What we have learned
What we still don’t know and
What we must do
to combat climate change
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Five years of European carbon research:
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What we have learned, What we still don’t know, and What we must do to combat climate change
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@RBHDMSHiB@RRDRRLDMSQDONQSVGHBGVD@QDOTAKHRGHMFHMO@Q@KKDKSNSGHRDCTB@SHNM@K
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What we have learned
What we still don’t know and
What we must do
to combat climate change
Five years of European carbon research:
iMCHMFREQNLRBHDMBDBG@KKDMFDRENQGTL@MHSXSDRSHLNMHDREQNLRBGNNKR
Christoph Heinze
Andrea Volbers
Carbo Europe
Coordinator
CarboEurope
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CarboOcean
Coordinator
CarboOcean
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Ernst-Detlef Schulze
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What we have learned, What we still don’t know, and What we must do to combat climate change
Contents
Climate change, like no other environmental challenge in
this century, will require a complete transformation of our
energy and industrial systems, the way we transport ourselves, build our dwellings and also the way we produce,
buy and re-use goods and services. 2TBG @ SQ@MRENQL@SHNM
B@MADRHLOKXDMB@ORTK@SDCHMSGDVNQCReCDB@QANMHRHMFRNBHDSXs@
L@RRHUDTMCDQS@JHMFL@MXSHLDRAHFFDQSG@MSGD(MCTRSQH@K1DUNKTSHNM@RHSMDDCRSN
QD@BGDUDQXHMCHUHCT@KDUDQXRDBSNQ@MCDUDQXBNTMSQXHMSGDVNQKC
RNBHDS@KBG@MFDNESGHRL@FMHSTCDVHKKNMKXADONRRHAKDHEHMCHUHCT@KRTMCDQRS@MCSGD
RB@KDNESGDBG@KKDMFDSGDONSDMSH@KBNMRDPTDMBDRSGDRNKTSHNMR@U@HK@AKD@MCSGD
FNUDQM@MBDRSQ@SDFHDRSG@SB@MKD@CSNV@QCRRTRS@HM@AKDCDUDKNOLDMSO@SGV@XR(SHR
SGDDLONVDQLDMSNESGDHMCHUHCT@KRSG@SVHKKCQHUDSGDMDBDRR@QXADG@UHNTQ@KBG@MFD
@MC DM@AKD GHFGDQ KDUDK HMRSHSTSHNMR SN LNUD ENQV@QC VHSG ONKHBHDR RSQ@SDFHDR @MC
incentives for industry and society to transform.
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What we have learned
7
Achievements, surprises & worries from global carbon research
MNUDQUHDVNE"@QAN$TQNODQDRTKSR
MNUDQUHDVNE"@QAN.BD@MQDRTKSR
3GDFKNA@KOHBSTQD
What we must do
19
Climate change is caused by mankind? Excellent news:
since we are the origin of the problem, we are also
master of the solution!
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3GDAHFRNKTSHNMR
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CarboSchools in action
30
Partnerships between climate researchers and
secondary school teachers
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5
What we have learned, What we still don’t know, and What we must do to combat climate change
What we have learned
Achievements, surprises & worries from global carbon research
Key research questions about the global carbon cycle
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STM@SDKXSGDM@STQ@KB@QANMBXBKDHRBTQQDMSKX?RN@JHMFTO@KHSSKDLNQDSG@MG@KENE
NTQ".DLHRRHNMRAX@ARNQAHMFSGDLHMSGDUDFDS@SHNM@MCSGDNBD@M
3G@MJRSNSG@SSGDQDHRLTBGKDRR".HMSGD@SLNROGDQDSG@MSGDQDVNTKCNSGDQVHRD
AD @MC GDMBD SGD NMRDS NE @ RDUDQD V@QLHMF B@TRDC AX SGHR FQDDMGNTRD F@R @MC
HSR C@MFDQNTR DEEDBSR HR ADHMF CDK@XDC 3GD ". EQ@BSHNM SG@S QDL@HMR HM SGD @SLN
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SQDMCRBNMSHMTDSGDETSTQDOQNONQSHNMNENTQDLHRRHNMRRS@XHMFHMSGD@SLNROGDQDVHKK
increase more and more.
The capacity of vegetation to take-up carbon is
affected by climate change. The oceans seem to
absorb less and less carbon. The accumulation
of CO2 in the air is growing exponentially,
although the natural carbon sinks still absorb
more than half of our current emissions. In
two words: no surprise - as we continue to
emit more and more CO2, planet Earth is more
and more perturbed!
6G@SHRG@OODMHMFSNSGDB@QANM@ARNQADCHMSGDUDFDS@SHNM@MCNBD@M?RONMFDRNQ
?RHMJR@RVDQ@SGDQB@KKSGDL6G@SHRCDSDQLHMHMFSGDDEiBHDMBXNESGDRDRHMJR@MC
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B@QANMBXBKDHRLNQD@MCLNQDCHRSTQADCAXNTQDUDQFQNVHMFDLHRRHNMR6G@SVHKKAD
SGDBNMRDPTDMBDRNMSGD$@QSGRXRSDL6DBQHSHB@KKXMDDCSNAD@AKDSN@MRVDQSGDRD
PTDRSHNMRLTBGADSSDQHEVDV@MSMNSNMKXSNRDSS@QFDSRSNRS@AHKHRDNTQBKHL@SDATS
SN@BST@KKXAD@AKDSNQD@BGSGDRDS@QFDSR
Measuring tree growth with automated dentrometers (Alterra)
7
What we have learned, What we still don’t know, and What we must do to combat climate change
An overview of CarboEurope results
The aim of CarboEuropeHRSNHMUDRSHF@SDSGDB@QANMBX
BKDNMSGD$TQNOD@MBNMSHMDMS
VDV@MSSNKD@QMLNQD@ANTShow carbon is exchanged
ADSVDDM SGD @SLNROGDQD @MC SDQQDRSQH@K DBNRXRSDLR
UDFDS@SHNM@MCRNHKR@S@KKK@SHSTCDR@MCHM@KKUDFD
S@SHNMSXODR@MCGNVSGHRHMSDQ@BSRVHSGNSGDQJDXAHN
FDNBGDLHB@KBXBKDRMHSQNFDMV@SDQMTSQHDMSRu
VD V@MS SN ADSSDQ TMCDQRS@MC why carbon is exchanged this way @MC VGHBG OQNBDRRDR FNUDQM SGD
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carbon cycle will evolve in the longer term under the
RSQDRRNEGTL@MODQSTQA@SHNM@RENRRHKETDKDLHRRHNMR
continue to rise.
2NuVG@SCHCVDiMC
Surprise: the European terrestrial sink can
become a source
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HM NTQ TMCDQRS@MCHMF @MC NODMHMF TO @ MDV O@SG ENQ
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ODQHLDMSRGNOHMFENQC@S@SNBNMiQLNTQSGDNQHDRATS
European-wide anomaly of Net Primary Production (i.e. photosynthesis) during 2003 (Ciais et al., 2005). Black dots indicate
measurement sites.
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VG@SG@OODMDCHMVHSGSGDGD@SV@UDNUDQ$TQNOD
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SGDiQRSXD@QRNESGDRSBDMSTQHDR@MNUDQ@KKQDCTBSHNM
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Q@HME@KK CDiBHS HM $@RSDQM $TQNOD @MC DWSQDLD RTL
LDQ GD@S HM 6DRSDQM $TQNOD R @ BNMRDPTDMBD the
European continent, which normally absorbs carbon
during the vegetation growth season, became a source
of CO2 to the atmosphere in July and August 2003,
BNTMSDQA@K@MBHMFSGDDPTHU@KDMSNEiUDXD@QRNEM@ST
ral CO2 sequestration by the European biosphere. This
teaches us that the land carbon sink is vulnerable
and reacts strongly to climate extremes. (M@BKHL@SD
BG@MFDRBDM@QHNVGDQDLNQDEQDPTDMSDWSQDLDCQNTFGSR
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K@SHNMNE". in the atmosphere. The rise in atmospheric
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source.
Key results
We have discovered that nitrogen pollution fertil-
To learn more, you can find in www.carboschools.org:
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VGDQDXNTB@MCNVMKN@CSGDETKKQDONQSIntegrated assessment of the European and North Atlantic carbon
balance"@QAN$TQNODONKHBXGHFGKHFGSRENQ
Sources policy:VHSGSGDDWBDOSHNMNEEHFTQDRVDG@UDCDBHCDCMNSSNHMBKTCD@MXQDEDQDMBDRSNSGD
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QDRTKSRLDMSHNMDCGDQD@QDRNTQBDCEQNLRDUDQ@KCHEEDQDMSOTAKHB@SHNMRSGDQDENQDHSVNTKCADBTLADQ
RNLDSNLDMSHNMSGDL@KK@MCSNLDMSHNMNMKX@EDVVNTKCMNSADQDOQDRDMS@SHUDNESGDCHUDQRHSXNE
RNTQBDRTRDC8NTB@MEHMC@KKSGDRNTQBDRQDEDQDMBDCHMSGD$4@RRDRRLDMSQDONQS
izes European forests..TQLD@RTQDLDMSRNEB@QANM
jTWDR NUDQ MTLDQNTR ENQDRSR RGNVDC HLONQS@MS CHE
EDQDMBDRHMSGD@LNTMSNE".2S@JDMTOAXSGDSQDDR
'NVDUDQ SGD SXOHB@K DWOK@M@SHNMR ENQ SGDRD U@QH@
SHNMRKHJDSGD@FDNERS@MCKNB@KRNHKNQVD@SGDQBNM
CHSHNMRBNTKCMNSDWOK@HMSGDHQ@LOKHSTCD ESDQXD@QR
NE O@SHDMS SQ@BJHMF VD ENTMC SGD BTKOQHS MHSQNFDM
CDONRHSDC NM ENQDRSR AX ONKKTSDC @HQÎ 3GHR MHSQNFDM
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BHSHDR HR QDSTQMDC SN SGD D@QSG AX VDS CDONRHSHNM
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SGHR OGDMNLDMNM ATS NTQ iQRS RSTCHDR RTFFDRS SG@S
D@BG@CCHSHNM@KFQ@LNEMHSQNFDME@BHKHS@SDRSGDENQDRSR
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ANM'@OOXSHLDRVGDMMHSQNFDMONKKTSHNMRSHLTK@SDR
ENQDRSRSNBKD@MNTQ".ONKKTSHNMÎ(MBNMSQ@RSHMSGD
R@BHCQ@HML@HMKXBNMRHRSHMFNEMHSQHB@MCRTK
ETQHB@BHCB@TRDC@CDBKHMDHMENQDRSFQNVSGVGDQD@R
MNVSGDEDQSHKHYHMFDEEDBSNEMHSQNFDMNAUHNTRKXNUDQ
QHCDRSGDSNWHBDEEDBSNE@BHCHSX
6D G@UD ENTMC NTS SG@S peatlands converted into
@FQHBTKSTQ@KiDKCRAXCQ@HM@FDDLHSK@QFD@LNTMSR
of CO2CTDSNOD@SCDBNLONRHSHNM KSGNTFGSGDXNMKX
@BBNTMSENQNESGDK@MCRTQE@BDHMSGDSDLODQ@SD
VDRSDQM $TQNOD@M QDFHNM drained peatlands emit
25% of the total atmospheric CO2 absorbed by the
European forests(SHRSGDQDENQDBQTBH@KSNQDS@HMSGD
QDL@HMHMFOD@SK@MCR@MCSNiMCNTSTMCDQVGHBGBNM
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Wet Nitrogen deposition in Europe. Magnani, pers. comm.
1) A more detailed presentation of the aims & methods of CarboEurope is given pp. 26-30 of the 1st CarboSchools booklet.
9
What we have learned, What we still don’t know, and What we must do to combat climate change
,NQDNUDQ VD G@UD ENTMC DUHCDMBD SG@S the way
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@MC VD G@UD KD@QMDC @ KNS @ANTS how land can be
managed in order to take up CO2 more effectively.
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recommendations for good practices in land-use
@FQHBTKSTQDENQDRSQXENQDEiBHDMSB@QANML@Magement & the protection of carbon sinks.
6DG@UDKD@QMDCLNQD@ANTShow warmer autumns
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the capacity of vegetation to absorb CO2.2HMBDQHR
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even more. This is because photosynthesis in autumn
Forest tree species map (Hengeveld
et al., in prep., Alterra): we now
have much more insight into where
different types of forest are located
and how they grow. This is important
information for designing the optimal
carbon management plan because
each location will require different
LD@RTQDR DF /NQSTF@K MDDCR iQD
smart forest landscape whereas for
central Europe, with large stocking of
biomass, the production of biomass
for bioenergy may be optimal and at
the same time it reduces the storm
risk. In the north, the continuous
jNV NE G@QUDRSHMF ENQ HMCTRSQX @MC
the conservation of peatlands may
be the optimal strategy).
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MDSQDKD@RDNEB@QANMHMV@QLDQ@TSTLMRSG@SB@MBDKR
NTSSGDDWSQ@B@QANM@ARNQADCCTQHMFV@QLDQROQHMFR
3GHRRTFFDRSRSG@S even when the growing season at
temperate latitudes is extended by global warming, the terrestrial ecosystem does not absorb
more atmospheric CO2.
6D @QD OQNFQDRRHMF SNV@QCR a new method to trace
emissions from fossil fuel burning in the atmosphere. 4MSHK MNV SGD NMKX V@X SN CHRBQHLHM@SD ".
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DUDQXBNTOKDNEVDDJRMNQ@SGHFGRO@SH@KCDMRHSX6D
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LNROGDQHB ". @MC B@QANM LNMNWHCD VGHBG HR LTBG
D@RHDQ SN LD@RTQD 3GHR HR RSHKK @S CDUDKNOLDMS RS@FD
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atmospheric measurements.
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ONOTK@SDC QDFHNMR KHJD 2HADQH@ RGNV Q@SGDQ RHLHK@Q
B@QANM jTWDR EQNL NMD ONHMS SN @MNSGDQ $TQNOD HR
@BNLOKDWRTASKDLNR@HBNECHEEDQDMSK@MCTRDR.TQ
QDFHNM@KDWODQHLDMSHM+DR+@MCDRMD@Q!NQCD@TWHM
%Q@MBD BNLAHMDC HMSDMRHUD LD@RTQDLDMSR @S L@MX
CHEEDQDMSRB@KDREQNLRDUDQ@KLDSDQRSNRDUDQ@KGTM
CQDCRNEJHKNLDSQDR@MCS@TFGSTRGNVSNQDOQDRDMS
SGD RO@SH@K BNLOKDWHSX @MC VG@S CDMRHSX NE NARDQU@
SHNMRHRMDDCDCSNNAS@HM@M@BBDOS@AKX@BBTQ@SDOHB
STQD NE RTBG @ GDSDQNFDMDNTR QDFHNM (M SGD ETSTQD
SGHRLDSGNCNKNFXL@XADQDOKHB@SDCHMNSGDQ$TQNOD@M
QDFHNMR@MCOQNUHCDSGDLD@MRSNLNMHSNQSGDQDFHNM@K
CHRSQHATSHNM NE KNB@K B@QANM RNTQBDR @MC RHMJR @MC
GNVSGDXDUNKUDVHSGSHLD
More uncertainties in the European carbon
balance...
