bt
l98l-January 1982
Volume 3, Number 5
Journal of the VIP Hobby Computer Assn.
I'he VIPER was founded by ARESCO, Inc. in June L978
December
****tt**************************************************rt******
Contents
VIPHCA INFO
\,
SOT'IUARE
\,
...................................-.....
3.g5.gL
Step by Step
by Tom Srrran ...,..... o .3.9!5.92
A Single Stepper,/Trace Debugger for CHIP-8
ADVERTISEIIENT . . o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? . . . . . 3.05.10
\;
READER
'I/O,
UTILITY
\,
TUTOR
ADVERTISEMENTS
CHIP-8 for the
IAL
READER
\,
APPLICATION
COSI'IAC VI
b
I/ O ,
SCFTWARE
ELF
Machine Code: Part 4
"\7
ADVERTI SEMENT
o
r.. o.......
3.05.11
by Lgo Hood o........
3.05.12
by Paul Piescik . ....
3.85.16
....
3.95.24
..........
eaaaoaoaooaoaoaooooaa
3.05,25
P Autoca I I System by Geroge S. Gadbois
Drivlng a Baudot printer wlth the VIp
by Gerald Krlzek .... 3.95.32
3.g5.gg
\,
rirr
Ihe VIPER. founded bv ARffiO. Inc., ln Jtrlv 1978. ls ttp Offtcial Journal
of the tnp ncbbv &nputer'Association. -fc*rpufEdqdt and amreciatlon is
extended to ARESCO f6r rermission to use tfF UIPER n4.
$e-lssciation is
cormsed of reople lnte?ested in tJre VIP ard counrt€rs us$u the 1802 microprotessor. flhe'Assoclatton ms fowrdd bv Ravrid C. Sills-ard created bv- b Oonstitution, with By-lars to dovern t]r6 oriration of the lssclation.
l,tr._gi_lls iS sirviry aB Director-of the Asso3atlon, as ell as ediUr ard
p$lisher of the UIPER.
the VIPER will be rublished six tires Der yrear asd ent to all *s
in aood standins. fssris of the VIPER will-rpf carry orer fro qp yolr- b
and nast ishrs, rlrre tlpy arc
another. Individual copies of tte VIPER
available, mEV be sent to interested people f6r 33 each.- Irntnl dris to &
tssociatioh, *trich includes six issr.c3 of the VIPER, is $12 Fr lrear.
WP ant CGltllC are reqlstered trdererlts of RCA bmration. Ihe VIP
Ibbbv Cornputer Associatin is in rxr rlay asaoclated sith RCA, and rcA is rpt
resp6nsible for tlp contents of this hewsletter. lbmbers Should not cont&'t,
tCA- reqardirn material in tlre VIPER. Please send all ineuiries to VIPfnA
32 Nn$prttriAv€ru€r East Brrnsmick, ltl 98816.
lbmberstrip in tte VIP tbbbv Comptrter Association is open to all people
rrho desire to bromote and eniov'the VIP and otlrer 1802 basef systems.- SEnd
a cteck for Sl2 pavable to IVIP lbbby Gnputer Association' c./6 R. C. Sills
a! the abovc.add?e3s. Fople outsid6 of the htted Stated, Canaaa or lexico
please inclurle 56 extra fo-r postage. AII furds must be in-lDS. bllars.
Contrih,rtions by nders or interested people are reloqne at anv tire.
llaterial srhitterl bV wu lspublication
assrmed to be ftee-of copvriqht
restrictions
in
tte
VIPER. 'ArtIcles, letters,
ard will be cunslder6d'for
pro<rrals, €tc., in canera-riadv form on 8,5 by ll inch paDer will be qiien
consideration. Please serd enouih informati6n about any-proqra
breferential
-so
that tlprrwprv
readers can operate the proqrm. -hrlly doctruented proqrhb aie
best, but
drnps' bre OK if rou Srovide enolnh lnformatibn to run the
in
nriterial any key fiarnry locations and
E5gi#a"flease'indibate lour
ADVERTISING RATES
l.
2.
lQn;comefcial classified adg-frour n€mbgrs, 5 cents-pef rprd,
at 2A words. Your address or phon6 nrrnber i3 tree.-'
mininrm
Comrercial. ads and ads from non{€mbers. L6 cents per mrk,
rninintm of 20 rcrds. Your address or phone number'ts free.
3. Display ads from canera ready copyr $6/half pager $I$lpage.
Palment
in full
must acccr4rany
all ads.
Rates are sr.rbject
to
chanEe.
rrite to wPEn/wP[rcA, please you
irdicate
it is OK to prlnt vour
rouyour
ynnt that
in
letters to tte editbr, if
that information ieleasEd.
Otterwise, irc will rnt print your addiess in the VIPER.
If
address
,t
I
I
I
1ry
1
3.95.s1
{
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I
i
{
tft
i!l
-a-
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tr'
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STEP TE STtsP
Slng1a Stepper/Trace. Debqgger
for your Chlp-8 Interpreter
by lon
Swan
llhe bnga re have ln Herles vould poselbly aeem strange to you.
Tlrcre ere the usual seleations of soorplorsrend, huge-epldeis
oapable-of reavlng rebs of steel to catch thelr pr-y. - (Tnrs-Ifvc trled nLthout suooesE to breat only a double strand fron
suoh a rab. ) &ey have a horrtble thlng called a Yl.nagrla
that enite a vlnegarllke EnelL and has a deadly blte. And
sons of the hakXr-qygalono.rphs (tarantulas) even feaEt on
enall blrrilE and llzards.
But the bugs ln ny Chlp-8 prograoa ars aLl of the unlversal
type. (you Erer that ras conlng, dldn't.you?) Ore ray to
a net 6i oouree)-ls io lnsert-brear
cilch sieh UEffi(rfthout
polnts Ln yorrr progra,nl FUn the devll up to that epot; then
eheok the varlables uslng the operatlne systen to flnd then
in nenory. Another ray lE to use the f,ol.lowlng Stngle Stepper
program to exeoute only one instnretlon at a tlne wlth the
optlon of vierlng ell' Chlp-8- varlables on youf dlaplay rhlle
the prosrs,n lE nrrurl.ne. In additlon, a trace feature atlEplays
TfrA EflIFffi Ef ffit
lnEtnrctton to.be oxecuted so you- ean
progran
follow
erecution flor.
lhlg
de&rug prograrr rorke wlth any Chtp-8 progran and nay be
tneozporated lnto any lnterpreter rhether or not lt oontalng
some
of the nodlfLoatlons
etrggeeted
ln past TIIPERS.
Slnee
Chlp-$ 1g graphLoe orLented (ae oppoeed to an lnterpretor
deelgned to nanlpulate nunberg or text) r Vou hsve the optlon
of slngle etepplng throgh a progran rhl.le ratchlng the reeulte
on dl,splay, or vlewing varlables wlthput dlgturblng the oontents
of the Chlp-$ dlep1atrr.
To run the prograar Vou need, to have an exterrnaL keyboard
hooked up to the VIPre input port wlth lte strobe line
eorurEctecl to the EF-l1 flag lLne. (If you donrt havs a keyboard
you can stil1 use thle progran -- see end of artlelet )
\,
\,
t
\,
\,
\,
Nextr study the acoonpanytng Benorlr nap to deolde rhere to
0800 rhere the Chlp-8lnto
buggeet you load the
varlablebr vork spaee and stack are locatedt 2R syatens aoulduse 0600. Yotr nay load the Slngle Stepper i.nto anlr nenory
page beglrDoing with the flrst byte.of that pa€e as tho Slngle
Stepper ls pggg relooatablq. NEturally you cannot uee the
stne nonorTr ar€a for Chip-E progtra'ma srgrroror
Stre Stngle Stepper aIEo requires ite own display-page rhlch
1111 autonatlairlly be loeated tno pa€es_above rhichever page_
i;-being-used f;;-dlsplays by ttre ttrlp-8-ffiEEr?retg{. fhoFefore
lf you f,ave a l+f sSrstenl- the debugglne display.would be located
at 6pOO for nost piogrg,ns and your progran nust not exceed OCFF.
put the stirele Steppei progran. ff you have 4K of nenoryp {
page
progran
3,95.92
L 2K syEten rould r€gulre
not progra,E beyond 0llFF.
0500-07FF
IOIDIT{C AI{D
totelr
'neanl.ng you Eay
RU}INTNC
,lfter deeldlng rhere you wa,nt the Sfugle Stepper to gsr load
i.t Ln and reeor"d one page (fron rherever you loaded the
pr€gen) to sav€ lt for future dehteigtng. Ioed your norual
(or- other) 0llp-8 lnter^pretar and your problen progran Just
as ueual. You Eey run the progfan subJeet to tba,aeDorTr
resEidttons desoilbed vlthout-dlsturblng the Slngle Stepper.
lls eall the Slngle $tepper lnto aetLonr enter the foll.owlrrg
ohange to your Chip-8 inter?reter after of eourse loadlr,€ the
Slrrgle $tepper lnto nemorlflr
F8
lC XX
lD 83
OOTB
I,DT
PHr
lE 18 rnr
lF
00
0020
L3
Pto
2L
D3
SEP
rl,oad address of Slng1e Steppor
(page add,ressr of prograu go€s here)
Ln
R3.1
R3 lRrt
lload, 00 lnto D register
n3
n3
lPut ln R3.0
l0all debqger
MET{ORY !{AP
LK
oooo
I
Orf F
0100
I
oooo
TAITER,Pf,ETER
o,t,
PRoBLefn
PRO6RAiA
I
OsFF
obs
DEBUO6eR
D:rSPIAV
REFf,ESII
SilV6te
STB?f,ER
I
-o67?
O6?A
I
PROOR.AfN
AVA'LAET"E
RArv\
o6tF
ooAo
CASP-E
WORK
5g6cE
06PF
oTrF
EK
oo@
TNTERPRETER
oaoo
PROBT-EIV\
I
ODFF
"]o"
Oc?ct
ogza
I
DEBU66ER
Drrs?(Ay
REFRESH
tooo
sstv6tE
'l'^
sre?PeF'^
PRO6RAfN
I
o?g
t
ct+t0-8)
6IORK
S?ACE
PtoGNTNT
AvrrtWU/e
RAA^
IOFF
"ro
RArn
oEAO
sirN6r€
SilEC'ER
I
AVAII/IBTE
I
9ECu66eR
qts?r^y
ftEFgeSH
I
aoo
Avnctlot,e
OEFT
DISOCAY
f,EFRES}t
- gltil?-'
*FF
oDoo
oFoo
c$r?-g
CsEq.- oD'o
TAANvAL )
PRO6RAfY\
I
S\nsTEM
o
oeTF
I
"r
cHrP-8
Oc,}F
OTIFF
600
qK svsrEl\n
SYISTEiA
g}II P- E
I
OFFF
ct+:D?€
D:rS?CAY
REFRESH
3.95 .93
R fv\
I
FFF
rtt
001c you nuEt enter the page addreEe of the menorxr area
rhele you Lnstalled the stnglc stepper, rf you enteied rt
1!-QS00r then pqogran an O8-byte at 001C. If you put lt at
0600r then a,n 05 Wte goes ln 001C.
Fltp the nrn sriteh upo Nothtng happenel right? press the
spaeo bsr on your teyboard sevenal tines nntil you hear a
b_eep. I{ow prese Key D to aetivete the rrariablee/traee
dlsplay optlo!. ^Repeated preeseE sf the epaee bar slngle
steps yo1ry 0hlp-8 progran one inEtnretLon at'a tlae. Feeelng
Key D oalls the dleplay optlon back agaln and you nuEt alrayspress,the spece ber to eontl.nue stepplng through your progra.m.
