PV Systems Explained
Solar Power Explained:
Your guide to electricity from Photovoltaic Panel
systems
Background
Photovoltaic (PV) systems have been in use for over 50 years generating electricity directly from the sun
as renewable electrical energy converted from sunlight. Originally a niche product, photovoltaic panels
are being seen increasingly as a way to reduce rising energy costs into the future. This locally produced
electricity can be fed into the existing grid system anytime when it is not being consumed by appliances
within the house, and you will earn credits for it against your regular quarterly power bill. It is most
effective for homes with a roof orientated generally northwards, and without shading.
Solar power systems generally fall into 2 types, stand alone or grid connect solar power systems.
Stand alone
Stand alone systems are installed where no conventional electrical power lines are connected from the
grid. All solar power generated is either immediately used on site, or stored in large battery banks for
use when the sun is not shining (particularly evenings and v. cloudy days).
These systems are not so common, and require considerable thought and pre-planning to reduce the
electrical demands before installation. They also require users to plan their usage to avoid overloading
or draining the batteries, potentially resulting in no power and blackouts! They are generally only used
for remote locations where it can become a cheaper option, than long connecting extension lines from
the existing national electricity grid.
The rest of this explanation will only be relevant to Grid Connect or “Feed-in” PV Systems.
Grid connect
Far more widespread and much easier to use and install are the very popular grid connect solar power
systems. This is the type of system SLiK has researched and recommends for its Community members. It
involves the installation of additional renewable energy generators, usually on domestic rooftops,
producing energy on sunny and bright days with thin cloud, which is either used by devices in the house
at the time, or is exported or “fed into” the national grid system (hence their common name of “feedin” systems), through a 2 way meter which records the energy you have used from the national grid and
the renewable energy you feed-in or export to the national grid. It does not account for the energy
generated that you have used in the home during the day, but this can easily be calculated by
comparing your energy bill to the total renewable energy generated, recorded on your inverter (see
explanation in section below).
In Tasmania there is no “preferential” feed-in tariff rate, you are currently compensated for the
electricity you produce at the same rate as that you use, typically $0.28/kilowatt hour (kWh) as you are
charged for use of electricity by Aurora from the grid.
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PV Systems Explained
4 key components required
Grid connect systems require 4 key components, a number of photovoltaic
panels or modules often mounted on a frame, usually called an array; an inverter
to convert the direct current (DC) electricity produced to be usable as alternating current (AC)in our
house appliances and the electricity grid; plus a 2 way solar meter to allow unused renewable energy
generated, to be exported or flow into the national grid system and be recorded accordingly, but still
allow us to draw electricity from the grid as required.
Inverters take the electricity produced by the panels which each produce low voltage direct current
(DC) and inverts, adjusts or changes it to the required standard alternating current (AC) voltage of 220240V which all our existing domestic appliances use throughout the home, and which we use from the
national grid, when we are not using our generated electricity locally.
Aurora will install a replacement 2 way solar meter to allow your renewable electricity to flow or “feedin” to the grid, which also permits you to receive conventional power from the grid as you need it.
Aurora will charge you an extra cost, typically around $200 (additional to the PV installer’s costs), to fit
this new solar meter , replacing your old existing meter to allow the system to work correctly, should
you choose to install solar power.
The photovoltaic panels or modules comprise a number of individual photovoltaic cells, sandwiched
between layers of glass (ideally non-reflective), and plastic or metal backing and edging. A group of
these PV cells are connected together to form a solar panel or module, each of which produces
typically 170-250Watts of electricity. The number and configuration of these generally depends on the
size of the system. A number of modules each with its own connections or junction box when grouped
and connected together with an inverter form a solar array which is usually mounted on your roof at
the correct orientation and elevation, or tilt angle, to minimise shading and maximise electricity
generation on your particular house. This array can have a combined power generating output that you
can afford, and should contribute to reducing the costs of your power bills. Typical array sizes of 1.5kW,
3kW, 5kW or even up to 10kW are possible, but 10kW usually becomes beyond the affordability of
most people. Producing above 10kW classifies the system as a commercial generator, where different
and more stringent regulations apply and a feed-in tariif must be separately negotiated.
To simplify the options, SLiK suggests a 3kW system is probably the most popular size, although many
people already have 1kW or 1.5kW systems which can be added to with extra panels and usually an
additional inverter. A reputable Clean Energy Council installer will be able to assist you with specific
recommendations for your home and “top-up” panels if required.
It is wise to reduce your power usage as much as possible before installing any PV system. This helps
maximise the percentage of your power usage that can be generated yourselves, to keep your future