#DROHSD SGD OQNFQDRR L@CD HM TMCDQRS@MCHMF CHEEDQ
DMS @RODBSR NE SGD $TQNOD@M B@QANM BXBKD VD RSHKK
G@UD MNS L@M@FDC SN BKNRD SGD F@OR HM NTQ B@QANM
ATCFDSADSVDDMSGDCHEEDQDMSLDSGNCRTRDCENQDW
@LOKDADSVDDMDRSHL@SDREQNLRB@KHMFTOKNB@KjTW
LD@RTQDLDMSR SN SGD $TQNOD@M RB@KD @MC DRSHL@SDR
CDQHUDC EQNL LD@RTQDLDMSR NE ". concentration in
SGD@SLNROGDQD3GDTMBDQS@HMSHDRHM@KKSGDLDSGNCR
QDL@HMK@QFDkHME@BSSGDTMBDQS@HMSXDUDM@OOD@QR
SNG@UDHMBQD@RDCÎ6G@SVDG@UDKD@QMDCSGNTFGHR
SG@SSGHMFR@QDLNQDBNLOKDWSG@MVDiQRSSGNTFGS
but this higher level of uncertainty is in itself an
important result%TQSGDQLNQDVDG@UD@ADSSDQTM
CDQRS@MCHMF NE SGD RNTQBDR NE SGHR TMBDQS@HMSX @MC
GNVSNHLOQNUDNTQDRSHL@SDRHMSGDETSTQD/NKHBX
L@JDQRV@MS@MDW@BSiFTQDGNVDUDQSGDXG@UDSN
@BBDOS SG@S TMBDQS@HMSX HR @KRN @ L@INQ BNLONMDMS
NECDBHRHNML@JHMFkCN(S@JD@MTLAQDKK@SNLNQQNV
HESGDVD@SGDQENQDB@RSHRTMBDQS@HM(E(V@MSSNAD
RTQDMNSSNFDSVDS(S@JDNMDDUDMHE(LTMRTQD
SG@S(QD@KKXMDDCHS
(SHRMNSNMKXHLONQS@MSENQONKHBXL@JDQRSNJMNVSGD
QDRTKSHSHR@KRNHLONQS@MSSNJMNVGNVTMBDQS@HMSGD
QDRTKSHR%NQDW@LOKD@VD@SGDQENQDB@RSL@XMNSFHUD
@BDQS@HMSXENQQ@HMATSHSB@MRSHKKOQNUHCDUDQXTRDETK
HMENQL@SHNMNMVGHBGSNA@RD@CDBHRHNMODNOKDL@X
L@JDUDQXCHEEDQDMSBGNHBDRHESGDBG@MBDRNEQ@HM@QD
NQ 6D @QD OQNFQDRRHMF HM PT@MSHEXHMF SGD
TMBDQS@HMSHDR HM NTQ DRSHL@SDR AX BNMRSQ@HMHMF NTQ
LNCDKRVHSGLNQD@MCLNQDC@S@EQNLiDKCNARDQU@
tions.
6DRSHKKG@UDOKDMSXNEeAHFsTMRNKUDCPTDRSHNMR%NQ
DW@LOKDVDJMNVEQNLSGDCHEEDQDMBDADSVDDMSGD".
DLHSSDCSGD".@ARNQADCAXSGDNBD@MR@MCSGD".
BNMBDMSQ@SHNMLD@RTQDCHMSGD@HQSG@SSGDMNQSGDQM
GDLHROGDQDHRNUDQ@KK@B@QANMRHMJ'NVDUDQwe still
don’t really know how this sink is distributed across
the various regions of the continent %TQSGDQLNQD
SGD@SLNROGDQHB".BNMBDMSQ@SHNMHRHMBQD@RHMFRKHFGS
KXLNQDQ@OHCKXNUDQ$TQNODSG@MDKRDVGDQD3GHRSQDMC
G@RADDMRDDMBKD@QKXNUDQSGDO@RSXD@QRATSRNE@Q
VD@QDMNSQD@KKX@AKDSNDWOK@HMHS
Future challenges
.MD NE NTQ L@INQ @BGHDUDLDMSR HR SGD carbon observation network VD G@UD CDOKNXDC @MC BNMRNKH
C@SDC @KK NUDQ $TQNOD k VHSG @HQ R@LOKHMF RS@SHNMR
jTW SNVDQR S@KK SNVDQR @HQBQ@ES R@LOKHMF RHSDR @MC
11
What we have learned, What we still don’t know, and What we must do to combat climate change
B@LO@HFMRR@SDKKHSDNARDQU@SHNMR@MCSGD@RRNBH@SDC
LNCDKKHMFB@O@BHSHDR3GHRMDSVNQJMNVENQLRSGDA@
RHRENQ@KNMFSDQLHMEQ@RSQTBSTQDOQNIDBSB@KKDC(".2
(MSDFQ@SDC "@QANM .ARDQUHMF 2XRSDL 3GD NUDQ@KK
@HLNE(".2HRto produce temporally resolved maps
of the land-atmosphere carbon exchange across
Europe A@RDC NM @ G@QLNMHYDC NARDQUHMF MDSVNQJ
NE @SLNROGDQHB @MC jTW LD@RTQDLDMS RS@SHNMR (M
@CCHSHNMSNOQNUHCHMFAQN@CRB@KDiDKCU@KHC@SDCC@S@
ENQ QDRD@QBG @MC LNCDKKHMF SGDRD L@OR VHKK allow
local communities to evaluate their own progress
towards achieving carbon neutrality OHKNSOG@RD
NE(".2G@RMNVADDMK@TMBGDCSNOQDO@QDSGDSDBGMH
B@K@MCiM@MBH@KHMEQ@RSQTBSTQDENQDPTHOOHMF$TQNOD
VHSG SGHR KD@CHMF VNQKC NARDQU@SNQX ENQ SGD B@QANM
BXBKD ANSG NM SGD K@MC @MC HM SGD NBD@M 3GD ETKK
HLOKDLDMS@SHNM NE (".2 HR OK@MMDC ENQ @MC HR
DWODBSDCSNOQNUHCDCDB@CDRNENARDQU@SHNMR
R HMCTRSQH@KHRDC RNBHDSHDR VHKK RTQDKX BNMSHMTD SN
DLHS L@RRHUD @LNTMSR NE ". HMSN SGD @SLNROGDQD
we urgently need more accurate knowledge on how
to manage land as a carbon sink and how to moni
SNQNTQOQNFQDRRSNV@QCRSGHRNAIDBSHUD3GDLNQD".
VDL@M@FDSNeBKD@MsEQNLSGD@SLNROGDQDVHSGSGD
GDKONEOK@MSRSGDLNQDVDVHKKKHLHSSGDG@QLB@TRDC
by our emissions.
RSQNMFBNLLTMHSX@BQNRRRBHDMSHiBEQNMSHDQR
KSGNTFG SGDRD RBHDMSHiB QDRTKSR QDOQDRDMS RHFMHiB@MS
RSDOR HM @CU@MBHMF B@QANM RBHDMBD NE MN KDRR HLONQ
S@MBD HR SGD GTL@M QDRTKS SG@S HR we have built a
community with free circulation of ideas and data.
3GD$@QSGRXRSDLHR@GTFDBNLOKDWOTYYKD3GDAHFFDRS
BG@KKDMFDNEFKNA@KBG@MFDQDRD@QBGHM@RBHDMSHiBSQ@
CHSHNMVGDQDVD@QD@KKRODBH@KHRSRHM@RL@KKO@QSHRSN
HMSDFQ@SD@KKBNLONMDMSRHM@V@XSG@SQDOQDRDMSRSGD
VHCDQOHBSTQD"@QAN$TQNODG@ROTSSNFDSGDQLNCDKKDQR
@MC DWODQHLDMS@KHRSR HMBKTCHMF RNHK @SLNROGDQD @MC
ENQDRSRBHDMSHRSREQNLCHEEDQDMSBNTMSQHDRENQSGDiQRS
SHLDHM@MDWSDMCDCV@X
CHQDBS ADMDiS B@M AD RDDM HM SGD RG@QHMF NE C@S@
VHSGHM SGD BNLLTMHSX ENQ DW@LOKD C@S@ EQNL jTW
SNVDQR@QDMNVBNLOKDSDKXNODMSN@KK3GHRV@RMNSSGD
B@RDHMSGDO@RSODNOKDVDQD@EQ@HCSNRDDSGDHQQDRTKSR
OTAKHRGDCAXNSGDQR R@BNMRDPTDMBDNESGHRNODMROH
QHSSGDMTLADQNEOTAKHB@SHNMRG@RFQNVMBNMRHCDQ@AKX
(MSGDO@RSNMDRHMFKDRHSDVNTKCNESDMKD@CSNNMKXNMD
O@ODQ3NC@XL@MXLNQDO@ODQRHMSDFQ@SDC@S@EQNLSGD
VGNKDBNLLTMHSXS@JHMFHMMTLDQNTRCHEEDQDMSRNTQBDR
#DROHSD@MXRTBBDRRVDL@XG@UDHMRSQDMFSGDMHMFSGD
HLLDCH@SDB@O@BHSXNENTQENQDRSR@MCK@MCSN@ARNQA
SGDB@QANMVDDLHSVD@KRNJMNVSG@SSGHRB@O@BHSX
VHKK ADBNLD LNQD EQ@FHKD @R SGD BKHL@SD BG@MFDR BQHSHB@KPTDRSHNMSNETQSGDQQDRD@QBGHRSGDQDENQD to
what extent and for how long can Europe rely on
its terrestrial carbon sinks?
An overview of CarboOcean results
"@QAN.BD@M is the counterpart of CarboEurope for the
oceans:
VDV@MSSNADSSDQTMCDQRS@MCGNVB@QANMHRexchanged ADSVDDM SGD @SLNROGDQD SGD NBD@M @S U@QHNTR
CDOSGRSGDNBD@MjNNQ@MCSGDRDCHLDMSR@MCGNV
it is transported EQNL QHUDQR SN DRST@QHDR BN@RS@K
QDFHNMR SGD NODM NBD@M @MC iM@KKX HM SGD NBD@M
BTQQDMSRSGDLRDKUDR
VDV@MSSN@RBDQS@HMGNVSGHRM@STQ@KBXBKDHRADHMF
@EEDBSDCAXSGDL@RRHUDHMU@RHNMNE".QDKD@RDCAX
GTL@MR@MCSNAD@AKDSNOQDCHBSGNVHSVHKKDUNKUD
in the future.
VDV@MSSNJMNVLNQDOQDBHRDKXGNVLTBGB@QANMHR
ADHMF@ARNQADCAXSGDNBD@MGNVSGDTOS@JDVNQJR
and varies in time and what effects all this extra CO2
invading the oceans will have,NRSHLONQS@MSKXGNV
VHKKSGHR@EEDBSSGDNBD@MR@AHKHSXSNBNMSHMTD@ARNQ
AHMF K@QFD @LNTMSR NE ". HM SGD BNLHMF CDB@CDR
%TQSGDQLNQDVGDM".DMSDQRSGDNBD@MHS@BHCHiDR
SGDRD@V@SDQVGHBGL@XSGQD@SDMU@QHNTRFQNTORNE
L@QHMD NQF@MHRLR @MC ODQG@OR DMC@MFDQ SGD VGNKD
NBD@MENNCBG@HMRNVG@SVHKKADSGDBNMRDPTDMBDR
NESGHRNBD@M@BHCHiB@SHNM
Key results
6DG@UDHMRSHF@SDCSGDiQRSXD@QQNTMCLTKSHOKDRGHO
NARDQU@SHNM RXRSDL ENQ SGD -NQSG SK@MSHB B@QANM
BXBKDSGQNTFGSGDe5NKTMS@QX.ARDQUHMF2GHORs5.2
NODQ@SHNM 3GHR HMUNKUDR DPTHOOHMF BNLLDQBH@K RGHOR
@KNMF SGDHQ QDFTK@Q QNTSDR VHSG HMRSQTLDMSR LD@RT
QHMFSGDDWBG@MFDNEB@QANMADSVDDMSGD@SLNROGD
QD @MC SGD NBD@M HMBQD@RHMF NTQ RBHDMSHiB C@S@A@RD
@S QDK@SHUDKX KNV BNRS 3GD C@S@ BNKKDBSDC @QD DWSQ@
Cruise track of CarboOcean VOS lines in the northern Atlantic
Ocean (Benjamin Pfeil, CarboOcean data centre, BCCR).
ONK@SDCNUDQRO@BD@MCSHLDVHSGSGD@HCNENBD@M
LNCDKR @MC R@SDKKHSD NARDQU@SHNMR and allow us to
deliver precise estimates of carbon uptake in different regions of the North Atlantic and its variation over time %NQ DW@LOKD VD G@UD B@KBTK@SDC
SG@SSGD-NQSG SK@MSHBEQNLŠ-SNŠ-SNNJTO
0.25 PgC +/- 10%HMSGDXD@Q3GHRHLONQS@MS
"KHL@SDBG@MFDHR@FKNA@KHRRTD6G@SDUDQVDKD@QM
@ANTS SGD $TQNOD@M B@QANM BXBKD B@M AD @OOKHDC SN
LNCDKR @BQNRR SGD QDRS NE SGD VNQKC SN GDKO HMENQL
FKNA@KQDRD@QBG@MCBKHL@SDLHSHF@SHNMONKHBHDR
2) Flux maps are already available at http://inversions.lsce.ipsl.fr
MDV$4QDRD@QBGOQNIDBSB@KKDC" 1!.$WSQDLDHRCDCHB@SDCSNSGHRPTDRSHNM@MCVHKKSQXSNDRSHL@SDSGDOQNA@AHKHSXSG@SSGDPT@MSHiDCDLHRRHNMQDCTBSHNM
commitments of Europe should be increased by 5, 10 or 20 % to counter reductions in ecosystems C sinks by 2020 and 2050 for various emission scenarios. A major
product will be maps showing the risks of not attaining targets in emission reduction as a result of a weakening of the European C sink.
4) A more detailed presentation of the aims & methods of CarboOcean is given pp. 31-36 of the 1st CarboSchools booklet.
3GDO'NESGDRD@V@SDQHRCDBQD@RHMFCTDSNOGXRHB@KBGDLHB@KK@VRATSRS@XR@ANUDSGDV@SDQ@BHCHiDRATSQDL@HMR@KJ@KHMD
6) 1 PgC means 1 peta-gram of carbon, which is the equivalent of one giga-ton (one billion of tons). 0.25 PgC +/- 10% therefore means 250 million tons of carbon
plus or minus 25 million tons.
13
What we have learned, What we still don’t know, and What we must do to combat climate change
NESGDDWBG@MFDRIn the North Sea, we are now able
to observe and account for the carbon input, via
rivers QDBDHUDC EQNL V@RSD V@SDQ @FQHBTKSTQD @MC
M@STQ@KAHNKNFHB@K@BSHUHSXHMSGDDMSHQDA@RHM3GHRHR
NMDNESGDUDQXEDV@SSDLOSRHMSGDVNQKCSNPT@MSHEX
@KKQDKDU@MSjTWDRADSVDDMK@MCRD@@MC@SLNROGDQD
BNLOQDGDMRHUDKX@SSGDQDFHNM@KRB@KD6DBNMCTBSDC
RHLHK@Q NARDQU@SHNMR HM SGD &HAQ@KS@Q 2SQ@HS VGDQD VD
found out that NTSjNVV@SDQREQNLSGD,DCHSDQQ@MD@M2D@B@QQXRHFMHiB@MS@LNTMSRNE@MSGQNONFMHB
carbon into the Atlantic Ocean’s interior.
In order to continuously obtain new data, commercial ships such as the MV Benguela Stream (cargo ship to the left) were equipped
with a CO2 measurement system. With the help of these continuous data, scientists can monitor the North Atlantic sink and quantify
how the CO2 uptake changes over time and varies for different latitudes. (Source: T. Steinhoff and U. Schuster).