Preeslag Key D trvice ln a row'has no useful ef,feot.
ltllA[
YOU SEts
IS
Wnt
!
YOU OEt
All
Chtp-B narlables V0-1IF are displayed on thc screen
starting ln the upper left eorner and readlng airoEs the
page f,ron left to rlght. Eaeh variablel f,enenb€?' LE a palr
of the hex dlglts Eo there are four rows of four narl.ables
d5,eplayed. Ttre laEt fotr dtglts dlsplayed teII you the
address of the next Chip-8 lnstnretLon to be exeeuted -allowing you to traee a pfograln through DoBorTr I suggest
you load a Chlp-8 program that you know works (the flgrrre
shootlng at novlng target gane ls a good cholce) untiL you
get the f,eel of operatine the debugger. You hEve to elngle
step through a lot sf lnEtruetlons t111 you see sonethinghaplentngr-but ffip hlttlng,the Bpaee bai -- sonething
eventually
rlll.
OP[IONS
progra,n iE that it takes
epace. If you have external
0f course a dlsaAvantage of thls
away souro Chlp-$ programnlng
nenoryr I snggest you enter tbe debugger sonewhere hlgher
than 0FFFr the hlghest addressabls Chip-$ memorXr locatLon.
You nay alEo want to locate the debuggerte dleplay on
external Ml[. {trls le easlly done by adJusttng RB.l ts the
page address where you want the dLsplay to go. She followlng
change wtll do thlsr
OX21
22
F8
:ffi
I,DI
llroad page add,ress
debug dlsplay
,of
thie change to the SlngJ.e Stepper progran and enter
the page address at 0X22 where you want the dlsplay to go.
If, you entered the $lngle Stepper a! 1000-10?9 for exa,nplel
you uay vrarrt the dlsplay to reELde ln the nsmorlr page et
it0o-llfFi You would enter F811 at 1021 to set that up and
you would oalI the progran f,ron the lntetpreten ad degert bed
befsre using r10r as the page addreEe at location 001C. You
may use thta Baae teehnt que to flx the debuggtng display at
Malce
3.95.94
i\,
t
a lrnsrn loeatlon tf, ygur Chlp-$ progran
r!.11 ehangc Lts nornal
dlsplay arye--:_ th9^hlghest on eare -RAll pagg tn your systenr
Renenber that- the Sfugle Stepper usss the 'dleplay paga- trc
Irageo above (loyer addrees) than the ons cuqfbntiv uEed b!'
your p.rogra,tni Ygur dlsplay page ls oorrecTffiS't, lroreier,
no natter rbere lt ls by the slngle stepper after you pregg
the epaee bar.
lou uay use tl,re $lngle Stepper rlth the epeoLal tro-page
et4lplled rlth ny book Ptpq fol vlpsr' r A tro-pad6
lltelpreter
rgggltsln a cqulshed debug dloplay though tlre sl.ngle
9lEplay
Stcpper rtLl only Eg ono page eyen thougb you are dleplaylrrg
trol Sre botton hdff of, the dlsplay area tb sttll usable-foi
prlograns and rontt be affeeted by the debrrgger. You urrst
change 0211 to FF hoyever to allow off card RAt displaye -thls ronft affeet prograns and nay be left Ln ae a pemanent
clnnge to the tro-page fulterpretero
@-e_preblen lE that the tone generator r!.11 no longer rork
;hllc
uo!.ng the Single Stepperr You nay reaotlvate tone
generatlon W uaklrrg thc fo[owing ohange to the detugger
pnogrant
0x08 E2
!{0P
r0aneel keyboard tone
Itor your keytoard rlLl operate sllently. If you have an erternal
spea*er on your teyboardr vou 1111 probably rant to nake thle
ehange as a pernanent addltton to the debugger.
lnother problen rs that ttnlng loops rilI bave no neanlng sLnee
your Brogran iE no longer operatlng at speedr and the ChiB-8
tlner (R8.1 ln the lnterrupt routlne) ls stlll wotklrrg fuLl
tlne.' You mey etlll view the effect of, a tlning loop though
lt r11I not probably loop the Ea,ne ntruber of tlneE ae lt rl11
rhen your progra,n runs normally.
Randon number generatlon is stlll nalld and presunably
equlrralent to normal executlon eondltions thorgh f nay be
ua,klng an LnvalS,d aesunptl.on about the randou number generator
rfth that gtatement. tny effect te llkoly to be veqr snallr
horeverr and totally nonconsequential to noet gane progranE.
If, you car€ to lnspect thE worklngs of the debugger you w111
see that lt duplicates the dieplay routLnes in R0ll (uslng the
blt tables though) rather than talctng a Bu€gestLon frou an
early VIPER to galn aoeess to theee routi.nes. Tlris was done
to preseWe'RAr the Chlp-8 memerg polnter rhich ls olrangeat W
the hex dlglt display routlne in ROll.
I d.on't propose nrnnlng entlre progralos by slngle stepplng
to see lf they rorh. $!rat rould be Eomerhat akin to turnlng
the propeller of an afup1a,ne by hand to test tf the thlne
fltee. AE e subroutlne developer toolr the debugger should
be verXr ugeful rhen youfre not sure Just how the varlableE
3
.95 .95
got aLL nlxed qp and you want to elow thlngs dorn to a
vLerable rate.
You oan aIEo beat the pantE of,f of, Jaokpot by holding down
the approprlate hex pa"d keys when the rlght synrbols appear.
Jackpot gverlr tlnet Of, courEe lt ta,kes two weeks to play a
gaaer but . r.
llave fun.
SII{GI,E
0x00
E2
01 22
02 gn
03 np
olr 3r
05 otl
06 18
07 ot
08 A8
09 37
0A 06
0B 6n
OC
0D
0S
FB
20
3tL
OF 18
0x10 9r
SNHP
ssx
D8C
GHI
PHT
1E 3A
tF
|}
0ll
gF
2
RB
R8
INP
XRI
BNZ
cHr
0N20
2r.
22
lilF
.la
23
BB
PHI
2t+
Bts
PHI
25
F8
LDT
stlI
02
7X=2
ln RF.l
lloop.here till key ls prEssed (A)
held aoilillloop- until key ls released
(tone goes off autonatically)
lGet lnput byte from keyboard
l$est tf E hex value for spaee bar
I If notr branch to next part
BI{Z
x0R
IN R3
(on external keyboard)
lsound tone whLle, key le
Bll
GITT
RITNS
RF lSave displ,ay page
I,DI
PIJO
.rr
R2 tDecrement staek polnter
BNT}
11 BB PHT
L2 T2 INC
t'3 96 GHI
1l+ 87 PHI
L5 F8 ror
1,6 00
t7 BC Pnr
1g tts I,DA
T9 AF PL0
tA Dll SEP
18 F8 I,DI
rcw
lD 13
AND TRACE FoR CHIP-B
RF lReset RB to
old dlsplay page (whtch ls
not affected bt thls ioutlne)
RZ tReset staek polnter
RB
R6 IR?.1=R6.I r begln duP1J.oatlon
sf Batched instrrretlons
RZ ,
tRC.t=00
RC
R5 l0et flrst half of a Chlp-8 instructlon
RF lPrrt ln RF.0 (aleo in "Df' on refirrrr)
Rtl lRetwrr from elngle step
r:lest lf Key D pressed
wlth hex l+ll
not space bar eithor
then
D'
I If f
IW
cpnparln€;
lffaneh for a vaLid entry
NF lSwltch to a dlsplay pa'ge
,l[vo nenorT pages baek from
lPresent orte r,- see notes to
RB lAlter this lf you have 8K or nore
ln your syste&
ns lAlso But thls vaLue ln RE.1
lSet RE.O = FF whlch w111 Polnt to
3.95 .96
0x26
27
28
FF
29
2A
2B
2g
00
IE P&O
r8 I,DI
Itsottom of the one page dlsplay aree
REt
page .frsm bottoo up
lErase dlsplay
n
I
:
DEC
REt
RE'
RE'
BNZ
,
2F
38
28
18
INC
RE IRE + 1
ox30
r8
3r
8r
EDI
32
33
BC
PHI
3t+
BD
PHI
F8
rJDI
lRC.l = 81 whieh w111 ad,dress the
lDlsplay blts ln VIP ROFI space
RC
n3 lSet up RD fsr use aE a subroutlne
RD lProgra.n eounter for dtsplay two
2D
2S
35
36
37
38
5E
8E
2E
e3
s[R
GIO
GHI
fl,
PI,0
r8 LDI
AD
FO
39
3A
3B
A6
ll6
IDA
3c
DD
SEP
3D
8E
cI,0
3ts
FA
AT{I
oxl+o
3IL
pro
3r o7
BHZ
ll1
42
t+6
8E
GIrO
Lr3
FC
ADI
tlll
3L
38
t+g 26
t+h 95
&B DD
Irc
85
t+n DD
llg jo
tlr
PI,0
cIJc
Bl{z
DEC
GHT
SEP
Gt0
SEP
BR
ol*
ox50 D3 sEP
Pto
5t AC
ANr
52 FA
53
r
ll
I
n
lDlgits
= top of dieplay page agaln
sub
RD
rset R6 to flrst Chip-8 varlable
l$tored at 0Y;F0-0SF
R6
R6 lBet a nariable
RD I Do sub rr Dlspl,ay ? Dlgtts
RE rfest the eursor (afsplay destlnation
addrese)
aAFID' wlth o07' to see tf c&r^f,lage
t
retrrrn ls needed
r
If not (1.e. last
I+ blts RE /
0) then
branch 'o eontLnue
RE lBlee add 28 hex (l+0 d,eclnal) to
t Brlng the cursor dorut a row
28
trs AE
t+6
s5
trr
ll8
il
0F
RE
R6 rgest variable pointer R6
blaneh back to eontinue
iif / 0r- then
t
o, then 16 varlables
R6.o
i(wt'en
are showrr)
R6 lReset R6.1 to previous rralue
R5 inisplay high pbrt of R5 (crrfp-8 Pc)
RD lDo bub- - DisPLaY 2 Dtgits
R5 lDisplay low Part of F5
RD lDo bub r.DlsPI.aY 2 Diglts
I$raneh to point A to walt next user
lConnand
DTSPI,AY gWO DTGITS SUB
R3 lReturn leavirrg RD at
next add,ress
the moment
in RC.0 for ,+
blts from the
Last
but
all
istrip
be dtsPlaYed
RC lSave D
lHex byte
3 .95
to
.97
OX,st+ 73
8c
sfxD
eI,0
55
56 16 SHR
5? 15 SIIR
58 16 SHR
59 16 SIfR
frh 73 slxD
58 F8 I,DI
5c az
5a& PIjO
5n 6a rrut
5F Fo
LDX
ox6o
AC
6T
0c
I,DN
6z
AC
PTO
6t+
o5
65
66
67
68
6g
AT
llC
5E
8E
6l r8
FC
PI,0
I,DI
PIO
I,DA
srR
cI,o
ADI
RC
lRrsh this onto the staek
lset up R7.0 as a loop corutter
lPolnt to eaved data on staek
lPop data off stack (leaving RX where
lt was)
RC lRrt in RC,6 to address bits table ln ROI,I
RC lGet value from tabl,e
RC lRrt Ln RC.O to eddress bitE for thl.s diglt,
lSet up RF.0 as a loop counter of 5
I To display entlre dlglts
RF I
RC lGet a blt pattern byte
RE lStoro O eursor RE ln display area
RS lMove cursor dovrn one byte row (of 8)
l$o eontlnue dlsplaying the dlglt
08
6n
6c
6n
AE
Pt0
2?
