ZR- Exergy-WP2_D2.4_Technical Spec. for the Power system with Solar panels
Grant Agreement n°308313
THEME [ENV.2012.6.3-&]
Innovative resource efficient technologies, processes and services
ZEPHYR project – Deliverable D2.4
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION FOR THE POWER
SYSTEM WITH SOLAR PANELS
Funding scheme: Collaborative Project
Project Acronym: ZEPHYR
Project Coordinator: TUSCIA UNIVERSITY
Proposal full title: Zero-impact innovative technology in forest plant production
Grant Agreement n°: 308313
Author: Sreenivaasa Pamidi
Summary: This document provides preliminary design and technical specification for the power
supply system incorporating energy storage and backup supply options
Status: Final
Distribution: All Partners
Document ID: ZR-EXERGY-WP2-D2.4-Technical Specification Power System.pdf
Date: July 2013
Project start: October 2012
Duration: 36 Months
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Table of Contents
1.
2.
Executive Summary............................................................................................. 4
Locations: ............................................................................................................ 7
2.1 Brussels ............................................................................................................ 8
2.2 Marseille ............................................................................................................ 9
2.3 Seville .............................................................................................................. 10
3. System description ............................................................................................ 11
3.1 Design Objectives ........................................................................................... 12
3.2 TEU Container................................................................................................. 13
3.3 Van .................................................................................................................. 14
3.4 Proposed Solutions ......................................................................................... 15
3.4.1 Reducing the energy demand/load of the system .................................... 15
3.4.2 Increase of usable roof area and energy supply from the solar panels .... 16
3.4.3 Engine of the Van ..................................................................................... 17
3.4.4 Grid Connection........................................................................................ 18
3.4.5 Diesel Generators..................................................................................... 19
4. Technologies ..................................................................................................... 20
4.1 Stand-alone solar PV systems ........................................................................ 20
4.2 System components: ....................................................................................... 21
4.2.1 Solar Photovoltaic system: ....................................................................... 21
4.2.2 Battery System ......................................................................................... 24
4.2.3 Standalone solar Inverter ......................................................................... 25
4.2.4 Charge controller ...................................................................................... 26
5. Technical Design and Spec. of Solar PV Supply System .................................. 27
5.1 Background ..................................................................................................... 27
5.2 Location: .......................................................................................................... 29
5.3 Load Determination ......................................................................................... 30
5.4 Simulation/Experiment Data ............................................................................ 32
5.5 Battery sizing ................................................................................................... 34
5.6 Simulation Results........................................................................................... 35
5.6.1 Solar PV-battery system ........................................................................... 35
5.6.2 Solar PV-battery system with DG as backup power supply ...................... 38
5.6.3 Solar PV-battery Grid system ................................................................... 40
5.7 System simulation for other locations .............................................................. 42
5.7.1 Solar PV-battery system simulation for the location Marseille .................. 42
5.7.2 Solar PV-Battery system for the location Seville ...................................... 45
6. Results and Analysis ......................................................................................... 47
7. Conclusions ....................................................................................................... 49
8. Annexes ............................................................................................................ 50
9. References ........................................................................................................ 75
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Input from the following partners:
VELTHA: Carlo Polidori
DU: Anders Mattsson, Marco Hernández
ROBOSOFT: Meftah Ghrissi, Aubert Carrel
COMETART: Andrea Menta
ADVANTIC: Manuel Ramiro
VALOYA: Titta Kotilainen, Lars Aikala
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Grant Agreement n°308313
ZR- Exergy-WP2_D2.4_Technical Spec. for the Power system with Solar panels
Grant Agreement n°308313
1. Executive Summary
This deliverable represents the preliminary technical specifications and simulations of the
solar PV supply system including the energy storage system which will be used in the Zephyr
project. The system is designed by considering three different locations across Europe with
diverse climatic conditions. The main objectives are to maximize the power/energy flow
delivered to the load and to investigate feasible options for an external backup power source
whilst considering options to reduce the overall load of the system.
The system is designed based on the load specifications of the subsystems involved for
advanced state-of-art pre-cultivation of forest seedlings and will be further evaluated based
on the changes in the load profiles. The system was initially considered to be placed inside a
TEU container with solar panels on the roof, but considering the flexibility and mobility of the
system the members of the group considered a van as a potentially better option for the
project. Though the use of van increases the flexibility of the system, it limits the design
specifications by reducing space on the roof for panels and space inside the van for the
subsystems and the solar PV balance of system equipment. Based on the design
considerations this deliverable compares the pros and cons of using a TEU container and a
van. The deliverable also investigates the possible solutions for the issues regarding the use
of van.
Figure 1: Solar PV system design on a trailer using foldable panels
The basic prototype of the system is designed to support the weather conditions in Brussels
where the system will be demonstrated during the green week 2015 with the aim of
increasing public awareness of applications. Later the effects on the other locations in the EU
with different climatic conditions are also considered for the benefit of end-user.
The primary power source used to power the mobile research unit is solar PV with a battery
as an energy storage option. The sizing of the system is based on the load and the location
considered. The locations considered for the design are Brussels (Belgium) where the
prototype will be exhibited and the other locations include Marseille (France) and Seville
(Spain) with variable climatic conditions across Europe. The graph 1.1 below compares the
specific solar irradiation values on the horizontal for respective locations. The data is taken
from the PV*Sol Expert 6.0 software.
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Figure 2: Comparison of Specific irradiation values for the three locations
The primary energy source (solar PV panels) supplies energy to the load and the excess to
the batteries where the energy is stored and used during deficit periods. The system is
designed to work for at least two days of autonomy i.e. continuous power supply without the
power from the primary source.
The model design and simulation is performed using PV*Sol Expert 6.0 software and also
PV*Sol advance. Based on the proper sizing of the system, a series of simulations are
performed for different locations in order to specify the required storage capacity and PV
array power needed to satisfy the load requirement over the year. Depending on the location
and requirements, investigation of various energy backup solutions is undertaken and the
corresponding simulations are studied.
The design involved in this deliverable is preliminary with respect to the estimations and
assumption for current load values. The annual load requirements for the system are
estimated to be 2410kWh/year based on the actual and assumed values. So, as a start up
design, the preliminary design of the system is considered within a PV*Sol environment and
is based on the simulation values performed. The specifications of the components are:
 10 solar panels of 250W each
 10 Batteries of 230Ah capacity
 Inverter capacity of 0.4kW
 Charge controller
 Electric wiring
The system is designed for an operating voltage of 24V. Though the system is designed with
energy storage backup for two days of autonomy, an auxiliary power source or backup
energy is required for continuous operation of the equipment inside the container or van. The
container with more space on the roof for panels may require less power from the backup
supply, but with respect to the van system the space available is much less and different
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options for alternative power are required. Investigations were conducted using by
considering different alternate energy sources and by investigating ways to reduce the
existing load from the model.
The model design simulation is performed using PV*SOL 6.0 software. Based on the proper
sizing of the system, a series of simulations are performed for different locations in order to
specify the required storage capacity and PV array power needed to satisfy the load
requirement over the year.
The PV power system mounted on the roof of the TEU container or van should be able to
allow the transportability of the system without affecting the performance of the engine. The
concepts of foldable solar panels and external foldable modules that can be spread flat next
to the device are considered. The basic model design objective of the study is to design the
solar PV system on the van with considerations of limited usable roof area and engineering
the model in such a way to extend the area using foldable concept technology.
The Figure1 1 shows the possible engineering design model of a solar PV standalone system
on a trailer using foldable panels. These designs indicate the feasibility of the integration of
foldable solar panels on the roof of the van or TEU container.
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2. Locations:
The Zephyr research project aims to meet the ‘Smart and Sustainable Growth’ priorities of
the Europe 2020 strategy and Innovation union flagship. The project also aims to place the
growth chamber unit inside the van which will be exhibited in front of the EU building in
Brussels during the Green Week 2015 at other similar events during the execution of the
project. As the project’s research and market study is based in Europe, the locations are
chosen across Europe with different climatic conditions. The main intention is to make the
project feasible in different climatic conditions in Europe, starting with Brussels in Belgium
where the prototype of the proposed design is demonstrated followed by two other locations
with variable climatic conditions and the results are compared.
In this document the preliminary design and corresponding simulations of the system is
performed in these locations to compare results and for the benefit of end-user. The basic
structure of the design and system components used is constant with respect to the
locations.
The locations chosen for the simulation of the design are:

Brussels (Belgium)

Marseille (France)
 Seville (Spain)
Figure 3: Map indicating the three locations
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2.1 Brussels
Brussels, the capital of Belgium and the European Union (EU) is one of the main centres for
international and European politics2. The city is located at 50.85oN latitude and 4.35oE
longitude with an annual solar radiation of 983kWh/m2[3]. The annual average sunshine hours
are around 4.12hrs/day (approx). The Figure4 4 below compares monthly average min and
max temperature (oC) to average sunshine hours.
o
Figure 4: comparisons of monthly average min and max temperature ( C) to average sunshine
hours at Brussels
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2.2 Marseille
Marseille located in the south-east coast of France is the second largest city in France and
largest commercial port. The city is located 43.29oN latitude and 5.377oE longitude with an
annual solar radiation of 1605kWh/m2 [2]. As the city is along the Mediterranean coast it enjoys
Mediterranean climate with average temperature of 12oC in the day and 4oC in the night, and
average sunshine hours of about 7.7hrs/day (approx). Figure5 5 below compares monthly
average min and max temperature (oC) to average sunshine hours.
o
Figure 5: comparisons of monthly average min and max temperature ( C) to average sunshine
hours at Marseille
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2.3 Seville
Seville is among the largest urban cities in Spain. It is located at 37.38oN latitude and 5.98oW
longitude. It enjoys subtropical climate with hot temperatures around 25oC during the day and
around 13oC during the night. The city receives annual solar radiation of 1919 kWh/m2 with
average sunshine hours around 8.2hrs/day which is why the solar energy market growth is
very high in Spain. The Figure6 6 below compares monthly average min and max
temperature (oC) to average sunshine hours.
o
Figure 6: comparisons of monthly average min and max temperature ( C) to average sunshine
hours at Seville
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3. System description
The overall project description involves forest plant production in a zero impact and cost
friendly production unit with suitable growth environment, not affected by outside
temperature. The subsystems involved in the unit are operated using several sensors and
source of power for these subsystems are from solar panels. The subsystems involved in the
production system include:

LED lamps to provide light and temperature to the plants depending on the respective
photoperiod

Irrigation or recycling system

Motor for the rotating equipment

Robotic arm

The control unit

HVAC system to control the temperature and humidity depending on growth
protocols.
The entire unit (along with subsystems and solar system components) is placed in a closed
environment, First the consortium proposed the use of a TEU (20ft equivalent) container with
solar panels on its roof; but considering the system mobility to re-forestation site, increased
flexibility in production rate and considering cost efficient options suggestions were made for
the use of a van.
Based on the design considerations and requirements, feasibility of system integration in
both the TEU container and van are studied.
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3.1 Design Objectives
The main objective of designing a solar PV system is to maintain constant flow of power to
the subsystems without affecting the engine performance. Some of the main objectives taken
into consideration for designing the solar PV system are listed below:

Design of an affordable off-grid, solar energy-powered mobile power system capable
of supplying continuous power to the subsystems and the unit.

Investigation of alternative/secondary power supply options to ensure seamless
operation and critical backup power capacity during deficit or extreme weather
conditions.

Design of the system to maximise the power flow delivered to the load with the use of
energy storage system.

Sizing of the energy storage system to produce electricity for at least two days of
autonomy without energy from the sun (during cloudy days).

Performing a series of simulations to determine the required storage capacity and PV
array power needed to satisfy annual load requirements.

Considering options to reduce load and foresee energy saving options.

Ensuring the overall performance of the carrier is not altered with integration of the
panels and other system components.

