed on roof top of ground station, shown in Figure 3.
The levels of electromagnetic radiation were carried out at area of concern. There were 18 measurement
points selected which cover the area concern namely A1 to F6 as mention in Table 5. All measurements were
performed about 1.5 meters above the ground. The locations of measurement selected was based on the worst-case
situation i.e. those which were potential to present the higher radiation exposure to people living or working in that
area. Each measurement data was set for six minutes. The recommendation of measurement along 6 minutes can be
found on ICNIRP Guidelines [9] . Sample of measure for every point are 1s/sample, so for 6 minutes are equal to
360s/sample. Results of the measurements were recorded and presented as RF Electrical Field (V/m), Magnetic Field
(A/m) and Power Density (μWatts/cm2). Instrument and measuring equipment were stated in Figure 1 and Figure 2.
122
International Journal of Innovative and Emerging Research in Engineering
Volume 2, Issue 5, 2015
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Detail results of the measurement carried result of concern area using different equipment’s as listed in Table
6. Generally, the results indicate that radiation levels present at all measurement locations of the area were very low
and in compliance with the current exposure limit as stated in the MCMC Mandatory Standard for workers and
members of the public.
The results show both the electric field strength and the magnetic field strength from the measurement taken
from 26 November until 5 December 2014. The measurement divided into five sections which consist of Ground
Station, Annex Office, Observatory, Mall and Main Building. Those locations are separated base on the location of
123
International Journal of Innovative and Emerging Research in Engineering
Volume 2, Issue 5, 2015
concerned area. The section denotes as A1 until F6 based on the locations listed. All measurement data were collected
from roughly 10.00 am. until 4.00 pm. and were repeated similarly every day at each point. The data collected for each
point were 360 data (60 * 6 minutes) for every concerned area. Based on the overall measurement, it indicates that:
 NBM 550 (min,max) = (0.08, 1.65) V/m while
 PMM 8053 (min,max) = (0.022, 0.031) A/m
Highest measurement is on D1 (Observatory >Viewing Gallery). It high because of the nearest to
telecommunication tower which only 53m in distance from measurement location. Meanwhile, based on
power density exposure limit, measurement taken were:
 Public – 0.07% and Occupational worker – 0.01%
The result shows huge gap from value provided by ICNIRP and MCMC. Based on objective:
 All measured access successfully which D1 (Observatory>Viewing Gallery) contribute the highest value
1.65V/m in Electric Field
 Proven scientifically that area of concern are safe to public and Occupational worker.
 Consequences of individual health lifestyle as reported by OSH Committee not from the radiation effect.
Based on the data obtained from 26 November to 5 December 2014, there are some data that fluctuate from the data
Electric Field and Magnetic Field. In my opinion, these fluctuations are relate to:




Weather
Weather conditions during data acquisition. The possible weather conditions experienced were hot and cloudy
day.
Traffic
Current traffic conditions during data acquisition. Traffic on telecommunications tower system fluctuate
during based on traffic user.
Time
Time conditions during data acquisition. Time consumption data covering the peak time 10.00am to 4.00pm.
Radiation Pattern
Types of radiation while taking data. Data obtained is dependent on the type of radiation pattern near either
field or far field. The radiation pattern in the region close to the antenna is not exactly the same as the pattern
at large distances. The term near-field refers to the field pattern that exists close to the antenna; the term farfield refers to the field pattern at large distances.
124
International Journal of Innovative and Emerging Research in Engineering
Volume 2, Issue 5, 2015
Figure 7: Exposure Limit VS Electric Field
Figure 8: Exposure Limit Vs Magnetic Field
Figure 9: Exposure Limit Vs Power Density
The plots of Figure 7, 8 and 9 indicate the absolute radiation levels at measurement location and compared
with the exposure limit recommended by the MCMC Mandatory Standard for workers and members of the public. The
unit of measurements for all selected locations are given in Power Density (µWatts/cm 2), Electric Fields (V/m) and
Magnetic Field (A/m). The averaged broad band radiation levels (100kHz – 6GHz) measured over six minutes were
found to vary between 0.005 μWatts/cm2 to 0.696 μWatts/cm2 (0.08V/m to 1.65V/m) of which the highest level that
corresponds to about 0.06% lower than the MCMC exposure limit for public. While narrow band radiation level
30MHz - 1GHz were vary between (0.022 A/m to 0.031 A/m) of which the highest level that corresponds to about
0.000265%. There are huge gap between the measured and permissible limit and this suggest that the work and public
125
International Journal of Innovative and Emerging Research in Engineering
Volume 2, Issue 5, 2015
environment relatively save. The research evidence presented convinced that health hazard is minimize based
scientific result. Thea health problem is likely related to personal health style. The results indicate that the average
radiation levels present at all measurement locations of the area were very low and in compliance with the current
exposure limit in the MCMC Mandatory Standard for workers and members of the public.