QDRTKSVHKK@KRNGDKO"@QAN$TQNODSNCDCTBDSGDBNMSH
MDMS@KATCFDSVGDMXNTJMNV@BBTQ@SDKXGNVLTBG
".HRDLHSSDCAXGTL@M@BSHUHSHDRGNVLTBGHRTO
S@JDMAXSGDNBD@M@MCAXGNVLTBGHSG@RHMBQD@RDC
HMSGD@SLNROGDQDSGDMSGDCHEEDQDMBDADSVDDMSGDL
HRSGDSDQQDRSQH@KRHMJ3GHRLNQDOQDBHRDDRSHL@SDNE
SGD-NQSG SK@MSHBRHMJVHKK@KRNGDKOSNCHRSHMFTHRG
SGD-NQSG LDQHB@MEQNLSGD$TQ@RH@MSDQQDRSQH@KRHMJ
Validating the methodology to reach this estimate
is a key achievementNE"@QAN.BD@M
3G@MJRSNSGHRNARDQU@SHNMRXRSDLVDRDDSG@SSGD
-NQSG SK@MSHBRHMJRSQDMFSGHRGHFGKXU@QH@AKDHMSGD
D@QKXXD@QRNESGDRSBDMSTQXSGD-NQSG SK@MSHB@A
RNQADCKDRR".SG@MHMSGDLHCR1DBDMS
C@S@RGNVSG@SSGD".RHMJHRRKNVKXQDBNUDQHMF6D
need more years of observations to see whether the
SQDMCHRRTRS@HMDCNQHEHSHRNMKXO@QSNE@KNMFDQM@S
TQ@K U@QH@SHNM @MC SN ADSSDQ TMCDQRS@MC HSR B@TRDR
In the Southern Ocean, we see that the ocean sink
has been weakening since at least 1980 @ SQDMC
SG@SG@RADDMOQNA@AKXAQNTFGS@ANTSAXSGDHMSDM
RHiB@SHNM NE 2NTSGDQM .BD@M VHMCR CTD SN BKHL@SD
BG@MFD
3GDK@SDRSOQDCHBSHNMREQNLNTQBNLOTSDQLNCDKRRGNV
SG@SSGDNBD@MRVHKKBNMSHMTDSNTOS@JD". from the
@SLNROGDQD ATS the continuous acceleration of
climate change and CO2 emissions will gradually
reduce the sink strength, resulting in a temporary
but huge increase of CO2 in the atmosphere. This
HR UDQX @K@QLHMF BNLAHMDC VHSG SGD E@BS SG@S NTQ
LNCDKR@KRNOQDCHBSSG@SAXSGDK@MCTOS@JDSGD
AHNROGDQDRHMJVHKKCDBKHMDONRRHAKXSNYDQNNQDUDM
ADBNLD@RNTQBDNE"..
We are progressing in our capacity to see where
the CO2 emitted by humans goes once it enters the
ocean. 3Q@BJHMF GNV ". from human activities per
LD@SDRSGDNBD@MRHMSDQHNQHR@UDQXSQHBJXINAADB@TRD
VDCNMNSJMNVVG@SSGDB@QANMBNMSDMSHMSGDNBD@M
was before the onset of the human emissions and so
E@QSGDQDRTKSRFHUDMAXSGDU@QHNTRLDSGNCR@U@HK@AKD
RSHKKCHEEDQRHFMHiB@MSKXFDMDQ@KKXNVHMFSNSGDK@BJNE
LD@RTQDLDMSRNUDQRO@BD@MCSHLD-DUDQSGDKDRR@KK
@OOQN@BGDRLNQDNQKDRR@FQDDSG@Sthe largest quantities accumulated in the high latitude northern
Atlantic BKNRDSNSGD@QD@RNECDDONBD@MLHWHMF
We have learned a lot about how the terrestrial and
marine carbon cycles interact through the coastal
ocean (M BKNRD BNKK@ANQ@SHNM VHSG "@QAN$TQNOD VD
BNMCTBSDCHMSDMRHUDRSTCHDRHMSGD-NQSG2D@SNADS
SDQTMCDQRS@MCGNVB@QANMLHFQ@SDRADSVDDMK@MC
NBD@MHMRGDKERD@RENQDW@LOKDGNVSGDB@QANMB@Q
QHDCAXQHUDQRHRLHWDC@MCCHKTSDCHMSGDBN@RS@KNBD@M
@MCGNVSGHR@EEDBSRSGDVGNKDBXBKD3GHRHMSDFQ@SHNM
NEK@MC@MCRD@HRBQHSHB@KSNTMCDQRS@MCHMFSGDB@QANM
BXBKDANSGQDFHNM@KKX@MCFKNA@KKX@MCHRO@QSHBTK@QKX
BG@KKDMFHMFCTDSNSGDBNLOKDWHSX@MCGDSDQNFDMDHSX
Big unknowns about carbon in the ocean
.TQ OHBSTQD NE SGD L@QHMD B@QANM BXBKD HR RSHKK UDQX
BQTCD%NQMNVVD@QDNMKXADFHMMHMFSNVHSMDRRSGD
RODBSQTL NE ONSDMSH@K BG@MFDR HM SGD NBD@M CTD SN
HMBQD@RHMF ". @MC QHRHMF SDLODQ@STQDR #TD SN SGDHQ
CHEiBTKSXNE@BBDRRSGDHQDWO@MRDNESGD$@QSG?R
RTQE@BD@MCCDOSGSGDNBD@MR@QDRO@QRDKXR@LOKDC
BNLO@QDC SN SGD BNMSHMDMSR %TQSGDQLNQD VGHKD
". CHEETRDR PTHBJKX HM SGD @SLNROGDQD @MC HR SGDQD
ENQDeD@RXsSNSQ@BJ@SLNROGDQHB". concentrations
@QDQHRHMF@KKNUDQSGDVNQKCHM@Q@SGDQGNLNFDMDNTR
V@X LHWHMF HM SGD NBD@M S@JDR BNMRHCDQ@AKX KNMFDQ
@MCSGTRSGDBNMBDMSQ@SHNMR@QDLNQDGDSDQNFDMDNTR
'DMBDSGDPT@MSHSHDRNEB@QANMSQ@MRONQSDCVHSGHMSGD
NBD@MVHSGQDRODBSSNRO@BD@MCSHLD@QDK@QFDKXTM
JMNVM6DNARDQUDAHFBG@MFDR@MCAHFODQSTQA@SHNMR
on many parameters but often without being able to
explain what we observe, nor able to predict the
consequences3GDLNQDVDKD@QMSGDLNQDBDQS@HM
VDADBNLD@ANTSSGDTMBDQS@HMSHDRÎ
Varying North Atlantic sink strength as deduced from a suite of
collaborative projects (A. Watson & al, in prep.). In the early
years of the 21st century the North Atlantic CO2 sink was only
50% of that in the mid-1990s. Is looks as if the CO2 sink has
been slowly recovering- but what will be the value for 2006 and
in future years? Is it a long-term trend or natural variation?
3GDRDiMCHMFRRGNVSG@SSGD".2 sink is highly variable and needs
to be continuously observed.
3GD @BHCHiB@SHNM HRRTD HKKTRSQ@SDR SGHR UDQX VDKK VD
JMNVVHSGBDQS@HMSXSG@SRD@V@SDQHR@BHCHiDC@R".
DMSDQRSGDNBD@M@MCSG@SL@QHMDKHEDAHNCHUDQRHSX@MC
SGD VGNKD ENNC BG@HM L@X AD @CUDQRDKX @EEDBSDC ATS
we are not yet able to predict the scope of the consequences, which might threaten the Earth’s ecological balance as severely as climate warming is
doing6D@QDL@JHMFOQNFQDRRVHSGMDVHMUDRSHF@SHNM
LDSGNCR MNS@AKX SGQNTFG eLDRNBNRL ODQSTQA@SHNM
DWODQHLDMSRsBNMRHRSHMFNE@QSHiBH@KKX@CCHMF". to
BKNRDC BNKTLMR NE RD@ V@SDQ SN RDD GNV L@QHMD KHED
How does the marine ecosystem react
to a doubling of today’s atmospheric
CO2 concentration? In Norway, near
Bergen, large plastic bags (called
„mesocosms“, which literally means
rLDCHTL VNQKCRe VHSG @QSHiBH@KKX
CO2-enriched water enable the consequences of this enrichment on
marine life to be observed „in situ“.
(A. Volbers, U. Riebesell)
7) See example in Bergen p. 39 of the 1st carboschools booklet.
15
What we have learned, What we still don’t know, and What we must do to combat climate change
QD@BSRSNU@QHNTRBNMBDMSQ@SHNMR@MCSGDQDK@SDCBG@MFD
HMO'3GHRG@RADBNLD@GHFGOQHNQHSXNMSGDQDRD@QBG
@FDMC@VHSG@MDVe$TQNOD@M/QNIDBSNM."D@M BHCH
iB@SHNMs$/." VGHBGRS@QSDCHM.
HMSGDGHFGK@SHSTCDR QBSHB MS@QBSHBNBD@MRVGHBG
CTDSNSGDHQRDMRHSHUHSXSNBG@MFDRHMB@QANMBXBKHMF@MC
BKHL@SDB@MRDQUD@ReL@FMHEXHMFFK@RRDRsENQNARDQUHMF
NMFNHMFODQSTQA@SHNMRNESGD$@QSGRXRSDL
Future challenges
.BD@MB@QANMRBHDMBDHRE@BDCVHSGHLONQS@MSPTDRSHNMR
ENQSGDETSTQDNEL@MJHMC
VG@S HR SGD ETSTQD NE SGD NBD@M B@QANM RHMJ (R SGD
CDBQD@RDHMSGDRHMJHMSGDiQRSEDVXD@QRNESGDRS
BDMSTQX HM SGD -NQSG SK@MSHB @ KNMFSDQL SQDMC NQ
Q@SGDQ CTD SN CDB@C@K U@QH@SHNM 6G@S DEEDBS VHKK HS
G@UD K@RSHMFCDBQD@RDHMSGHRRHMJVNTKC@BBDKDQ@SD
SGDC@MFDQNTR@BBTLTK@SHNMNE". in the atmosphere.
VHKKVDRDD@BG@MFDHMNBD@MBHQBTK@SHNM@MCHERN
VHSG VG@S BNMRDPTDMBDR NM BKHL@SD @MC SGD NBD@M
RHMJB@O@BHSX
VG@S KDUDKR NE @SLNROGDQHB ". concentration and
NBD@M @BHCHiB@SHNM VHKK AD QD@BGDC @ESDQ SGD BDRR@
SHNMNESGDGTL@M". invasion into the Earth system
@MCVHSGVG@SBNMRDPTDMBDRENQL@QHMDKHED
3GDRDOQDRRHMFPTDRSHNMRBG@KKDMFDNTQB@O@BHSXSNL@JD
QDKH@AKDOQDCHBSHNMRVGHBGCHQDBSKXCDODMCRNMSGDB@O@
BHSXNENTQBNLOTSDQLNCDKRSN@BBTQ@SDKXRHLTK@SDSGD
BNLOKDWHSXNEQD@KHSX"TQQDMSKXE@QSNNL@MXBNLONMDMSR
NENTQNBD@MB@QANMBXBKDLNCDKR@QDCDQHUDCEQNLOTQDKX
DLOHQHB@KQDK@SHNMRGHORNQDUDMRHLOKXeADRSFTDRRDRSHL@
SDRsCTDSNSGDK@BJNEC@S@EQNLiDKCNARDQU@SHNMRWe
need to vastly increase the number of observations in
key regions of the world’s oceans in order to validate
and improve the accuracy of our models O@QSHBTK@QKX
The global picture
Bad news…the world’s emissions are currently accelerating faster than the worst scenarios predicted and the natural capacity of the
carbon cycle to absorb our emissions seems
to be decreasing.
All graphs in this section are extracted from: Global Carbon Project
(2008) Carbon budget and trends
2007, [www.globalcarbonproject.org,
26 September 2008]
Trajectory of global fossil fuel emissions
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Here the mean atmospheric CO concentration is simulated
by (black line) BCM-C model as compared to the range (grey
shading) from other C4MIP (Friedlingstein et al., 2006) models,
based on the IPCC SRES A2 emissions scenario in which fossil fuel
usage more or less continues to grow unabated (source: Tjiputra
et al., in prep.)
There is a strong agreement across 11 models from the C4MIP
experiment, now backed up by these new CarboOcean results,
that natural carbon sinks in both oceans and on land will be
weakened by the effects of climate change. This weakening,
combined with the rise in emissions, explains this highly alarming curve. This does not mean that atmospheric CO concentrations (governed by CO emissions minus land and ocean uptake)
will certainly rise in an exponential way over the 21st century,
however, the prevention of such a rise, and the stabilisation of
climate, will certainly require strong intervention policies from all
the world’s governments.
Carbon emissions from fossil fuels
Current emissions (black) are tracking above the most intense
fossil fuel scenario established by the IPCC SRES (2000), A1FIA1 Fossil Fuel intensive, and are moving away from the stabilization scenarios of 450 ppm10 and 650 ppm.
Carbon emissions from tropical deforestation
The growth rate of fossil fuel emissions is accelerating – in the
period 1990-1999 it was increasing at a rate of 0.9% per year,
whereas in the period 2000-2007 the rate of increase was 3.5%.
This represents a multiplication by almost four in the last decade,
exceeding the highest forecasted growth rate for the period 20002010 in the emissions scenarios of the Intergovermental Panel
on Climate Change (IPCC)9. The biggest increase in emissions has
taken place in developing countries, largely in China and India,
while in developed countries it has been growing slowly.
8) epoca-project.eu
9) IPCC scenarios correspond to various future predictions of CO2 emissions globally depending on various hypotheses of economic & industrial development, and
population growth.
10) ppm : parts per million, unit used to measure small concentrations (1 ppm = 0,0001%)
17
What we have learned, What we still don’t know, and What we must do to combat climate change
What we must do
Climate change is caused by mankind? Excellent news: since we are the
origin of the problem, we are also master of the solution!
Atmospheric concentration
The annual mean growth rate of atmospheric CO2 was 2.2 ppm
per year in 2007 (up from 1.8 ppm in 2006), and above the
2.0 ppm average for the period 2000-2007. The average annual
mean growth rate for the previous 20 years was about 1.5 ppm
per year. This increase brought the atmospheric CO2 concentration
to 383 ppm in 2007, 37% above the concentration at the start
of the industrial revolution (about 280 ppm in 1750).
Human perturbation of the global carbon
budget 1850-2006
The decline of the natural sinks
Natural land and ocean CO2 sinks have removed 54% (or 4.8
PgC 11 per year) of all CO2 emitted from human activities during
the period 2000-2007. The size of the natural sinks has grown
in proportion to increasing atmospheric CO2. However, the effectiveness of these sinks in removing CO2 has decreased by 5%
over the last 50 years and will continue to do so in the future.
That is, 50 years ago, for every ton of CO2 emitted to the atmosphere, the natural sinks removed 600 kg while today they are
removing only 550 kg, and this amount is falling. Part of the
CDBKHMDHR@SSQHATSDCSNTOSN@CDBQD@RDHMSGDDEiBHDMBX
of the Southern Ocean sink over the last 20 years. Nevertheless
it is impressive that natural CO2 sinks were able to absorb about
half of the anthropogenic emissions in 1960, when emissions
were 2 PgC/yr, and similarly 50 years later when emissions are
now 10 PgC/yr.
All of these changes characterise a carbon
cycle that is generating a stronger climate
impact and sooner than expected.
This graph shows how the CO2 emitted by mankind (higher part,
distributed between fossil fuel burning and deforestation) progressively diffuses in the whole system (lower part, distributed
between atmosphere, ocean & vegetation). Atmospheric CO2 accumulation is directly measured, the ocean sink is modelled, and
the land sink is the residual from closing the balance (it is not
directly measured).
11) 1 Petagram of carbon is 1 billion tons of carbon.
Learning about climate change can be depressing for children, especially for teenagers
who are shaping their vision of their place in
society, public engagement, and in the future.
A worrisome sequence of events can be: asking „what can we do“, then feeling powerless, getting back to normal life, and doing
nothing.
By overseeing the broad question of how we
can solve the climate crisis, this chapter tries
to suggest pathways for teachers to avoid
this sequence of events and empower young
people to take positive action and engage
SGDLRDKUDR@RBHSHYDMRVHSG@RNTMCRBHDMSHiB
understanding.
Large-scale action is needed globally
and has not yet occurred
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into the atmosphere.
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emission reductions.
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ONKHSHBH@MR However, as scientists we need to make
sure that the questions are well formulated, well
documented, and well understood in the full context
of their implications and that the various responses
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try to better understand global change ».