DEC
6E
5F
3A
66
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R7
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72 27
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74 zz
75 87
?6 3^
77 5n
78 30
79 50
AE
cIo
BNZ
BR
of 2
R7
6.a,
8r cI,0
lhrsh this value onto the stack
lGet the same hex nalue from RC.0
lShlft Lt times to the right
lfo move the hishest diglt to
I The J.owest position
lDeerement byte loop counter
lTest eount
;il"i ;, branch t111 one dlglt dlsplayed
lReset eursor nE Bo that next
I Dlglt to be displayed rill
lAppear to the rlght of the present
one
lDecrement the dtglt loop eounter
lfest the eount
inranen ff t' o to dlsplay two dlglts
lELse branch to exlt
--
Nonkeyboard ourners pleaee noter
You may etlll use thlE progran even lf you do not own a keyboarrl.
The f,olloring ohanges to ttre Slrrgle Stepper plaee tlulng loope
vherE the keyboard eens!.ng routl.nes used to be. tfhLle you have
no control over the etepplng proceEs' lt will be elor enough to
help you debug your probl-en piogran and oheek out narlables '
FI"ASI{I
durlng executlon.
In addltlon to the Slngle Stepper aE llsted, enter the followingr
3.95.
68
0x0ll 18
05 A0
06 BE
o7 2E
08 9E
09 jL
0A o7
oB 30
20
::
o*::
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DEC
enr
Bt{z
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tiner
fest tlner
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Ithen branch to debug
RE
RE lDecrement
RE I
I
BR
IBraneh
7^
ox?A rB
78
lload tiner value lnto RE.t
tiner must not be ueed)
I,DI
Ildentleal tLner as above ir value
rl{ay be dlfferent here than ln 0X05
I,DI
AO
7C BE PHI
7D 2E DBC
7n 9E CHI
7F
3r
0x80
7D
to 0XZf when done rlth dlsplay
RE
Rts
RE
BNz
81 30 BR
82 10
lWhen doner braneh
rAt 0X10
to exlt
tlnlng values to Elor dorn or sleed up tle
ner nalues at 0X05 anal 0X?8. (If you only
rant-to ctep through a proglran and do not tant to Eee the
rta,riaties aiaplivr-otranle 6xoc to hex fil) Iotr tone generator
1111 rork -- do irot ne*e the srrggeeted nodtfleatLon for tone
gencratloa dLsaugeed earllerl
You nay adJust the
debugg6r ti t4yfne
Then you f,Ilp tq runr nothlttg w111 haPpen for eeveral seeonds
rhlle-the tnterpreter goea through ltb lnltlaLlzatlon routLnes
and turne on tbe dlsplay. Bhen you rl11 begln to see your
progra.n nuurlng at tortolseHke speed, fllpping beck-and forth
lron the Chip-8 dlsplay to the debug dlsplay autornLtieally.
r Sometimes you may wish to begin single stepping somediere
other than at the beginning gf a CHIP-8 program. fn that case,
enter a junp instruction at $0200 to go to where you want to
start the debugging proc€ss.
NOIIE
3.g5.gg
\,
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VtP
ousEs :popuLAR
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OPLUGS
INTO VIP EXPANSION
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\ry
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ION
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SEND CHECK TO MONEY ORDER TO:
\,
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NG
SOON :
LzK 27 L6
EPROM CARD
G. .J. KRIZEK
- 7 22 N. MORADA
WEST COV I NA, cA
\,
3.g5.lg
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ty
AVENUE
.
91,790
\y
fOR SALEg Baslc Quest Super ELF with Hi & Lo address displays and
some software. Good conditlon. i6g.Ag phonet 412-372-8773
Jeff Jones. 597 Cherry Dr., Trafford, PA 15085
READER
\y
I/O
Has anyone interfaced the VI'P'to'CRT via a RS-232 I,/O port using a
minl monitor similar to the one in llicrocomputingrMay 1989r page 132?
I would be interested in hearing how it was accomplished.
John T. Keys , lg2 EIrn Street, Vienna, VA 22169
a a a a a a a a a a a a aa
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a,a
I hope to be submitting
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
programs soon on software/hardware
that will
interface the Teras Instruments and General Instruments programmable
sound chips (sN76489A/94 and AY-3-8919/8912 respectlvely.) I am also
working on the hardware mods that will allow the color board to operatel
at maximurn resolution (8 by 128), but I will need help with thesoitsoftwar€, iI lanyone is interested in.helping. Keep up the good work
wi th the VI PER.
Jeff Jon€s r 5fr7 Cherry Dt., Trafford, PA 15[t 85
VIP tiny BASIC in ROI'I t $25.00. GRI 53 key ASCII
keyboard (no enclosure) 5V only $55.09, includes an
interface board for VIP. Both for only $75 and I
pay postage.
Larry Dolce, Box l, Valley Cottage, NY 10989
FOR SALE: RCA
RE}!TNDERS
of VIPER avallablet
stl[ a nunber of baek lssues
sets of Vol. 2. The priee
Partlal sete of Vof. i, and completepostage
for U.S. addresses.
for Vof. f ls $5, and Vo1 2 ls $8, Assn.paid
at the ueual address.
Send your cheek-io VIP Hobby Conputer
(9P!{ EST on 3860fnz) wlth K2UIfi. KZZLV,
The VfP Ham net, Tuesdays
AEiI, W?:OC and 6thers. -If there ls interestr wg ntght have a net
on 1i or 2O Meters for nembers not on the East Coast. I€t ne know
There are
lf
you are interested,
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5-
MACHII{E
CODE
P. V. Piescik, t5? Charter Rd., Vrlethersfield, Cf
05109
to ca:L1 theur and return from
to our cafling routines, I[e ].ooked. at branching to/from subs, but
this restrj.cted us to havlng the caLler on the same page of memory and
returned. to a single memory location every time. Wetd prefer more flexibility' so this nethod was i-nvestigated and rejected.. We also looked
at SEP 'llechni.que ' which allows us to return to a singLe register used. as
the caLLerts PC. It needed a little set-up, and wds-more flexibLe than
branching' but "nesting" subroutines couLd be a problem at tines. IIARK
Technique al-lowed us to return to any register, the cal-lerts PC, bX saving the caLLerls X and P sn the staek. The set-up is about the sa.me as
for SEP Techni.quel but we also found, that wets.cou1d. stiI.l. run out of, free
registers to use for the call€r.: ond sgb-P0
..
We
were ta3-king about subroutj.nes and. how
thern
,..Grrt€r
SCRT
(Stanaard CaII and Return Sechniq.ue). Itm neither the
first, nor the onlyr orr€ to feel a shortage of registersl SCRT re-uses
the same registers regardless of the nesting levelr arld is 1imited only
by memory space avaiLable for the stack. A total of five registers are
"ded.icated"-to SCRI, to be used only for SCRT purposes (of course, if
you know that SCRT wi'lL not be used. within some part of a progran, these
registers can be saved,, used othenvise, and restored for uor.e-SCRT use).
Again, R2 is the stack pointer and usually, RX. Every catL/return wiLl
set X=Zr so if the subroutine changes Xr 5,t nay not have to restore it.
R3 is aLways the PC, regardless of the nesting levell n5 is a "l-j-nk"
register which points bick to the calling routine (one level up) at the
Location where RJ woul-d be Left if this were UARK or SEP technS.que. We
can conmunicate between the calLer and subroutine via this link. n5 also
contains the return address whi.ch will be reloaded into RJ upon return.
fhe PC and Irink are maintained in an orderly fashion by two SCRI Routines
--CAI,I, and RETURN' with R4 and R5 dedicated" as their respective PCrs.
CAI,I and RETURN are invoked. using SEP TechniqueI however CALL "returns"
to the subroutlne being calIed, rather than CALLts caller; The subroutine 'returns" to RETURNT which finally returns to the original cal-ler.
This sound.s chaotic but it uright be easi.er to think of CAIL as a logical
prefix and REIURN as' a logieaL postfix to each subroutine. Since they
are physically dispJ.aced. fron the code of the subroutines in memory, we
mlght aLso think of thern as separater intermediate steps. In any case,
once we see what they dor they are (thankfully) transparent to their
US€fS
r
in the caIler, CALL must copy
care!) if this is the first,
2d; or "n-th" Level of nesting, the previous link must be saved on the
stack. FinalLyr R3 wil-l be Loaded with the address of the subroutinef
ancl SEP-ed as the PC again, only this tiner for the sub. The entry address j.s suppLiecl by the calLer as "in-Ij,ne d.ata" ( so call.ed because it
is in line w-ith the instructions of the routine ) ; once R5 points to
where R3 did in the calIer, it may be used to fetch this ad.d"ress.
RETURN has one l-ess thing to d.o than CAIL di-d., sj-nce we d.onrt need, to
save the sub-PC (nl); unLike the other techniques, SCRT will re-Ioad.
the sub-P0 on the next caLL, and. we eanrt re-prime R3 at the end of
the sub, sj.nce it will be used, as thd PC df other routines before we
get back to any particular subroutine. Undoing the rest of the call,
R6 wilI be copLed back to R3 to restore the caLlerrs PC. R6 will- then
Since R5, the Link, points to where R3 did
RJ to R5; and., since-CAlt d,oesnrt know (or
3.95.16
\rP
be restored by popping the previous link-val-ue from the .stack. Lastlyp
R3 will be SEP-ed into actj.on as the calLerrs FC.
'to keep the code in ascending ord.er, I tlI show the expanded initiaLiza. tion which now sets up R2 as the stack pointerr RJ as the main PC, Rll
as the
CA],L
FC' and R5 as the
REIURN PCr
..this page
tDI O;PHI 2
PHI 4;PHI 5
..ELlso this page
,.(Rz)=ooFF
tDI #rr;P[o 2
.'.stack read.y
SEX 2
IDI A.O(CA],I) ;Pto l] ..CAI,L PC relay
IDI A.O(nnfURN)IPLO 5,.RETURN PC reday
tDr A.I(UAIN) iPHr 3 .
I,fI A.o(UefN);P[0 3 o.ilIAIN PC read.y
oo1,2 F8 36 A3
..Bor MAIN' go!
ool5 D3
SEP 3
Thls set-upr includ,ing CAIL and REIURN shortLy, is good, for almost all
the 1802 piogramning yourLl. ever dol Anticipating that' I saved ll Uytes
by loading R&.1 a.nd RJ,l right after R.2.1r whiLe D still- contained #00.
I-di'atn't Ioad R3.1, thoughr-si.nce ilAIN may not always be on page #00'
0000 F8 00 82
o0a3 Bll 95
0oo5 F8 FF A2
0008 E:2
ooog F8 16 All
oooc F8 28 A5
oooF 18 oo 83
o
especlal-Iy if you adopt ny progranning habits.
sEP 3
ooI5 D3
00fi
CAI,tr ORG *
001 5
ooIT
oolg
0018
001D
o01F
aa2I
E2
85 73
96 ?3
83 A6
93 86
L*6 B3
t+6 A3
30 15
SEX 2
ctO 6;STXD
eHI 5;S[xD
GIO 3;Pto 6
GHI 3;PHI 6
I,DA 5;PHI 3
IDA 5;Pl0
3
o.SOSUb
..insure stack ptr
. rsEY€ R5 link
o.copy R3 to R5
r.load R3 with addr
.. aJrd advance link
rreset Rll and gosub
. rr€turn to caller
sEP 3
0027 D3
REIURNT ORG *
0028
r.restore R3 from R5
ctO 5;Pl0 3
0028 B5 A3
GHI 3;PHI 3
0024 96 B3
r.insure stack ptr and
SEX 2; IRX
002c E2 60
prime POP
R5 from stack
5
r.rAstore
IDXA;PHI
00?3 7z B6
6
IDX
0q30 Fo A6
tPtrO
r rr€set R5 and return
BR REIURN-I
oo32 30 27
Note that n(X) is not left to chance in either case, since a routine may
have changed X. At O01F-OOZZT we Load Rl with t4e.ad.dress of the sub,
which is - Uytes of inline data, and we use f,Oe 5 (t+6) instructi,ons for
this. If the subroutine aLso need.s some d.ata which is stored inline ' it
wiLl also use ll5 instmctions to get each byte of d,ata. There MUSI BE
as manlr"45ts as there are bytes of datar or the return will be incorrectt
Advanci-ng R6 now j.s the same as advancj.ng R3 in tlre calLer, since RJ will
be restoied fron R6; too few lr6's and the return is into unused. d.atai or
too many lt5ts and the return is beyond the next i',nstructi-on.