V. CONCLUSION
The radiofrequency radiation present at the area concerned were measurable but at low levels. The electrical
field strengths were well below the exposure limits stipulated by the MCMC Mandatory Standard for workers and
members of the public. Generally, the results indicate that radiation levels present at all measurement locations of the
area were very low and in compliance with the current exposure limit as stated in the MCMC Mandatory Standard for
workers and members of the public. The averaged broad band radiation levels (100kHz – 6GHz) measured over six
minutes were found to vary between 0.005 μWatts/cm2 to 0.696 μWatts/cm2 (0.08V/m to 1.65V/m) of which the
highest level that corresponds to about 0.06% lower than the MCMC exposure limit for public. While narrow band
radiation level 30MHz - 1GHz were vary between (0.022 A/m to 0.031 A/m) of which the highest level that
corresponds to about 0.000265%. There are huge gap between the measured and permissible limit and this suggest
that the work and public environment relatively save. The research evidence presented convinced that health hazard
is minimize based scientific result. The health problem is likely related to personal health style. The results indicate
that the average radiation levels present at all measurement locations of the area were very low and in compliance
with the current exposure limit in the MCMC Mandatory Standard for workers and members of the public.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We would like to thank Research Management Institute for the financial support in this research under the
grant 600-RMI/DANA 5/3/REI (8/2014).
REFERENCES
[1] Rusnani A, Norhayati MN, Siti Noraini S, Marina M, Microwave Radiation Effect – A Test on White Mice,
1Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Mara, 2008
[2] Ashraf A. Aly, Safaai Bin Deris, Nazar Zaki “Research Review on the Biological Effect of Cell Phone
Radiation on Human”Faculty of Computer Science and Information Systems, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
College of Information Technology, UAE University, UAE , 2008
[3] Maj. Gen. Naresh Kumar,”Health effects of non-ionized electromagnetic radiation” MG Medical, HQ
Northern Command, C/O 56 APO,2008
[4] Sufiah, S. S. Ismail, A.Din, N. M.Jamaludin, M. Z. R”adio frequency radiation evaluation of transmitting
devices in VHF/UHF band” 2010 IEEE Student Conference on Research and Development (SCOReD),
Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga
Nasional,2010
[5] Guidelines On Occupational Safety And Health Act 1994(Act 514) Department Of Occupational Safety And
Health Ministry Of Human Resources Malaysia 2006
[6] Communications And Multimedia Act 1998, Commission Determination On The Mandatory Standard For
Electromagnetic Field Emission From Radio communications Infrastructure, Malaysian Communication and
Multimedia Commission (MCMC)
[7] https://www.narda-sts.com/en/safety/products/high-frequency/nbm-550/
[8] http://www.google.com.my/url?q=http://www.nardasts.it/includes/sendfile.asp%3Fnomep%3DField_Probes&sa=U&ei=Q6GDVNafF4GXuATL14HwBw&ved
=0CCUQFjAD&sig2=D60REDgNeizXd5fHma7iNA&usg=AFQjCNFU3qbYGR_3sU9AF6fqxyPVIa4tSQ
[9] Guidelines for Limiting Exposure To Time-Varying Electric, Magnetic, And Electromagnetic Fields (Up To
300 Ghz) International Commission On Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), 1998
[10] ACGIH; Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure
Indices, 1990 – 1991
[11] Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety (ARPANSA): Radiation Protection Standard; Maximum
Exposure Levels to Radiofrequency Fields – 3 kHz to 300 GHz, Radiation Protection Series Publication No.
3, May 2002
[12] Australian Standard (AS); Radiofrequency radiation Part 1 – Maximum exposure levels – 100 kHz to 300
GHz, AS 2772.1 1990.
[13] Health and Welfare Canada (HWC); Limits of Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields
in the Frequency Range from 3kHz – 300 GHz: Safety Code 6, 1999.
[14] International Commission on Non-Ionising Radiation Protection (ICNIRP); Guidelines for limiting exposure
to time-varying electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields (up to 300GHz); ICNIRP Guidelines Health
Physics No.4, Vol. 74, pp. 115-123, 1998.
[15] Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE); Standard for Safety Levels with Respect to Human
Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz, IEEE C95.3-1991/ANSI, 1991
[16] World Health Organization; Electromagnetic Fields and Public Health, Fact Sheet No 193, May 1
126
International Journal of Innovative and Emerging Research in Engineering
Volume 2, Issue 5, 2015
[17] M. F. Hussin, M. H. Jusoh, A. A. Sulaiman, M. Z. Abdul Aziz, F. Othman, M. H. Ismail (2014), “Accident
Reporting System using an iOS Application”, 2014 IEEE Conference on System, Process & Control (ICSPC
2014), 12 December, Kuala Lumpur
[18] M. F. Hussin, A. A. Sulaiman, M. H. Jusoh, M. Z. Abdul Aziz, A. M. Abdul Azid, M. L. Mohamad Zaidee
(2014), “Safety and Health Inspection Checklist for iOS Application”, 2014 IEEE Conference on System,
Process & Control (ICSPC 2014), 12 December, Kuala Lumpur
127