What we have learned What we still don’t know and What we must do to combat climate change A RB O C Five years of European carbon research: iMCHMFREQNLRBHDMBDBG@KKDMFDRENQ GTL@MHSXSDRSHLNMHDREQNLRBGNNKR E E IP U ROP CARBOOCEAN What we have learned, What we still don’t know, and What we must do to combat climate change 2S@QSDCHM@MCQDRODBSHUDKXSGD"@QAN$TQNOD"@QAN.BD@MOQNIDBSRBNM RSHSTSD SGD KD@CHMF $TQNOD@M QDRD@QBG DEENQS SN HLOQNUD NTQ TMCDQRS@MCHMF NE SGD SDQQDRSQH@K@MCL@QHMDB@QANMBXBKD@MCHSRL@RRHUDODQSTQA@SHNMAXGTL@M@BSHUHSHDR ESDQXD@QRNEHMSDMRHUDQDRD@QBGHMUNKUHMFRDUDQ@KGTMCQDCRNERBHDMSHRSR@KKNUDQ $TQNOD "@QAN$TQNOD @MC "@QAN.BD@M @QD MNV QD@BGHMF SGDHQ SDQL 6GHKD iM@K QDRTKSRRSHKKMDDC@MNSGDQBNTOKDNEXD@QRNEOQNBDRRHMF@MTLADQNEL@INQiMCHMFR @QDS@JHMFRG@ODSG@SVD@QDMNV@AKDSNCDKHUDQ3GDRDiQRSiMCHMFR@QDOQDRDMSDCHM @RBHDMSHiB@RRDRRLDMSQDONQSVGHBGVD@QDOTAKHRGHMFHMO@Q@KKDKSNSGHRDCTB@SHNM@K ANNJKDSIntegrated assessment of the European and North Atlantic carbon balance. 3GHR@RRDRRLDMSQDONQSHROQHL@QHKXS@QFDSDCSNONKHBXL@JDQR@MCBKHL@SDMDFNSH@ SNQRVGNBQHSHB@KKXMDDCiQRSG@MCQDRD@QBGQDRTKSRATSHSHR@KRN@FQD@SRNTQBDNE HMROHQ@SHNM@MCJMNVKDCFDENQRBHDMBDSD@BGDQRVGNV@MSSNQDK@SDSGDHQSD@BGHMFSN SGDK@SDRSiMCHMFRNEBKHL@SDQDRD@QBG 3NHKKTRSQ@SDSGHRVDOQDRDMS@RM@ORGNSNESGDL@INQiMCHMFR@MCJDXSQDMCRHMSGD FKNA@KB@QANMBXBKDHMSGDiQRSBG@OSDQNESGHRANNJKDS6DCNMNSDWO@MCNMSGD C@S@LDSGNCR@MCJMNVKDCFDHMUNKUDCGDQDkXNTVHKKiMCSGHRHMSGDETKKQDONQS (MRSD@CVDFNCHQDBSKXSNSGDMDV@MCBG@KKDMFHMFQDRTKSR6DGNODSGHRVHKKFHUDXNT ETQSGDQDMSGTRH@RLENQNTQRBHDMBD@MCENQRTRS@HM@AHKHSX What we have learned What we still don’t know and What we must do to combat climate change Five years of European carbon research: iMCHMFREQNLRBHDMBDBG@KKDMFDRENQGTL@MHSXSDRSHLNMHDREQNLRBGNNKR Christoph Heinze Andrea Volbers Carbo Europe Coordinator CarboEurope RBHDMSHiBNEiBDQ CarboOcean Coordinator CarboOcean RBHDMSHiBNEiBDQ A RB IP E CARBOOCEAN U E Annette Freibauer O Ernst-Detlef Schulze C VVVB@QANRBGNNKRNQF ROP 3GHROTAKHB@SHNMHRRTOONQSDCAXSGD2HWSG$4%Q@LDVNQJ/QNFQ@LLDENQ1DRD@QBG@MC3DBGMNKNFHB@K#DUDKNOLDMS "@QAN$TQNOD(/BNMSQ@BS&."$"3@MC"@QAN.BD@M(/BNMSQ@BS&."$ What we have learned, What we still don’t know, and What we must do to combat climate change Contents Climate change, like no other environmental challenge in this century, will require a complete transformation of our energy and industrial systems, the way we transport ourselves, build our dwellings and also the way we produce, buy and re-use goods and services. 