I aLso saved. a byte by getting doubLe-duty from the D3 at 0015t It belongs to CAIL, but is al-so used to SEP into l,lAIN initial,ly'
0023
BR CAIrL-1
3.95.17
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problem with SCRT is that it uses the accumulator to manipulate R3
arrh R5 r so D cartrt be used to pass a byte of data to/trom a subroutin,€.
If we try to save D on the stack, it will be buried. und,er R5. The SCRT
routines have been enhanced, to preserve D at the expense of RF.1 r
OAe
0oL5
D3
CAI.,tr
001 6
00ffi
0017
0018
001A
00tc
0018
0020
0022
00 2t+
oo25
BF
E2
73
73
A5
B6
t+6 B3
Lt6 A3
gF
3o r5
0027 D3
0028 BF
oo2g 85 A:3
oo?3 96 83
}{-.
PHI
*3
, .copy D
F
3;PlO 6.
GHI 3;PHI 6
I,DA 5;PHI 3
tDA 5;P[0 3
RETURN
r
GHI F
BR CA],T
sEP 3
ORG
PHI
o
-
*
..copy D to
F
eHI 5;PHI
003t+ 30
GHI F
BR RETURN I
oRc *
5
IDX lPl'O 6
MAIN
I
RF.1
3
tDxAlP]il
SEX Z;IRX
27
rrestore D from RF.l
T
eI,O 6 iPtO 3
oo31 Fo A6
0033 9F
36
to RF.1
GLO
002D E2 60
002J. 7Z 86
oo
t,,n.l"\'
ORG
SEX 2
ctO 5;STXD
GHI 6tSTxD
86
95
83
93
0028
sEP
r
.restore D from
RF.1
1
r.rrext available byte
0K, now what happens to the infamous ADD routi.ne when we use SCRII? Do
we need. additional set-up as with SEP and MARK techniques? Etc.? From
the original version of iong ?go, ADD grew by 1. byte for SEP and by l
bytes for MARKT now' we can actualLy shrink it by t bytel We no Longer
have to wrap it back to the top to reset its PC r si.nce SCRI wiLl handLe
that for subsequent calLs, and the return at 0095 is only'a l-byte D5
instruction, No additional set-up is required speclficalLy for ADDi the
new initiaLization is good for ADb antt ariy other- subs we n6ve. llhe-caLl
-
r'
l\z
\,1,
I fr, to ADD is J bytes,
rr
I
)u1L,
I r,
'tt
l"L
oo36
oaSZ
D4
0080
SEP I}
,A(ADD)
and we can move
.,invoke CAI,L
€rrtry address
the d,ata up one byte sj.nce the
o.
ADD starts at 0080 again
'
return is shorterl
0080
ADDr ORG *
ooSo 8E ?3 gE 73
GtO E;STXD;GHI E;STXD.rsa.ve RE
00811 F8 00 BE
I,Dr A.1( oNE) IPHI E
oo8? F8 96 AE
tDI A.o( ONE) ;PI,O E . .RE=A( ONE)
OOSA EE
. .X=E
SEX E
18
0088 4,E rll
IDA E;ADD;INC E;SIR E. . (S1JM)=( ONE)+(TWO)
5E
gz,5o
. .RX on stack r prime POP
008F
SEX ZIIRX
IDXAIPHI E;[DX;PI,O E ..RE restored
0091 7z BE F0 AE
.r€turn vi-a SCRT
oogS D5
sEP 5
0NEr 11
oo96 01
TWO t
o0g7 02
tZ
SUMr ORG *
0098 x)c
One advantage of SCRII mentioned, a].ready' is the ease of passing inLine
data. Note that yourre not concerned. with the address of that data; R6
points to it "automaticaLLy"l Ar.rother advantage is that once you know
3. g 5. r8
Y
register i-s.your PC, you can use that register to.provide some or
alL of the Loeal (within the subroutine) addresses, even if the sub is
not on the page for which it was originalS.y writtenr
oo84 n BE
..RE on this page in
Gltr 3;PHI E
o.
any case
oo85 8)
..D)=this address (fo
GI,o 3
oo87 FC oF AE
ADI I5;P!0 E
.. byte) + !, then ad,d
distance to ONE to
which
::
f-oad
RE.O
Getting_the page add.ress into RE.l is obviousr and hopefully' we won't
end. up irossing a page bound.aq5r between this point and the location of
the data. At #0085r w€r].I get our current addressr plus tr, into the
accumulatorl (D)=87c
-p=3 For those who think. thls.lshoula be 85, letrs see
and (n3)=OOg5 as we come to the 8J instruction.
what happened..
0n everf instruction fetch, n(p) is incremented, as the 4-bit I and N
registeis a.re Load.ed; aLl- this occurs in the first machine cycle (So;.
In the second maehine cycle, the instruction
is executed. (I=8, N=3) and.
j.ncremented
RJ.O is copied into D'r AFIER having been
to 0087 in the first
cycfe. Anytime we get our Location this w"V, D will contai,n the bytead.d.ress of the next instrueti,on. It turns out that wetre not saving any
memory with tfriE-ii6'thod, so ONE is still at 0095, and. #g618Z4oTt ie aia
#0F to where we. are, d.rop it into R8.0, and RE points to our data. If
we want to includ,e this ADD routine in some other program, we wonrt have
to worry about where the d,ata is r or to remember to make the change in
the codet fhe data wi].L a3.ways be +0F from this instructi,on, and no
changes are needed unless we cross a page bound.ary between the 93 instruction and the data. One less thing to do is one less chance to buiLd in
a-bugl
Since we always know which register is PCr w€ can aLso stop any routine
P=3
for debugging Burposes with onLy a 15by!e change instead of two!rrBR
trr
in aLl cases (except in CALL and RETURN)' so instead of our oLd
whieh heLd us in one place, 'tr€ can use a DEC 3 WZI) instnrction. Not
onl,y is this half the- trouble of changing 2 bytes, but it may also save
the problen of having onLy 1 byte to spare in cases where the.second
byte-we rd. change .belongs to code we need.. Like the 8f at 0086 above,
during the S0 cycle Rl ls j.ncremented. when the 23 instruction is fetched;
during the 51 cycle n3 is decremented and ends up where it startedl
PROBLEM AI.IAIYSIS and PR0GRAII DESIGN. You probably plcture "programming"
as sitting.at a terninal, keypunch, ete. and langing in Lines of instructions in iome Language, right? I{RONG. If it's done right, that's only
the Last 1,O-20fr of the job, including testingl [he rnajor part is the
anaS.ysis of the problem and the design of the program, Cutting short
these phases wiLl Lead. to your pieture of long hours at the teminal,,
spending 5Afi or more of your tine testing and d.ebuggingr which is very
fnrstrating. In Svstems ProsrgErminE' John J. Donovan lists 6 steps for
softwared6signrern;2)specifytheoaiastru-ctures;
define the format of the data structuresi 4) specify the al,gorithn
3)
(proceduraL steps); 5) look for moduLarity (i.e., capabiS-ity.of one proeian to be subd-ivided into ind.ependent progranming units ) ; 6) repeat 1
through 5 on noduLes.
Donovanr John J.
r
Svs$lns P.rosgrpnine, M6Graw-HiLl, Book Co., t972,
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I ditlnrt do this expJ.icitJ.y for ADD' but al,L the d€tails cane out ln the
(We junped into the niddle, where i.t "looked tike conputing,'
since starting at the -begiruring is Less interesting, unfortunately. )
Ietrs back up and. do it rightr before we deveLop badr sloppy habitsr
I understated the pnoblemr add two numbersl that left a lot unsaid.. If
the problen had been"a l-ittle more complexr word have had to maJre too
many assumptions about the details r a-nd. that Leads to trouble. By ttre
nunbersr 1) ProbLemr ad.d. two numbers found in memory and leave th6 result in menorTr; 2) Data Structuresr two addendsr one suml 3) Fornatr all
are 8-bit, unsigned integersl 4) A3.gorithnr addend.rone + ad.dend..two =
sumi 5) ModuLarityr none-(this is piinitive) t 5) not applicable wlthout
d,iscussion,
moduLarity.
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(1) now tells where the numbers^ arel before they nlght have been in riegisters r or teminal input . ( z) anct ( 3) teil. now many numbers there
are aLtogether (we might have replaced one addend ln memorxr with the
result) and what they look Liker so we can teII how much memory they
need.
(tl) is still rather siurpLe, and we can and, should. add details until we're
sure we understand the process--4.1) free. a reglster for use as a pointer by pushing its contents on the stacF i I*.2) initiaLize the pointer to
contlin the address of adclend.oh€i l+8) uratre the pointer the 5.ndex (nX)
register; lt.r+) ad.d,end.one + addend.t:wo = sumi l+.5) restore the stack
pointer (nZ1 as RX t lt.6) restore the contents of the register t l+,? ) retuqn.. (ll.ll) still Looks like the o1d (ll), ald.rye nay need to keep goingr
ll.ll.1) load the accumulator (witn ad.d.end.o4e) via the pointer reg-lster and advance the pointer; 4.4.2) addl 11.4.3) advance tne pointer to the
3d location,,(of sun)l 4.11,4) store-the resuLt (fron the accumulator) vla
the pointer.
in (4.4.1) and (4.4.3) inpJ.ies that the
numbers occupy sequential memor,y Locations r and the sun is in the last
locatlon. This probably should have been specified in (Z), or some
other arrangement, Like having registers pointlng to the nunbers provided by the ca}Ier, uright be specifled in (1). If wefre handLing aJ.L
the data from start to flnishr werll establish the location and. arralrgement of the data once we've d.etermined alL the structures Q) and thefonnats (3). fhe remaining rletal].s of the algorit]rn are now aLnost to
the point where actual,3.y 1802 instructions would be next; if the probl-em
ls still a mystery, you have litt1e choice but to go over i.t agaln.
Looking for nod.ul.arity (5) is just a matter of chopping the problen i.nto
chunks Ji'ou can handLe, without havlng to deal with alL the details of a
big job at once. Too maJry details create confusion, and. confusion creates
errors, A good, rule of thunb is that the function of a module can be
tol,d in one sentence. If you canrt d,o thatr chop i.t smalLer. .In nUSt
cases, a module should reqlrire no uore than aboui 188 bytes $ll page )
to reduce the chances of emors r which improves reliability. If we
carrTr mod.ularization far enoughr werLL arrive at the structured pro'grarnming ideal--functional uniqueness.
lhe whoLe point to these steps is that if YOU don't understand what you
are trying to dor VourlL never get your idiot computer to do itt
llhe way we advanced, the pointer
3.95.29
v
(Z) and (3).aescribe the data which is part of the problem (addends and
for ADD), and may incLude auxiliary data which is not part of thb
\?,
pfoblen, .but part of the computer sol-ution. We couLd includ.e the add.ress of 'the numbers for ADD, or at least the first one the way we did
itl ltve -onitted it because the add,ress is the'iurmedj.ate data in the
\11
instructions.