power bills under better control, and reduce the pay-back time for the PV array.
How is my electricity measured?
The amount of electricity any device uses when it is on, is measured in Watts (W). A standard light
globe may use 60W, an energy efficient light globe may use just 11W, but a kettle or plug-in heater may
use up to 2,400W or 2.4 kilowatts (kW or thousand Watts). Hard wired heaters like heat pumps, wall
heaters and under-floor heating, maybe considerably more up to around 6-8kW. Electricity is used
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PV Systems Explained
when we have these devices on and for every hour of use they use their rated kW
of electricity. So if we have a device on for an hour, using 1,000 Watts or 1kW of
electricity, at the end of the hour it has used 1 kilowatt hour (kWh), which we
have to pay for in our Aurora bill. This is the main unit of measure and will be
shown on your current electricity bill as units of energy used over a 3 monthly period. This varies
seasonally but for a winter quarter maybe around 2,300 kWh (or 25kWh/day) for an average Tasmanian
home, perhaps more if you are wasting energy or have additional systems drawing power, or less if you
are already being energy efficient.
How much electricity can I produce?
This will vary for almost every installation because it depends on a number of important factors,
including:
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Size of the solar array
Choice of PV Panel and other system components, and their efficiency
Orientation of PV panels on roof (true North alignment gives maximum generation)
Tilt angle of the PV panels on roof (35-40 degrees in Hobart is the tilt angle calculated to
produce maximum annual electricity)
Hours of uninterrupted daylight received by the panels each day
Seasonal variation in the intensity of solar radiation (irradiance) between summer high and
winter low
Any shading during parts of the day (any significant shading usually makes these systems
unviable)
The cleanliness of the panels
How hot the panels are while operating (generally the hotter the panels above 25°C, the less
efficient they become)
What age are the panels (all panels suffer a slow deterioration of output over time)
Electrical efficiency of inverter
Compatibility of inverter to handle minimum and maximum power generated through the
seasons
Electrical resistance of wiring due to cable diameter and length
In addition one needs to assess how much electricity is currently being consumed each year in the
house, how much we may be able to easily reduce that with simple efficiency measures (like turning the
heater thermostat down, taking shorter showers, using a low flow shower head, turning off lights and
appliances when not in use, using energy efficient appliances etc.), and how much we can afford to
produce solar power to help reduce our electricity bill. From this we will be able to determine the size
of array suitable for our position.
Sustainable Living Tasmania (SLT) in 77, Murray Street, Hobart (above Ecohaven) has a wealth of
information and advice available on energy efficiency measures and an easy to read Solar Electricity
booklet , available from SLT for just $10 and published by the Alternative Technology Association, For
more guidance in this area check out www.sustainablelivingtasmania.org.au, or phone SLT on: 6234
5566.
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PV Systems Explained
How soon will I cover my installation costs?
Along with the amount of energy being produced, another important measure of a PV system for many
is the payback time. How long will it take until the savings made from the system, cover the cost of the
installation?
To determine this requires clarity on the performance aspects of the system, particularly the efficiency
performance of the PV panels being used, and how much energy they produce over a defined period
each day or year, for example. Your Clean Energy Council (CEC) approved installer will provide guidance
for you.
At our latitude the rule of thumb is 3.5 x system rating per day. ie a 1.5kW system should produce on
average 5.25kW per day, and a 3kW system should average about 10.5kW/day. From this, one can
calculate the estimated kWh generated, of which some is generally used, and the remainder feeds into
the grid. Take the energy generated directly from your solar power system, and divide the cost of the
system installation by this value to give the approximate number of years it will take to pay for the
system installation, assuming the current feed-in tariff remains at the current 28c/kWh. Typically in
Tasmania this payback period would currently be around 5-7 years in general.
Risk of reduced feed-in tariff could extend pay-back times
There are rumours that Aurora may follow other states and reduce this feed-in tariff over the next 2
years, before full contestability arrives in 2014. This will remove Aurora’s current monopoly by allowing
other electricity retailers like Origin, AGL, Momentum etc. to compete for our business, which hopefully
should make electricity pricing more competitive and help reduce our power bills. If this happens, it
could also adversely affect the payback time, particularly for those families out all day and exporting
electricity to the grid during peak sun hours 10am -2pm, while those working from home or retirees
who consume PV energy produced during the day, will be least affected.
The adverse impacts of this possible change, should it occur, could be minimised by using timers to do
clothes and dish washing or use other electrical appliances during the day to use up more solar
generated electricity, which minimises export to grid, instead of perhaps as currently, targeting off-peak
periods. Were this to occur it would lengthen the payback period considerably.
What size solar array should I choose?
Often this is determined by your budget, but a 3kW PV system is generally a popular size and delivers a