13) As particularly well documented, in the Stern review on the economics of climate change (2006)
14) The possibility of positive effects in some places, e.g. increased agricultural productivity in Siberia or Alaska, is of no comparison with the scope of the negative effects globally.
15) In contrary to e.g. the ozone layer problem, where a single family of industrial gases (CFCs) could easily be replaced by a less harmful existing technology.
19
What we have learned, What we still don’t know, and What we must do to combat climate change
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a reduction of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions to half
of their 1990 levels by 205018 3N @BGHDUD SGHR VHSG @
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humanity has not yet started to reduce its emissions.
(MRSD@C emissions are still growing exponentially see
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16) i.e 2 degrees more than pre-industrial values, which means about 1 more than today’s global temperature.
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the levels already reached are unprecedented in the human history, making it impossible to know from the past what concentration means for sure what consequence; second, because given the delay & inertia between reaching a certain level of concentrations, and the consecutive rise of temperatures, we might in fact
already have passed some critical thresholds.
18) in order to reach a stabilisation of 550 ppm of CO2-equivalent concentration. But more recent model studies show that this 550 ppm target will be too high
and that even with 450 ppm, there would only result in a 50% likelihood of limiting global warming to 2°C.
19) Ultimate objective of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change - UNFCCC
20) The Kyoto protocol states that “developed countries have to reduce their emissions of GHG between 2008 and 2012 by at least 5% compared to 1990 levels”
21) However in the EU-25, greenhouse gas emissions fell by 4.8 % between 1990 and 2004. But during the same period, energy-related emissions fell considerably less (- 1.6 %) and since 2000, emissions from energy supply and use have been rising. The reduction in energy-related greenhouse gas emissions since 1990
was achieved largely in the energy supply, services and industry sectors, but was to a large extent offset by growth in transport emissions. The increase observed
since 2000 is mainly due to growing electricity production from thermal power plants, particularly those using coal. (source European Environmental Agency)
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factor of at least 5 to 10 in order to reduce world emissions to 50% of their 1990 level.
22) CO2-equivalent includes CO2 plus all the other greenhouse gases emitted by man (eg. methane and nitrous oxide) related to their radiative effect (i.e. the
amount of additional warming they cause. For example, 1 ton of methane = 21 tons of CO2-equivalent)
21
What we have learned, What we still don’t know, and What we must do to combat climate change
The big solutions
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It’s not a sin to use energy!
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In the same way as doctors attend their patients with
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CO2 sequestration comes from the idea that man can
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reduction potential. Cutting down a forest to plant crops for biofuel releases more CO2 in the long-term than would have been released if the forest had been left
standing and an amount of fossil fuel, equivalent to that from the crops, had been used instead.
24) However, if we decided to bring back forest at large scale in the areas previously covered by forest the terrestrial sink would undoubtedly be enhanced. A different story is whether we want to do that and what would be the impact on food production, livelihoods and economies.
23
What we have learned, What we still don’t know, and What we must do to combat climate change
Acting in daily life
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Could we be mistaken?
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Banner of the www.climatechange.eu.com campaign website of the EU
25
What we have learned, What we still don’t know, and What we must do to combat climate change
Why so few people are changing their lifestyle?
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The role of schools
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aim to progress from „awareness“ to “understand-
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as agents of change as active members of society.
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Would you like to involve your school in sustainable education?
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26) as derived from the “local Agenda 21”, a methodology for implementing sustainable development in local communities, inspired by the “Agenda 21” action
plan initiated at the Rio conference in 1992.
27) www.eco-schools.org
28) www.greenschoolsireland.org
27
What we have learned, What we still don’t know, and What we must do to combat climate change
Scientists’ responsibility
f 2BHDMBD R@MR BNMRBHDMBD MDRS PTD QTHMD CD KµLD t François Rabelais, 1532
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B@QANMMDTSQ@KAX3GDiQRSRSDORVDQDSNSQ@BJNTQ
DLHRRHNMR @MC HCDMSHEX NTQ FQD@SDRS NOONQSTMHSHDR ENQ
HLOQNUDLDMS6HSGRL@KKNEiBDRGNRSDCHMK@QFDHMRSHST
SHNMRHM TRSQ@KH@@MC)@O@MQDCTBHMFSGDB@QANMDLHR
RHNMREQNLNTQNEiBDRQDPTHQDCTRSNBG@MFDNTQG@AHSR
SNQDCTBDDKDBSQHBHSXTRD@MCHMjTDMBDNSGDQRSNL@JD
HLOQNUDLDMSRHMC@XSNC@XNODQ@SHNMR
(MRSHSTSDCHQDBSNQ$XRSDHM)@MRDMNODMRSGDMDVAHJDRSNQ@FDQNNLHM@MNEiBH@KBDQDLNMX$LOKNXDDRSG@SO@QSHBHO@SDHMSGDV@KJ
and biking campaign can follow their own as well as their colleagues bike routes on the internet. After a certain number of trips,
they obtain a gift (source: J. Johannessen)
3GDRBHDMSHiBBNLLTMHSXQDL@HMRCHUHCDCNMSGDLD@MHMFNEHSRRNBH@KQDRONMRHAHKHSXRNLDRBHDMSHRSRADKHDUDSG@SVDRGNTKCrRGNVSGDDW@LOKDeAXRSQNMFKX
reducing our own emissions and others object that it‘s not a topic to be discussed within the community as the search for solutions should strictly remain the
responsibility of governments and the broader society.
SHMFDLHRRHNMRSNADHMBKTCDCQHFGSEQNLSGDADFHMMHMF
@MC DMBNTQ@FDR SGD MDV G@AHS NE BNMRHCDQHMF B@QANM
DLHRRHNMRVGDML@JHMFCDBHRHNMR
6DG@C@EDVRTQOQHRDRVGDMKNNJHMF@SB@QANMNEERDS
OQNUHCDQR,@MXNESGDNMKHMD@HQSQ@UDKB@KBTK@SNQRCHC
MNSS@JDHMSN@BBNTMSSGDHMBQD@RDCHLO@BSNEGHFG@K
SHSTCDDLHRRHNMRDUDMSGNTFGRHMBDSGD(/""G@R
QDBNLLDMCDC TRHMF @ LTKSHOKHDQ NE @R @ Q@CH@SHUD
ENQBHMF HMCDW 1%( 6D @KRN ENTMC SG@S NMKX RNLD NE
SGDNEERDSOQNUHCDQRG@CHMCDODMCDMSKXUDQHiDCB@QANM
BQDCHSRRNLDSGHMFVDCDBHCDCV@RDRRDMSH@KENQ@RDBTQD
investment.
(S V@R MNS LTBG NE @ RTQOQHRD SG@S NE DLHRRHNMR
EQNL &"/ @BSHUHSHDR VDQD EQNL SQ@UDK 3GD QDCTBSHNMR
VDG@UDL@CDHMBKTCDTRHMFLNQDFQNTMCSQ@MRONQSENQ
RGNQSDQCHRS@MBDRHMBQD@RHMFSGDMTLADQNEBNMEDQDMBD
B@KKR@MCVDALDDSHMFRSNQDCTBDSGDSNS@KMTLADQNE
SQHOR@MCBNKNB@SHMFLDDSHMFRRNSG@SNMDINTQMDXB@M
LDDS LTKSHOKD MDDCR 3GD A@RHB M@STQD NE SGD &KNA@K
"@QANM/QNIDBSVGHBGDMBNTQ@FDRRXMSGDRHR@BQNRRHMSDQ
M@SHNM@KRBHDMSHiBBNLLTMHSHDRLD@MRSG@SNEERDSSHMF
TM@UNHC@AKDDLHRRHNMRVHKKQDL@HM@MHLONQS@MS@RODBS
NEADHMFB@QANMMDTSQ@K@MCG@UHMFLHMHL@KHLO@BSNM
SGD@SLNROGDQD@MCBKHL@SD
6DBGNRD@MNEERDSOQNUHCDQVGN@CGDQDRSNHMCDODM
CDMSKX UDQHiDC RSQHBS RS@MC@QCR ENQ SGDHQ OQNIDBSR HM
BKTCDRQ@CH@SHUDENQBHMFHMSGDHQ@HQSQ@UDKB@KBTK@SHNMR
@MCNEEDQRSQ@MRO@QDMSQDONQSHMF
!DB@TRD VD @SSDMC LDDSHMFR @MC BNMEDQDMBDR @R VDKK
@RAQHMFRBHDMSHRSRSNFDSGDQSNRXMSGDRHYDQDRD@QBGVD
MDDCDC SN RDS BKD@Q ANTMC@QHDR SN BNTMS VGHBG DLHR
RHNMR @QD NTQ QDRONMRHAHKHSX !@RDC NM SGD &QDDMGNTRD
&@R /QNSNBNK OTAKHB@SHNM e6NQJHMF SN NM "KHL@SD
"G@MFDsVVVFGFOQNSNBNKNQFVDCDUDKNODC@RHLOKD
ONKHBXSG@SVGNDUDQS@JDRNMSGDQDRONMRHAHKHSXSNO@X
ENQSGDiM@MBH@KBNRSRNE@INTQMDXNQDUDMSHR@BBNTMS
@AKDENQSGDDLHRRHNMR3GHR@KKNVRSGDBNRSRENQNEERDS
29
What we have learned, What we still don’t know, and What we must do to combat climate change
CarboSchools in action
Partnerships between climate researchers and secondary school teachers
Discover how teachers and scientists join
forces in CarboSchools30 and bridge the gap
between research and education! To illustrate
the variety of projects initiated in several
European countries since 2005, this chapter presents six inspiring examples all demNMRSQ@SHMF HM CHEEDQDMS V@XR SGD ADMDiSR NE
teacher-scientist partnerships. Students conduct experiments on the impact of greenhouse
gases, learn about climate research and the
reduction of emissions, and inform their wider community about climate change. We hope
that they will become fascinated and empowered by the search for solutions to the biggest
uncontrolled perturbation to the Earth-system
in human history. We hope to make learning
about science more engaging and challenging
for young people as future workers, consumers, citizens, or even scientists!
Benevento, Italy
IPSAA “Vetrone” & IIS “Alberti”: Sustainable
conservation agriculture as a tool to mitigate
the greenhouse effect
By Danilo Marandola, agronomist at CNR-IBIMET (Institute of
Biometeorology) and regional CarboSchools coordinator; IPSAA
“Vetrone” (Vocational School for Agriculture and Environment):
Antonio Cristofaro, director, and Aniello Russo, Nicola Fusco,
teachers; IIS “Alberti” (Technical School for Chemistry and Environment): Giovanni Antonio Paolucci, director, and Massimo Cappelluzzo, Aurelio Stefanelli, teachers. (pictures by the authors)
Number of pupils involved in the project: EQNL
(/2 @MCEQNL((2@UDQ@FD@FD
Main subjects involved: @FQNMNLXDBNKNFXBGDLHRSQX
Duration: XD@QR
Agriculture and CO2: why a CarboSchools project in a
school for agriculture?,NCDQMHMSDMRHUD@FQHBTKSTQDB@M
BNMSQHATSDRSQNMFKXSNHMBQD@RDC". emissions which are
TRT@KKXGHFGDQSG@MSGD".TOS@JDQDRTKSHMFEQNLOK@MS
OGNSNRXMSGDRHR3GDL@HMRNTQBDNE".DLHRRHNMRHRSHKK
@FDSG@SSGQNTFGLNUHMFRNHKB@TRDRRSQNMFNWHC@SHNM
NE 2NHK .QF@MHB ,@SSDQ 2., 2., HR BNLONRDC L@HMKX
NEOK@MSCDSQHSTRDFKD@UDRQNNSR@MCQDLM@MSRNESGD
G@QUDRS@MCB@MADBNMRHCDQDCSGDiM@KOQNCTBSNEOK@MS
OGNSNRXMSGDRHRBNMRHRSHMFL@HMKXNEB@QANM,NCDQMHM
SDMRHUD@FQHBTKSTQDHMSGDK@RSCDB@CDRG@RB@TRDCRSQNMF
NWHC@SHNMNE2.,VHSGSGDQDRTKSNEGTFD".DLHRRHNMR@KK
NUDQSGDVNQKC(M@CCHSHNMSNSGDDEEDBSNEHMBQD@RHMF".
DLHRRHNMRAXOKNTFGHMFSGDQD@QDeRDBNMC@QXsDLHRRHNMR
QDK@SDCSNSGDE@BSSG@SSQ@BSNQRATQMNHK+G@
@MCSG@SEDQSHKHYDQR@QDOQNCTBDCTRHMFNHK RODBH@KJHMC
NE @FQHBTKSTQD B@KKDC BNMRDQU@SHNM @FQHBTKSTQD NM SGD
BNMSQ@QXQDCTBDRSGDDMDQFXHMOTSQDPTHQDCHMBTKSHU@SHNM
HSB@MGDKOSNQDCTBD".DLHRRHNMRCHQDBSKXAXTRHMFKDRR
NHK@MCKDRREDQSHKHYDQ@MCHMCHQDBSKXAXRTOONQSHMFSGD
RSNQ@FDNE".HMSGDRNHKRHMSGDRS@AKDENQLNE2.,
Conservation agriculture: the sod seeding system.
KRNM@LDC#HQDBS2DDCHMFNQ-NSHKK@FDSGHRSDBGMHPTD
CNDRMS MDDC @MX JHMC NE RNHK SHKK@FD (SR B@QQHDC NTS
VHSG @ RODBH@K L@BGHMD SG@S VHSG @ RXRSDL NE CHRJR
NODMRSGHMETQQNVRHMSGDRNHKHMVGHBGRDDCR@QDOK@BDC
@MCRTARDPTDMSKXBKNRDRSGDL(SB@MADTRDCNMRNHKR
ITRS@ESDQSGDBDQD@KG@QUDRSCHQDBSKXNMLD@CNVRNQNM
E@QQNViDKCR/TAKHRGDCC@S@RGNVSG@SSGHRSDBGMHPTD
B@M @ RTARSHSTSD SQ@CHSHNM@K LNCDQM @FQHBTKSTQD SGD
OKNTFGAHMBQD@RD2.,@MCBQDCTBD". emissions.