Design of a cost effective, efficient and environmental friendly system.
Based on these objectives the system will be designed and further options/solutions to
achieve these targets will be addressed in the future zephyr project meetings. Two
alternative systems are considered; a TEU container and a van. Both have their own
advantages and disadvantages. Most of the proposed solutions regarding the load and
power issues are addressed below to understand the feasibility of the system.
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3.2 TEU Container
The TEU container is a 20ft equivalent unit which provides huge option for space both inside
and on the roof. The space inside the container will be more than sufficient for subsystems,
control unit and solar batteries along with enough space for a person to carryout respective
operations. The large roof area on the container can reduce the requirement of an alternative
energy supply as the number of panels and the energy storage capacity can be increased.
The Figure7 7 below is a basic model of a TEU container.
Figure 7: Basic model of a TEU container
The main concerns regarding the use of a container are the flexibility in transportation to reforestation sites which favour faster production rates, and huge costs associated. Although
use of a TEU container8 may help in minimising the technical issues associated with the
project it does not favour the overall flexibility in system operation.
Figure 8: TEU container with PV solar panels
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3.3 Van
The use of a van for the zephyr production unit can limit the design considerations compared
to the container but its flexible and also cost effective solution. For these reasons, the van is
considered for the unit. Solutions with respect to the issues regarding the van and the
feasibility of the design of power supply system and subsystem integration are investigated.
Figure 9, below illustrates the prototype of the design and integration of the system into the
van. The model was designed by Unitus for the deliverable 2.1
Figure 9: preliminary design hypothesis of the van
The issues and the proposed solutions to improve the feasibility of the system integration are
discussed below:
The main issues with the use of a van are:

High load of the system and reduced space for solar panels on the roof.

Restricted total space available inside the van for the zephyr unit, solar PV balance of
system components and enough space for a person to perform operations.

The maximum load or weight the van can withstand without affecting the performance
of the engine.

Secondary power supply option to maintain continuous flow of energy to the unit.
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3.4 Proposed Solutions
Based on the issues in the use of a van several solutions have been proposed in order to
make the system feasible. The possible solutions are mainly focused on as follows:
3.4.1 Reducing the energy demand/load of the system
A possible solution to the low energy generation of the van system (with limited options for
number of solar panels and the energy storage system), is to reduce the overall load of the
system to match the power supply from solar panels. Below, various solutions are
considered to reduce the energy demand, especially of the HVAC system and the LED
lamps which are currently the main energy consumers.

Improving the insulation of the growth chamber to reduce heat losses/gains.

Instead of defining a fixed temperature and using the HVAC continuously to
maintain it; a greater temperature range for each plant species may be defined to
increase the flexibility of the HVAC system.

Allowing a certain temperature fluctuation would mean that the HVAC system would
only work when the temperature/humidity goes out of this range in turn reducing the
load from HVAC.

The possibility of using low energy consuming LED lamps which are under
consideration by one of the partners.

Reducing the use of variable AC appliances by finding alternative DC appliances
which can minimise energy losses and use of inverter. Although DC appliances have
higher investment costs, they are more efficient and tend to have long life.

Large loads which cannot be eliminated can be considered for use only during peak
sun hours or only during summer when there is high solar radiation. In this case most
suitable option would be using an air conditioner for reducing internal temperature in
summer.

The energy from the internal machines can be optimised to control the inside
temperature during colder periods.

The possibility of having a window on one side of the van or at the back for use of
natural light and increasing the thermal load in the van during winter period, however
the solution may not be feasible when considering the photoperiods of the individual
plants.
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3.4.2 Increase of usable roof area and energy supply from the solar panels
Although the area of the roof on the van is limited to mount 10 solar panels, the active solar
area can be increased by adapting advanced photovoltaic technologies and proper design
and engineering of the PV arrays on the roof.

A foldable or adjustable PV panels can be considered which can increase the useful
surface area when parked without altering the performance of the van.

More efficient PV panels can be recommended; although they are expensive they
require less area and convert more solar radiations into usable energy.

Adapting all the equipment to low voltage (24-48V) can directly enable to use the
power from the batteries and van motor avoiding conversion losses.

Use of emerging PV technologies. Concepts like external foldable thin film modules
that can be spread flat on the roof of the van and connected to the DC power inlet.
The drawback of this technology is instability in proposed current climatic conditions,
depending on the technology innovation.
The Figure9 10 illustrates a prototype of a van installed with foldable thin film solar panels
that are spread on the roof of the caravan. The details of these technologies and their
applications are discussed in the next chapter.
Figure 10: Prototype model of a caravan with foldable thin film panels on the roof
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3.4.3 Engine of the Van
The engine motor can be used to supply extra energy; low amounts of energy can be
extracted from the motor. Ideally the voltage of the motor should be 24V in order to avoid
energy losses due to requirement for an AC-DC inverter.
Figure 11: Biodiesel compatible van
10
For this, all the subsystems operating voltage should be 24V. But this solution may not be an
ideal backup power supply option as it can be used for a limited period only due to increase
in the fuel costs and since this is not an environmental friendly option.
Use of a biodiesel can help in lowering the CO2 emissions from the system as part of the low
carbon initiative plan for Zephyr project.
Figure 12: Bio-diesel hybrid van
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3.4.4 Grid Connection
Connecting to the grid can be a suitable backup power option, since the possible grid
connectivity, when available can maximise the flexibility of power supply with respect to the
end user. Incentives from the local governments can favour the connection a cost effective
solution.
However, this may not be feasible when considering the unit may be working in remote area
(re-forestation sites) where the availability for connection is poor and extension to the grid
may result in high costs. These connections also require legal permissions from the local
network operators for extensions and maybe inflexible.
Figure 13: Grid-connected and off-grid PV systems
12
Grid connection for additional power supply can be favourable in the areas where the
availability of the grid is high. Considering the possibility of grid connection, the technical
design of the power supply system used in this deliverable is also tested with grid
connection.
The grid connected solar PV-battery system is designed under PV*Sol advance environment
and simulations are performed to understand the feasibility.
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3.4.5 Diesel Generators
These generators represent the comprehensive form of Decentralised Distributed Generation
(DDG) technology, supplying households, industrial firms etc. Diesel generators usually
operate at low load factors and are commonly used as a backup solution for off-grid
renewable energy systems. Diesel generators are often ideal and cost-effective option for
delivering electricity for essential requirements.
Figure 14: Diesel generator 5kw/6kw
The issues regarding the use of these generators include; transport of fuel to remote areas
(as they require more fuel) which results in additional costs, sound pollution since diesel sets
are very noisy, safety issues, and most importantly the fact that diesel units are hazardous to
the environment. However, there are energy efficient generators available in the market
which mainly use biodiesel as fuel (biodiesel generators) and help in reducing carbon
emissions compared to diesel generators. Biodiesel generators usually work on the same
principle as DG sets and are noisy as well.
The use of a diesel generator as backup power supply system to the existing design is
studied under PV*Sol Expert 6.0 and simulations are performed and the results are
compared. The detail system design and results of the simulation are discussed in the
following chapters and respective recommendations are made.
13
Figure 15: Bio-Diesel generator (Green Powers Generator )
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4. Technologies
4.1 Stand-alone solar PV systems
Stand-alone PV systems are independent photovoltaic systems which are normally used in
remote or isolated places where the electricity supply from the power-grid is unavailable or
not available at a reasonable cost. Examples for such an application are mountain huts or
remote cabins, isolated irrigation pumps, emergency telephones, isolated navigational buoy,
traffic signs, boats, camper vans, etc. They are suitable for users with limited power need; in
the present scenario of designing a solar PV system for the van comes under standalone or
off-grid systems.
Standalone PV systems often do not require an inverter like the grid-tied systems when used
in particular cases. However, both grid-tied and standalone-PV systems produce direct
current, they require an inverter to convert the DC into AC (Alternating current). Some
appliances use direct current when connected with a standalone PV system eliminating the
requirement of an inverter.
Figure 16: Solar PV standalone system configuration
The Figure14 16 represents a standalone solar PV-battery system which is used for both AC
and DC loads. These systems operate without any interaction with the utility grid. Most
standalone PV systems are comprised of PV panels, a charge controller, inverter and
storage batteries to supply power for both AC and DC loads. The batteries store surplus
energy to cover the load requirement as the energy from the solar panels is intermittent in
nature.
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4.2 System components:
4.2.1 Solar Photovoltaic system:
Solar Photovoltaic system uses PV modules to convert sunlight into electricity; the electricity
generated can be stored or used directly, fed back into grid or combined with one or more
other electricity generators or renewable energy source. Photovoltaic technology is based on
the photovoltaic effect and constitutes a method of generating electricity by converting solar
radiation into direct current (DC) using suitable devices called solar cells.
The term “Photovoltaic Effect” refers to photons of light exciting electrons into a higher state
of energy, allowing them to act as charge carriers for an electric current.
A PV cell consists of one or more thin layers of semiconducting materials such as silicon (Si),
gallium arsenide (GaAs), cadmium telluride (CaTe) or copper indium diselenide (CulnSe 2)
which have the potential to exhibit the photovoltaic effect.
Different types of PV panels have been developed with different technical and operational
characteristics. Commercial PV modules may be divided into two main categories:
a) Wafer-based crystalline silicon (c-Si) which involve:

Mono/single-crystalline silicon.

Poly/multi-crystalline silicon.
b) Thin films (TF) currently includes four variants:

Amorphous silicon (a-Si).

Amorphous and micromorph silicon multi-junctions (a-Si/ c-Si).

Cadmium-Telluride (CdTe).

Copper-indium-[gallium]-[di]selenide-[di]sulphide (CI[G]S).
Figure15 17 represents the classification of solar cells based on technology and compares the
corresponding efficiencies.
Currently, crystalline silicon (c-Si) and thin-film (TF) technologies dominate the global PV
market with approximately 85-90% of the PV market share16. New and emerging novel
concept PV technologies are under research and development, including concentrating PV,
organic PV, advanced thin-films and other novel concepts.
In a c-Si PV system slices/wafers of high purity solar-grade silicon are made into cells that
are assembled to modules and into arrays which are electrically connected. TF PV systems
are comprised of thin layers of semiconducting material coated onto inexpensive, large-size
substrates such as glass, polymer or metal. Although thin films generally have a lower
efficiency than silicon modules, their price per unit of capacity is lower.
Crystalline silicon technologies exhibit the highest available efficiency of around 25%. The
majority of current commercial modules represent efficiencies of around 19-20% with targets
to reach 23% by 202017. Current commercial c-Si modules, however, have efficiencies in the
range 13-19% with lifetime of more than 25 years.
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Figure 17: classification of solar cell technology
In particular, the efficiency performance of crystalline silicon technologies is estimated to be:

15-18%, for the monocrystalline silicon PV.