Ilata basicaLly coqes in three ttrpesr exGluding floating-point and (at
least orr.IBIUI machines) packed decinalr character, numerical, and logical
or Boolea4. All- T/O Ls done with character d,ata,. in A.SCII code (except
if you have equipnent usihg other cod.es) ana unless the d.ata is a number
on which werL1 be doing arittrnetic, werll leave it in ASCII in memory.
Each character occupies 1 byte' with the Low-order 7 bits containing the
ASCII codel the highest-ordbr blt is parity, which werll usually stiip
off (set to 0) after input, and. itrs avaitltte for speciaL us€.- If the
frlO device uses parity, this bit wilL be a L to bring the total number
of t-blts-in the byte to an even (even parity) or odd (oda parity) totaL,
and. we might check this on input to i.nsure the vaLidity of the data. ,We
d.onlt need. parity in memory, so werll get rid of it to leave this bit for
thiirgs like indicating that a byte i.s the last of a string, instead. of
using another whole byte to contain
some spec5.al code (Oetiniter) to indicate the end.. UsualLyr vr€ rI1 need. more than one character for a data
Iten ("157 Qharter Rd.,") and. the itemrs length wiLl be the number of
characters (t6t the " are d.eliniters, not part of the string). In this
case, "157" is a number, but we rvontt be adding/subtracting/etc. so itts
sum
l
not numericaL datal
If it yvere numericaL data, doing arithmetic in ASCII is awkward and ineffi.cient, so we'd. converi "L5?n (#ltlSlZ) to binary (#go) and. save 2
bytes in the process. AlL the blts in the byte are now part of the
numericaL value, unLike the high-ord,er Jrs in the ASCII. ObvioBslyr
whiLe 157 fits in 1 byter w€ may be dealing with different ranges of
val-ues for datar &Ird werll- require'different numbers of bits to hold
then. Your 4o-hourwork-week-fits-in 5 bits (101ooo), and your $aof
salary fits in 1J (foof11ooo1o0000) if it's in whoLe dolLarir or'in 18
bits (ttff0t00001001000000) if itrs in pennies because werre working
with integers. Thatrs 1-J bytesr and the anount of memory need.ed. for
each item wilL depend upon the range of values it can have.
There are conventions we should. exaririne before going wild with oddball
S.engths for numerical data. Connon lengths are-tr 2, l+, and 8 bytes
(8-5ll bits) or Longer, but always twice as long as the next-shorter; if
we muLtiply two 8-6it values, the prod.uct wilL-have up to 16 bits (tne
Length of the prod.uct is the sun of the lengths of the nultiplicand, and.
nuLtipLier). ObviousLy, we can't go shortei than I bits with byte addressing. Hey, what about negative numbers? We might have negative resultsr
for-exa.mp1e, if we subtract 1 from 0. In hex, #OO - #Ot =#FF; and.' #IlE
+ #Ot = #trF. If we see the work, rrerl-l know that the first answer is -t
arrd the second. answer Is 255, but if we're just handed the vaLue, which
is it?
That dep.ends on whether we're taLking in signed or unsigned numbers, and
that is-soneti.mes an arbltrary d.ecision. Ad.dresses are unsigled numbers,
and we nay d.ec5.de that all our vaLues. are uns5.gned. if the problen pernits.
If not, the l{SB (most-significant bit) is tne sigrr which is 0 for + and
1 for -; zero is stilL #00, so itfs consj.d.ered to be positivet fhe sign
is not part of the vaLuer so signed and unsigned integers with the sanre
number
of Uits (including the sigr) have different ranges of values.
3. A5 .2r
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of va1uesr however, is the same either way. For an 8-bit integer, there will- always be 256 (zB) vaIues t 0-255 Q to e8-1) it it,s
unsigned t -LzB to +1.2? ( -( z(8-1) ) u z(8-1 )-11 ii- it ts signed. when we
subtracted 1 from 0, we "wrapped. around" our 8-bit value, just as you
can_ yrap around the counter on your cassette record.err of, a cheap adding
machine wouLd. show 99,999,99 after the sane subtraction. It rnay be a
LittLe easier to look at the adding machine first, then carry our findings to the computer
\
Most adding machines will show one more digit in the tota-l than you
can enter on the keys' for overflowr so Vou dontt lose significance too
easiJ-y. Tfe could enter up to 9 1999.99 on the example urachi.ne and the
extra 9,rve
in the "sigrrl position, clues us to overfLow
when addingr or
gone negati-ve in subtracting. If we rve subtracted and tne
that we
extra p shows upr the result is the 10rs compl.ement of the true.value.
Th" 10rs cornplernent of a number is the value-which brings the nunber to
10' or to 0 if we run out of pJ.aces to carry into; in this case, itts
obvi.ousl-X t. The 10rs comp. is aLso l more than the 9rs courp.e which
would. bring each column to a totaL of 9; in this case, 001000.00. If
yourve ever used, such an adding machine, you aLso know'that.this oddl-ooking number only shows up if you print- it on the tape (t/O), and
that if you continue to add and subtract to a positive total, it prints
The number
out eorrectly
The sa.ne thing happens in binary, except that our digits are bits and
the complements are Zrs and1!si the sign-bit is that extra, overflow
digit. [a^king 0000 0001 from 0000 0000 gave us $11 1,t1,tr so the extra
digit has shown upr clueing us to a negative value. Since binary can
get messy with a l-ot of carryirg, Let's find the 1rs complement by
bringing each column to 1r 0000 0000 (just cha-rrge alL 1rs to 0's and
all Ors-to 1's). Add.ing 1, we get 0000.0001 , and finally, w€ change the
sign to get -1 (without the Leading Ors). As with the addingmachine,
going negative sornewhere d,uri.ng a chain of addition and subtiaction will
not affect the total-, and. negaiive numbers are a "probIem".onLy forI/O,
mul-tipli.cation and division. In these casesr.w€ look for a "-" character
on input' convert the number as if i.t were positlve, then subtract it
from 0 (which is easier than getting the 1rs comp. and adding 1); for
oufitut werLl, l-ook for the sigyr-bit = 7-, then
subtract the ntmber from
zero,, convert it to ASCII, and create a rr-rr to output to the left or
right of it. For nultlplication and divisionr rrerLl use only the absolute values of numbers, keeping the signs separate; if the algebraic
sigr of the resul-t is -, weaLL-negate the result.
If wefre really on the ballr rr€rl-L d.o the sign aLgebra for all operationsr
(e.g., a negative result fronTadding
since an unexpected change of sign
toverfLow"
two positive integers) indicates
and a l-oss of significarr,ce.
Data which is neither character nor numericaL is J.og5.cal-, or Boolean r
and has two possible val-uesr true and. false. Only 1 bit 5.s required to
store a Boolean vaLuer so 8 conditions may be represented by a-single
byte if we want to do it that wd.]r At other tines we may want to rnake
a J-ogical d,ecision based on d.ata which j.snrt Boolean and will be formatted according to other requirenents. A 0-bit is false, and. a 0-value
for other data types i.s aLso false; a 1-bit is true, and aJry non-?ero
val-ue for other tSpes of data is also true. For example , if we get a
1-byte error code back from our subroutines, where f00 is 0K and 01-FF
indlcate the tlpe of errorr weld ask, "Error?" by checking for 0r or
Error=False in Eng1ish. If thatrs the caser wetd proceed normally. If
3.95.22
r
vi\
the byte is non-zero (Error=llrue in Engl-ish), we'Il output the number
toqthe user, and probably stop to wait for his comecti-on. 0r, wetd \tl
tranelate the nrrmber 5.nto a text message instead. of glving the poor user
a mere code-nuhrber. In a more sophisticated envi.ronilent, we nilnt use
the error cod.e to d.eterurine our actionr send, a message and keep going, V{
send. a message and stop for the soLutionr selld a message and abort, or
even' attenpt an automatic recovery (fite re-reading a floppy 10 times)
]
I
1
I
|
for help
Yl
1861 and. other vid.eo or hardcopy gr3phics invol$e bit patterns which
are either picture elements (pixels) or color codesr BtG.r and these Yl
are cLoser to logical. data than anything eIEe. We night
not think in
I
terns of "true" and "false" (unless the question is t'li.ghted?"), but
i
YN
the data makes even less sense as a character or number.
I
lftren we've d.etemlned., possibJ.y after several repetitions of Steps L-5,
I
what aLL the data is', werll af,Locate memory for lt. ltle night not have Yl
a partlcular Locatlon in nind' Iet, but werlL estabLish the.ord.er of
I
the Ltens so werll have relative ad.dresses frour the start of the datal
when we know that adrires-gfift-simple adriition to convert the atidresses Vl
to absolute. I Like to put a1L the constants first (titles, text mes- t
sages, etc.), especially'if the progran may be in ROM eventually. The
I
varlables ,Trhl.ch w11,1 have to be in RAM r wiLL a1L be together, and you vl
tron't have' to reanange thingB as much to split the R$I-abLes from the
I
RADt-abl.es; putting the variables on a separate page of memory heLps
I
even more. I aLso put fixed-length varlabLes at Lower'' ad.dresses than Vl
vaglable-Length var-iabLes, espeeial.J.y if the naximum length is Linited
I
only by the anotrnt of memory on the machine. For exanple, I have a pro- , , I
gram whLch hand,Les text as one long Line for input and editing, and the vl
onl-y ltnit on the J.ength of this 1ine is having memory to hold. it. If
I add. memory to the machine, both the end of memor"Jr and the rr?.1(. end. of . II
before' yeJ.Ling
.!
1
the line move outward together by changing only 1 paraneter in the pro- vl
garrr (for output, a variable estabLishes the lengtn o'f a line on the
I
prLnter, vLdeo screenr etc. r so the prograr d.etermines where to break . I
the text into "lines'. The untouched text can be output on devi.ees withvt
different line-lengths.)
I
UsuaIIy, all the data will fit on one page, with the exception of i.tens Vl
and expandable text. For the data page' one
Ilke vid.eo-screen-memory
I
register becomes a *base pointer, " and any i.ten can be reached. by put- . J
tiXg lts low-ord,er addres-s into that haLf-of the registeri severlL-ltensvl
wnlcn are need.ed ln a messy order of, access may need ad.d.itiona1, tempora- |
byte of the original base.^_l
ry base registersr cr€eted by copying the high
i,nto more registers. ff therers a separate video buffer and,/or text,
- I
each wlll- have itrs ovwr base register' either permanently or tenporarily
(wny tie up a register aL1 the ti.ne for occasional use?).
'*{
Next
tiner
"top-down" design and "bottom-up"
cod,ing.
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Hi Ray: I just received my issues of the VIPER. f think itrs great.
Ifve read through thenr and have not seen anything on medlum res. 64
by 64. f wrote my own version of CHIP-8--I call it CHIP-BETA. ft
has all the CHIP-8 instructions plus the I/O instructions,from 8X
to run the Simple Sound and player 2 Hex keypads. The main feature
is 64 by 64 grapblcs. I coul.dnrt live wlthout itl The DRAW program
from the 311 nanual can be used immedlatel.y without conversion to
draw things in medium res. I plan to sell copies of CHIP-BETA for
$5.90 a copy. If there is anybody lnterested, wrlte me.
Also, in the Sept. 8l issue of BYTE magaq,ine, there is a clrcuit
called the rsweet Talker' It runs thror,lgh a parallel port. I belleve
it could be interfaced to the VIP using the Q-line and operated .Iike
the Sinple Sound board. This circuit would glve a 4K VIF a lggt
plus word vocabulary. Has anybody done it yet?
FSS Softwarw company puts out a verslon of FORTH for the SuperELF. Does anybody have lt running on a VIP? I think FORTH would be
a great third or:forth (pun intended?RS) language for the VIP. also,
is it Fossible and has anyone built a five to etght sl.ot I,/O board
that is programmable for the VIP? This would be great for using a
printer, noden, soundr voicer etc.