,NQDNUDQAX@UNHCHMFRNHKSHKK@FDSGHRSDBGMHPTDQDCTB
DR2.,NWHC@SHNM@MCBNMSQHATSDRSN".RSNQ@FDHMSGD
RNHKR(MSGHRV@X@MCMNSSNLDMSHNMSGDKNVDMDQFXHM
OTSRTRDCENQSGDVGNKDOQNCTBSHNMBXBKD@FQ@QH@MRNHKR
G@UD SGD ONSDMSH@K to change from CO2 “sources” to
CO2 “sinks” VGHKD SGD SNS@K BTKSHU@SHNM DMDQFX HMOTSR
@QDQDCTBDCAX
The project: “Conservative sustainable agriculture as
a tool to mitigate greenhouse effect”.2STCDMSRG@UD
ADDMHMUNKUDCHMSGDRTQUDXNECHEEDQDMSBTKSHU@SHNMDW
periments with the aim to increase their interest for the
30) CarboSchools is currently funded until 2010 by the Science in Society programme of the EU, with a target of getting about 100 schools directly involved in
MHMDQDFHNM@KOQNIDBSR!DSVDDM@MC$/." SGDMDV$4QDRD@QBGOQNIDBSNMNBD@M@BHCHiB@SHNMVHKK@KRNADINHMHMFENQBDRVHSG"@QAN2BGNNKR
eMDVsBTKSHU@SHNMSDBGMHPTD@MCSNDU@KT@SDSGDONSDM
SH@KENQFQDDMGNTRDF@RLHSHF@SHNM(MSGDiQRSOQNIDBS
XD@QSGQDDCHEEDQDMSBQNORBNQMVGD@S@MCQ@ODRDDC
G@UDADDMBTKSHU@SDCHM(/2 RE@QLVHSGSGDMNSHKK@FD
SDBGMHPTD3GQDDSDRSRG@UDADDM@KRNQD@KHRDCVHSGSGD
SQ@CHSHNM@K BTKSHU@SHNM LDSGNC TRHMF SGD OKNTFG SN
BNLO@QD VHSG SGD RNC RDDCHMF RXRSDL SGDRHR (/2 R
RSTCDMSR G@UD ADDM HMUNKUDC HM LNMHSNQHMF SGD BTKSH
U@SHNMOQNBDCTQDRRDDCHMFEDQSHKHY@SHNMG@QUDRS@MC
HMRHLOKDC@S@BNKKDBSHNMBNMBDQMHMF@FQNMNLHB@RODBSR
DFBQNORFQNVSGOK@MSCDMRHSX@MCVDDCR.MSGD
NSGDQG@MC((2RRSTCDMSRG@UDADDMDMF@FDCHMRHLOKD
HMRSQTLDMS@K@M@KXRHRNERNHKF@RDWBG@MFDVHSGSGD@S
SDLOSSNCDRBQHAD".CXM@LHBRANSGHMSQ@CHSHNM@K@MC
HMRNCRDDCHMFiDKCR
Some educational observations:
2STCDMSR RGNVDC @ KNS NE HMSDQDRS ENQ SGD G@MCRNM
@BSHUHSHDR3GDXTRDSNKNNJANQDCCTQHMFKDRRNMRNQ
DWOK@M@SHNMR ATS VDQD UDQX @BSHUD CTQHMF C@S@ BNK
KDBSHNM@BSHUHSHDR@MCiDKCUHRHSR(MFDMDQ@K(/2 RSTCDMSRRGNVCHEiBTKSHDRHMTMCDQRS@MCHMFRBHDMSHiB
BNMBDOSR((2RSTCDMSRNMSGDNSGDQG@MCRGNVKHL
HSDCTMCDQRS@MCHMFNESGD@FQNMNLHBLD@MHMFNESGD
DWODQHLDMSR
3GD HMUNKUDLDMS NE @ RBHDMSHRS QDOQDRDMSDC iQRS NE
@KK @ MDV RNTQBD NE RBHDMSHiB MDVR @MC @ V@X SN
RSHLTK@SD@SSDMSHNM@MCHMSDQDRSHMRSTCDMSR3GDTRD
NE CHEEDQDMS BNLLTMHB@SHNM RSQ@SDFHDR DMSGTRH@RL
@MC SGD RBHDMSHiB eNTSKNNJs GDKODC SGD RBHDMSHRS SN
@BSHU@SDSGDRSTCDMSR.MSGDNSGDQG@MCSGDOQNIDBS
@OOD@QDCSNADRBHDMSHRSCDODMC@MS3GHRLD@MRSG@S
VHSGNTS @ RBHDMSHRS OQDRDMS SGD OQNIDBS KNNJDC @R
SGNTFGHSVNTKCG@UDOQNAKDLRHMBNMSHMTHMF3D@BG
DQRAXSGDLRDKUDRVDQDMNS@AKDSNQDOK@BDSGDB@QQX
HMFQNKDNESGDRBHDMSHRS
2STCDMSRG@UDADDMDU@KT@SDCHMSVNCHEEDQDMSV@XR
PTDRSHNMM@HQD BNMBDQMHMF FDMDQ@K @RODBSR NE SGD
FQDDMGNTRDDEEDBSV@RTRDC@SSGDADFHMMHMFNESGD
OQNIDBS@MCVHKKADONRDC@F@HM@SSGDDMCSNDU@KT
@SD SGD DUNKTSHNM NE SGD OTOHKR FDMDQ@K JMNVKDCFD
3GDRDBNMCDU@KT@SHNMLDSGNCG@RADDMQDOQDRDMSDC
AX@MHMCHQDBSDU@KT@SHNM@BSHNM2STCDMSRG@UDADDM
B@KKDCSNS@KJ@ANTSSGDHQ@BSHUHSHDRSNNSGDQRSTCDMSR
ADKNMFHMFSNNSGDQBK@RRDR@MCNQRBGNNKR3D@BGDQR
@MCSGDRBHDMSHRSKNNJDC@SSGDDWODQHLDMSEQNL@E@Q
3GDDWODQHLDMSNMSGDNMDG@MCRGNVDCSGDFDM
DQ@KKDUDKNERSTCDMSRJMNVKDCFDRSQDRRHMFVGDQDSN
HMSDFQ@SDHMENQL@SHNM@MCDWOK@M@SHNMATS@KRNQDO
QDRDMSDC@FNNCV@XSNHMBQD@RDSGDKDUDKNEO@QSHBH
O@SHNM@MCSGDRDMRDNE@V@QDMDRR@ANTSVG@SOTOHKR
VDQDRSTCXHMF@MCCNHMF
.SGDQRBGNNKSD@BGDQRG@UDTRT@KKXKNNJDC@SSGDOQNI
DBSVHSGQDRODBS@MC@L@YDLDMS BST@KKXSGDXQD@KKX
SGHMJ SG@S RBGNNKR DRODBH@KKX SGD UNB@SHNM@K NMDR
G@UDSGDCTSXSNOQNUHCDRSTCDMSRVHSGMDVDWODQH
DMBDR@MCJMNVKDCFDATS@RL@SSDQNEE@BSSGDX@QD
MNS@AKDSN@BGHDUDSGHRAXSGDLRDKUDR/@QDMSRG@UD
ADDMHMFDMDQ@KUDQXHMSDQDRSDCSNN%NQ(/2 RST
CDMSRSGDO@QDMSR@QDFDMDQ@KKXQDOQDRDMSDCAXE@QL
DQRSG@SG@UDRGNVDC@RSQNMFHMSDQDRSHMSGDOQNIDBS
@MCHMSGDRNCRDDCHMFSDBGMHPTD R@QDRTKSNESGHR
L@MXO@QDMSE@QLDQRG@UDDWOQDRRDCSGDVHKKSNSDRS
it in their own farm. This demonstrates that students
G@UDQD@KHYDC@FNNCCHRRDLHM@SHNM@BSHUHSX@SGNLD
VGHBGHR@FNNCHMCHB@SHNMNESGDHQKDUDKNEO@QSHBHO@
SHNMHMSGDOQNIDBS@MCHSRONSDMSH@K
31
What we have learned, What we still don’t know, and What we must do to combat climate change
Bergen, Norway
Bergen Katedralskole: The sea outside our door
by Bente Færøvik (Biology teacher); Eva Falck (regional CarboSchools coordinator); Solveig Kringstad (technician); Ingunn
Skjelvan (researcher); Andrea Volbers (CarboOcean project
manager) (pictures by the authors)
.TQOQNIDBSRS@QSDCHM@R@BNNODQ@SHNMADSVDDM
!DQFDM*@SDCQ@KRJNKD@MTOODQRDBNMC@QXRBGNNKHM!DQ
FDM @MC !IDQJMDR "DMSQD ENQ "KHL@SD 1DRD@QBG !""1
NM SGD HMHSH@SHUD NE SGD "@QAN.BD@M QDRD@QBG OQNIDBS
NTSQD@BG
#TQHMFSGDRBGNNKXD@QSVDMSXRHWRSTCDMSRNE
@FD@RVDKK@RENTQSD@BGDQR@MCENTQRBHDMSHRSRSDBG
MHBH@MRVDQDHMUNKUDCHMSGHROQNIDBSVGHBGENQLDCO@QS
NE@RTAIDBSB@KKDC2BHDMBD(MSGDHMHSH@KOG@RDRBHDMSHRSR
EQNL!""1F@UDKDBSTQDR@ANTSSGDB@QANMBXBKDSNSGD
RBHDMBDSD@BGDQR@MCSGDRSTCDMSR3GDRSTCDMSR@KRNG@C
KDBSTQDR@SRBGNNK@ANTSSGDFQDDMGNTRDDEEDBS@MCUHRHSR
VDQDL@CDSNSGD!""1K@ANQ@SNQXE@BHKHSHDR%QNL@TFTRS
NMV@QCRSGDENBTRV@RDRODBH@KKXNM?G@MCRNMDW
Plankton net in operation.
Watersampling.
ODQHLDMSR@KKNVHMFSGDRSTCDMSRSNTRD@KKSGDRBHDMSHiB
HMRSQTLDMSR@MCSNODQENQL@KKLD@RTQDLDMSRSGDLRDKUDR
3GDRSTCDMSRSNNJO@QSHMENTQRBHDMBDDWODCHSHNMRVHSG
SGDRGHO15'@MR!Q@SRSQLSNDWOKNQDSGDEINQCRHMNTQ
KNB@K @QD@ ITRS NTSRHCD !DQFDM 3VN NE SGD DWODCHSHNMR
VDQDHM2DOSDLADQ@MCSVNHM,@QBG OQHK
3GDDWODCHSHNMR@HLDCSNHMUDRSHF@SDOGXRHB@KBGDLHB@K
@MC AHNKNFHB@K @RODBSR NE RD@V@SDQ @MC CTQHMF SGD @T
STLMDWODCHSHNMRSGDRSTCDMSR@MCSD@BGDQRINHMDCSGD
QDRD@QBG UDRRDK SN 'IDKSDEINQCDM 2BHDMSHRSRSDBGMHBH@MR
EQNL!""1@KRNINHMDCSGDBQTHRDSNDWOK@HMGNVSNTRD
SGD RBHDMSHiB DPTHOLDMS NM AN@QC @MC GNV SN R@LOKD
SGDV@SDQ3GDX@KRNDWOK@HMDCSGDRBHDMSHiBA@BJFQNTMC
VG@S HR LD@RTQDC CDLNMRSQ@SDC SGD DWODQHLDMSR @MC
GDKODC SGD RSTCDMSR SN @M@KXRD R@LOKDR @MC B@KBTK@SD
U@QHNTRO@Q@LDSDQRQDK@SHMFSNSGDL@QHMDB@QANMBXBKD
15'@MR!Q@SSRSQLV@RDPTHOODCVHSG@OK@MJSNMMDS
RD@ADCFQ@AR@LOKHMFDPTHOLDMS@V@SDQR@LOKDQTMHS
@MC @ RDMRNQ ENQ GXCQNFQ@OGHB LD@RTQDLDMSR SGD "3#
"NMCTBSHUHSX 3DLODQ@STQD @MC #DOSG 3GD RSTCDMSR
CDSDQLHMDC SDLODQ@STQD @MC R@KHMHSX @R ETMBSHNMR NE
CDOSGSGDXBNKKDBSDCV@SDQR@LOKDRENQNWXFDM@MCHM
NQF@MHBB@QANMLD@RTQDLDMSR@MCCDSDQLHMDCSGDBNL
ONRHSHNM NE OK@MJSNM RODBHDR @S SGHR SHLD NE SGD XD@Q
3GDX@KRNKD@QMDC@ANTSKHED@MCRDBTQHSXNMAN@QC
(M2OQHMFSGDR@LDFQNTONERSTCDMSRO@QSHBHO@S
DCHMSVN@CCHSHNM@KDWODCHSHNMRSNSVNMDVKNB@SHNMR
5@SKDRSQ@TLDM VHSG @ CDOSG NE L @MC *NQREINQCDM
VHSG@CDOSGNEL3GDRSTCDMSRVNQJGDQDV@R
SNBNLO@QDR@LOKDREQNLSGDSVNKNB@SHNMRSGDO@Q@L
DSDQRRSTCHDCVDQDSDLODQ@STQDR@KHMHSXNWXFDMHMNQ
F@MHBB@QANMOK@MJSNM@MCADMSGNR3GDRSTCDMSRCHC
RD@ADCFQ@AR@LOKHMFRTQUDXR@MCBNLO@QDCSGDRODBHDR
ENTMC@SSGDRD@ADCRNESGDSVNKNB@SHNMR3N@M@KXRD
SGDHMNQF@MHBB@QANMR@LOKDRiUDNESGDRSTCDMSRUHR
HSDCSGD!""1K@ANQ@SNQHDR@MCTRDCSGD@U@HK@AKDDPTHO
LDMSTMCDQSGDFTHC@MBDNE@MDMFHMDDQ
3GDRSTCDMSRVNQJBNMRHRSDCHMBNKKDBSHMF@KKQDKDU@MS
C@S@@M@KXRHMFSGDC@S@@MCVQHSHMF@QDONQS@ANTSSGD
VNQJNMAN@QCVHSGOHBSTQDRRGNVHMF@KKNESGDQDKDU@MS
DPTHOLDMS
(M SGD RTAIDBS B@KKDC 2BHDMBD SGD RSTCDMSR RGNTKC ODQ
ENQL@RBHDMSHiBHMUDRSHF@SHNMHMNMDNERDUDQ@KRBHDMBD
R/V Hans Brattstrøm.
Students wearing safety suits.