2TBG @ SQ@MRENQL@SHNM B@MADRHLOKXDMB@ORTK@SDCHMSGDVNQCReCDB@QANMHRHMFRNBHDSXs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incentives for industry and society to transform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iKDNEQ@OHCRBHDMSHiBCDUDKNOLDMSRNMHLONQS@MSRNBH@KHRRTDRKHJDBKHL@SD BG@MFD VHSG SGD XNTMFDQ FDMDQ@SHNM VGN VHKK ANSG RTEEDQ SGD HLO@BSR NE BKHL@SD BG@MFD@MCADQDPTHQDCSNOQNUHCDSGDRNKTSHNMRSNRS@AHKHYHMF@SLNROGDQHBFQDDM GNTRDF@RDR #Q/DO"@M@CDKK $WDBTSHUD#HQDBSNQ &KNA@K"@QANM/QNIDBS What we have learned 7 Achievements, surprises & worries from global carbon research MNUDQUHDVNE"@QAN$TQNODQDRTKSR MNUDQUHDVNE"@QAN.BD@MQDRTKSR 3GDFKNA@KOHBSTQD What we must do 19 Climate change is caused by mankind? Excellent news: since we are the origin of the problem, we are also master of the solution! +@QFDRB@KD@BSHNMHRMDDCDCFKNA@KKX@MCG@RMNSXDSNBBTQQDC 3GDAHFRNKTSHNMR BSHMFHMC@HKXKHED 3GDQNKDNERBGNNKR 2BHDMSHRSRQDRONMRHAHKHSX CarboSchools in action 30 Partnerships between climate researchers and secondary school teachers !DMDUDMSN(S@KX !DQFDM-NQV@X *HDK&DQL@MX +@LODCTR@(S@KX +HANTQMD%Q@MBD ,NS@K@2VDCDM 5 What we have learned, What we still don’t know, and What we must do to combat climate change What we have learned Achievements, surprises & worries from global carbon research Key research questions about the global carbon cycle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increase more and more. The capacity of vegetation to take-up carbon is affected by climate change. The oceans seem to absorb less and less carbon. The accumulation of CO2 in the air is growing exponentially, although the natural carbon sinks still absorb more than half of our current emissions. In two words: no surprise - as we continue to emit more and more CO2, planet Earth is more and more perturbed! 