I tried wrlting rAsterolds" but couldnrt do the asterold part
very well. Is there anybody out there wlth a copy I could buy or
trade for? Well,, congratulations onlthe VIPERT and keep up the
excellent work. I plan on documenting ny VIP double array function
and sending it in. I use it in a program to conputer 16 by 16 nazes.
WeIlr best of luck in the future. Good computing!l
Ron Applebach ITlgG E. Bethany Circ1e Aurora, CO 80913
ADVENTURE
FOR
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IP users
announse the
adventune programs ls proud to
.
nelease of our flnst progrem entitled
It takes place ln medieval tlmes ln the 1egel$gny kingdon gf__lgnelot'
VIP.
sevenaL ylans aften Klng Anthurrg death.ft w111 nun on-a-lfK
iSCif keyboand.in addition, thene are thneo trmLni adventunestt
"ittt-""
on the fllp sld.e- of the cassette that w111 run on a ltK VIP wlth
Tiny Bastc, The cost of the cassette ls $8,95rs}:rLpping changes
inciuded. Make checke payable to Nathan Gopon, and rnaLL ordens toI
ffior
vrP
ADVENTURE, UNLTD.
MA'
a?067
168 Pond St. Sharonr
Many more ad.venture
s soon to
come I
3. g5 .24
COSMAC
VIP Autoeall Systen
by Georgc S. Gadbolg lfl3FEY
'
gcrvlcc for about $5.00
provldc
Spccdeall(R)
Conpanlcs
Tclephonc
per month. You can havc youf own autocall syetcm uelr€ a nlcroproccssor
for a nodcst capltal lnvcgtncnt and alsoet no opcratlng eost. A
elnplc autscaLl syetcrn uslng thc RCA C0SUAC VIP ls dcscrlbcd hcrc.
If yori donrt llkc thc fcaturcs, Just ehangc thc softws,rcr Try gcttlng
Ma
-'- Bell
'
!o changc hcr scrvlcc featwce,
--T[r'-ncl--iii6e
iitctuproci"Eor-li an cxccllcnt eholgc for eontrol
functlons around thc honc or radlo chack, Buildtng a mleroproccssor
systcm fron thc ground up ie an lnt'crceting and somc$lncs fiuelratlng
cicrclsc, fhsrc-arc nany noldcrlng nleroproccsaor rcpcatcr: eontrol*proJects around to attcet to thc frustratlrrg naturc of bullding
supposedly ainplc rnlcroproccssors. If you cnJoy sueh exerelgcs, flne,
but lf you Just want to gct on wlth the Job, lct eomconc clsc do thc
dog wortc for you. Tte RCA vIP has all thc hardwarc you nced for
slmplc tr/O proJccts wlthout b-Urdcnlng your poekctbook. Tho buffcrcd
bytc lrl0 intcrfacc ls. caelly lntcrfaecd wlth cxternal loglc or rclays+
The VIP Autocall cystcm dcscrlbcd hcrc rcqulrce r trK RAt to
support 'thc hlgh rceolutlon graphies dkplay uecd for opcretor pnonpts
and date dlrplay, If you'1I settlc for lecs eophletleatlon ln thc
grephlcgr Vou can utc a ZX RASI. Onc pegc, 256 bytcs, 18 sct esldc
for storagc of phone nurbcrs. Thls pcrnlts twcnty-one t2-dtgtt
nunbcrs to bc etorcd. If you want to storc morc nunbcrc, you can
rcduec thc naxlnun lcngth or lnorcasc tha elsc of thc buffcr erGe.
fws addltlonal pelca of RlJil cen ceelly be nede avelleblc ln a 4K vIP.
lhc VIP lutoeal]. usce a Moqtck l[I(5089N lntegratcd tonc dlalcr ts
gcncrate thc standerd touchtonc(R) frequcncl-cs. If you are llnltcd
to a dlel pulrc cxehangc,
can change the progran to gcncretc dlel
pulscs. Thc clreult chownlrou
ln Flg. 1wiII gcncratc thc fulL t+ by t+
tonc natrlx, opcnlng rcmotc control, posslbllltlcs not avallablc wlth
a standard ionc padl Ac writtcn, thc "#" key ls uscd ae thc "cnd of
nunbcr' kcyl howcver, thlg can bc caeily changcd ln thc goftwnrc.
A nodlflcd CIilP-8X lntcrprctcr with a hlgh rcgolutlon dtsplay
routi,ne ls uscd in thls syeten. This choLoc wae made bccausc gf the
CttIP-8X output to port lnetructlon and the pleaslng r,ppcaraneG of thc
hlgh rcsolutlon graphLce. C[IP-8 could bc uscd wlth a neehlnc
laig;uagc subroutfnc fsr thc tonc output. Notc that thc nornal CHIP-8X
bytc !.nbut lnstructlon got dlsplaeed by thc hlgh rcsslutlon dlspley
routlnc. But ia ts not nccdcd for thls appllcatlon.
Thc nsdiflcd CHIP-8X lnterpretcr oceupl-cs Benory locetlone 0000
to 02FF and lc ghorn es e' Hcx dunp ln Tablc I. Thc Autoeall progrr,n
ls shown wlth conatcntg ln Tablc IL Bceausc an cxccss of ncnory wes
avallabla, thc aubroutlncs and meln progfan wero widely acpa'frted to
rnakc modlficatlon and dobugging c&sy. A convcnlent ncthod for opcrator
mcssagG gancratlsn le provldcd by atorlng ncssagcs ln ASCII codc and
thcn looklng up thc approprlttc character dlsplay patternc ln e
ncmory buffcr. Thc nrodificd CHIP-8X and mesgegc gcntretor wGrG
wrltten by Stevc }Iouk of RCA for a norsc kcyer_progran. Ihc.lutocall
progran uscs thc ASCII tablcs only for lntcrnal message gcncration
so no ASCII kcyboard ls rcqulrcd to usc thc Autooall systcn. If you
rrvant a nGur ncaatge you cen antcr thc ASCII cqulvelcnt Hex codcs.
Tha mcssagG buffErtb on page 0500-06FF, NUL-codc 00 denotcs cnd of
I
nOggrtgc.
'3.95.25
\,
\\\-
l"1\.
)'1i'\,
)i\),"\_
VIP Autocall
0B,frfr gtBB FFg4 8286
Tabl
FBCF
frg|g B4r8 1BA4 r80t B5r8
figzg 45AF 1616 F6r6 3244
gg3g A6g5 F6r6 1616 FgFg
frg 4fr A3D3 3 618 SFFA grB 3
gg,g saaL srgl grgr frLfrr
gg6g gs'7c 758 3 8895 B4B7
g07a 3frAfr 45FA grAF 3298
ggSg E2g6 FATF FEFE 3B8A
gggg ggSF BCtz g75C SCFC
g0Ag rSFg AD3s 7256 l68F
gsBg A69 3 A7 8D 3 2D9 g6F2
gscg 5cfi2 FBfr7 32D2 1Cg6
gaDg 5c 2C 168C rCgS AC 3g
ggvg F8g4 BFFS FFAT 9BBC
ggF'g 42A5 D48D A787 32AC
0lgg gsag snsg sg 47 A398
gLLfi 22DC L256 D4g6 B8D4
frIzg F4AA 38 28 gArC t{ lBA
6L3fi 0AAA D4E6 968T 93BE
fir4g gErs 3B4B 56gA rcgl
frLsg 562A 2AD4 fr922 8652
gL6g lA3A 58 12 D422 8652
0I7 g 1A3A 68 12 D415 8522
frLgfi orB 5 D4 4 5 E6r3 3A8 2
0r9g D445 A73e 8C45 s73A
gTAg D4 3E B8D4 FETS A7E7
frLBU rcst B5D4 4556 D445
gLcs c4 fr7 56D4 AF22 r8D3
gLDg 5618 FFA6 FSgg 7856
gIEg F456 7686 F4B9 5645
gLE'g BAD4 figgw ggB6
ii
, i\,
,U
I
tr
\-
6 3D4
gzss l3sfr 017A 427fr 2278
g2L0 r'Agc B g E2 E2E2 3C 14
s22g BB88 3293 7ts28 3gs4
g23A AD g6 F'Ao 7 BEg 6 r'A3r
B24g rErE 3846 lDlD rE3B
g25g 0F AD A7r8 DgA6 94Ar
B26g 8832 6C9D F 6BD 8176
g27g 5616 3956 D3EC L'8Dg
s28s 2D32 8618 rIAT 4613
g29g b'232 9 6r'8 01A7 g61 3
gzAfr TCgg BCFB 1g3A 7BF8
g2Bg A787 3274 2A27 3gB1
trzcg 3 4BC 98 3 2 294ts zts 88
AzDg 9 2BD T'8 9F ADF B C$BC
gzvg scrB 9L32 ECFS 915C
gzPg 8265 22D4 fifrbfr gagg
eI
A2F8 gzBL
FAAs D4 96
F950 ACSF
a7 4C B 38C
453fr 4fr22
F8s6 AI9s
B7E2 94BC
FA0F FgFO
FCCIF AC gC
69I2 DA6G
gLfiz gI TgT
sLgI stsg
BCgl EB7 g Dg2F ggff5
46rA 3FF6 1616 2252
1D lD FE 38 8E1D FIAC
gSAC 2F8F 3A9 4 D4 D4
s6l 6 3g8E 0frEc r8D0
2D32 BEFS rLAT 4 6F3
8',232 CEFS glAT g613
E6r8 lC2r
9T
3A EAD4
3gDA 42E-5
94AC
2A27 3015 3AB3 3gDg
9 4 5C
56D4 r881 BCFS 9 sAL
g6A8 D464 gAgT E68A
D4r8 81BA g6TA OFAA
IB AE 2A lArS frasA
5A30,4948 16 3C 3C9r
r8F0 A7g7 5A8 7 r 317
rS
rSFg A7gA 5787 F317
7395 5225 45A3 86FA
tsl5 D445 E6r3 3A88
8486 6226 45A3 3688
514 A586 FA0F 3BB2
E6F4 56D' 4 sFA gtr 3A
738r F9Fg 5 286 fr7D2
D4 19 IgAE 93BE 9gEE
1256 D445 AA8 6 FA6F
3gF5 fr229 GgEfr fig4B
4
2252 C41e F8 0 S AggB
3418 9832 21AB 2B8B
s198 FPg3 BEn4 01gB
F6r'6 \'622 52A7 FATF
4A1D F'lAC SDBC 45rA
8732 AF27 4ABD gEAE
AF2E 3fr6fr 9D56 l 68F
A694 ATBD 32A7 s6E2
5Cg2 FBfi7 329A lco6
5C2C 168C rcg8 Acgc
BFA6 8756 L2D4 CI t 8D
0LDA 3CB 5 BfrE? zfrAg
ts888 3273 7ts28 3fr7 4
9 4AC F'BAA 5C9 4 tsCAC
FBg
1
5DD4
r'809
5DD4
fr295 82D6 g2BI g[t48,
3.05.26
v
Table I
VIP Autocall
gLss EsEg EgEg
EgEg EgEg
EgEg EgEg E0EB EgEg
g4Lg EgEg EgEg EgEg EgEg EgEg EgEg EgEg EgEg
s42g 779A B5BF TCBA CgAg 6EC4 CEgg 97 9 4 78Bs
g43g 287 2 424D 3;g4s 4432 4648 A89D 8BA{ I 98 5
s44g SLss 6A18 6614 l62t fl325 3496 54gD 6g2E
g45A 5rlc s83C 29lg 6LsC g95B 3868 ACC4 D3DC
g469 tAlc AflDE CEFE 27 3F I 351 3E9s AC76 D6BB
g47g g4gA 1818 7372 E7D8 g8E5 8668 Agc4 A486
g,gg
AgEg hgLg cgL6 Ag4g AgAg EgEg
AgAg Eggs EgSg EgSs 8g8A EgAs AgEg
SgAg AgBg t g4g -;40f,e 4g4g 4g4g EgAg
EgzA 2g2A- agAs Egzg 4s8s EgSs 4g2g
Egzg EgSg EgAs EnAA Egzg zgvg zgvg
AgEg 8s8g 8g8s EgAs cpLg Ag[s 4s49
AgAg Ag4g cgLg AgAg CgAg EgAg cgSg