SNOHBR VHSG HM @UDQ@FD SVN SD@BGHMF GNTQR TRDC DUDQX
VDDJ3GDiQRSBQTHRDQDRTKSDCHMRNKHCQDONQSR@MCRNLD
of the students made a poster that was presented at
RDUDQ@K HMSDQM@SHNM@K RBHDMSHiB LDDSHMFR DF "@QAN
.BD@M (M @CCHSHNM @ MDVRO@ODQ @QSHBKD @MC @ UHCDN
VDQDOQNCTBDCEQNLSGDBQTHRDHM@U@HK@AKDNMSGD
"@QAN2BGNNKR @MC "@QAN.BD@M VDARHSD 3GD RBHDMBD
OQNIDBS V@R MNS DU@KT@SDC AX FQ@CHMF ATS HMRSD@C ITRS
@OOQNUDC3GHRE@BSL@CDHSCHEiBTKSSNiMHRGSGDQDONQSR
EQNLSGD OQHKBQTHRDRRHMBDNSGDQL@SSDQRADB@LD
LNQD HLONQS@MS (M SGD ETSTQD HS VNTKC AD ADSSDQ SN
DU@KT@SDSGDOQNIDBSAXFQ@CHMF
@HCCDUDKNOLDMSATSHSB@M@KRNADBG@KKDMFHMFVGDMHS
BNLDRSNK@MFT@FDRJHKKR
3GD RSTCDMSR RGNVDC @ RSQNMF HMSDQDRS HM SGD OQNIDBS
@MCSGDXVNQJDCUDQXG@QC3GDOQNIDBSF@UDSGDLHM
RHFGS HMSN GNV RBHDMSHRSR VNQJ @MC SGD BNLOKDWHSX NE
M@STQD 3GD RBHDMSHRSR EQNL !""1 VDQD LNSHU@SDC @MC
GDKOETK3GHRBNNODQ@SHNM@KRNLNSHU@SDCSGDRBGNNKSN
ENBTRNMBKHL@SDBG@MFDHRRTDRAX@QQ@MFHMF@eBKHL@SD
VDDJs@SRBGNNKVGHBGBNMRHRSDCNERBHDMSHiBOQDRDMS@
SHNMRO@MDKCDA@SDRDSB
%NQSGDRBGNNKXD@Q@RL@KKDWBG@MFDOQN
FQ@LLDV@RRDSTO%HQRSSVNRSTCDMSREQNL*HDKANSG
@FDC UHRHSDC !DQFDM *@SDCQ@KRJNKD ENQ @ VDDJ HM
TFTRS @MC O@QSHBHO@SDC HM @ C@X DWODCHSHNM HM SGD
UHBHMHSXNE!DQFDMSG@SV@RHM@CCHSHNMSN@C@XAHNK
NFXDWODCHSHNMHMSGDLNTMS@HMR2DBNMCSVNRSTCDMSR
EQNL!DQFDMSNNJO@QSHM@C@XBQTHRDHMSGD!@KSHB
SNFDSGDQVHSGRSTCDMSREQNL*HDK2STCDMSDWBG@MFDG@R
RDUDQ@KONRHSHUD@RODBSRHSHRDWBHSHMFHMENQL@SHUDB@M
EDVVNQCRNMSGDRBGNNKXD@QSGD-NQVDFH@M
"@QAN2BGNNKROQNIDBSG@RADDMDWSDMCDCSNHMBKTCDSVN
LNQDRBGNNKRHM!DQFDM!IQFUHMUHCDQDF¸DMCDRJNKD@MC
#@MHDKRDMUHCDQDF¸DMCDRJNKD@MCSGD4MHUDQRHSXNE!DQ
FDMQDOQDRDMSDCAXSGD&DNOGXRHB@K(MRSHSTSD4H!!""1
HR MNV BNNQCHM@SHMF SGD @BSHUHSHDR ETMCDC SGQNTFG SGD
MDV"@QAN2BGNNKROQNIDBS#TQHMFSGQDDC@XRHM2DOSDL
ADQSGHRXD@QENQSXiUDRSTCDMSRNE@FD@MC
iUDSD@BGDQRINHMDC15'@MR!Q@SSRSQLSNHMUDRSHF@SD
SGD OGXRHB@K BGDLHB@K @MC AHNKNFHB@K BNMCHSHNMR NE SGD
EINQCRNTSRHCDNE!DQFDM3GDRSTCDMSR@MCSD@BGDQREQNL
SGDSGQDDRBGNNKRO@QSHBHO@SDCHMSGDOQNIDBS@RO@QSNE
SGDHQAHNKNFXSDBGMNKNFXRBHDMBD@MCFDNRBHDMBDRTA
IDBSRQDRODBSHUDKX MC@R@QDRTKSNESGDRDCHEEDQDMS@O
OQN@BGDRCHEEDQDMS@RODBSRNESGDOQNIDBS@QDGHFGKHFGSDC
(M@CCHSHNMSNSGDC@XDWODCHSHNMRHM2DOSDLADQRDU
DQ@KUHRHSRNERSTCDMSRSN4H!!""1@MCUHBDUDQR@G@UD
ADDM B@QQHDCNTS VGDQD KDBSTQDR NM SGD SGDNQX @MC NM
C@S@ BNLOHK@SHNM @MC B@KBTK@SHNM G@UD ADDM OQDRDMSDC
3GD@M@KXRDRVDQD@KRNL@CDNMSGDRDDWODCHSHNMR
3GDRSTCDMSRVDQDUDQXLNSHU@SDCVGHBGHRHMROHQHMFENQ
SGDRBHDMSHRSRSDBGMHBH@MR3GD-NQVDFH@M"@QAN2BGNNKR
OQNIDBS VHKK AD OQDRDMSDC @S SGD "@QAN.BD@M @MMT@K
LDDSHMFVHSGHM@MGNTQRDRRHNMCDCHB@SDCSNRBGNNK
@BSHUHSHDR HM NQCDQ SN FHUD EDDCA@BJ SN SGD RBHDMSHRSR
VNQJHMF HM SGD "@QAN.BD@M OQNIDBS @MC SN DMBNTQ@FD
NSGDQKNB@KRBGNNKOQNIDBSR
33
What we have learned, What we still don’t know, and What we must do to combat climate change
Kiel, Germany
Gymnasium Wellingdorf: Students, Teachers
and Researchers Study the Ocean
by Sabine Temming, Biology, German and Drama teacher
(pictures by the author)
Concept:
4RHMFSGDRODBHiBDW@LOKDNEL@QHMDRBHDMBDR-@36NQJ
HMF ,@QHMD 1DRD@QBG attempts to convey the fascina
SHNMNEM@STQ@KRBHDMBDR@MCSGDBNLOKDWHSXNESGDBKHL@SD
RXRSDL SN RSTCDMSR EQNL RDBNMC@QX RBGNNKR .OONQSTMH
SHDR@QDOQNUHCDCENQOQ@BSHB@KRSTCHDRNMBTQQDMSQDRD@QBG
issues in direct contact with researchers. The students
NAS@HMG@MCRNMDWODQHDMBDVHSGRBHDMSHiBLDSGNCR@MC
HMRHFGSRHMSNQDRD@QBG
3GDOQNIDBSHRBTQQDMSKXETMCDCAXSGD-@36NQJHMF/QN
FQ@LNESGD1NADQS!NRBG%NTMC@SHNM@MCAXSGD&DQL@M
1DRD@QBG%NTMC@SHNMSGQNTFGHSRO@QSHBHO@SHNMHMSGD*HDK
"KTRSDQNE$WBDKKDMBDr3GD%TSTQD.BD@Me
U@QHNTRDWODQHLDMSRHMSNOHBRQ@MFHMFEQNLNRLNQDFT
K@SHNMHML@QHMDNQF@MHRLRSNRHLTK@SHNMNEDEEDBSRNE
HMBQD@RHMFB@QANMCHNWHCDHMSGDNBD@MSGDOTOHKR@B
PTHQDSGDA@RHBRJHKKRENQHMUDRSHF@SHUDKD@QMHMF
Grade 10 – 13:3NFDSGDQVHSGSGDHQSD@BGDQR@MCL@QHMD
RBHDMSHRSR SGD RSTCDMSR VNQJ HMCHUHCT@KKX NQ HM FQNTOR
6GDQDUDQONRRHAKDSGDOQNIDBSR@QDCDRHFMDCSNADHM
SDQCHRBHOKHM@QXKHMJDCSN@BST@KQDRD@QBG@MCHMSDFQ@SDC
HMSN SGD RBGNNK BTQQHBTKTL 1DRTKSR @QD OQDRDMSDC AX
SGD RSTCDMSR @MC SGD VNQJ NE SGD RSTCDMSR HR TRT@KKX
FQ@CDC
Investigating the Effects of Changing Salinity on Organisms An example for a course project in a 12th
grade ecology class:
)@MT@QXk)TMD
3VDMSX RSTCDMSR NE @M @CU@MBDC AHNKNFX BK@RR HMUDRSH
F@SDCSGDDEEDBSRNEBG@MFHMFR@KHMHSXHMSGDDRST@QXNE
SGDKNB@KQHUDQ2BGVDMSHMD ANTSGNTQRNESGDQDFTK@Q
BK@RRVNQJVDQDCDCHB@SDCSNSGDOQNIDBSATSLNRSNESGD
RSTCDMSRRODMSLTBGLNQDSHLD2STCDMSRCDUDKNODCSGDHQ
NVMQDRD@QBGPTDRSHNMRSNFDSGDQVHSGSGDHQSD@BGDQ@MC
SGDSVNRBHDMSHRSR MSH@@MC)#DMFF3GDBK@RRV@R
ROKHSTOHMSNRL@KKFQNTORSG@SVDQDRTOONQSDCAXNMDNQ
SVNRBHDMSHRSRD@BG@MCVNQJDCNMSGDENKKNVHMFSNOHBR
$EEDBSRNEHMBQD@RHMFR@KHMHSXNMRS@QiRG
(LO@BSNEBG@MFHMFR@KHMHSXNM@QDC@KF@D
$EEDBSRNEBG@MFHMFR@KHMHSXNMOGXSNOK@MJSNM
3GDNQDSHB@KA@BJFQNTMC
Implementation:
Grade 5 – 8: Student Science Clubs:
(MHMSDQCHRBHOKHM@QX@ESDQMNNM@BSHUHSHDRXNTMFDQOTOHKR
NAS@HM SGDHQ iQRS DWONRTQD SN RBHDMSHiB VNQJ 3GQNTFG
Phytoplankton cultures.
BNTMSDCENQ@ANTSNESGDFQ@CDENQSGHRBK@RR(M
@CCHSHNMSGDRSTCDMSROQDRDMSDCSGDHQVNQJSNSGDOTA
KHBCTQHMF@MNODMC@X@S(%,&$., 1@MCOQDO@QDC@
web presentation.
Project Description:
,NMHSNQHMFSGD*HDK%INQC
Research vessels: Polarfuchs and ALKOR.
Red algae at Kiel Fjord.
2NLDSHLDR@KKNESGDRSTCDMSRLDSVHSGSGDSD@BGDQ@MC
SGDRBHDMSHRSRENQ@BK@RRRDRRHNMATSL@HMKXSGDRL@KK
FQNTORVNQJDCHMCHUHCT@KKXRTOONQSDCAXSGDRBHDMSHRSR
ANTSDUDQXNSGDQVDDJSGDXFNS@GNTQKNMFBK@RR
ODQHNCNEESNVNQJNMSGDHQOQNIDBSR3GDRSTCDMSROQD
RDMSDC SGDHQ QDRD@QBG @R VQHSSDM QDONQSR ONRSDQR @MC
S@KJR@SRBGNNK3GDOQDRDMS@SHNMRVDQDFQ@CDC@MC@B
31) in cooperation with IFM-GEOMAR (Leibniz Institute for Marine Sciences), the University of Kiel and the Cluster of Excellence “The Future Ocean”
Results:
2NLD FQNTOR VDQD @AKD SN @BGHDUD DWBDKKDMS QDRTKSR
SGDX NQF@MHYDC SGDHQ VNQJ @RJDC ENQ GDKO VGDM MDB
DRR@QX VNQJDC LNRSKX HMCDODMCDMSKX @MC RGNVDC VDKK
OQDO@QDCOQDRDMS@SHNMR%NQ@EDVNSGDQRSTCDMSRSGHR
V@XNEVNQJHMFV@RLNQDCHEiBTKS@MCSGDXCHCMNSBNL
municate with the teacher or the scientists when prob
KDLRB@LDTO
2STCDMSDWODQHLDMS2S@QiRGOQDEDQ@RODBHiBR@KHMHSX
Carbon Cycle – Climate Change – Impact on the
Ocean
An example for a current project in a 13th grade
OQNIDBSBK@RR2DOSk,@H
!@RDCNMSGDRDDWODQHDMBDR@RHLHK@QOQNIDBSV@RRS@QS
DCHM2DOSDLADQ2STCDMSRNEFQ@CDVHKKHMUDRSH
F@SDPTDRSHNMRQDK@SDCSNSGDHMBQD@RDHMB@QANMCHNWHCD
BNMBDMSQ@SHNMHMSGDNBD@M BK@RRNERSTCDMSRV@R
ROKHSTOHMSNFQNTORVNQJHMFSNFDSGDQVHSGSTSNQRNE
(%,&$., 1 (M SGHR BNTQRD SGD ENBTR HR LNQD SGDN
QDSHB@K 3GD FQNTOR VHKK VNQJ VHSG RBHDMSHiB KHSDQ@STQD
B@QQXNTSKHAQ@QXRSTCHDROQDO@QDONRSDQR@MCRG@QDSGDHQ
QDRTKSRHM@MNQ@KOQDRDMS@SHNMRDRRHNM%HM@KKXSGDRST
CDMSRVHKKVQHSDDRR@XRNMSGDHQRODBHiBSNOHBR
3GD OQNIDBS MNS NMKX BNUDQDC SGD BTQQHBTKTL QDPTHQD
LDMSRDBNKNFX@R@SNOHB@MCOQNIDBSVNQJ@R@LDSG
NCATS@KRNENRSDQDCL@MXNSGDQRJHKKRRTBG@RCDRHFM
HMFDWODQHLDMSRRNBH@KKD@QMHMFBNLLTMHB@SHNMRJHKKR
OQDRDMS@SHNMRJHKKR@MCVQHSHMF@ANTSRBHDMBD
(M@MDU@KT@SHNMRSTCDMSR@OOQDBH@SDCSGDBKNRDVNQJ
VHSG SGD RBHDMSHRSR @MC SGD VNQJ NTSRHCD SGD RBGNNK
SG@SHR@SSGDHMRSHSTSD3GDXLNRSKXKHJDCVNQJHMFHM
SD@LR@MCSGD?QDK@WDC?@MCBNNODQ@SHUD@SLNROGDQD@S
the institute was mentioned as a positive aspect. They
FNSHMRHFGSRHMSNRBHDMSHiBVNQJ@MC@AQN@CDQA@RHRENQ
@ CDBHRHNM ENQ NQ @F@HMRS @ RBHDMSHiB B@QDDQ (M @C
CHSHNM @KK RSTCDMSR DLOG@RHYDC SG@S RHLHK@Q OQNIDBSR
RGNTKCADOTQRTDCHMSGDETSTQD
/QDO@QHMF@RBHDMSHiBONRSDQ
35
What we have learned, What we still don’t know, and What we must do to combat climate change
Lampedusa, Italy
Istituto Onnicomprensivo “Luigi Pirandello”:
Atmosphere, climate, and sustainable
development
By Alcide Giorgio di Sarra, scientist at ENEA/ACS32 and Maria
Angela Marramaldo, headmaster (pictures by F. Monteleone, G.
Giovanetti, and S. Piacentino)
3GD OQNIDBS e#HC@BSHB DWODQHLDMSR NM SGD @SLNROGDQD
BKHL@SD@MCRTRS@HM@AKDCDUDKNOLDMS@SSGDGHFGRBGNNK
NE+@LODCTR@sSNNJOK@BDCTQHMFSGDXD@Q+@LOD
CTR@HR@RL@KKHRK@MCHMSGDRNTSGDQMBDMSQ@K,DCHSDQ
Q@MD@MVGDQD@ANTSODNOKDKHUD LD@RTQDLDMS
RS@SHNMCDCHB@SDCSNSGDRSTCXNEBKHL@SDHRNODQ@SHNM@K
NMSGDHRK@MCRHMBD
3GDOQNIDBSV@ROQNONRDCAX$-$ INHMSKXVHSGSGDKNB@K
GHFGRBGNNK+THFH/HQ@MCDKKN@MCV@RO@QSH@KKXRTOONQSDC
AX SGD (S@KH@M ,HMHRSQX ENQ $CTB@SHNM SGQDD SD@BGDQR
RBHDMBDHMENQL@SHBR@MCRONQSO@QSHBHO@SDCHMSGDDW
ODQHLDMSR@MCVNQJDCNMSGDRTAIDBS@SRBGNNKCTQHMF
SGDNQCHM@QXKDRRNMR%NTQRDMHNQ@MCSGQDDXNTMFRBHDM
SHRSR@RVDKK@RSVNSDBGMHBH@MREQNL$-$ BNMSQHATSDC
SNSGDOQNIDBSHMCHEEDQDMSV@XR
3GD BNQD NE SGD OQNIDBS HMUNKUDC @ANTS RSTCDMSR
XD@QRNE@FD@MCV@RA@RDCNMHMSQNCTBSHUDRDLH
CO2 and wind direction (orange) measurements at Lampedusa
on March 21, 2007. The CO2 was measured downtown Lampedusa (pink) and at the ENEA Station, which is far from the town
(blue). The wind originating sector is indicated in yellow.