13-16%, for the polycrystalline silicon PV.
PV cells are assembled into modules to build modular PV systems that are used to generate
electricity in both grid connected and off-grid applications. These cells are electrically
connected in series and/or in parallel to increase voltage and/or current respectively.
A modular solar PV system comprises of modules and BOS (Balance of System) i.e. inverter,
charge controller, electrical components, mounting systems and batteries (as energy
storage) if any. An inverter is used to convert the DC into AC to generate electricity for both
grid integration and most of the electrical appliances.
In the current design of solar PV system for the purpose of covering the electrical demand
resulting from the subsystems (i.e. control unit, robotic arm, pump, etc.) polycrystalline silicon
technology shall be employed.
General panels are included for the simulation purpose i.e. polycrystalline silicon panels,
based on the results obtained the system can adapt to foldable modules with proper
engineering design to mount them on the roof of the van. The idea of using foldable panels
can increase the active solar conversion area when the van is parked, and fold back along
the roof without affecting the load on the engine of the van.
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Thin film modules can also be used for maximum utilisation of solar radiation by spreading
them along the roof of roof of the van. They are less expensive compared to c-Si cells and
easy to install.
The module do not require tilt or solar tracking system as they extract solar energy all day,
they are also low aerodynamic in shape and light weight systems which have very low effect
on the performance of the vehicle. The Figure18 18 explains the maximum extraction of solar
irradiation when installed on the roof of a van.
Figure 18: Solar tracking using flat spread thin film modules
The only disadvantage of using adapting this system for the Zephyr unit is they very less
efficient in solar to power conversion compared to c-Si cells, thus integration of these cells
may not satisfy the energy requirement. But, based on the studies and applications
considerations can be made in favor of thin film modules during the progress of the project.
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4.2.2 Battery System
In a solar battery system a charge controller, batteries and an inverter are used. The charge
controller is used to regulate the output from the PV array and additionally they stop the
batteries from over charging. Based upon the design, it can also switch the load to a different
subsystems (like heating/cooling, water pumping etc) when the batteries are 100% charged
and there’s surplus capacity.
Battery backup is required for the standalone solar PV system for continuous supply of
power to the subsystems inside the chamber. The solar PV produces energy during the day
using sunlight and the surplus is stored in the batteries. At night, power to the subsystems is
provided using that surplus energy stored in the battery. A typical solar standalone battery is
shown below (Figure 19)
Figure 19: Solar standalone battery used in the current design in PV*Sol software
There are two types of battery backup systems for solar PV
System 1: DC coupled systems
These systems are better known as “off-grid” systems.
System 2: AC coupled systems
These are generally used when there is usually more than one or more renewable
source.
For DC coupled systems deep cycle batteries are recommended as they are designed with
thicker density plates for constant deep discharging and recharging which is ideal for the
solar powered system. These batteries are designed to discharge between 50% and 80% of
their capacity depending on the manufacturer and the construction of the battery.
Although these batteries can be cycled down to a 20% charge the best lifespan vs. cost
method is to keep the average cycle at about 50% discharge19. These batteries are
completely different from that of car batteries which are designed to provide a high discharge
of power for a short time.
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4.2.3 Standalone solar Inverter
Inverters are used to convert DC power from the PV system and that stored in the batteries
to AC power that can be used as required. Solar inverters are classified into as below:

Stand alone inverters

Grid-tie inverters
 Battery backup inverters
An inverter is sized based on the maximum load required, the maximum surge required,
output voltage required and input battery voltage. The wattage of the inverter should be
larger than the maximum hourly load to be run at one time.
Figure 20: Stand-alone inverter
20
There is a loss in power during the DC to AC conversion process from the inverter with
conversion efficiencies ranging from 85% to 95% depending on the design and
manufacturer. To reduce these losses high efficient inverters should be selected or the use
of AC appliances should be minimized or removed.
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4.2.4 Charge controller
A charge controller is a device used in standalone PV systems that regulate the DC output
from PV arrays and stores excess energy in a battery as well as monitoring the battery
voltage to prevent overcharging.
The use of charge controller will prolong the battery life and control DC output according to
the power demand. A MPP (Maximum Power Point) tracker is included in the charge
controller to extract maximum power from the PV system.
In the current market a MPP charge controllers which incorporates a DC-to-DC converter
which helps the PV array to derive maximum power output at corresponding solar irradiance
are high in demand.
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5. Technical Design and Spec. of Solar PV Supply System
5.1 Background
The design and sizing of the solar power supply system is based on the load profiles of
individual subsystems specification. This is a preliminary design based on the current data;
improvements to the system will be made consequently, with the modifications introduced in
the later stages of the project.
The design of the power supply system is completely dependent on the individual load
profiles. As some loads are yet to be calculated (ex: HVAC system) and with the
investigation on improving some of the existing load data ongoing, the system is designed
with rough estimations and assumptions of the load. This design gives a better
understanding of the system and the related issues. Investigation will be carried out in order
to minimize these issues and increase options considerably.
The model design of the power supply system is carried out using PV*SOL Expert 6.0
software. After specific design of the system, a series of simulations are carried out for better
understanding. The results are analysed and compared with the different supply options
discussed in chapter 3. First, the simulations are performed for Brussels as the project aims
to demonstrate its prototype here and later the simulations are carried out in Marseille and
Seville for the same design and the results are compared.
Based on the considerations of usable roof area and the space allotted inside the van, the
system is designed with a limited number of panels and batteries. Later, the possible
alternative supply options required to satisfy the energy demand are discussed based on the
location of the van. The load is assumed to be constant throughout the year, but small
improvements inside the van such as recovering the heat generated from the internal
powered elements (LED lamps, batteries, control unit etc.), would help reduce the demand
during winter periods to match the power supply from solar PV.
Table 1: Solar PV System Technical Spec.
Output:
Gross/Active
Surface Area:
PV Module
Manufacturer:
Array 1: Array Name
2.50 kW
Ground Reflection:
Solar 16.5 m² / 16.6 m²
Output Losses due to...
Model:
Nominal Output:
Power Rating Deviation:
Efficiency (STC):
No. of Modules in Series:
MPP Voltage (STC):
Orientation:
Inclination:
Mount:
Shade:
10 x
deviation from AM 1.5:
Kyocera Fineceramics deviation
from
Specification:
KD250GH-4YB2
in Diodes:
250 W
due to Pollution:
0%
15.1 %
1
30 V
0.0 °
33.0 °
with Ventilation
No
20.0 %
1.0 %
Manufacturer's 2.0 %
0.5 %
0.0 %
Crystalline silicon panels are used for the simulation in PV*Sol and the corresponding roof
area is calculated, as foldable or thin film flat spread panels are not included in software
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database. Using the usable area on the roof of the van; the number of panels calculated will
be engineered to increase the gross/active area (using the concept of foldable panels) when
the van is parked.
The technical specifications of the solar panel, battery system and the stand alone inverter
used in the simulation are listed in tables 1, 2 and 3; the same panels, battery and inverter
are used for all the simulations excluding the grid connected solar PV battery system.
Table 2: Battery system Technical Spec
Manufacturer:
Model:
Nominal Voltage:
C20 Capacity:
Self Discharge:
Battery System
Deta
Mean Charge Efficiency:
12 V Solar 250
Mean Discharge Efficiency:
12.0 V
Charge Controller
230.0 Ah
Lower Battery Discharge
Threshold:
0.3 %/Tag
85.0 %
99.0 %
30.0 %
Table 3: Standalone system Inverter Technical Spec
Manufacturer:
Model:
AC Power Rating:
Nom. AC Voltage:
Stand-Alone System Inverter
STUDER INNOTEC
Nom. DC Voltage:
AJ 402
Stand-by Consumption:
0.4 kW
Efficiency at Nominal Output:
230.0 V
24.0 V
0.0 W
94.0 %
The grid connect system simulation is performed in PV*Sol advance environment which
provides standalone grid tie option and two inverters are used for the process. In the grid tie
system only the solar panels used are the same.
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5.2 Location:
The basic simulation of the system is performed in Brussels using PV*SOL environment with
different considerations, and later in Marseille and Seville. Based on the loads and location,
the system is designed for at least two days of autonomy. The specifications and
considerations made for the system are same for all the locations. Figure 21 below,
illustrates the basic model of the system used in all the three locations; this basic system
layout designed using 10 solar panels, 10 battery systems, 1 inverter and 1 charge controller
is used for different locations and modified with backup power supply options discussed in
chapter 3. The Figure is taken from the PV*Sol Expert 6.
10 x Deta
1
10
12 V Solar 250
10 x Kyocera Fineceramics
230.0 Ah (C20); 2 x 12.0 V
KD250GH-4YB2 250 W
33°;
0°
STUDER INNOTEC AJ 402
0.4 kW
Annual Energy Reqirement: 2410 kWh
max Hourly Value: 379 W
Figure 21: Basic solar PV system layout design from PV*Sol Expert 6.0
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5.3 Load Determination
Based on the load profiles of individual subsystems, the total energy required by system per
day and per year is calculated and tabulated below. In the Zephyr unit, the total load of the
system is composed of:
1. Motor of the rotating machine: 150W.
2. This power is only used to start the motor to work but, on average, the load due to the
motor is: 44W (operating 24hrs)
3. Robotic Arm: 100W (operating 30min/day)
4. Control system: 200W (operating 4hrs/day)
5. Irrigation system: 400W (operating 45min/day)
6. LED lamps: 384W (operating 8-16hrs/day depending on the photoperiod)
7. HVAC System: 1.144W (assumed)
The load from the HVAC is assumed as it is yet to be sized; it is currently the main energy
consumer. Research is in progress to reduce the load from the LED lamps as well so
currently an average value is assumed for the load from lamps.
The total energy consumption for one day is calculated using the individual appliances load
values multiplied with the number of hours of usage. Table 1 below, illustrates the individual
load data and total energy consumption per year.
Table 4: Calculation of annual load from the system
Appliances
Motor
Robotic arm
Control system
Irrigation pump
LED lamps
HVAC system
Wattage (W)
hours of usage
(hrs)
24
0.5
4
0.75
8 (average)
Wh/day
44
1056
100
50
200
800
400
300
384
3072
1.144 assumed)
Total energy consumption for a year kWh/year
kWh/year
385.44
18.25
292
109.5
1121.28
1926.47
The calculated total energy consumption per year is 1926.47kWh without the load from the
HVAC system. Whilst considering the load from HVAC over the year, the load is assumed to
be half the total load used at continuous operation. The idea is to minimize the load from
HVAC during the peak hours of sunshine.
As a start up value for calculation purpose the load from HVAC system over the year is
considered to be 500kWh/year assuming it to run 24/7 at half the rated load. Thus the total
energy from the entire system is approximated to 2410kWh/year as a initial value to define
the power supply system.
This assumption for HVAC can be subjected to change with changes in system
considerations and specifications during the progress of the project and accordingly the solar
system design will be modified.
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The assumption of the value is basically to give maximum flexibility for the design of the
power supply unit to start with. Later, if the actual total energy consumption (after the actual
load values are determined) is low or high compared to the above limit, the system sizing will
be performed with preliminary design as of Figure 21
Therefore, the total energy consumption = 2410kWh/year or 6.6kWh/day
The energy consumption is assumed to be constant throughout the year to increase the
flexibility of design.
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5.4 Simulation/Experiment Data
Design of the power system is based on the solar radiation data of the location. A solar PV
analysis software “PV*SOL” is used to dimension the components of the zephyr unit by
providing the inputs such as load profile/energy consumption data, location data, solar data,
numbers etc. and accordingly the simulation can be carried out.
The total daily energy consumption is assumed to be 6.6kWh/day. The solar radiation data or
the location climate data is taken from Meteosyn which is included in the PV*SOL software
itself. The graph below illustrates the monthly solar radiation data taken from Meteosyn for
city of Brussels.
System Variant
kWh/m²
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug
Time Period 1/ 1/ - 31/12/
Oct
Dec
Specific Irradiation onto Horizontal 983 kWh/m²
Figure 22: Monthly Specific Irradiation data onto Horizontal at Brussels
The graph shows low radiation values during the winter months in Brussels. Alternative
power supply or reduction of load requirements in these respective months is required to
compensate the limited power supply.
The energy consumption data is fed into the software and annual load profile is designed to
be constant, similar to load profile distribution data for a research institute21. After the
required total energy consumption data is entered, PV*SOL also requires detailed
component information such as PV panel power, voltage, current data to enable choosing of
appropriate equipment for the vehicle.
In order to efficiently and economically utilize the energy sources integrated in the system, an
appropriate sizing is necessary. However, the design of the power system is a complex task,
which requires mathematical models for all individual components and the application of
optimization techniques.
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An important parameter of the control strategy for balance of system component sizing is
minimum allowed battery level. Since the availability of solar energy is stochastic, reliable
energy storage is required. In the present system, battery is the main storage medium.
To prolong the battery life, the allowed minimum state of charge level was set to 50% for the
simulation and the use of charge controller helps to maintain the level. The battery is
designed for at least two days of autonomy i.e. two days of continuous power supply from the
battery bank when there is no power from the primary source.
After the respective data is entered into PV*SOL, it runs simulation for a year and gives a
result for energy consumption covered by both the individual system and entire system.
The results also illustrate the periods when system cannot satisfy the load, which indicates
the need for auxiliary power source.
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5.5 Battery sizing
The battery type recommended for use in the solar PV system is deep cycle battery. These
batteries are designed to discharge to low energy level. The battery must be designed to
support sufficient energy to operate the subsystems at night and for at least two days of
autonomy. To determine the size of the battery or capacity of the battery in Ah (Ampere
hour), the following steps are involved:

The total watt-hours per day used by the subsystems i.e. energy consumption per
day is calculated.