cg4g ,4949 Eggg gggg gggg 4gBfi 4gEg
EgAg SgEg aggs sgSg 4g2g 4g8s 4g2g
Eg[s gggg Eggg gsgs 4g4s [sgs 4sgs
gggg ggvg ggBg sgLg 0g4s ggSg 4s2g
4g8g ggAg Aggg Bggs Ag2g 4g8s Aggg
Asgg 6g2a 2029 6s4s Eg20 Eg4g gg4s
gsD,g Ag4g g64s AAsg 4g4g AgAg Ag4g gggg gggg
sSEg sggg sggg ggEs IE77 ASTA 88D5 .BE8F 2C 5r
sSFg c89A 9984 DFFC T.FEF :36A8'9llE EFl7 3 312
EgAg E0AA
sSLs AgAg
a52g 2gE0
s53g AgLgl
g54s EsSg
g55g zgvs
s56s EgAg
s57s 8,s8s
s58s 4ggg
g59s gs4s
g5Ag 4g49
gsBs sa2s
g5cg Ag4g
s6ss 56 49 5s2s 4155 544F 4449 414C 4552 g03l
g6Lg 2D49 4E5s 5554 2C32 2D53 4548 44gg 49 4E
s62g 5955 5429 5s8g 4F4E 4529 2g2g 2g2g 4855
s63s 4D 42 4552 2E2g 4548 442s 5749 5448 2922
s64s 4622 gg53 4548 4429 4855. 4D42 4552 sg44
g65g 4r'48 45gg 4855 4D42 4552 2953 544F 524 5
s66s 44ss 494E 4445 58 3D sg 49 4844 4 5 58 2s54
g67g 4r4F 2g4C 4152 4745 gg2g 2g2g 2g2s 2g2g
s68s 5459 5945 2s 49 4E2s 4D45 5353 4L47 452A
s69g 5448 45{E 2s5A 5245 5353 2s2A 292fr 2g2g
s6Lg 5245 54 55 5248 2646 4F52 2g4E dE4 5 2029
g68g 584D 4954 2s 4F 522s 2s2g 2g2s 2g2s 202s
s6cg 4c49 4Ed5 2946 4545 4429 4641 5229 2g2s
s6Dg 5245 5s45 41 54 2s58 4D49 542E' ggg0 gggg
g69g 4255 4646 4552 2fr46 554C 4c2r ssSE 2C 5r
g6?g c89s 9984 DFFC FFET' '3ge8 911E Er 17 33r2
3.95.27
\t'
ASCII
PATTERN
INDICESI
V
Y
Y
ASC
I I DISPLAY
('
PATTERNS
MESSAGE BUFFER
!rt
i
Y
\\l' "1,,\-
\,
)n]
Add
ress
s3gg
s302
s3s4
s3g6
s3g8
g3gA
l\/
t ,\,
lrttllr
tr
Clear output to t,tK5689
llessage indexs iVIP Autodialer"
Di splay message
Delay
\
69ss
27 5s
6880
27Ag
16gA
46sL
13IC
4692
s
316
318
g
3lc
s3
.i
6EFT
D..ET8
s3Ls
s312
g30E
g3lA
ollr
Conments
69 gr
27 5g
s3l4
f ,:lt-
Code
s3gc
s
iL.
Table I I
VIP Autocall
lE
fi329
s322
9324
s326
s328
s32A
g32C
g32E
s33s
s332
s334
138 s
I 3gC
27 gg
691E
27 58
t35s
AA6fr
rAlE
FggA
Fg55
4gsv
I349
TAgL
TCsL
pg29
63 36
D455
s338
033A
s33C
g33E
7
g34A
6954
2758
68 8g
27 Ag
I 3sC
9342
s344
9346
s348
4s5
4CgC
L34s
I 324
s35s
9352
6Cgg
s 354
7
s3s6
64ss
sls
L324
Message 3
Dt spl ay
It
l-Input r
2-Sendt
Wait for Hex key
if gL ( input ) *)
to 13lC
Go tf 02 (send) t)
to 1389
Else loop back on inval id input to r 3gc
Go to buffer index subroutine
l{essage 3 ' Input Phone number . End wlth tFr
Go
Display
Go to g35g
Phone nunber
buffer lndext points to
gAgA
Wait for hex key
Store digit just entered
Go if tFf (entry finlshed)
to L34g
ELSE Increment index polnter
Increment count
Display digit entered
at
XY location of Y4, V5
In€renent X co-ordinate of display:
Test for 12 digits ln buffer
Xest then buffer full; Go to A340
No? Then go to 0324 and get another
l4essage:'Nunber storedr
Di splay
X=X*5
Delay
Go
to start of programi menu at
Count =
gSgC
g6
Next line of dlsplay
Go
to
9324
Phone Number Send Routine
s38g
s382
s384
f,
\-
6Cgg
6943
27 5g
s38 6
27gs
s388
g38A
68s 3
646s
sls
s 38C
7
0388
AAgg
Count =
gg
llessage : " send number o
Di spl ay
Go t,o Index number subroutine
V8=A3i tone duration (about Sgmsec)
Next line of displaY; V4=gg (X co-ofdinate)
V5=\f5+L0 ; ( Y co-ord inate)
Phone number buf f er index i po ints t,o gAgg
3.95.28
v
VIP Autocall
Table II (con'd)
address
Code
Comments
s39s
6392
s394
rg65
Vg=d ig i
Index into buffer
t to be sent
V
TCgL
Test for tF! (end of digtt string)
Yes? then Go to 9'386
No, then increment buffer pointer and
Display di9it
Increment X co-of,d inate
Po lnt to Touchtone ( Tlr) code
YA= 2 of I code for output to tttK5g89
Output Vg to I/A port
Go to delay Subroutine
Clear output
Go to delay subroutlne
Test fo r 12 d ig I ts sent ; Vc=count
Yes? Then Go to 9386
No? Then to 0388 and get another digit
V
'g
396
s398
s39A
FATE
4ggt'
l386
TAgL
a39C
rg2g
0398
g3Ag
s3A2
D4 55
7 4s5
A9 s6
3A4
EgIE
s3A6
Eg65
FgFS
27Ag
g
6 3A8
63AA
g3AC
g 3AE
sSBg
a3F.2
g3B4
0 386
s 388
g 3BA
g 3BC
g 38E
FEFS
27AA
4CgC
1386
l38E
69
4r
2758
688s
Ag
r 38s
27
Phone Number
g7 gg
g7s2
97,g'4
g7s6
s7 98
a7 gA
gTgc
gTgE
ls
s7
97 t2
s7 L4
g7 L6
s7 18
gT lA
97 lc
g7 lE
97 2s
g7 22
s7 24
s7 26
g7 28
6962
2758
Inc rement count
Ftessage: x Doner
Di splay the nessage
Delay
Subro ut i ne
Go to nex t phone number
Buffer Index Subroutine
Irlessage ! " Index='
Display message
7 495
D4 55
Wait for Key Press
Display HSD of index number
V4-V4 +gS i Inc rement X co-o rd i na te
Display i t
If V6=A8 Then
Go to 6717 o else
If V6=A! THEN
Go to 9728, else
Go to Er ro r message
Wait for Key Press
Display LSD of index number
V4=V4 +05 i Inc rement X co-ofdinate
Di splay i t
8A6E
8A64
VA=VA+V6; (=3*V6)
F6 gA
8629
74s5
D455
46gs
l7r6
46s
I
L7 28
17 3E
rSgA
E'629
SAAE
SAAE
OAEE
6A
l6
972A
g72C
F6 gA
672E,
87 65
g7 3g
s7 32
v
6704
3rg
l
17 38
VA=z*VG
VA=6*V6
VA=I2*V-6; (= Buffer
Ret urn
po
inter
i Set l'lSD egua I to
for Key Press
Test for Index(= 14 Hex
VA= L0
Wa
it
Go to er ror nessage
3.95.29
one
)
V
V1
..
l
V
rl
\-'
\I
\\-
lni\-
VIP Autoeall
Table II (con'd
Address
Code
Comnents
g7 34
8644
1718
V6=[6+VA ( = INDEX]
Go to gTLg
E'629
Di
s7 36
s7 38
a7 3A
g7 3C
s73E
g7 4s
s7 42
g7 44
g7 46
a7 48
g7 AA
s7 4C
s7 4E
07 sfi
s752
g7 54
7
4s5
D455
6969
27 s8
6880
6962
L704
gggg
gggs
ggvg
646s
65sg
l7 5C
s7 56
s7 58
97 5A
64gs
675C
A6gg
g7 5E
g7 69
g7 62
g7 64
s7 66
s7 68
g7 6A
s7 6C
g7 6E
s77 g
s77 2
s77 4
s77 6
s778
977 A
977C
g77E
s7 8s
9782
s784
s786
s788
s78A
s78C
07 8E
s79s
g7 Ag
g7A2
g7A4
s7 A6
97A8
splay LSD
and
Di splay i t
Flessage : il fndex too large "
Increment X Co-ord inate
Delay
27aG
27 5g
7
5I0
19 1E
r 965
79sr
4ggfi
ggEE
277 s
l7 5C
sggg
gggs
A4gg
rg lE
['g 65
ASgg
r'g lE
D4 55
4s4
344s
7
ggEE
7
5Ig
64ss
58s
ggEE
3
ggvg
64gg
65sg
ggBE
18l5
rDo 7
3Dgg
T7A2
ggEE
)
l.tessage
3 " fndex=t
to g7g4 and try agaln
filIer
Eraqe d isplay
Set d i splay co-ord inates to
o"
Go
Go t,o g7 5C
Set X co-ord
of display to gg and
increment Y co-ord for next d isplay 1 ine
Message buffer pointer
Vh=ASC I I Cha rac te r
increment buffer i V9=V9+0L
TEST FOR END o f message (gg Is EOt't flag)
Yes? Then returll r otherwl se
Go to character display subroutine
Get next character
ti*1er
Point to ASCII Code table
Table po inter
Vg=Pointer to display pattern
Po int, to character table pattern
Pointer to display pattern
Di splay character
f nc rement X co-ord of display
Test for end of l ine
Return
i nc rement Y co-ord of dlsplay and
Set X co-ord to 6g for a new dlsplay line
Test for end of page
Re
turn
Erase screen
Set X co-ord to gg and
Set y co-ord to gg
Ret ur n
Set Tirner=V8
VD=Current Timer value
Test if Timer value=$$
No? then Go to g7A2 and check it again
Yes? Then Return
3.95.39
v\
v
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3.95.31
v
'
iir
\/
i
l
DRIVING A BAUDOT PRINTER t^lITH THE VIP
\-
BY GERALD KRIZEK
TTIIs
PRoGRAM
Is AN ADAPTATIoN OF A PRoGRAM PRESENTED BY
B, Mrllen rN lpso Flcro #6, ploe 38,
Even SINcE I nlve nln BAsIc oPERATING IN mv VIP,I
HAD wISHED
UIIFoRTUNATLv, A DEcEEII
PRINTER COSTS THE BETTER PART OF A KILOBUCKT MUCH MORE THAN MY
HOBBY BUDGET woULD ALLow. OWNING A TTIETvpe MoueL 15 FoR AMATEUR
RADIo usE, I-_nno BEEN GoING T0 wRITE SoFTwARE To usE IT wHEN I
cAME AcRoss fvlt Llen ' s ART I cLE ,
I HAVE ADAPTED TH I S PRoGRAM FOR USE ON A VI P RUNN I NG RCA, S VP7OI FLOATING POINT BASICT HENcE THE LocArroN (0600-07FF),
SevTRAL MoD I F I cATI oNS TO VP -7OL ARE NECESSARY FOR TH I S PRO=
I
Hno soME soRT 0F HARD copy
GRAM
TO
RUN
ourpur,
I
FI,Rsr: Slnce rHe 0 LINE IS usED FoR THE SERIAL ourpur, THE
KEY DEPRESSED TONE MUsT BE DEFEATED, Do THIs BY
cHANGING LocATron 2094 FRoM 02 ro 00,
SCcoNO: THT INTERUPTS ASSocIATED WITH THe TV oUTPUT REALLY
FouL_up rHE TIMING FoR THE SERIAL ourpur,_-T0 KEEe
rHE TV oTT PERMANENTLY, cHANGE LocATIoN 186A FRoM
98 ro D5,
Tnlno: TnE BASIc TABLE THAT CONTAINS THE ADDRESS oF THE
ourpur RourINE MUsr BE,cHANGED. CnRnee LocATIoNS
2060 2061 FRoM 08 00 ro 06 20.