M@QR @ UHRHS SN SGD LD@RTQDLDMS RS@SHNM @MC G@MCR
NM DWODQHLDMSR 3GD RSTCDMSR VDQD CHUHCDC HMSN SGQDD
FQNTOR@MCD@BGNESGDFQNTORO@QSHBHO@SDCHMSVNiDKC
DWODQHLDMSR M HMSQNCTBSNQX RDLHM@Q OQNUHCDC A@BJ
FQNTMC HMENQL@SHNM NM SGD @SLNROGDQHB RSQTBSTQD @S
LNROGDQHBBNLONRHSHNM@MCBKHL@SD
3GD iQRS DWODQHLDMS BNMRHRSDC HM SGD OQDO@Q@SHNM
K@TMBG@MCBNKKDBSHNMNEC@S@EQNL@Q@CHNRNMCDSG@S
V@RK@TMBGDCEQNLSGD$-$ 2S@SHNMENQ"KHL@SD.ARDQ
U@SHNMR VGHBG HR KNB@SDC NM SGD MNQSGD@RSDQM BN@RS
NE SGD HRK@MC 3GD C@S@ VDQD TRDC SN CDQHUD HMENQL@
SHNM NM SGD @SLNROGDQHB UDQSHB@K RSQTBSTQD @MC SN CHR
BTRR SGD DMDQFXDPTHKHAQHTLVGHBGENQLRSGDA@RHRNE
BKHL@SD/QDO@QHMFSGDQ@CHNRNMCDB@KHAQ@SHNMSDRSHMF
NESGDBNLLTMHB@SHNMRRXRSDLTMCDQRS@MCHMFSGDLD
SDNQNKNFHB@KO@Q@LDSDQR@RVDKK@RiKKHMF@MCQDKD@R
HMFA@KKNNMRVDQD@LTRHMFBG@KKDMFDRENQSGDRSTCDMSR
3GDXVDQDKTBJX@RD@BGFQNTOBNTKCFDS@QDBNQCVHSG
SGDHQ A@KKNNM &QNTO VNM SGD OQHYD ENQ SGD A@KKNNM
SNO @KSHSTCD L &QNTO ! ENQ SGD KNVDRS SDL
ODQ@STQD˜"@MC&QNTO"ENQSGDRSQNMFDRSVHMC
LR@MCKNMFDRSjHFGSCHRS@MBDEQNL+@LODCTR@
JL
3GD RDBNMC DWODQHLDMS BNMRHRSDC HM R@LOKHMF @LAHDMS
@HQD@BGFQNTO@SCHEEDQDMSSHLDRNESGDC@XHMCNVMSNVM
+@LODCTR@ ESDQ R@LOKHMF D@BG FQNTO O@QSHBHO@SDC HM
SGD@M@KXRHR@SSGD$-$ 2S@SHNMENQSGDCDSDQLHM@SHNMNE
SGD".BNMSDMSR3GD".LHWHMFQ@SHNLD@RTQDCCNVM
SNVM CTQHMF SGD C@X V@R BNLO@QDC VHSG SGD U@KTDR
LD@RTQDC@SSGD$-$ RS@SHNME@QEQNLSGDCNVMSNVM
SQ@EiB6GHKDSGD@HQV@RADHMFR@LOKDCHMRS@HMKDRR
RSDDK B@MHRSDQR NM SGD L@HM QN@C NE +@LODCTR@ @
RL@KKBQNVCF@SGDQDC@MCADF@M@RRHRSHMFVHSGHMSDQDRS
HMSGDR@LOKHMF@MCSGDRSTCDMSRVDQDDWOK@HMHMFSNSGD
OTAKHBVG@SSGDXVDQDCNHMF3GDCHEEDQDMBDRSGD".
@SMNNMV@RLNQDSG@MOOLGHFGDQCNVMSNVMSG@M
@SSGDRS@SHNMVDQDCHRBTRRDCHMQDK@SHNMSNM@STQ@K@MC
@MSGQNONFDMHB".RNTQBDRDMDQFXTRDC@HKXKHEDDLHR
RHNMR@MCRTRS@HM@AKDCDUDKNOLDMS
3GDRDLHM@Q@MCDWODQHLDMSRSNNJOK@BDVHSGHM@RHMFKD
VDDJD@BGFQNTOO@QSHBHO@SDCHMSVNLNQMHMFRDRRHNMR
32) Ente per le Nuove tecnologie, l’Energia e l’Ambiente (National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment), Department for the Environment,
Global Change and Sustainable Development
1D@CXENQK@TMBGÎ3GDQ@CHNRNMCDG@RADDMB@KHAQ@SDCSDRSDC@MCBNMMDBSDCSNSGD
A@KKNNMiKKDCVHSGGDKHTL
@ANTS SGQDD GNTQR D@BG @MC SVN @ESDQMNNM RDLHM@QR
NMD@SSGDADFHMMHMF@MCNMD@SSGDDMCNESGDVDDJ
3GDBNKKDBSDCC@S@@RVDKK@RRNLD@CCHSHNM@KC@S@SGD
BNLOKDSDQDBNQCNE".LD@RTQDLDMSR@S+@LODCTR@
SNFDSGDQVHSGRTFFDRSHNMRENQRHLOKD@M@KXRDRSN
ADODQENQLDCHMBK@RRVDQDCHRSQHATSDCSNSGDSD@BGDQR
SSGDDMCNESGDXD@QNMDLNQMHMFV@RCDCHB@SDCSNSGD
presentation of the activities to the other students of
SGDGHFGRBGNNK@ANTSRSTCDMSR/QDRDMS@SHNMRVDQD
OQDO@QDCAXSGDFQNTORSG@SG@CO@QSHBHO@SDCHMSGDOQNI
DBS@MCAXSGDSD@BGDQR6HSGHMSGHRRDLHM@QSGDRSTCDMSR
@KRNG@CSNBNLLTMHB@SDSNSGDHQRBGNNKL@SDR@ANTSSGD
NTSBNLDNESGDHQDWODQHLDMSR3VNiM@KRDLHM@QRNMFK@
BHNKNFX @MC BKHL@SD @MC NM DMDQFX @MC BKHL@SD VDQD
FHUDMAXSGD$-$ DWODQSR RO@QSNESGDOQNIDBS@LD
SDNQNKNFHB@KRS@SHNMV@R@KRNHMRS@KKDCNMSGDQNNENESGD
GHFGRBGNNKSN@KKNVENQSGDE@LHKH@QHY@SHNMVHSGLDSDN
QNKNFHB@KU@QH@AKDR@MCHMRSQTLDMSR@MCSNRS@QSSGDRXR
SDL@SHBBNKKDBSHNMNELDSDNQNKNFHB@KO@Q@LDSDQR
2STCDMSRVDQDRSQNMFKXHMSDQDRSDCAXSGDOQNIDBS@MCFNS
GD@UHKX HMUNKUDC HM SGD @BSHUHSHDR SG@MJR SN SGD QDKD
vance of the discussed themes. The introductory seminar
V@RRTOONQSDCAXRDUDQ@KOQ@BSHB@KDWODQHLDMSRVGHBG
ETQSGDQLNSHU@SDCSGDRSTCDMSRSGDRBGNNKCHCMNSG@UD
@RBHDMSHiBK@ANQ@SNQX@SSG@SSHLDRNSGDRSTCDMSRCHC
MNSG@UD@MXRHLHK@QDWODQHDMBDADENQDG@MC3GDRST
CDMSR O@QSHBHO@SHMF HM SGD OQNIDBS DWODQHDMBDC @ MDV
@MC ONRHSHUD @OOQN@BG SN RBHDMSHiB CHRBHOKHMDR KD@QMS
MDVCHEEDQDMS@MCQDV@QCHMFLDSGNCR@MC@BPTHQDC@
A@RHB RBHDMSHiB UNB@ATK@QX (S HR GNVDUDQ CHEiBTKS SN
Trajectory followed by the balloon
launched on March 21, 2007 by Group C,
which attained the maximum distance
from Lampedusa (292 km).
@RRDRRSGDHMjTDMBDNESGDDWODQHLDMSNMSGDRSTCDMSR
ETSTQD BGNHBDR 2STCDMSR O@QDMSR QDRONMCDC ONRHSHUDKX
SN SGD @BSHUHSHDR B@QQHDC NTS CTQHMF SGD OQNIDBS 3GD
HMUNKUDC SD@BGDQR @BSHUDKX O@QSHBHO@SDC HM SGD OQNIDBS
BNMRHCDQHMFHS@U@KHCCHC@BSHBSNNK@MC@OOQDBH@SDCHSR
GHFGRBHDMSHiBKDUDK3GDXVNQJDCG@QC@MCVHSGDMSGT
RH@RL NM SGD OQNIDBS @MC BNMSQHATSDC RHFMHiB@MSKX SN
its success.
3DLODQ@STQD OQNiKDR LD@RTQDC AX SGD SGQDD FQNTOR TRHMF Q@diosondes. The sonde from Group A reached the top altitude
(33.7 km), the one from Group B the lowest temperature
(-65.3°C), and the one from Group C encountered the strongest
wind (67 m/s) and reached the largest distance from Lampedusa
(292 km).
37
What we have learned, What we still don’t know, and What we must do to combat climate change
Libourne, France
Lycée Max Linder
by Mauricette Mesguich, biology teacher and Stephanie Hayes,
CarboSchools coordinator in Aquitaine (pictures by the authors)
3GHR "@QAN2BGNNKR OQNIDBS HR @ BNKK@ANQ@SHNM ADSVDDM
NTQRBGNNKe+XBºD,@W+HMCDQs@MCSGD$/'82$QDRD@QBG
TMHSEQNL(-1 !NQCD@TW(MHSHMUNKUDC
SGHQSXENTQ XD@QNKC OTOHKR @MC DHFGS SD@BGDQR EQNL
SGD ENKKNVHMF CHRBHOKHMDR OGXRHBR @MC BGDLHRSQX AHNK
NFX@MCFDNKNFXDBNMNLHBR@MC$")2BHUHBK@VRN
BH@KDCTB@SHNM$MFKHRG2O@MHRGL@SGDL@SHBR@MCSGD
RBGNNK KHAQ@QX .M @UDQ@FD SGQDD GNTQR ODQ VDDJ VDQD
CDCHB@SDCSNSGDOQNIDBSVGHBGV@RHMSDFQ@SDCHMSNSGD
BTQQHBTKTL@MCSNNJOK@BDNUDQSGDBNTQRDNESGDRBGNNK
XD@Q3GDOQNIDBSRS@QSDCVHSG@BNMEDQDMBDFHUDMAX@
RBHDMSHRS EQNL (-1 NM SGD BKHL@SD B@QANM BXBKD @MC
QNKDNEENQDRSR@SSDMCDCAXMD@QKXOTOHKR
Multi-disciplinary activities
MPI (physical measurements and computing)
We studied the mechanics of some sensors from a physi
B@K@MCDKDBSQHB@KONHMSNEUHDV@MCDWOKNHSDCSGDC@S@
measured by the sensors.
MNSGDQ RDMRNQ SG@S VD RSTCHDC V@R @M HMEQ@QDC ".
@M@KXRDQHMRS@KKDCNTSRHCDSGDRBGNNKATHKCHMFNUDQSGD
RBGNNKX@QC%NQ@VGNKDLNMSGSGDKDUDKRNE". in the
X@QCVDQDLD@RTQDC@MCSGDOTOHKRBNTKCRDDGNVSGDX
U@QHDCADSVDDMC@X@MCMHFGS@R@QDRTKSNEOGNSNRXM
thetic activity by the trees.
ECJS (civic, law and social education) and economics
5@QHNTR QDRD@QBG SNOHBR VDQD BGNRDM AX SGD OTOHKR DF
ENQDRS L@M@FDLDMS DBNKNFHB@K ENNSOQHMSR ?&QDMDKKD CD
K?DMUHQNMMDLDMS? @ FNUDQMLDMS@K ENQTL NQF@MHRDC HM
%Q@MBDK@RS2DOSDLADQ@MCU@QHNTR@RODBSRNERTRS@HM@AKD
CDUDKNOLDMS3GDOTOHKRUHRHSDC@V@RSDCHRONR@KTMHS@MC
@KRN BNMCTBSDC @ RBGNNK @V@QDMDRRQ@HRHMF B@LO@HFM HM
SGDENQLNE@RTQUDXCHRBTRRHNM@MC@QSDWGHAHSHNM
SVT (biology and geology)
(MSGDRDBK@RRDRSGDFQDDMGNTRDDEEDBS@MCSGDB@QANM
BXBKD VDQD RSTCHDC @R VDKK @R SGD GTL@M HLO@BS NM
The pupils visit the
experimental site
“Le Bray” to learn
about the plant
species of the forest, the sensors
on the site, and to
interact with a researcher. The pupils
produced a slide
show report of their
visit to show what they had learnt and their understanding of
how researchers study the interaction between the atmosphere
and forest vegetation.
SGDBXBKD@MCGNVSGDM@STQ@KDMUHQNMLDMSNBD@MR@MC
ENQDRSR@CITRSRSNSGHRBG@MFD
English and Spanish
/TOHKRVNQJDCNMUNB@ATK@QXQDK@SDCSNBKHL@SDBG@MFD
TRHMFL@SDQH@KRRTBG@RMDVRO@ODQROTAKHB@SHNMRVDA
RHSDR@MCUHCDN@MCO@QSHBHO@SDCHMCDA@SDR@MCCHRBTR
sions.
Project Outputs
MHLONQS@MS@RODBSNESGHROQNIDBSV@RSGDVNQJSG@S
SGDOTOHKROQNCTBDC@R@QDRTKSNESGDHQRSTCHDRHMO@Q
SHBTK@QSG@SENQ@2TRS@HM@AKD#DUDKNOLDMS6DDJDWGHAH
SHNMVGHBGSGDXNQF@MHRDCHMSGDRBGNNKHMBKTCHMF
p /NRSDQR RGNVHMF BKHL@SD BG@MFD SGD FQDDMGNTRD
DEEDBS SGD B@QANM BXBKD DBNKNFHB@K ENNSOQHMSR SGD
OQNIDBSO@QSMDQK@ANQ@SNQX@MCSGDRBHDMSHRSR".RDM
sor measurements and interpretation.
p MDCTB@SHNM@KF@LDe2.2".sSNHMBQD@RD@V@QD
MDRRNEBKHL@SDBG@MFDHRRTDR
p BNMEDQDMBDENQSGDRBGNNK@ANTSSGDQNKDNEENQDRSR
VHSGHMSGDB@QANMBXBKD
p 6NQJRGNORSGDOTOHKRLNCDKKDCSGDFQDDMGNTRDDEEDBS
@MCCDLNMRSQ@SDCSGD".@M@KXRDQ
p MNQF@MHBLD@KHMSGDRBGNNKB@MSDDMSNQ@HRD@V@QD
MDRR@ANTSQDCTBHMFNTQB@QANMENNSOQHMSAXBGNNRHMF
KNB@K@MCHMRD@RNMENNCR
Comments on educational aspects
,@MXO@QSRNESGDBTQQHBTKTLADMDiSDCEQNLSGHROQNIDBS
33) Institut national de la recherche agronomique, French national agriculture research center.
At the end of the
project, the pupils
organised a Sustainable Development
week to present
SGDHQ iMCHMFR SN
the public.
ADB@TRD HS HMBNQONQ@SDC L@MX CHEEDQDMS RTAIDBSR 3GHR
@KRNRGNVDCSGDOTOHKRSG@SHSHRONRRHAKDSN@OOQN@BG
NMDSNOHBHML@MXCHEEDQDMSV@XRVGDMVNQJHMF@S@MHM
SDQCHRBHOKHM@QXKDUDK@MCSGDX@OOQDBH@SDCSGDBNGDQDMBD
SG@SSGHRFHUDRSNSGDHQBK@RRDRCTQHMFSGDRBGNNKXD@Q
.MDUDQXHLONQS@MS@RODBSNESGDOQNIDBSVNQJV@RSG@S
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@MCNMSGDHQNVMHMHSH@SHUDENQDW@LOKDSGDNQF@MHBLD@K
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VNQJ @KNMFRHCD SGDHQ SD@BGDQR @R VDKK @R NSGDQ OTOHKR
HM NQCDQ SN @RJ SGDLRDKUDR PTDRSHNMR iMC @MRVDQR @MC
CDUDKNO HCD@R 3GDQDENQD SGD OTOHKR FDMDQ@KKX EDKS SG@S
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@MCDWOQDRRDCSGDHQVHKKHMFMDRRSNBNMSHMTD
%NQ ANSG SD@BGDQR @MC OTOHKR VNQJHMF VHSG RBHDMSHRSR
AQNTFGS@AQD@SGNEEQDRG@HQHMSNSGDDCTB@SHNM@KQNTSHMD
SGD RBHDMSHRSR AQNTFGS TR HMSN BNMS@BS VHSG @ CHEEDQDMS
V@XNE@BPTHQHMFJMNVKDCFD@MCSGDXF@UD@RODBHiBBNM
SDWSSNSGDRTAIDBSSG@SV@RADHMFRSTCHDC3GDRBHDMSHRSR
@QD UDQX @OOQN@BG@AKD DMSGTRH@RSHB @MC HMUNKUDC VGDM
VHSGSGDOTOHKRATSTMENQSTM@SDKXSGDX@QDSNNATRXSNAD
EQDPTDMSKX@U@HK@AKD@MCSGDOTOHKRVNTKCG@UDKHJDCLNQD
contact with them.