The total watt-hours per day used is divided by battery loss or charge efficiency.

The result obtained is divided by the DOD (depth of discharge) of the battery and the
battery nominal voltage.

The answer is multiplied by number of days of autonomy.
The mathematical formula to determine the battery capacity is:
Battery Capacity (Ah) = Total Watt-hours per day used by appliances*Days of autonomy
(Nominal battery voltage*DOD*Battery charge efficiency)
The battery specification and dimensions used for the current project are listed below; the
data is taken from the PV*SOL database.
Manufacturer: Deta
Model: 12 V Solar 250
Nominal voltage: 12 V
C20 Capacity: 230.0 Ah
Capacity: 2.76 kWh
Mean Charge Efficiency: 85.00 %
Depth of Discharge (DOD): 70.00%
L*W*D (mm): 518*276*242
Weight:
61kg
Including the battery technical specification data into the formula along with 2 days of
autonomy:
Battery capacity (Ah) = 6600Wh/day*2days = 1848.739 Ah
12V*0.7*0.85
Therefore, total no of batteries required:
Battery capacity (Ah) / actual battery capacity (Ah) = 1848.739 / 230 = 8.03 (approx to 8)
The number of batteries is approximated to 8 and for better result 10 batteries are used in
the simulation.
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5.6 Simulation Results
5.6.1 Solar PV-battery system
In PV*Sol, the system is designed using 10 poly crystalline solar panels with an output of
2.5kWp and gross/active area 16.45/16.56 m2. The panels are arranged with 10 strings in
parallel and 1 string in series.
PV*Sol logically calculates the electrical layout of the system and accordingly calculates the
size of a charge controller, it also checks for any faulty connections, voltage drops, minimizes
technical losses and derives maximum output.
Annual Course City of Brussels Azimuth: 0.0°, Tilt Angle: 33.0°
kWh/m²
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug
Time Period 1/ 1/ - 31/12/
Oct
Dec
Irradiation onto Tilted Surface 1,106 kWh/m²
Figure 23: Annual solar irradiation in Brussels at tilt angle 33
o
The system is designed with a charge controller, 10*230Ah capacity battery system and a
0.45kW inverter.
The PV array is inclined at 33 degrees to the south to obtain maximum radiation; Figure 23
represents the annual solar irradiation on the tilted surface for Brussels. The battery used
has 85% charge efficiency and the efficiency of the inverter used is 94%.
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10 x Deta
1
10
12 V Solar 250
10 x Kyocera Fineceramics
230.0 Ah (C20); 2 x 12.0 V
KD250GH-4YB2 250 W
33°;
0°
STUDER INNOTEC AJ 402
0.4 kW
Annual Energy Reqirement: 2410 kWh
max Hourly Value: 379 W
Figure 24: System diagram at Brussels
Figure 24 describes the system layout and the results of simulation are tabulated in Table 5
below:
Table 5: Simulation Results for Total System at Brussels
Irradiation onto Horizontal:
PV Array Irradiation:
16,281 kWh
18,315 kWh
168 kWh
30.0 %
2,168 kWh
2,410 kWh
1,000 kWh
751 kWh
Battery Losses:
Charge Condition at Simulattion
Start:
Charge Condition at Simulattion
End:
Solar Fraction:
Performance Ratio:
Final Yield:
Specific Annual Yield:
Irradiation minus Reflection:
17,489 kWh
Energy Produced by PV Array:
Consumption Requirement:
Direct Use of PV Energy:
Consumption Not Covered by
System:
PV Array Surplus:
Consumption Covered by Solar
Energy:
Battery Discharge:
Battery Charge:
206 kWh
1,659 kWh
System Efficiency:
Array Efficiency:
9.1 %
11.8 %
793 kWh
962 kWh
Inverter Efficiency:
Battery Efficiency:
92.5 %
82.5 %
30.0 %
68.8 %
60.0 %
1.8 h/d
664 kWh/kWp
Based on the simulations results obtained from PV*Sol, the total consumption requirement of
the system is not covered by the PV array.
The energy consumption covered by solar alone is 1659 kWh and the battery supplies
793kWh but the energy consumption not covered by the system is 751kWh. This energy
requirement not satisfied, mainly in the winter months, can be explained with better
understanding by the graph below.
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System Variant
kWh
220
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Feb
Apr
Jun
Jul
Aug
Time Period 1/ 1/ - 31/12/
Oct
Dec
Consumption Requirement 2,410 kWh
Consumption Covered by Solar Energy 1,659 kWh
Consumption Not Covered by System 751 kWh
Battery Discharge 793 kWh
Figure 25: Energy distributions for Solar PV-battery system at Brussels
The graph shows the monthly comparison of the energy covered by solar PV (grey), battery
discharge (yellow) and the consumption not covered by the system (green).
The blue line on the top represents the monthly energy requirement, it is clearly understood
that during the winter months the solar PV-battery supply system cannot satisfy the energy
requirement and there is demand for an alternative source of power during that period.
In order to satisfy the energy requirement, and since there is limited surface area on the roof
of the van, an auxiliary power source can be used as an alternative to increasing the number
of panels of the PV array. The options discussed in the previous chapters are used for
simulations to check the results.
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5.6.2 Solar PV-battery system with DG as backup power supply
Using PV*Sol, the system is integrated with a diesel generator system as backup power
supply. Designing a standalone system using PV*Sol offers options regarding the use of a
diesel generator set The software technically calculates the energy supply needed from the
back-up power and sizes accordingly. The DG is coupled to the existing system logically to
minimize losses and helps to satisfy the demand for the winter months. Figure 26 below,
represents the layout of the existing system when coupled with a DG.
10 x Deta
1
10
12 V Solar 250
10 x Kyocera Fineceramics
230.0 Ah (C20); 2 x 12.0 V
KD250GH-4YB2 250 W
33°;
0°
STUDER INNOTEC AJ 402
0.4 kW
From 0.5 kW
Annual Energy Reqirement: 2410 kWh
To 3.0 kW
max Hourly Value: 379 W
Figure 26: Solar PV system layout coupled with Diesel Generator set
After integrating the DG, simulations are performed and the results are tabulated (Table 3)
below.
Table 6: Simulation Results for Total System with DG as backup supply
Irradiation onto Horizontal:
PV Array Irradiation:
Irradiation minus Reflection:
Energy Produced by PV Array:
16,281 kWh
18,315 kWh
17,489 kWh
2,211 kWh
Consumption Requirement:
2,410 kWh
Direct Use of PV Energy:
Direct Use of Back-up Gen. Energy:
Consumption Not Covered by System:
PV Array Surplus:
1,006 kWh
88 kWh
0 kWh
285 kWh
Energy Produced by Back-up Gen.:
Consumption Covered by Solar Energy:
Battery Discharge:
Battery Solar Discharge:
1,140 kWh
1,643 kWh
1,505 kWh
770 kWh
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Battery Charge:
1,814 kWh
Battery Solar Charge:
920 kWh
Battery Losses:
309 kWh
Charge Condition at Simulattion 45.7 %
Start:
Charge Condition at Simulattion 45.7 %
End:
Solar Fraction:
68.2 %
Performance Ratio:
59.4 %
Final Yield:
1.8 h/d
Specific Annual Yield:
657
kWh/kWp
System Efficiency:
9.0 %
Array Efficiency:
12.1 %
Inverter Efficiency:
92.5 %
Battery Efficiency:
82.9 %
ZR- Exergy-WP2_D2.4_Technical Spec. for the Power system with Solar panels
Grant Agreement n°308313
The results of the simulation show that the energy from the solar PV system is similar to that
in previous simulation, however, this simulation shows the consumption covered by the DG
is 767.43kWh, which is distributed among the DG set and the battery system.
There is an intelligent distribution of energy among the DG set and the batteries i.e. the
system used DG to satisfy the peak energy demand and the surplus energy is stored in the
batteries for later purpose. Graph below, illustrates the distribution of power among the three
power systems.
System Variant
kWh
260
240
220
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Feb
Apr
Jun
Jul
Aug
Time Period 1/ 1/ - 31/12/
Oct
Dec
Consumption Requirement 2,410 kWh
Consumption Covered by Solar Energy 1,643 kWh
Energy Produced by Back-up Gen. 1,140 kWh
Battery Discharge 1,505 kWh
Figure 27: Distribution of energy between solar PV, battery and diesel generator
The graph illustrates the energy distribution between solar PV system, battery system and
backup generator. The system completely satisfies the requirements from the two primary
power sources and the energy storage system. It is estimated that 1,643 kWh of energy will
be produced by solar energy and 1,140 kWh by the diesel generator set.
Though the system satisfies the energy requirement, the use of the DG set is
environmentally not recommended as discussed in the section 3.4.5. These generators are
powered using fossil fuels and cause air and sound pollution to the surrounding environment.
Although these generators have low investment costs, they have high operation and
maintenance costs.
A more environmentally friendly option could be the use of bio-diesel instead of petroleum
diesel which has lesser effects on the environment. It’s also a cleaner burning fuel with fewer
effects on the performance of the engine.
Use of a biodiesel generator will not only satisfy the demand but it is more energy efficient as
it burns cheaper and cleaner fuel; it also lasts longer.
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5.6.3 Solar PV-battery Grid system
The other solution for auxiliary power source is connection to the utility grid. Connecting the
PV system to the grid is comparatively easy to do and has the advantage of effective
utilization of generated power because no excess energy losses are involved. As per the
present scenario, extra energy requirement is mainly during the winter months which are
when the need to purchase grid energy arises.
During some peak days, there is excess power generated from the solar panels than is
required to satisfy average consumption and to charge the batteries. The excess power can
yield revenue through sale to the grid.
Depending on the agreement with the local grid energy company, the consumer only pays
the cost of electricity consumed less the value of electricity generated. In some cases the
grid operator pays cash incentives to the consumer.
The existing system can be conFigured to connect the PV panels to:

The grid via a Grid connect inverter or,

Charge batteries via a Charge Controller
Both the systems can be integrated and switched to grid mode and off-grid mode based on
the system requirement. Moreover, the power from the batteries can be used to power a DC
load or AC load via an Off-Grid Inverter.
A similar system is designed using 'PV*Sol advance' for the location Brussels. The system is
similar to the Solar-PV battery system in section 5.6.1 for Brussels excluding the grid tie,
inverter and the battery system.
The system is designed to be single phase with grid voltage 230V and with no maximum
feed in power. The model layout design of the grid connected PV system with battery system
is given below
Figure 28: Solar PV-battery Grid tie system layout
The load profile data chosen for the grid tie system is similar to that of solar PV-battery
system. The system also has 10 batteries but with less battery capacity compared to the
standalone battery system since use of the grid system can reduce the number of batteries
inside the van which gives more space for other subsystems inside.
The grid tie inverter helps to condition or process the solar energy produced by the
photovoltaic panels for delivery to a power grid.
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After the perfect connection and arrangement of the system a series of simulations are
performed using PV*Sol advance and the results are listed below (Table 4).
Table 7: Simulation results of the Solar PV grid-tie system
Consumption required
Stand-by consumption
Battery Charging (Grid)
Total Consumption
Covered by solar power
Covered by grid
Covered by battery
Level of self-sufficiency
2,410 kWh/year
12 kWh/year
43 kWh/year
2,465 kWh/year
890 kWh/year
782 kWh/year
793 kWh/year
67.7%
Based on the simulation results, it is clear that the energy consumption not covered by the
solar PV-battery system, is covered by the energy from the grid. The energy covered; by the
solar energy is 890kWh/year, by the battery system is 793kWh/year and the energy
consumption covered by the grid is 782kWh/year.
The annual grid feed in is 244kWh/year. The graph below represents the energy distribution
from solar energy, battery system and the energy from the grid compared to the consumption
for the entire year.
Figure 29: Energy distribution from Grid, solar PV and battery with reference to consumption
The graph shows the entire energy consumption required by the system is fulfilled from the
two systems; the solar PV-battery system and grid integrated system and the resulting
excess energy is sold back to the grid as profits.
Therefore, grid connected system can be used as an alternative energy source and can be
switched into different modes either off grid system or grid integrated system.
Page 41 of 76
ZR- Exergy-WP2_D2.4_Technical Spec. for the Power system with Solar panels
Grant Agreement n°308313
5.7 System simulation for other locations
The same system which is used on the van in Brussels is also used for running simulations
in other chosen locations i.e. Marseille and Seville. Based on the locations climatic
conditions, the simulation results vary accordingly. The results of the simulation are
discussed in the below sections.
5.7.1 Solar PV-battery system simulation for the location Marseille
Figure 30 below, illustrates the system layout for Marseille. The climatic conditions in PV*Sol
Expert 6.0 are changed to Marseille from Brussels, without changing the system
configuration.
The climatic data for Marseille is quite different from that of Brussels, as it is located south (to
Brussels) the solar radiation is comparatively high and the average sun hours per day are
also high which results in more consumption covered by the system.
10 x Deta
1
10
12 V Solar 250
10 x Kyocera Fineceramics
230.0 Ah (C20); 2 x 12.0 V
KD250GH-4YB2 250 W
33°;
0°
STUDER INNOTEC AJ 402
0.4 kW
Annual Energy Reqirement: 2410 kWh
max Hourly Value: 379 W
Figure 30: System diagram at Marseille
Though the consumption covered by the system is increased compared to the system at
Brussels, there is still consumption which remains unsatisfied. This requirement can be
satisfied by the same methods employed for Brussels i.e. diesel generator set or grid
connection.
After changing the climatic data to that of Marseille in PV*Sol a series of simulations are
performed and the corresponding results are listed below.
Page 42 of 76
ZR- Exergy-WP2_D2.4_Technical Spec. for the Power system with Solar panels
Grant Agreement n°308313
Table 8: Simulation Results for Total System
Irradiation onto Horizontal:
PV Array Irradiation:
26,576 kWh
30,753 kWh
250 kWh
37.0 %
3,693 kWh
2,410 kWh
1,215 kWh
188 kWh
Battery Losses:
Charge Condition at Simulattion
Start:
Charge Condition at Simulattion
End:
Solar Fraction:
Performance Ratio:
Final Yield:
Specific Annual Yield:
Irradiation minus Reflection:
29,473 kWh
Energy Produced by PV Array:
Consumption Requirement:
Direct Use of PV Energy:
Consumption Not Covered by
System:
PV Array Surplus:
Consumption Covered by Solar
Energy:
Battery Discharge:
Battery Charge:
1,041 kWh
2,222 kWh
System Efficiency:
Array Efficiency:
7.2 %
12.0 %
1,188 kWh
1,438 kWh
Inverter Efficiency:
Battery Efficiency:
92.5 %
82.6 %
37.0 %
92.2 %
47.8 %
2.4 h/d
889 kWh/kWp
The simulation results illustrate the solar irradiation data of Marseille (26,576kWh) is higher
than Brussels (16,281kWh) and thus, the energy produced from the PV array is higher,
resulting in more energy covered by the system compared to Brussels.
Figure 31, represents the energy distribution from solar PV and battery system. It also
depicts the energy requirement not covered by the system which is during the winter months.
The line graph (blue) represents the monthly load requirement and the bar graphs represent
monthly consumption covered by solar energy (Grey) and the corresponding battery
discharge (Green).
System Variant
kWh
220
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Feb
Apr
Jun
Jul
Aug
Time Period 1/ 1/ - 31/12/
Consumption Requirement 2,410 kWh
Oct
Dec
Consumption Covered by Solar Energy 2,222 kWh
Battery Discharge 1,188 kWh
Figure 31: Energy distribution of the solar PV-battery system at Marseille
Page 43 of 76
ZR- Exergy-WP2_D2.4_Technical Spec. for the Power system with Solar panels
Grant Agreement n°308313
Based on Figure 31, the consumption covered by solar energy is 2,222kWh/year and the
total consumption required is 2,410kWh/year, so the energy required to be satisfied is
188.2kWh/year i.e. from November to February.
Although the energy consumption not covered by the Solar PV-battery is low, the increase in
the number of panels or the number of batteries does not satisfy the requirement as the solar
energy generated is insufficient during these months.
Even if the increase in panels or the batteries satisfies the requirement, the space required
for the panels will not be sufficient so an external power supply should be considered. The
options discussed for the system in Brussels can be employed, but with low loads.
Page 44 of 76
ZR- Exergy-WP2_D2.4_Technical Spec. for the Power system with Solar panels
Grant Agreement n°308313
5.7.2 Solar PV-Battery system for the location Seville
Figure 32 below illustrates the system layout for Seville which is similar to the earlier
systems. The climatic conditions in PV*Sol Expert 6.0 are changed to Seville from Marseille,
without changing the system configuration. Seville is located in Spain and is further south
and receives high amounts of solar radiation compared to the Brussels and Marseille.
10 x Deta
1
10
12 V Solar 250
10 x Kyocera Fineceramics
230.0 Ah (C20); 2 x 12.0 V
KD250GH-4YB2 250 W
33°;
0°
STUDER INNOTEC AJ 402
0.4 kW
Annual Energy Reqirement: 2410 kWh
max Hourly Value: 379 W
Figure 32: System diagram at Seville
Thus, the energy produced from solar PV array satisfies the energy requirement completely
reducing the need of alternative power supply option. In fact the number of batteries used in
the earlier system 10 can be reduced to 6 without decrease in energy produced from solar
PV to the load requirement. Thus the problems with space inside the van can also be solved
and making the system more feasible to the climatic conditions similar to that of Seville.
Table 9: Simulation Results for Total System
Irradiation onto Horizontal:
PV Array Irradiation:
31,786 kWh
36,382 kWh
285 kWh
91.2 %
4,291 kWh
2,410 kWh
1,264 kWh
0 kWh
Battery Losses:
Charge Condition at Simulattion
Start:
Charge Condition at Simulattion
End:
Solar Fraction:
Performance Ratio:
Final Yield:
Specific Annual Yield:
Irradiation minus Reflection:
34,957 kWh
Energy Produced by PV Array:
Consumption Requirement:
Direct Use of PV Energy:
Consumption Not Covered by
System:
PV Array Surplus:
Consumption Covered by Solar
Energy:
Battery Discharge:
Battery Charge:
1,399 kWh
2,410 kWh
System Efficiency:
Array Efficiency:
6.6 %
11.8 %
1,342 kWh
1,628 kWh
Inverter Efficiency:
Battery Efficiency:
92.5 %
82.5 %
Page 45 of 76
91.2 %
100.0 %
43.9 %
2.6 h/d
964 kWh/kWp
ZR- Exergy-WP2_D2.4_Technical Spec. for the Power system with Solar panels
Grant Agreement n°308313
Based on the simulation results, the direct use of PV energy is 1,264kWh/year and the
discharge from the battery is 1,342kWh/year which sum up to 2,606kWh/year which is more
than sufficient and no additional power supply is required.
Graph below, illustrates the energy distribution among the solar PV and battery system, with
the line graph representing the load requirement and the bar graphs representing the
consumption covered by the solar energy and the battery discharge. The climatic conditions
in Seville are favorable for the van integrated with Zephyr unit with continuous working of the
system.
System Variant
kWh
220
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Feb
Apr
Jun
Jul
Aug
Time Period 1/ 1/ - 31/12/
Consumption Requirement 2,410 kWh
Oct
Dec
Consumption Covered by Solar Energy 2,410 kWh
Battery Discharge 1,342 kWh
Figure 33: Energy distribution of the solar PV-battery system at Seville
Page 46 of 76
ZR- Exergy-WP2_D2.4_Technical Spec. for the Power system with Solar panels
Grant Agreement n°308313
6. Results and Analysis
The typical system discussed in chapter 5 is a solar PV-battery system for Brussels; this is a
basic design of the power supply system for Zephyr project. The proposed system is
designed and analysed using PV*Sol Expert 6.0 with energy backup supply and simulations
are performed for different locations as well. The grid connected PV-battery system is also
designed and analysed under PV*Sol advance for Brussels.
The table below compares the simulation results for the three locations and corresponding
CO2 emissions avoided:
Table 10: Comparison of the simulation results for the three locations
Location
Consumption
Covered by Solar PVbattery system (kWh)
System Efficiency (%)
CO2 emissions
avoided (kg/a)
Brussels
Marseille
Seville
1659.1
2221.8
2410
9.1
7.2
6.6
1,019
1,365
1,480
The load distribution of the system was considered to be constant throughout the year. Some
of the load values assumed will be changed and considering the options discussed in