worthwhile amount of energy generation to help make a significant dent in people’s energy bills,
typically generating around 3,800 kWh/year.
Which type of PhotoVoltaic Panel is best?
There are 3 basic types of PV panel, monocrystalline, polycrystalline and amorphous thin film (See table
below for more detail, on pages 8&9).
Monocrystalline are the most expensive but also most efficient (ranging 14-19%), and most reliable
with long life and proven over 50 years. They generally produce the most electricity per square metre of
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PV Systems Explained
panel area, and 250W panels reduce the number of panels required to generate
3kW, which can help reduce clamps, tracking and wiring required, and slightly
reduce installation time.
Polycrystalline are often a bit cheaper but also marginally less efficient (typically 10-16%) so may
require more panels and a larger unshaded roof area. The better polycrystalline panels have the same
footprint as monocrystalline panels of the same rating.
Amorphous thin-film are cheapest but also the least efficient (typically 6-8%),least reliable and shortest
life, requiring approximately double the number of panels and roof area for 3kW, while deteriorating
faster, so we are excluding these from our recommendations.
Selecting panels with only positive tolerances is a good indication they will last well. For example a
250W rated panel + x% tolerance (sometimes 2-5%) is recommended over a panel rated at 250W but
with ± x% tolerance which can mean increased variability and thereby lower energy production. Each
have their strengths and weaknesses as shown in this table, but our research has shown that good
quality Tier 1 monocrystalline panels with good efficiency, positive tolerances, long lifetime panel
warranties of 20-25 years, plus 90% of output guaranteed for 10 years and 80% of output guaranteed
for at least 20 years, will provide least trouble, deliver good long term power outputs and therefore
probably represents the best long term investment for SLiK members.
Manufacturer reliability
Linked in with this type of panel construction are the panel manufacturers’ capabilities. Only 2% of
Solar PV makers are Tier 1 manufacturers, who are vertically integrated, making their own silicon cells,
investing heavily in R&D, using advanced robotic processes to ensure all panels are made equally
efficiently and have generally been manufacturing for more than 5 years. This is important as variability
in individual cell output, can reduce a whole panel’s power generation.
These leading manufacturers are generally accepted as making the most efficient and reliable panels
that usually generate significantly more power over the life of the panel than most Tier 2 or 3
manufacturers. These panels usually have a positive tolerance on efficiency where every 200W panel
generates at least 200W, maybe slightly more by up to 5%. These manufacturers issue the best
warranties and are likely to still be leaders in the business after that time. Their temperature
coefficients tend to be better, plus panel efficiencies tend to be higher, so slightly more power is
generated per panel each day, which over time adds up to be significant.
Tier 2 manufacturers are small-medium scale with little R&D investment, little vertical integration but
partial robotic production, and have usually been manufacturing for 2-5 years.
Tier 3 covers 90% of solar panel suppliers, simply assembling cells for 2 years or less, with all the
soldering done by hand which increases cell variability. The lowest output cell in a panel often
determines the overall output of the panel, so keeping them all identical is very important and best
achieved by robotic control of manufacturing. Such quality control issues may result in a nominal 200W
panel only delivering 195W or even less, which seriously erodes the effectiveness of your investment.
Their long guarantees are not worth much, as many such producers can go out of business.
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PV Systems Explained
Orientation and elevation
Generating electricity, we want to maximise the energy production of the system which occurs during
our long summer days, and therefore elevation is set to maximise energy generation during this peak
period of the year. At times when we are unable to generate electricity, we can simply import from the
normal electricity grid, to maintain our appliances functioning. This maximises our year round electricity
generation from the PV system.
To optimise energy production your PV system should be specified for the installation to be oriented
North or within ±20˚ either side of true North, and ideally elevated to 35-40˚on the roof (this has been
confirmed by calculations done by Sustainable Living Tasmania using NASA solar irradiance data for
Hobart, and confirming information from the South Hobart Community group).
For those concerned that this is markedly different from their Solar Hot Water System (SHWS),
optimised at 55˚C, the SHWS is elevated to capture maximum solar gain during the winter when the sun
is lower in the sky but higher in summer, since we use hot water all year round, but probably more in
winter than summer. With PV panels, we are aiming to maximise energy generation which occurs
during the longer summer days.
This table illustrates typical electricity generation efficiencies in areas around Hobart Tasmania,
depending on elevation angle and orientation towards North (thanks to Sustainable Living Tasmania
for these calculations using NASA data).
Inclination
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
Orientation
-70
-60
78% 78%
80% 81%
81% 83%
81% 84%
81% 85%
81% 85%
80% 84%
78% 83%
76% 82%
74% 80%
71% 77%
68% 74%
64% 70%
61% 67%
56% 62%
52% 58%
47% 52%
42% 47%
37% 41%
N
-50
78%
82%
84%
87%
88%
89%
89%
88%
87%
85%
83%
80%
76%
72%
68%
63%
57%
51%
45%
-40
78%
82%
86%
89%
90%
92%
92%
92%
91%
90%
88%
85%
81%
77%
72%
67%
61%
55%
48%
-30
78%
83%
87%
90%
93%
94%
95%
95%
95%
93%
91%