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CDRBQHAHMFVG@SSGDXG@CCNMDANSG@R@SD@L@MCHM
CHUHCT@KKX@MCSGDHQHMSDMSHNMRENQSGDMDWSO@QSNESGD
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achievements.
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@LOKD ENQ SQ@MRONQS @MC DWODQHLDMS@K DPTHOLDMS V@R
We studied the diameter growth of
trees with a potentiNLDSDQ RDMRNQ iQRS
the principle of how
the sensor works,
and then, the trees’
annual growth. We
also studied the life
growth of trees by
looking at ring width
and dendrochronology in order to deduct the climatic, environmental and seasonal
conditions that affected the trees’ growth.
@CHEiBTKSX6DRNKUDCSGHROQNAKDLAXQDFHRSDQHMFVHSG
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VD BNTKC QDBDHUD ETMCHMF @MC AX VHMMHMF RNLD OQHYD
LNMDXHM@M@SHNM@KRBHDMBDBNLODSHSHNM
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OQNIDBS@MC@OOQN@BGDCTRSNNEEDQSGDHQGDKO@MCHMUNKUD
LDMS'NVDUDQRNLDSD@BGDQRCHCMNSKHJDSGDE@BSSG@S
VDG@CBQD@SDC@BK@RR@O@QSAXF@SGDQHMFSGDADRSOT
OHKRHMSGDRBGNNK3GDGD@CL@RSDQV@RDWSQDLDKXOKD@RDC
VHSGSGHROQNIDBSADB@TRD@R@QDRTKS@MDWSQ@BK@RRV@R
BQD@SDCRNSGHRXD@QSGDQD@QDSVNBK@RRDRVNQJHMFNMSGD
OQNIDBS@SNS@KNEOTOHKR SSGDDMCNESGDXD@QGD
SG@MJDCTR@MCR@HCe(SV@R@OKD@RTQDSNRDDRTBGG@OOX
OTOHKRs
Several groups of two pupils worked on a different maritime pine
tree from the same stand to compare their growth patterns. This
graph shows the growth of a maritime pine.
39
What we have learned, What we still don’t know, and What we must do to combat climate change
Motala, Sweden
Platengymnasiet: is the forest a source or a
sink of carbon dioxide?
By Rune Davidsson and Lennart Wallstedt, science teachers
(pictures by the authors)
(RSGDENQDRS@RNTQBDNQ@RHMJNEB@QANMCHNWHCD$HFGS
RSTCDMSR XD@QR NKC HM TOODQ RDBNMC@QX RBGNNK
G@UDADDMVNQJHMFNMSGHROQNIDBSNUDQNMDXD@QENQ@M
@UDQ@FDNESVNKDRRNMRODQVDDJ3GDXG@UDLD@RTQDC
SGDRNHKQDROHQ@SHNM@MCSGDFQNVSGNESGDSQDDRHM@ENQ
DRSCTQHMFSGDXD@Q
3GDENQDRSHRRHST@SDC@ANTSJLEQNLSGDRBGNNK@MC
SGD RSTCDMSR UHRHSDC SGD ENQDRS RDUDQ@K SHLDR SN L@JD
LD@RTQDLDMSR@MCBNKKDBSC@S@3GDRNHKQDROHQ@SHNMV@R
DRSHL@SDC AX LD@RTQHMF SGD HMBQD@RD NE B@QANM CHNW
HCDHMRL@KKBKNRDCBG@LADQROK@BDCNMSGDFQNTMC!X
LD@RTQHMFSGDHMBQD@RHMFBNMSDMSNEB@QANMCHNWHCDHM
SGDBG@LADQHSHRONRRHAKDSNB@KBTK@SDSGDQDKD@RDNE
B@QANMCHNWHCDEQNLSGDFQNTMC3GDLDSGNCHRA@RDCNM
@EDV@RRTLOSHNMRENQDW@LOKD@ANTSSGDKDUDKNEQDR
piration from the roots and the effects of temperature.
(M SGD ENQDRS SGDX G@UD @KRN BNTMSDC SGD MTLADQR NE
SQDDRLD@RTQDCSGDCH@LDSDQRNESGDSQDDR@MCSGD@M
MT@KFQNVSGNEXNTMFSQDDR3GDiFTQDRVDQDOTSHMSN@
LNCDKRNSG@SSGD@LNTMSNEB@QANMCHNWHCDTOS@JDODQ
RPT@QDLDSQDODQXD@QBNTKCADCDSDQLHMDC
Pupils and teachers from Platengymnasiet in the School forest,
5km north of Motala.
3GHRVNQJHR@BNNODQ@SHNMADSVDDM/K@SDMFXLM@RHDS@
TOODQRDBNMC@QXRBGNNKHM,NS@K@@MCSGDCDO@QSLDMSNE
2NHK@MC$MUHQNMLDMS@SSGD2VDCHRG4MHUDQRHSXNE FQH
BTKSTQ@K2BHDMBDR2+43VNSD@BGDQRHM,NS@K@1TMD#@
UHCRRNM@MC+DMM@QS6@KKRSDCSG@UDRTODQUHRDCSGDRST
CDMSR#Q,NMHJ@2SQÅLFQDM@MCOQNE,@SR.KRRNMEQNL
2+4G@UDRTOONQSDCSGDOQNIDBSVHSGLDSGNCR@MCLNCDKR
ENQB@KBTK@SHMFSGDjTWDRNEB@QANMCHNWHCD3GDRSTCDMSR
G@UD@KRNUHRHSDCSGDTMHUDQRHSXHM4OOR@K@VGDQDSGDX
LDSRBHDMSHRSR@MCQDBDHUDCGDKOVHSG@CU@MBDCLD@RTQD
LDMSRNESGDB@QANMBNMSDMSHMSGDRNHK
3GD@HLNENTQOQNIDBSV@RSNDMBNTQ@FDSGDOTOHKRSN
discover and better understand research and its meth
NCRSNDM@AKDSGDLSNTRDBTQQDMSQDRD@QBG@MCSDBG
MHPTDR@MCSNCHRBTRRSGDCDUDKNOLDMSNESGDHQVNQJ
6DV@MSDCSGDLSNTMCDQRS@MCM@STQD?RQNKDHMBKHL@SD
BG@MFD@MCSNADBNLDBNMRBHDMSHNTRHMCHUHCT@KR
.TQOQNIDBSGDKODCRSTCDMSRSNQD@BGL@MXFN@KRHMSGD
BTQQHBTKTLENQOQNIDBSVNQJ%NQDW@LOKDSG@SOTOHKR@QD
@AKDSNCDKHLHS@S@RJNQ@OQNAKDLSNBGNNRDQDKDU@MS
L@SDQH@KLDSGNCR@RVDKK@RQDKDU@MSSNNKRSNCHRBTRR
VHSG SGD RTODQUHRNQ GNV SGDHQ VNQJ HR OQNFQDRRHMF SN
OQNUHCD @ VQHSSDM QDONQS NE SGD OQNIDBS CDRBQHAHMF SGD
OQNFQDRRNESGDVNQJEQNLHMHSH@KHCD@SNiM@KOQNCTBS
@MCSN@RRDRRDHSGDQHMVQHSHMFNQUDQA@KKXSGDHQVNQJ
HMFOQNBDCTQDR@MCQDRTKSR
Collecting data from our wetherstation.
BBNQCHMFSN@MDU@KT@SHNMNESGDBNNODQ@SHNMVHSG2+4
CTQHMF XD@Q NTQ OTOHKR RDDLDC SN AD UDQX
OKD@RDCVHSGNTQOQNIDBS3GDXENTMCHSUDQXHMSDQDRSHMF
@MC@OOQDBH@SDCG@UHMF@BBDRRSNRBHDMSHRSR@MCSGNTFGS
SG@S SGD OQNIDBS G@C @ FNNC BNLAHM@SHNM NE OQ@BSHB@K
@MCSGDNQDSHB@KVNQJ
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A@RDC NM LD@RTQDLDMSR SN G@UD DWODQHDMBDC RBHDMBD
rENQQD@Ke3GDXG@UD@BPTHQDC@LNQDHMCDOSGJMNVK
DCFD @ANTS ENQ DW@LOKD B@QANM RHMJR @MC OQ@BSHB@K
JMNVKDCFD .MD OTOHK VQNSD s( @L SGHMJHMF LNQD NE
SGDDMUHQNMLDMSMNVRTBG@RFNHMFAXB@QSN@KDRRDQ
DWSDMSs MNSGDQOTOHKR@HCr(@L,$& R@SHRiDCVHSG
LXDEENQS(G@UDCNMDLXUDQXADRS@MC(G@UDKD@QMDC
@KNS(?UDHMUDRSDCGD@QS@MCRNTKHMSGHRr
6G@S CHC SGD HMUNKUDLDMS VHSG @ RBHDMSHRS AQHMF 3GD
OTOHKRVQNSDSG@SHSADB@LDLNQDETM@MCDWBHSHMFHS
EDDKRAHFFDQ@MCLNQDHLONQS@MSrSGDRBHDMSHRSRBNTKC
GDKO TR LNQD VHSG SGD LDSGNC SG@M NTQ SD@BGDQR @MC
G@UDFHUDMTRL@MXHCD@RSG@SLHFGSMNSNSGDQVHRDG@UD
BNLDTOs3GDOTOHKRG@UDKD@QMDC@ANTSGNV@TSGDMSHB
QDRD@QBGVNQJRHMQD@KHSX@MCSGDXVQNSDSG@SSGDXG@UD
ADBNLDLNQDHMSDQDRSDCHMCNHMFQDRD@QBG
D@QKHDQVHSGSGDVNQJENQSGHRRDBNMCXD@Q2NLDOTOHKR
SGNTFGSSGDSD@BGDQRG@UDRSDDQDCSGDHQVNQJSNNLTBG
ATS NSGDQR VQNSD @ANTS FNNC BNMS@BS VHSG SGD SD@BG
DQRVHSG@KNSNEHMSDQ@BSHNM/DQG@ORVDBNTKCQDCTBD
NTQ HMUNKUDLDMS HM SGD OTOHKR? VNQJ HM SGD ETSTQD 6D
G@UDE@BDCRNLDOQNAKDLRVHSGSGDDPTHOLDMSATSG@UD
RNKUDCHSSNFDSGDQVHSGSGDOTOHKR@MCSGDRBHDMSHRSR
6DG@UD@ONRHSHUDOQHMBHO@K@MCHMSDQDRSDCBNKKD@FTDR
3GD O@QDMSR NE NMD OTOHK SNKC TR SG@S SGDHQ RNM G@C
BG@MFDCGHROK@MRENQTMHUDQRHSXCTQHMFNTQOQNIDBSRN
SG@SGDBNTKCBNMSHMTDVHSGSGDRDRTAIDBSR
3G@MJR SN SGD DU@KT@SHNM ATS @KRN SN @KK CHRBTRRHNMR
VHSGSGDRSTCDMSRCTQHMFSGDVNQJ@MCSGDOTOHKRVQHS
SDM QDONQSR VD TMCDQRS@MC SG@S NTQ RSTCDMSR QD@BGDC
NTQ OQNIDBS FN@KR PTHSD VDKK RN VD @QD UDQX R@SHRiDC
VHSGSGHROQNIDBS@MCVDV@MSSNBNMSHMTDSNBNNODQ@SD
VHSGSGDRBHDMSHRSREQNL2+4
%QNL SGD DU@KT@SHNM VD JMNV SG@S SGD SHLDOK@MMHMF
@MCSGDRSQTBSTQDBNTKCADHLOQNUDCSNQDCTBDSGDRSQDRR
@S SGD DMC NE SGD OQNIDBS 3GDQDENQD VD G@UD RS@QSDC
Measuring the soil respiration.
Measuring the diameters of the trees.
41
Second CarboSchools Educational Booklet
English version November 2008 © CarboEurope & CarboOcean. This publication is free of rights for any
non-commercial use.
Text (chapters 1 & 2): Philippe Saugier with contributions and reviewing from Pep Canadell, Liese
Coulter, Marc Delmotte, Annette Freibauer, Anna Maria Font, John Gash, Christoph Heinze, Chris Jones,
Gert-Jan Nabuurs, Jim Orr, Ulf Riebesell, Sibel Telli and Andrea Volbers
Text (chapter 3): Rune Davidsson, Bente Færøvik, Eva Falck, Stephanie Hayes, Solveig Kringstad, Danilo
Marandola, Maria Angela Marramaldo, Mauricette Mesguich, Alcide Giorgio di Sarra, Ingunn Skjelvan,
Sabine Temming, Andrea Volbers, Lennart Wallstedt
Best thanks to Philippe Ciais, Han Dolman, Annette Freibauer, Martin Heimann, Christoph Heinze, Ingeborg Levin, Ulf Riebesell, Helmuth Thomas, Riccardo Valentini, Douglas Wallace, Andrew Watson - and
many others - for their help and patient explanations
Coordination: Philippe Saugier (philippe@carboschools.org)
Editing: Rona Thompson
Lay-out: Silvana Schott
Special acknowledgements to DG Joint Research Centre of the European Commission for the initial
creation of the CarboSchools booklets design.
The picture illustrations in chapter 1 and 2 are courtesy of CarboEurope and CarboOcean.
Back cover picture by Fabio Giovanetti.
www.carboschools.org
www.carboeurope.org
www.carboocean.org
„...Thus human beings are now carrying out a large scale geophysical
experiment of a kind that could not have happened in the past nor be
reproduced in the future. Within a few centuries we are returning to
the atmosphere and oceans the concentrated organic carbon stored in
sedimentary rocks over hundreds of millions of years.“
Roger Revelle & Hans E. Seuess. 1957
-----„This would be a better world for children if the parents had to eat
the spinach“
Groucho Marx in Animal Crackers, 1930
3GHR ANNJKDS HR CDCHB@SDC SN
teachers and scientists who want
SNSQ@HMXNTMFDQFDMDQ@SHNMRSNAD
@AKDSNTMCDQRS@MCSGDBG@KKDMFDR
NEBKHL@SDBG@MFD@MCSNLNSHU@SD
SGDL SN iMC @MC HLOKDLDMS SGD
RNKTSHNMR ENQ @ RTRS@HM@AKD GT
manity.
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HMFREQNLiUDXD@QRNE$TQNOD@M
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L@QHMD B@QANM BXBKDR VHSGHM SGD
OQNIDBSR "@QAN$TQNOD @MC "@QAN
.BD@M@MCRGNVRSGDVHCDQODQ
RODBSHUD NE SGD K@SDRS SQDMCR NA
Last check before balloon launch: in a few minutes
(S@KH@MRSTCDMSREQNLRBHDMSHiBGHFGRBGNNKe+THFH
Pirandello” will sample the atmosphere over the
island of Lampedusa
RDQUDCHMSGDFKNA@KB@QANMBXBKD
3GD RDBNMC BG@OSDQ @CCQDRRDR SGD DRRDMSH@K @BSHNMR VD
MDDCSNS@JDHEVDV@MSSNRSNOETQSGDQSGQD@SDMHMFSGD
DPTHKHAQHTLNEKHEDNM$@QSG
3GDSGHQCBG@OSDQHKKTRSQ@SDRGNVRDBNMC@QXRBGNNKRVNQJ
European distribution of the annual fossil fuel CO2
emissions, brighter colours indicate higher emission rates
(IER, University of Stuttgart)
VHSGRBHDMSHRSR@MCKD@QM@ANTSBKHL@SDBG@MFDQDRD@QBG
SGQNTFGSGD"@QAN2BGNNKRHMHSH@SHUDK@TMBGDCHMAX
"@QAN$TQNOD@MC"@QAN.BD@M
We are at the bottom of the mountain in terms of our
B@O@BHSXSNTMCDQRS@MCVG@SVD@QDCNHMFSNSGD$@QSGR
RXRSDL@MCHMNTQB@O@BHSXSN@BGHDUDRTRS@HM@AHKHSX6D
105
need new cohorts of passionate researchers to address
104
100
g C m-2 a-1
1000
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VGDQDSGD@K@QLHMFSQDMCRFNCNVM@F@HMÎ
10
<1