TTIIs PROGRAM REcETVES THE AScII CHARACTER AND FIRST DETERMINES
rHEN cHEcKs
WHETHER
IS A "spAcE", "LETTER"T 0R "FIGURE",
LAST
THE
cHARAcTER
THE IeTlTIe MEMoRY To sEE wHAT
t'tAS
AND DETERMINES IF IT SHOULD oUTPUT A ,,LETTERS., OR ,,FIGURES,, FUNCTIoN
BEFORE IT OUTPUTS THE BAUDOT VERSION OF THE ASCII INPUT.
IT Tnen cHEcKS THE LoOK-UP TABLE AT THE AScII ADDRESS AND
ourpurs rHE DATA AT THAT LocATIoN, THe ourpur Is MADE up oF
ONE START SPACE, FIVE INFORMATION BAUDS, AND TWO STOP MARKS,
Tnen rne lrnenlrrcuRE MEMoRv IS UpDATED AND THE VIP nerunns
TO BAS IC.
-
-
-
Ir
tr
TII{TNc
Is
sET FOR N 60 hlPM SNUOOT MACHINE. Ir N HIGHER
IS usED, THE DATA AT LocATton 06E2 wILL HAVE To
spEED MAcHINE
ADJUSTED FOR PROPER TIMING.
Slnce THE cOMPUTER IS TIED UP WHTLE OUTPUTING A CHARACTER,
ANY INPUT AT THE ASCI KEYBOARD DURTNG EXECUTION OF THE OUTPUT
ROUTINE t{ILL BE IGNOREDT
STncT A BAUDoT PRINTER DoES NOT HAVE SOME OF THE CHARAcTERS
IN THE ASCI CHARACTER SET, SOME SYMBOLS DUE DOUBLE.DUTY AS
NoTED BY THE ASTERISK IN THE LOOK-UP TABLE LISTING, TTITS HAS
CAUSED ME NO PROBLEMS,
TnT UNUSED MEMORY GAPS IN THIs PROGRAM ALLOwED ME TO EASILY
NM NOT PRESSED FOR MEMORY IN THTS AREA,
MAKE cHANGES. SINcE
oto Nor BoTHER T0 coNDENSE THE PRoGRAM
wTTL ge HAPPY TO ANSWER ANY OUESTIONS ABOUT THIS PROGRAM
THAT ARE MAILED To ME. PLTASE SEND S.A,S,E,
I
I
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lil
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722 N. MoRADA AVE.
WEsr CovrNA., CA,
91790
3.95.32
BE
AF
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5A F8 06
5C BF
5D F8 00
5F AF
54 30 eC
56 8F
57 D4 06 B0
0651 D4 06 B0
4A 9F
4B FB FF
4D 32 9C
4F F8 81
41 FB 2A
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45 8F
46 FE FE
48 tB 90
0540
PROCESS ASCI
40
22 22 22
56 t0
3t
32 02
RF
GLO
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RF
SPACE
RF
OO
RF
PHI
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CALL PRINT
06
LJI
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tt
t
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a
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t
t
L0AD
I
T0
LETTER
G0T0 069C
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OUT
COI'IPARE ASCI
IF
I
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SHIFI
IF
COIIPARE ASCI
: OUTPUT
i
t
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a
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CALL PRINT
BZ 9C
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SHL SHL
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9C
20
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BR
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R2
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R2
R2
RF
00
56
PRINT
SHL
( f (
FE
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CO]*IPARE
RETURN
ASCII TO
REST0RE D
REST0RE
G0T0 0680
.
t
a
t
;
't
t
t
ta
;
;
;
t
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START SPACE
SHIFT OUT
LOAD DATA FROI{ L0OK-UP TABLE
07 T0 RE,l
ASCI
G0T0 0680
L0AII ,'LET' INTO LET/FIG llElq.
(_
t OUTPUT ASCI I
t LOAD RF.l t{lTH LET/FIG I'lE}l LOC.
; G0T0 0656
ta
t
FIGURE
LOAD "F I G" I NTO LET/F I G llEltl
t I F SAIIE G0T0 0656
i OUTPUT "FIGURES"
a
t
'
;
tI
t
t
t
tI
t
ta
i
t
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tI
t
(__f (,
SHL
SHL
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RF
Dl{
PHI
rDl
PLO
BR
STR
FF
RF
PLO
LDI
RF
OO
LDI
06
PHT
tDI
CALL
RF
CALL DELAY
AE
B0
GLO
BR
81 F8 07
85 BE
84 OE
85 FE FE
87 78
88 D4 06 E0
0680
PRIIIT
MBF
A3 F8 00
A5 AF
A6 F8 FF
A8 5F
A9 t0 80
9D D4 06
06A0 F8 06
9A t0
9C 8F
91 FB 00
XRI OO
95 t2 56
BZ 56
ut 80
95 F8 80
97 Dq 06 BO CALL PRIIIT
06e0 9F
RESTORE D
;
t
r{c R2
I
PHI RF
L2
BF
2F
0630 L2
OF
PR0CESS ASCI
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86 L2
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PHI
INC
BE
82.
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0680 12
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EXIT
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D
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STR
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63 30 80
ASCII CollT,,
0660 F8 00
PRoCESS
ta
SAVE
SAVE
LETTER/FIGURE ]'IE]'IORY LOCATION
t
RF
OO
RF
I
;
t
;
RF
AF
BF
PLO
LDN
2A
2D
2E
R2
STR
29 F8 00
RE
GHI
06
R2
LDt
PHI
LDI
R2
STR
DEC
R2
R2
RE
STR
2L 52
22 22
23 8E
24 52
25 22
26 9E
27 52
28 F8 06
R2
DEC
GLO
DEC
22
0620
EIITER
0600
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t-b
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7A
C3
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FF
C4 C4
C4 C4
FF 01
F8
52
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Dq 06
D4 06
LOOP
l{
-r
E0
C4
E0
CUNRETTi
W
I
DELAY i
R5
IF
IF
t
t
;
t
t
RETURN
RESTORE D
G0T0 05E3
IF
J'IA .
-.-.-.-r
PRI IITER
KevBoARD
L-€
I
N PARALLEL
SElecron
ners
I
D#0
llne
Ar{D THE qELEETOR MAGNETS
60
D
RETURN
PRINTER INTERFACE
LL BE APPROX ,
DF=O
D=0
SEND STOP I'IARK
G0T0 0688
SEND SPACE
G0T0 06C4
SEND I'IARK
G0T0 06Cg
G0T0 06C5
t SAVE
t DELAY CONSTANT
; D-l
t
DEI-AY t
R2
FF
SFII 01
t{0 0P
1{0 0P
BNZ E3
LDll RZ
SEP R5
LDI
STR
SEP
CALL
CALL
t
BNF
;
REO
;
BR
t
sE0
t
CALL DELAY
't
BR
RE8
t
BZ
rn A L?V SUppLy
EA 3A E3
EC 02
ED D5
E5
E5
E8
El
06E0
DEI..AY
06D0
cA
cD
cr, 30 c4
c3 78
c4 D4 06 E0
c7 30 BB
c9 7A
06c0
06BC 32
BE 39
PRINT CONT.
THE
23
22
L3
OF
2A
2F
1B
0730
33
34
55
36
37
38
39
'A
3B
tc
3D
3E
3F
OF
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2F
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L3
lD
3D
lF
1I)
07
19
39
29
03
15
33
2L
5B
3L
3L
32
OD
2C
2D
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3D
28
29
29
OD
L7
2F
27
24
25
26
25
2D
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0723
1t
37
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05
37
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07
0700
DATA
BAUDOT
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33
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OF
0740 17
41
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45 2L
46 2D
47 L7
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49 L9
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48 5D
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4D
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0750 LB
51 38
52 15
55 29
5t{ 03
55 t9
56 lF
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0780 37
sL tF
ADDRESS DATA
cc
zz
l{}l.
XX
YY
vv
TT
UU
ss
,LETTERST
"FI GS"
DD
EE
FF
GG
HH
TT
JJ
KK
LL
l,l il
t{N
00
PP
00
RR
e8
AA
BB
ASCI.L BAUD0T
IS
SHOULD
ENT.
I{HICH THERE
IS
TO
I{O BAUDOT EOUIVAL-
}{ERE CHOSEN
)
CHARACTERS FOR
I
REPRESEITIT ASC I
BAUDOT CHAR-
NOT SHO}{N ABOVE
01 AS DATA.
*
ACTERS I'IARKED (
CONTAIN
THAT
ANY ADDRESS BET}IEEN OTOO AI{D OTFF
CARR. RET.
LINE
BELL
."FIGS"
DC-5 *oFlGS"
NUL
I
BEL
LF
CR
ASCI
I T0 jAUp0T _100K-UP TABLE
ADDRESS
ASCI
WP Hobby Computer Ass oeiati
jZ Ainsworth Avenue
East Brunsryi ck, NJ 0881 6
on
*l
I*l
*1
yl
*l
ul
1
*l
g
yl
A PINAL tf0RDr
This lssue of vrPER ie the.largeq! !o date put out byvrpHcA. r
5oPg-that yo-u.wlll-enJoy lt and flnd the materlal wortnwhlle. ft
really ls a blg help wtren you
can_eend in
ii"t c""-i" ju"t
"pasted u!': speakln€ _q{ !*erial, Richara
"aiari.r
wara-sent
o.
in a cHrp-g
verslon of the gtpe of wlupIIS which runJ- in inr Oic-vip. nrit-rriJ--i""niis
ducumentatlon, which is
ls-on"r
r!-nrgrrt
-of-juifil"i'e"r"
-lq piE""l-il
eonslder havlng a-speciartupellr
iuuricatfot
for
those
who
are lnterested, Let me kn-ow whl{ t;" irnii. oi-nr;il"p"
r
ehoutd
5--Just prlnt tt in parts-al a part oi {te vlpEn.
Let nre wish all of
Hollday Season and a rorthwhile Lggzl
After thls lssue of^y-9g-a-happy
vrPER, th6re wlll-be one rnoi" io" in" ;f9[1;'-'
soog- artletee in in; ean, riciuarne
T"H*":Ilp ry3". I have ieverat anvthlng
speetar vou'isht-rr.[;-i;
3"Ii"ri"?:"ufi[]'ol]l"ltuxl"rl3ie
!
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3.05,35
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