89%
85%
81%
76%
70%
64%
57%
50%
-20
78%
83%
88%
91%
94%
96%
97%
98%
97%
96%
94%
92%
88%
84%
79%
73%
66%
59%
52%
-10
78%
83%
88%
92%
95%
97%
99%
99%
99%
98%
96%
93%
90%
85%
80%
74%
68%
60%
53%
0
78%
84%
88%
92%
96%
98%
99%
100%
100%
99%
97%
94%
91%
86%
81%
75%
68%
61%
53%
10
78%
83%
88%
92%
95%
98%
99%
100%
99%
98%
97%
94%
90%
86%
80%
74%
68%
61%
53%
20
78%
83%
88%
91%
94%
96%
98%
98%
98%
97%
95%
92%
88%
84%
79%
73%
67%
60%
52%
30
78%
83%
87%
90%
93%
94%
95%
96%
95%
94%
92%
89%
85%
81%
76%
71%
65%
58%
51%
40
78%
82%
86%
88%
90%
92%
92%
92%
92%
90%
88%
85%
81%
77%
73%
67%
62%
55%
49%
50
78%
81%
84%
86%
88%
89%
89%
88%
87%
86%
83%
80%
77%
73%
68%
63%
58%
52%
46%
60
78%
80%
83%
84%
85%
85%
85%
84%
82%
80%
78%
75%
71%
67%
63%
58%
53%
48%
42%
This fulfils 2 objectives, firstly alignment North to maximise solar gain, particularly during the long
summer days, but also elevating the panels above the roof, helps optimise their generating efficiency,
keeps them cooler and operating closer to their optimum electricity production temperature of 25˚C.
Corrugated iron and tile roofs can get very hot in summer which can increase the operating
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70
78%
80%
81%
81%
81%
81%
80%
79%
77%
74%
72%
68%
65%
61%
57%
53%
48%
43%
37%
PV Systems Explained
temperature of the panels, and thereby reduce their power generating efficiency,
during really sunny days. Installers usually do not recommend framing unless the
roof is less than 20 degrees or greater than 60 degrees, as it adds time and cost
and increases wind loading. Often when mounted flush there is still adequate
room for this important venting.
Inverters
There are several types of inverter, older style larger ones with transformers, which use power to run
the inverter and give off waste heat, which are less efficient. These are largely replaced by
transformerless (TL) inverters to which a number of panels are connected in one or more strings. Only
problem here is that if one panel is shaded or not working correctly, the whole string is not producing
energy until they are all un-shaded. More efficient yet are those High Frequency inverters having
Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), where they optimise the power produced from specific panels,
and only the part shaded panel will cease to produce electricity. The latest inverters have 2 MPPT
facilities, which can use 2 strings to optimise production from difficult roof configurations. MPPT can
also improve output efficiency on variable cloud cover days, which can boost electricity generation
from the PV panels by 1.5% or more, so it is an important technological advance.
More recent but more expensive micro-inverters are now becoming widely accepted as potentially the
most efficient and reliable option, but these have not been in the market long enough to determine
their long term reliability and benefits. Here a micro-inverter is connected to each panel and should
maximise its power performance by tracking each cell on the panel, so if one fails or is shaded, the
other cells in that panel will still produce electricity instead of the whole panel ceasing production. This
reduces DC cabling requirements where integrated on the panel, and should also speed up installation
time. The downside is that most inverters will need to be replaced after 10-15 years. With a single
inverter you know when that is because the whole system shuts down. With micro-inverters, each may
fail at a different time, requiring each to be replaced independently by a specialist, and it may take
several to fail before you notice a significant drop in power production since each is responsible for less
than 10% of total production, adding to the system maintenance costs.
On balance we have therefore decided to recommend proven inverters with MPPT technology from a
reputable manufacturer for SLiK members, to maintain generating efficiency and reliability over time.
Having a single inverter to change during the life of the system, rather than many micro-inverters, could
also prove more cost effective, over the system lifetime. Unless your CEC approved installer provides
good reasons why micro-inverters may be a more cost-effective answer for your particular home.
New meter required
During the installation, your CEC approved installer will provide the necessary forms required to
instruct Aurora to change the meter (at extra cost to the householder of around $200) so it can record
the generated electricity exported to the grid from your Solar PV system. It will not record the power
that is used in the house as it is generated, so there will be a disparity between the exported power
shown on your bill and the total power generated by the system, as recorded by the MPPT inverter.
Both readings are correct! The difference is what you have used, before it could be exported to the
grid.
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PV Systems Explained
Panel type – Strengths and weaknesses
STRENGTHS
Monocrystalline
Panels
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Proven technology in use for over 50
years. Made from slices of large
single crystal ingots (hence mono
crystalline) which reduces variability
Most efficient type of module or
panel, typically 13-19% efficient in
real conditions
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This means more power is generated
over the peak sun hours each day
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Often used where space is limited as
fewer panels needed on roof
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Have very slow degradation (typically
0.25-0.5% per year)
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Usually provide best warranties
typically 25 years ,with best over
90% power generation output for 10
years and 80% output to 20 years.
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Most panels are pre-tested against
damage from high winds, hail, snow,
torrential rain etc., some also for
coastal locations.