chapter 3 for reducing energy demand can be adapted to reduce the load.
Based on the results of simulation, the system used in Brussels is highly infeasible with solar
PV-battery system alone, a backup power supply option is necessary for continuous power
supply to the subsystems. With the limited design conditions for the system integration in
van, increase in the number of panels or the number of batteries (to increase storage) may
not be a possible solution. Reduction of the energy demand for the winter periods may
increase the probability to match the energy produced from solar power and satisfy the
requirement.
The worst case scenario of the system operation is in Brussels as the other locations have
far less issues comparatively. The system at Brussels was also tested with diesel generator
set and grid connection option, and both were feasible. Thus, the problem that now arises is
the cost effectiveness and environmentally friendliness of the option to be chosen for the
Zephyr project.
With the help of PV*Sol Expert 6.0, the existing solar PV-battery system was logically
coupled with a DG set for reducing losses and minimum utilization of energy from the DG
set. Based on the simulation results, the DG set is rated from 0.5kW to 3kW output with a
fuel consumption of 0.3 l/kWh. The consumption covered by the DG set is 767.43kWh/year,
mainly during the winter periods.
Diesel generators have low initial costs comparatively; however the operation and
maintenance costs are higher. If the system is located in a remote area then the additional
costs like fuel transport are included. This option can be more environmental friendly with the
use of a biodiesel instead of diesel as fuel favoring the aim of Zephyr project
Page 47 of 76
ZR- Exergy-WP2_D2.4_Technical Spec. for the Power system with Solar panels
Grant Agreement n°308313
The other option was connecting the system to the grid. This is feasible based on the
availability. The design and simulation of the grid connected system was performed using
PV*Sol advance with similar load conditions as Brussels. The simulations results indicate the
proposed system is feasible and also cost efficient compared to the diesel generators. The
annual consumption covered by the grid is 782kWh/year and the annual grid feed in is
244kWh/year.
Comparing the results from both DG set and grid connection, connecting the Zephyr unit to
the grid is more favorable in terms of cost and environmental aspects. Use of DG can be
more useful when there is lack of availability from the grid. From table 10, the CO2 emissions
avoided is high at Seville and decreasing accordingly from Marseille to Brussels.
The methodology involved for calculating the CO2 emissions avoided is based on the amount
of solar energy conversion used avoiding the conventional power sources. Based on these
results the integration of secondary energy supply should foresee CO2 emission reduction to
make the system low carbon emitting and contributing to the ‘Smart and Sustainable Growth’
priorities of the project.
Page 48 of 76
ZR- Exergy-WP2_D2.4_Technical Spec. for the Power system with Solar panels
Grant Agreement n°308313
7. Conclusions
This deliverable is mainly focused to define the technical specifications of the power supply
system for Zephyr project. The deliverable also aimed to compare the design of the system
in different locations in Europe with Brussels as the main project site.
The system was designed to supply continuous power to the subsystems involved in the
plant production unit. The design of the system is focused on flexibility to connect and
operate using different power source options. Based on the technical specifications use of
foldable or new PV concepts will be investigated to increase the active solar area when the
van is parked.
The preliminary design technical specifications are the basic hypothesis based on the current
load values; it is subject to modification and improvement in detail together with discussions
with other involved partners.
Page 49 of 76
ZR- Exergy-WP2_D2.4_Technical Spec. for the Power system with Solar panels
Grant Agreement n°308313
8. Annexes
Annex-1
Solar PV-Battery System at Brussels
Annex-2
Solar PV-Battery System with Diesel Generator at Brussels
Annex-3
Solar PV-Grid Tie System at Brussels
Annex-4
Solar PV-Battery System at Marseille
Annex-5
Solar PV-Battery System at Seville
Page 50 of 76
Please enter under Options-> Settings
Annex-1 Solar PV-Battery System at Brussels
Project Name:
Variant Reference:
Zephyr-Brussels
System Variant
24/07/2013
10 x Deta
12 V Solar 250
1
10
10 x Kyocera Fineceramics
KD250GH-4YB2 250 W
33°;
230.0 Ah (C20); 2 x 12.0 V
0°
STUDER INNOTEC AJ 402
0.4 kW
Annual Energy Reqirement: 2410 kWh
max Hourly Value: 379 W
Location:
Climate Data Record:
PV Output:
Gross/Active PV Surface Area:
City of Brussels
City of Brussels
(1986-2005)
2.50 kWp
16.45 / 16.56 m²
PV Array Irradiation:
Energy Produced by PV Array:
Consumption Requirement:
Consumption Covered by Solar Energy:
Consumption Not Covered by System:
18,315
2,168.1
2,410.0
1,659.1
750.9
Solar Fraction:
Performance Ratio:
Specific Annual Yield:
CO2 Emissions Avoided:
System Efficiency:
PV Array Efficiency:
68.8
60.0
663.6
1,019
9.1
11.8
kWh
kWh
kWh
kWh
kWh
%
%
kWh/kWp
kg/a
%
%
The results are determined by a mathematical model calculation. The actual yields of the photovoltaic system
can deviate from these values due to fluctuations in the weather, the efficiency of modules and inverters, and other factors.
The System Diagram above does not represent and cannot replace a full technical drawing of the solar system.
PV*SOL Expert 6.0 (R3)
1
Please enter under Options-> Settings
Project Name:
Variant Reference:
PV*SOL Expert 6.0 (R3)
Zephyr-Brussels
System Variant
24/07/2013
2
Please enter under Options-> Settings
Project Name:
Variant Reference:
Zephyr-Brussels
System Variant
System in Stand-Alone Operation
Location:
City of Brussels
Climate Data Record:
City of Brussels
Number of Arrays:
1
Array 1: Array Name
Output:
Gross/Active Solar
Surface Area:
PV Module
Manufacturer:
24/07/2013
PV Output:
Gross/Active PV Surface Area:
2.50 kWp
16.5 m² / 16.6 m²
2.50 kW
16.5 m² / 16.6 m²
Ground Reflection:
Output Losses due to...
20.0 %
10 x
Kyocera Fineceramics
deviation from AM 1.5:
deviation from Manufacturer's
Specification:
in Diodes:
due to Pollution:
1.0 %
2.0 %
Mean Charge Efficiency:
Mean Discharge Efficiency:
Charge Controller
Lower Battery Discharge
Threshold:
85.0 %
99.0 %
Nom. DC Voltage:
Stand-by Consumption:
Efficiency at Nominal Output:
24.0 V
0.0 W
94.0 %
Model:
Nominal Output:
Power Rating Deviation:
Efficiency (STC):
No. of Modules in Series:
MPP Voltage (STC):
Orientation:
Inclination:
Mount:
Shade:
KD250GH-4YB2
250 W
0%
15.1 %
1
30 V
0.0 °
33.0 °
with Ventilation
No
Battery
Manufacturer:
Model:
Nominal Voltage:
C20 Capacity:
Deta
12 V Solar 250
12.0 V
230.0 Ah
Self Discharge:
0.3 %/Tag
Stand-Alone System Inverter
Manufacturer:
STUDER INNOTEC
Model:
AJ 402
AC Power Rating:
0.4 kW
Nom. AC Voltage:
230.0 V
0.5 %
0.0 %
30.0 %
Appliances 1 (Load Profile)
Annual Requirement:
2,400 kWh
Max. Hourly Value:
0.38 kW
Weekend Consumption:
Saturday: 100 %
Sunday: 100 %
Consumption Profile:
Research institute; source 1
Holiday Periods:
None
Individual Appliances Total Consumption: 10 kWh
New
Model: User-Independent Appl.
Simulation Results for Total System
Irradiation onto Horizontal:
PV Array Irradiation:
16,281 kWh
18,315 kWh
Irradiation minus Reflection:
17,489 kWh
Energy Produced by PV Array:
Consumption Requirement:
Direct Use of PV Energy:
Consumption Not Covered by
System:
PV Array Surplus:
Consumption Covered by Solar
Energy:
PV*SOL Expert 6.0 (R3)
10 kWh
168 kWh
30.0 %
2,168 kWh
2,410 kWh
1,000 kWh
751 kWh
Battery Losses:
Charge Condition at Simulattion
Start:
Charge Condition at Simulattion
End:
Solar Fraction:
Performance Ratio:
Final Yield:
Specific Annual Yield:
206 kWh
1,659 kWh
System Efficiency:
Array Efficiency:
9.1 %
11.8 %
30.0 %
68.8 %
60.0 %
1.8 h/d
664 kWh/kWp
3
Please enter under Options-> Settings
Project Name:
Variant Reference:
Zephyr-Brussels
System Variant
Battery Discharge:
Battery Charge:
24/07/2013
793 kWh
962 kWh
Inverter Efficiency:
Battery Efficiency:
92.5 %
82.5 %
Solar Energy Consumption as Percentage of Total Cosumption
200
kWh
150
100
50
0
Jan Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Electricity Requirement - Appliance 2,410 kWh
Consumption Covered by Solar Energy 1,659 kWh
PV*SOL Expert 6.0 (R3)
4
Please enter under Options-> Settings
Annex-2 Solar PV-Battery System at Brussels with Diesel Generator
Project Name:
Variant Reference:
Zephyr-Brussels
System Variant
24/07/2013
10 x Deta
12 V Solar 250
1
10
10 x Kyocera Fineceramics
KD250GH-4YB2 250 W
33°;
230.0 Ah (C20); 2 x 12.0 V
0°
STUDER INNOTEC AJ 402
0.4 kW
From 0.5 kW
Annual Energy Reqirement: 2410 kWh
To 3.0 kW
Location:
Climate Data Record:
PV Output:
Gross/Active PV Surface Area:
max Hourly Value: 379 W
City of Brussels
City of Brussels
(1986-2005)
2.50 kWp
16.45 / 16.56 m²
PV Array Irradiation:
Energy Produced by PV Array:
Energy Produced by Back-up Generator:
Consumption Requirement:
Consumption Covered by Solar Energy:
Consumption Covered by Back-up Generator:
Consumption Not Covered by System:
18,315
2,210.6
1,140.4
2,410.0
1,642.6
767.43
0.0
Solar Fraction:
Performance Ratio:
Specific Annual Yield:
CO2 Emissions Avoided:
System Efficiency:
PV Array Efficiency:
68.2
59.4
657.0
1,490
9.0
12.1
kWh
kWh
kWh
kWh
kWh
kWh
kWh
%
%
kWh/kWp
kg/a
%
%
The results are determined by a mathematical model calculation. The actual yields of the photovoltaic system
can deviate from these values due to fluctuations in the weather, the efficiency of modules and inverters, and other factors.
PV*SOL Expert 6.0 (R3)
1
Please enter under Options-> Settings
Project Name:
Variant Reference:
Zephyr-Brussels
System Variant
24/07/2013
The System Diagram above does not represent and cannot replace a full technical drawing of the solar system.
PV*SOL Expert 6.0 (R3)
2
Please enter under Options-> Settings
Project Name:
Variant Reference:
Zephyr-Brussels
System Variant
System in Stand-Alone Operation
Location:
City of Brussels
Climate Data Record:
City of Brussels
Number of Arrays:
1
Array 1: Array Name
Output:
Gross/Active Solar
Surface Area:
PV Module
Manufacturer:
PV Output:
Gross/Active PV Surface Area:
2.50 kWp
16.5 m² / 16.6 m²
2.50 kW
16.5 m² / 16.6 m²
Ground Reflection:
Output Losses due to...
20.0 %
10 x
Kyocera Fineceramics
deviation from AM 1.5:
deviation from Manufacturer's
Specification:
in Diodes:
due to Pollution:
1.0 %
2.0 %
Mean Charge Efficiency:
Mean Discharge Efficiency:
Charge Controller
Lower Battery Discharge
Threshold:
85.0 %
99.0 %
Nom. DC Voltage:
Stand-by Consumption:
Efficiency at Nominal Output:
24.0 V
0.0 W
94.0 %
Battery Charger:
AC/DC Conversion Efficiency:
Switch On Threshold:
Switch Off Threshold:
85.0 %
30.0 %
90.0 %
Model:
Nominal Output:
Power Rating Deviation:
Efficiency (STC):
No. of Modules in Series:
MPP Voltage (STC):
Orientation:
Inclination:
Mount:
Shade:
KD250GH-4YB2