Cooler Tasmanian climate means
maximum efficiencies often achieved
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By-pass diodes usually supplied to
allow current to flow through panels
when cells are shaded to minimise
risk of cell damage and maximise
energy output
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WEAKNESSES

Marginally more expensive than
polycrystalline or amorphous thin film
modules
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Uses more embodied energy in
production, than cheaper panels
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Output efficiency decreases by approx.
0.5% per degree C above the standard
test temp of 25°C
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PV Systems Explained
STRENGTHS
Polycrystalline
panels
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Usually a little less expensive than
monocrystalline modules
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By-pass diodes usually supplied to
allow current to flow through panel
when cells are shaded, to minimise
risk of cell damage and maximise
energy output

Amorphous
thin film
panels
Best panels are pre-tested against
damage from high winds, hail, snow,
torrential rain etc., some also for
coastal locations.
WEAKNESSES

Produced from multiple crystals
which may make them less efficient
than monocrystalline modules, but
panel is rated before sale to confirm
output
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Sometimes require more modules on
roof to derive the same amount of
energy

Less efficient than monocrystalline
modules, typically 10-16% efficient in
real conditions

Cooler Tasmanian climate means
maximum efficiencies often achieved

Output efficiency decreases by approx.
0.5% per degree C above the standard
test temp of 25°C

Cheapest to produce and buy
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Lighter weight than either mono or
polycrystalline modules
Amorphous silicon is a common thin
film technology but efficiencies are
always lower than crystalline modules,
typically just 6-10%

Some are less susceptible to hail
than glass covered monocrystalline
modules
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Considerably more modules on roof
needed to derive same amount of
energy
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Less affected by heat so operate
more effectively in hot conditions

Often degrade in output by up to 10%
when first exposed to sunlight.

Use less embodied energy in
production, than crystalline panels

Output efficiency decreases slightly less
than crystalline panels above the
standard test temp of 25°C

Lower lifetime guarantees
Government incentives – STCs
As with the SHWS bulk purchase, those taking up this Solar PV recommendation will gain a number of
Small Scale Technology Certificates (STCs) in recognition of its renewable energy production over the
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PV Systems Explained
next 15 years. The Government announced (16th November2012), that the 2x
multiplier that was to apply to the first 1.5kW system capacity until 1st July 2013,
would only apply for systems fully installed before 1st January 2013. This means
that the number of STCs for a 3kW system will be reduced from 79 to 53, reducing
the Government assistance typically from $2,370 to $1,590 depending on the price at the time for each
STC (remember they are traded a bit like shares, hence their value can rise or fall from the typical
current $30/unit value), so you will be receiving approximately $780 less government subsidy than we
expected when doing this research. We still believe it is worth investing, as there is a current over
capacity of PV panels, and the Australian dollar is trading high against other currencies, so prices are as
attractive as they are likely to be for quite some time.
Likely costs and payback
Detailed prices and specifications will vary depending on your specific situation and complexity of
install, but we would anticipate nett installed costs to be typically around $7,400 for a 3kW system
(after your STC contribution). Based on a continuing 28c/kWh feed in tariff and 53 STCs for a 3kW
system, payback is likely to be around 7-8 years. With electricity prices expected to rise by around 25%
over the next 5 years (Australian Energy Market Operator’s Economic Outlook Information Paper
2012), if feed-in tariffs do not drop this could bring the payback period down further to around 5-6
years. This is conservatively only about ⅟4 of the way through the life expectancy of the system, so still
pretty worthwhile as a longer term investment.
This document necessarily only provides an overview.
For more details we suggest you download the Clean Energy Council’s Solar PV Consumers Guide from :
http://www.cleanenergycouncil.org.au/resourcecentre/Consumer-Info/solarPV-guide.html
Suggested Checklist:
1. Identify whether your roof faces true North (±20˚). Does it get shaded at any time(s) of day... if
so how long and when? (any more than a small area for over an hour will have quite a
detrimental impact, particularly in the peak generating hours in the middle of the day). Might
be worth investigating whether the shading can be removed eg. by trimming shrubs or trees
perhaps?
2. Identify your current electricity usage year round. What does this average each day in kWh?
3. You could save up to 30% on your current power bill by taking simple energy efficiency actions
without installing a Solar PV system...
4. Identify those actions you can quickly implement and reduce your power usage further, for
example:
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turn off appliances at socket (avoid standby)
use low energy lights and turn off when not in use
turn your heater thermostat down to 19˚C
check your shower flow and use a low flow version
take shorter showers
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PV Systems Explained

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dry your clothes outside whenever possible rather than use the
dryer
wash clothes on cold wherever possible
only use the dishwasher when full!
5. Now, once that is all done, review your likely power usage again. What does this average each
day in kWh? What contribution will your proposed solar PV system generate (3kW system
based on average 3.5 multiplier = 10.5kWh/day).
6. Identify what you can afford to spend on a PV system, and what roof area you have available
that faces generally N.
7. A 3kW system could take up around 20m2 of roof area (but having panels in 2 groups is feasible
providing they both get good sun. The suitability of such options can only be determined by a
site visit from an approved CEC installer).
8. If this represents a good value investment for you, then it is worth gaining quotes from local
installers to meet your requirement.
Disclaimer:
This document has been prepared by SLiK and all information and data provided is intended to assist
the reader in their own evaluation to gain a good quality, long lasting, reliable photovoltaic system.
While every care has been taken to provide accurate information and impartial analysis, it is inevitably
quite general in nature.
We recommend you should seek specific advice from a Clean Energy Council approved installer in the
area, who should provide:



a cost-effective system design for your home
estimate of annual electricity generation for any proposed system
a firm quotation, including the offer of crediting you against his trading of the STC certificates
generated by this renewable energy system, on your behalf.
Ensure you are satisfied, before proceeding with any purchase. We wish you good luck, and hope this
research has proved useful in achieving the PV system satisfaction you deserve.
Author: Mike Willson.
SLiK contact details:
Mel Staples e:mstaples@kingborough.tas.gov.au
www.slikinfo.org
© SLiK
Sustainable Living in Kingborough (SLiK)
February 2013
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