250 W
0%
15.1 %
1
30 V
0.0 °
33.0 °
with Ventilation
No
Battery
Manufacturer:
Model:
Nominal Voltage:
C20 Capacity:
Deta
12 V Solar 250
12.0 V
230.0 Ah
Self Discharge:
0.3 %/Tag
Stand-Alone System Inverter
Manufacturer:
STUDER INNOTEC
Model:
AJ 402
AC Power Rating:
0.4 kW
Nom. AC Voltage:
230.0 V
Back-up Generator
Power Rating (AC):
Min. Power Output:
Fuel Consumption:
24/07/2013
3.0 kW
0.5 kW
0.3 l/kWh
0.5 %
0.0 %
30.0 %
Appliances 1 (Load Profile)
Annual Requirement:
2,400 kWh
Max. Hourly Value:
0.38 kW
Weekend Consumption:
Saturday: 100 %
Sunday: 100 %
Consumption Profile:
Research institute; source 1
Holiday Periods:
None
Individual Appliances Total Consumption: 10 kWh
New
Model: User-Independent Appl.
Simulation Results for Total System
Irradiation onto Horizontal:
PV Array Irradiation:
Irradiation minus Reflection:
Energy Produced by PV Array:
PV*SOL Expert 6.0 (R3)
16,281 kWh
18,315 kWh
17,489 kWh
2,211 kWh
Battery Charge:
Battery Solar Charge:
Battery Losses:
Charge Condition at Simulattion
Start:
10 kWh
1,814 kWh
920 kWh
309 kWh
45.7 %
3
Please enter under Options-> Settings
Project Name:
Variant Reference:
Zephyr-Brussels
System Variant
Consumption Requirement:
24/07/2013
2,410 kWh
Direct Use of PV Energy:
Direct Use of Back-up Gen.
Energy:
Consumption Not Covered by
System:
PV Array Surplus:
Energy Produced by Back-up Gen.:
Consumption Covered by Solar
Energy:
Battery Discharge:
Battery Solar Discharge:
45.7 %
1,006 kWh
88 kWh
Charge Condition at Simulattion
End:
Solar Fraction:
Performance Ratio:
68.2
59.4
%
%
0 kWh
Final Yield:
1.8
h/d
285 kWh
1,140 kWh
1,643 kWh
Specific Annual Yield:
System Efficiency:
Array Efficiency:
657 kWh/kWp
9.0 %
12.1 %
1,505 kWh
770 kWh
Inverter Efficiency:
Battery Efficiency:
92.5
82.9
%
%
Solar Energy Consumption as Percentage of Total Cosumption
200
kWh
150
100
50
0
Jan Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Electricity Requirement - Appliance 2,410 kWh
Consumption Covered by Solar Energy 1,643 kWh
Consumption Covered by Back-up Generator 767 kWh
PV*SOL Expert 6.0 (R3)
4
Annex-3
Solar PV-Grid Tie System at Brussels
Date of Offer: 28/07/2013
Project Number: 1
Customer Number:
Project Designer: Exergy LTD
Company: Please enter in Options > User data.
Zephyr-grid
Grid connected PV System with Electrical Appliances and Battery System - Net Metering
City
Coventry
Climate Data
BRUSSELS NATIONAL
PV Generator Output
2.5 kWp
Generator Surface
16 m²
Number of PV Modules
10
Number of Inverter
1
Number of Batteries
10
The yield
PV Array Energy (AC Network)
2,168 kWh
Own Use
890 kWh
Annual Grid Feed-in
244 kWh
Spec. Annual Yield
867 kWh/kWp
Performance Ratio (PR)
81.6 %
Own Power Consumption
88.7 %
Level of Self-sufficiency
67.7 %
PV*SOL advanced 6.0 (R2)
Dr. Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH
Page 2 of 14
Date of Offer: 28/07/2013
Project Number: 1
Customer Number:
Project Designer: Exergy LTD
Company: Please enter in Options > User data.
Zephyr-grid
Set-up of the system
City
Coventry
Climate Data
BRUSSELS NATIONAL
Type of System
Grid connected PV System with Electrical
Appliances and Battery System - Net
Metering
Consumption
Total Consumption
2410 kWh
Peak Consumption
0.4 kW
Solar Generator
Module Area
Module Area 1
Solar Modules*
10 x KD250GH-4YB2
Manufacturer
Kyocera Fineceramics
Inclination
33 °
Orientation
South (180 °)
Installation Type
Mounted - Roof
Generator Surface
16 m²
Losses
Shading
0%
Figure: Degradation of Module of Module Area 1
Inverter
Module Area
Module Area 1
Inverter 1*
1 x SolarRiver 3000TL
Manufacturer
Samil Power Co., Ltd.
Configuration
MPP 1: 1 x 10
AC Mains
Number of Phases
1
Mains Voltage (1-phase)
230 V
Displacement Power Factor (cos φ)
+/- 1
Cable
PV*SOL advanced 6.0 (R2)
Dr. Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH
Page 3 of 14
Date of Offer: 28/07/2013
Project Number: 1
Customer Number:
Project Designer: Exergy LTD
Company: Please enter in Options > User data.
Zephyr-grid
Total Loss
0.53 %
Battery System
Company
Battery System
Output
2 kW
Maximum Charging Power (30 mins)
2.2 kW
Maximum Discharge Power (30 mins)
2.2 kW
Batteries*
10 x 12V 210 Ah vented type
Manufacturer
Example
Capacity
840.0 Ah
DC Battery System Voltage
24 V
* The guarantee provisions of the respective manufacturer apply
PV*SOL advanced 6.0 (R2)
Dr. Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH
Page 4 of 14
Date of Offer: 28/07/2013
Project Number: 1
Customer Number:
Project Designer: Exergy LTD
Company: Please enter in Options > User data.
Zephyr-grid
Simulation results
PV System
PV Generator Output
2.5 kWp
Spec. Annual Yield
867 kWh/kWp
Performance Ratio (PR)
81.6 %
PV Array Energy (AC Network)
2,168 kWh/year
Own Use
890 kWh/year
Annual Grid Feed-in
244 kWh/year
Maximum Feed-in Power
0 kWh/year
Battery Charging
1,034 kWh/year
Own Power Consumption
88.7 %
Consumer
Consumption
2,410 kWh/year
Stand-by Consumption
12 kWh/year
Battery Charging (Grid)
43 kWh/year
Total Consumption
2,465 kWh/year
covered by solar power
890 kWh/year
covered by grid
782 kWh/year
covered by battery
793 kWh/year
Level of Self-sufficiency
67.7 %
Battery System
Battery Charging (PV System)
1,034 kWh/year
Battery Charging (Grid)
43 kWh/year
Coverage of Consumption by the Battery System
793 kWh/year
Cycle Load
3.7 %
Service Life
27.3 Years
PV*SOL advanced 6.0 (R2)
Dr. Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH
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Zephyr-grid
Figure: Production Forecast with consumption
PV*SOL advanced 6.0 (R2)
Dr. Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH
Page 6 of 14
Date of Offer: 28/07/2013
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Customer Number:
Project Designer: Exergy LTD
Company: Please enter in Options > User data.
Zephyr-grid
PV System Energy Balance
Global radiation - horizontal
Deviation from standard spectrum
966.6 kWh/m²
-9.67 kWh/m²
-1.00 %
100.08 kWh/m²
10.46 %
0.00 kWh/m²
0.00 %
Reflection on the Module Interface
-47.58 kWh/m²
-4.50 %
Global Radiation at the Module
1,009.5 kWh/m²
Orientation and inclination of the module surface
Shading
x 16.45 m² =
Global PV Radiation
Soiling
STC Conversion (Rated Efficiency of Module 15.2%)
Rated PV Energy
Part Load
16,609.5 kWh
0.00 kWh
0.00 %
-14,085.65 kWh
-84.80 %
2,523.9 kWh
-115.71 kWh
-4.58 %
Temperature
-39.14 kWh
-1.63 %
Diodes
-11.85 kWh
-0.50 %
Mismatch (Manufacturer Information)
-47.14 kWh
-2.00 %
0.00 kWh
0.00 %
-1.39 kWh
-0.06 %
Mismatch (Wiring/Shading)
String Cable
PV Energy (DC) without Inverter Regulation
Regulation on account of the MPP Voltage Range
2,308.7 kWh
-0.24 kWh
-0.01 %
Regulation on account of the max. DC Current
0.00 kWh
0.00 %
Regulation on account of the max. DC Power
0.00 kWh
0.00 %
Regulation on account of the max. AC Power/cos phi
0.00 kWh
0.00 %
-11.54 kWh
-0.50 %
MPP Matching
PV energy (DC)
2,296.9 kWh
Energy at the Inverter Input
2,296.9 kWh
Input voltage deviates from rated voltage
DC/AC Conversion
Stand-by Consumption
-16.90 kWh
-0.74 %
-109.88 kWh
-4.82 %
-11.69 kWh
-0.54 %
Regulation of Radiation Peaks
-0.05 kWh
0.00 %
AC Cable
-1.88 kWh
-0.09 %
Solar energy (AC) minus standby use
2,156.5 kWh
PV Array Energy (AC Network)
2,168.2 kWh
PV*SOL advanced 6.0 (R2)
Dr. Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH
Page 7 of 14
Date of Offer: 28/07/2013
Project Number: 1
Customer Number:
Project Designer: Exergy LTD
Company: Please enter in Options > User data.
Zephyr-grid
PV Module: KD250GH-4YB2
Manufacturer
Kyocera Fineceramics
Available
Yes
Electrical Data
Cell Type
Si polycrystalline
Only Transformer Inverters suitable
No
Number of Cells
60
Number of Bypass Diodes
3
Mechanical Data
Width
990 mm
Height
1662 mm
Depth
46 mm
Frame Width
11 mm
Weight
20 kg
Framed
No
I/V Characteristics at STC
MPP Voltage
29.8 V
MPP Current
8.39 A
Output
250 W
Open Circuit Voltage
36.9 V
Short-Circuit Current
9.09 A
Increase open circuit voltage before stabilisation
0%
I/V Part Load Characteristics
Values source
Manufacturer/user-created
Irradiation
300 W/m²
Voltage in MPP at Part Load
28.5 V
Current in MPP at Part Load
2.52 A
Open Circuit Voltage (Part Load)
34.4 V
Short Circuit Current at Part Load
2.73 A
Further
Voltage Coefficient
-133 mV/K
Electricity Coefficient
5.45 mA/K
Output Coefficient
-0.46 %/K
Incident Angle Modifier
95 %
Maximum System Voltage
1000 V
Spec. Heat Capacity
920 J/(kg*K)
Absorption Coefficient
70 %
Emissions Coefficient
85 %
PV*SOL advanced 6.0 (R2)
Dr. Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH
Page 9
8 of 14
Date of Offer: 28/07/2013
Project Number: 1
Customer Number:
Project Designer: Exergy LTD
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Zephyr-grid
Inverter: SolarRiver 3000TL
Manufacturer
Samil Power Co., Ltd.
Available
Yes
Electrical Data
DC Power Rating
2.7 kW
AC Power Rating
2.6 kW
Max. DC Power
3 kW
Max. AC Power
2.8 kW
Stand-by Consumption
10 W
Night Consumption
0W
Feed-in from
0W
Max. Input Current
13.5 A
Max. Input Voltage
550 V
Nom. DC Voltage
360 V
Number of Feed-in Phases
1
Number of DC Inlets
2
With Transformer
No
Change in Efficiency when Input Voltage deviates from 0.99 %/100V
Rated Voltage
MPP Tracker
Output Range < 20% of Power Rating
99.5 %
Output Range > 20% of Power Rating
99.5 %
No. of MPP Trackers
1
Max. Input Current per MPP Tracker
13.5 A
Max. recommended Input Power per MPP Tracker
3 kW
Min. MPP Voltage
210 V
Max. MPP Voltage
500 V
PV*SOL advanced 6.0 (R2)
Dr. Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH
Page 12 of 14
Date of Offer: 28/07/2013
Project Number: 1
Customer Number:
Project Designer: Exergy LTD
Company: Please enter in Options > User data.
Zephyr-grid
Battery: 12V 210 Ah vented type
Manufacturer
Example
Available
Yes
Mechanical Data
No. of Cells in Series
6
Length
380 mm
Width
210 mm
Height
190 mm
Weight
70 kg
Electrical Data
Charge Efficiency
93 %
Discharge Efficiency
93 %
Self-Discharge
2 %/Month
Nom. Voltage
12 V
Internal Resistance
7 mOhm
Service Life in Charge-discharge Cycles
2100
PV*SOL advanced 6.0 (R2)
Dr. Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH
Page 13 of 14
Date of Offer: 28/07/2013
Project Number: 1
Customer Number:
Project Designer: Exergy LTD
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Zephyr-grid
PV*SOL advanced 6.0 (R2)
Dr. Valentin EnergieSoftware GmbH
Page 14 of 14
Please enter under Options-> Settings
Annex-4 Solar PV-Battery System at Marseille
Project Name:
Variant Reference:
Zephyr-Marseille
System Variant
24/07/2013
10 x Deta
12 V Solar 250
1
10
10 x Kyocera Fineceramics
KD250GH-4YB2 250 W
33°;
230.0 Ah (C20); 2 x 12.0 V
0°
STUDER INNOTEC AJ 402
0.4 kW
Annual Energy Reqirement: 2410 kWh
max Hourly Value: 379 W
Location:
Marseille 01
Climate Data Record: Marseille 01 (1986-2005)
PV Output:
2.50 kWp
Gross/Active PV Surface Area:
16.45 / 16.56 m²
PV Array Irradiation:
Energy Produced by PV Array:
Consumption Requirement:
Consumption Covered by Solar Energy:
Consumption Not Covered by System:
30,753
3,693.1
2,410.0
2,221.8
188.2
Solar Fraction:
Performance Ratio:
Specific Annual Yield:
CO2 Emissions Avoided:
System Efficiency:
PV Array Efficiency:
92.2
47.8
888.7
1,365
7.2
12.0
kWh
kWh
kWh
kWh
kWh
%
%
kWh/kWp
kg/a
%
%
The results are determined by a mathematical model calculation. The actual yields of the photovoltaic system
can deviate from these values due to fluctuations in the weather, the efficiency of modules and inverters, and other factors.
The System Diagram above does not represent and cannot replace a full technical drawing of the solar system.
PV*SOL Expert 6.0 (R3)
1
Please enter under Options-> Settings
Project Name:
Variant Reference:
Zephyr-Marseille
System Variant
System in Stand-Alone Operation
Location:
Marseille 01
Climate Data Record:
Marseille 01
Number of Arrays:
1
Array 1: Array Name
Output:
Gross/Active Solar
Surface Area:
PV Module
Manufacturer:
24/07/2013
PV Output:
Gross/Active PV Surface Area:
2.50 kWp
16.5 m² / 16.6 m²
2.50 kW
16.5 m² / 16.6 m²
Ground Reflection:
Output Losses due to...
20.0 %
10 x
Kyocera Fineceramics
deviation from AM 1.5:
deviation from Manufacturer's
Specification:
in Diodes:
due to Pollution:
1.0 %
2.0 %
Mean Charge Efficiency:
Mean Discharge Efficiency:
Charge Controller
Lower Battery Discharge
Threshold:
85.0 %
99.0 %
Nom. DC Voltage:
Stand-by Consumption:
Efficiency at Nominal Output:
24.0 V
0.0 W
94.0 %
Model:
Nominal Output:
Power Rating Deviation:
Efficiency (STC):
No. of Modules in Series:
MPP Voltage (STC):
Orientation:
Inclination:
Mount:
Shade:
KD250GH-4YB2
250 W
0%
15.1 %
1
30 V
0.0 °
33.0 °
with Ventilation
No
Battery
Manufacturer:
Model:
Nominal Voltage:
C20 Capacity:
Deta
12 V Solar 250
12.0 V
230.0 Ah
Self Discharge:
0.3 %/Tag
Stand-Alone System Inverter
Manufacturer:
STUDER INNOTEC
Model:
AJ 402
AC Power Rating:
0.4 kW
Nom. AC Voltage:
230.0 V
0.5 %
0.0 %
30.0 %
Appliances 1 (Load Profile)
Annual Requirement:
2,400 kWh
Max. Hourly Value:
0.38 kW
Weekend Consumption:
Saturday: 100 %
Sunday: 100 %
Consumption Profile:
Research institute; source 1
Holiday Periods:
None
Individual Appliances Total Consumption: 10 kWh
New
Model: User-Independent Appl.
Simulation Results for Total System
Irradiation onto Horizontal:
PV Array Irradiation:
26,576 kWh
30,753 kWh
Irradiation minus Reflection:
29,473 kWh
Energy Produced by PV Array:
Consumption Requirement:
Direct Use of PV Energy:
Consumption Not Covered by
System:
PV Array Surplus:
Consumption Covered by Solar
Energy:
PV*SOL Expert 6.0 (R3)
10 kWh
250 kWh
37.0 %
3,693 kWh
2,410 kWh
1,215 kWh
188 kWh
Battery Losses:
Charge Condition at Simulattion
Start:
Charge Condition at Simulattion
End:
Solar Fraction:
Performance Ratio:
Final Yield:
Specific Annual Yield:
1,041 kWh
2,222 kWh
System Efficiency:
Array Efficiency:
7.2 %
12.0 %
37.0 %
92.2 %
47.8 %
2.4 h/d
889 kWh/kWp
2
Please enter under Options-> Settings
Project Name:
Variant Reference:
Zephyr-Marseille
System Variant
Battery Discharge:
Battery Charge:
24/07/2013
1,188 kWh
1,438 kWh
Inverter Efficiency:
Battery Efficiency:
92.5 %
82.6 %
Solar Energy Consumption as Percentage of Total Cosumption
200
kWh
150
100
50
0
Jan Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Electricity Requirement - Appliance 2,410 kWh
Consumption Covered by Solar Energy 2,222 kWh
PV*SOL Expert 6.0 (R3)
3
Please enter under Options-> Settings
Annex-5
Solar PV-Battery System at Seville
Project Name:
Variant Reference:
Zephyr-Seville
System Variant
24/07/2013
10 x Deta
12 V Solar 250
1
10
10 x Kyocera Fineceramics
KD250GH-4YB2 250 W
33°;
230.0 Ah (C20); 2 x 12.0 V
0°
STUDER INNOTEC AJ 402
0.4 kW
Annual Energy Reqirement: 2410 kWh
max Hourly Value: 379 W
Location:
Climate Data Record:
PV Output:
Gross/Active PV Surface Area:
Seville
Seville (1986-2005)
2.50 kWp
16.45 / 16.56 m²
PV Array Irradiation:
Energy Produced by PV Array:
Consumption Requirement:
Consumption Covered by Solar Energy:
Consumption Not Covered by System:
36,382
4,291.1
2,410.0
2,410.0
0.0
Solar Fraction:
Performance Ratio:
Specific Annual Yield:
CO2 Emissions Avoided:
System Efficiency:
PV Array Efficiency:
100.0
43.9
964.0
1,480
6.6
11.8
kWh
kWh
kWh
kWh
kWh
%
%
kWh/kWp
kg/a
%
%
The results are determined by a mathematical model calculation. The actual yields of the photovoltaic system
can deviate from these values due to fluctuations in the weather, the efficiency of modules and inverters, and other factors.
The System Diagram above does not represent and cannot replace a full technical drawing of the solar system.
PV*SOL Expert 6.0 (R3)
1
Please enter under Options-> Settings
Project Name:
Variant Reference:
Zephyr-Seville
System Variant
System in Stand-Alone Operation
Location:
Seville
Climate Data Record:
Seville
Number of Arrays:
1
Array 1: Array Name
Output:
Gross/Active Solar
Surface Area:
PV Module
Manufacturer:
24/07/2013
PV Output:
Gross/Active PV Surface Area:
2.50 kWp
16.5 m² / 16.6 m²
2.50 kW
16.5 m² / 16.6 m²
Ground Reflection:
Output Losses due to...
20.0 %
10 x
Kyocera Fineceramics
deviation from AM 1.5:
deviation from Manufacturer's
Specification:
in Diodes:
due to Pollution:
1.0 %
2.0 %
Mean Charge Efficiency:
Mean Discharge Efficiency:
Charge Controller
Lower Battery Discharge
Threshold:
85.0 %
99.0 %
Nom. DC Voltage:
Stand-by Consumption:
Efficiency at Nominal Output:
24.0 V
0.0 W
94.0 %
Model:
Nominal Output:
Power Rating Deviation:
Efficiency (STC):
No. of Modules in Series:
MPP Voltage (STC):
Orientation:
Inclination:
Mount:
Shade:
KD250GH-4YB2
250 W
0%
15.1 %
1
30 V
0.0 °
33.0 °
with Ventilation
No
Battery
Manufacturer:
Model:
Nominal Voltage:
C20 Capacity:
Deta
12 V Solar 250
12.0 V
230.0 Ah
Self Discharge:
0.3 %/Tag
Stand-Alone System Inverter
Manufacturer:
STUDER INNOTEC
Model:
AJ 402
AC Power Rating:
0.4 kW
Nom. AC Voltage:
230.0 V
0.5 %
0.0 %
30.0 %
Appliances 1 (Load Profile)
Annual Requirement:
2,400 kWh
Max. Hourly Value:
0.38 kW
Weekend Consumption:
Saturday: 100 %
Sunday: 100 %
Consumption Profile:
Research institute; source 1
Holiday Periods:
None
Individual Appliances Total Consumption: 10 kWh
New
Model: User-Independent Appl.
Simulation Results for Total System
Irradiation onto Horizontal:
PV Array Irradiation:
31,786 kWh
36,382 kWh
Irradiation minus Reflection:
34,957 kWh
Energy Produced by PV Array:
Consumption Requirement:
Direct Use of PV Energy:
Consumption Not Covered by
System:
PV Array Surplus:
Consumption Covered by Solar
Energy:
PV*SOL Expert 6.0 (R3)
10 kWh
285 kWh
91.2 %
4,291 kWh
2,410 kWh
1,264 kWh
0 kWh
Battery Losses:
Charge Condition at Simulattion
Start:
Charge Condition at Simulattion
End:
Solar Fraction:
Performance Ratio:
Final Yield:
Specific Annual Yield:
1,399 kWh
2,410 kWh
System Efficiency:
Array Efficiency:
6.6 %
11.8 %
91.2 %
100.0 %
43.9 %
2.6 h/d
964 kWh/kWp
2
Please enter under Options-> Settings
Project Name:
Variant Reference:
Zephyr-Seville
System Variant
Battery Discharge:
Battery Charge:
24/07/2013
1,342 kWh
1,628 kWh
Inverter Efficiency:
Battery Efficiency:
92.5 %
82.5 %
Solar Energy Consumption as Percentage of Total Cosumption
200
kWh
150
100
50
0
Jan Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Electricity Requirement - Appliance 2,410 kWh
Consumption Covered by Solar Energy 2,410 kWh
PV*SOL Expert 6.0 (R3)
3
ZR- Exergy-WP2_D2.4_Technical Spec. for the Power system with Solar panels
Grant Agreement n°308313
9. References
1
2013. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.toboaenergy.com/MS-375.pdf. [Accessed 12 July 2013];
Packaged Emergency Energy Module for disaster relief-Promoting eco-friendly Lifestyle to save
environment-Ecofriend 2013. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.ecofriend.com/packagedemergency-energy-module-disaster-relief.html. [Accessed 12 July 2013]
2
EUR-Lex-Official Journal-2010-C 083 2013.EUR-Lex-Official Journal-2010-C 083 [ONLINE]
Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/JOHtml.do?uri=OJ:C:2010:083:SOM:EN:HTML [Accessed 10
July 2013]
3
Data taken from PV*SOL Expert 6.0 database
4
BBC Weather–Brussels. 2013. BBC Weather-Brussels. [ONLINE] Available at:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/2800866. [Accessed 11 July 2013]
5
BBC Weather-Marseille. 2013. BBC Weather-Marseille. [ONLINE] Available at:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/2995469. [Accessed 11 July 2013]
6
BBC Weather-Sevilla. 2013. BBC Weather-Sevilla. [ONLINE] Available at:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/2510911. [Accessed 11 July 2013]
7
Dimensions Info >> 20 ft Container Size. 2013. Dimensions Info>> 20ft Container Size. [ONLINE]
Available at: http://www.dimensionsinfo.com/20ft-container-size/. [Accessed 17 July 2013]
8
Packaged Emergency Energy Module for disaster relief-Promoting eco-friendly Lifestyle to save
environment-Ecofriend 2013. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.ecofriend.com/packagedemergency-energy-module-disaster-relief.html. [Accessed 12 July 2013]
9
Global Solar Energy-POWER the Possibilities. 2013. Global Solar Energy-POWER the
Possibilities. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.globalsolar.com/products/flexible-modules/rv.
[Accessed 16 July 2013]
10
IZUZU debuts biodiesel-compatible van. 2013. [ONLINE] Available at:
http://domesticfuel.com/2011/03/21/isuzu-debuts-biodiesel-compatible-van/. [Accessed 25 July
2013]
11
Eco Friendly van meets All-in-one Mobile home. 2013. [ONLINE] Available at:
http://dornob.com/eco-friendly-van-meeets-all-in-one-mobile-home/#axzz2acNRrFvw. [Accessed
25 July 2013]
12
SHARP.(2013). Technology/Principle. Available at: http://www.neilstoolbox.com/bibliographycreator/reference-website.htm#. [Accessed 25 July 2013].
13
Sami Grover. (2007). Green Power Generators: Bringing Biodiesel to Tinsel Town. Available at:
http://www.treehugger.com/renewable-energy/green-power-generators-bringing-biodiesel-to-tinseltown.html. [Accessed 25 July 2013].
14
Stand alone Solar Home Lighting (SHS) System l Sun Green Solutions. 2013. Stand alone Solar
Home Lighting (SHS) Systems l Sun Green Solutions. [ONLINE] Available at:
http://www.sungreensol.com/site/solutions/stand-alone-solar-home-lighting-shs-systems/.
[Accessed 18 July 2013]
15
2013. . [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.samsungsdi.com/nextenergy/solar-cell-battery.jsp.
[Accessed 18 July 2013].
Page 75 of 76
ZR- Exergy-WP2_D2.4_Technical Spec. for the Power system with Solar panels
Grant Agreement n°308313
16
2013. . [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENAETSAP%20Tech%20Brief%20E11%20Solar%20PV.pdf. [Accessed 16 July 2013].
17
2013. . [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENAETSAP%20Tech%20Brief%20E11%20Solar%20PV.pdf. [Accessed 16 July 2013].
18
Global Solar Energy-POWER the Possibilities. 2013. Global Solar Energy-POWER the
Possibilities. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.globalsolar.com/products/flexible-modules/rv.
[Accessed 16 July 2013]
19
Deep Cycle Battery FAQ. 2013. Deep Cycle Battery FAQ. [ONLINE] Available at:
http://www.windsun.com/Batteries/Battery_FAQ.htm. [Accessed 17 July 2013]
20
FRONIUS. (2006). In a nutshell. Available at: http://www.fronius.com/cps/rde/xchg/SID735177C9%201872605C/fronius_international/hs.xsl/79_11263_ENG_HTML.htm. [Accessed 28
July 2013].
21
The profiles are included in the database of PV*Sol for annual load distribution
Page 76 of 76