6G@SHRG@OODMHMFSNSGDB@QANM@ARNQADCHMSGDUDFDS@SHNM@MCNBD@M?RONMFDRNQ ?RHMJR@RVDQ@SGDQB@KKSGDL6G@SHRCDSDQLHMHMFSGDDEiBHDMBXNESGDRDRHMJR@MC VHKKSGDXDUDMST@KKXADBNLDHMDEEDBSHUD@SRNLDRS@FD6G@SVHKKG@OODM@RSGDM@STQ@K B@QANMBXBKDHRLNQD@MCLNQDCHRSTQADCAXNTQDUDQFQNVHMFDLHRRHNMR6G@SVHKKAD SGDBNMRDPTDMBDRNMSGD$@QSGRXRSDL6DBQHSHB@KKXMDDCSNAD@AKDSN@MRVDQSGDRD PTDRSHNMRLTBGADSSDQHEVDV@MSMNSNMKXSNRDSS@QFDSRSNRS@AHKHRDNTQBKHL@SDATS SN@BST@KKXAD@AKDSNQD@BGSGDRDS@QFDSR Measuring tree growth with automated dentrometers (Alterra) 7 What we have learned, What we still don’t know, and What we must do to combat climate change An overview of CarboEurope results The aim of CarboEuropeHRSNHMUDRSHF@SDSGDB@QANMBX BKDNMSGD$TQNOD@MBNMSHMDMS VDV@MSSNKD@QMLNQD@ANTShow carbon is exchanged ADSVDDM SGD @SLNROGDQD @MC SDQQDRSQH@K DBNRXRSDLR UDFDS@SHNM@MCRNHKR@S@KKK@SHSTCDR@MCHM@KKUDFD S@SHNMSXODR@MCGNVSGHRHMSDQ@BSRVHSGNSGDQJDXAHN FDNBGDLHB@KBXBKDRMHSQNFDMV@SDQMTSQHDMSRu VD V@MS SN ADSSDQ TMCDQRS@MC why carbon is exchanged this way @MC VGHBG OQNBDRRDR FNUDQM SGD BXBKD@MCHSRU@QH@AHKHSX TKSHL@SDKXVDV@MSSNADLNQD@AKDSNOQDCHBShow the carbon cycle will evolve in the longer term under the RSQDRRNEGTL@MODQSTQA@SHNM@RENRRHKETDKDLHRRHNMR continue to rise. 2NuVG@SCHCVDiMC Surprise: the European terrestrial sink can become a source 3GDDWBHSDLDMSNERBHDMBDQD@BGDRHSROD@JVGDMTMDW ODBSDCNARDQU@SHNMRRGNVTRRNLDSGHMFSG@SLNCDKRNQ SGDNQX VDQD MNS OQDCHBSHMF RTCCDMKX QDUD@KHMF @ F@O HM NTQ TMCDQRS@MCHMF @MC NODMHMF TO @ MDV O@SG ENQ CHRBNUDQX2NLDSHLDRVDOQDO@QDK@QFD@MCBNLOKDWDW ODQHLDMSRGNOHMFENQC@S@SNBNMiQLNTQSGDNQHDRATS European-wide anomaly of Net Primary Production (i.e. photosynthesis) during 2003 (Ciais et al., 2005). Black dots indicate measurement sites. M@STQDRHLOKXHMRSD@CNEEDQRTR@GTFD@MNL@KX3GHRHR VG@SG@OODMDCHMVHSGSGDGD@SV@UDNUDQ$TQNOD 3GHRDWSQDLDDUDMS@KKNVDCTRSNCDSDBSRNLDSGHMFSG@S G@CMDUDQADDMOQDUHNTRKXRSTCHDCCTQHMFSGDSG@MC SGDiQRSXD@QRNESGDRSBDMSTQHDR@MNUDQ@KKQDCTBSHNM NEHMOGNSNRXMSGDRHRCTQHMFSGDRTLLDQCTDSN@ Q@HME@KK CDiBHS HM $@RSDQM $TQNOD @MC DWSQDLD RTL LDQ GD@S HM 6DRSDQM $TQNOD R @ BNMRDPTDMBD the European continent, which normally absorbs carbon during the vegetation growth season, became a source of CO2 to the atmosphere in July and August 2003, BNTMSDQA@K@MBHMFSGDDPTHU@KDMSNEiUDXD@QRNEM@ST ral CO2 sequestration by the European biosphere. This teaches us that the land carbon sink is vulnerable and reacts strongly to climate extremes. (M@BKHL@SD BG@MFDRBDM@QHNVGDQDLNQDEQDPTDMSDWSQDLDCQNTFGSR L@XNBBTQRTBG@RSGDNMDHMSGD$TQNOD@MSDQ QDRSQH@KDBNRXRSDLRL@XQDUDQRDEQNLMDSB@QANMRHMJR SNRNTQBDR@MCHMSTQMETQSGDQ@BBDKDQ@SDSGD@BBTLT K@SHNMNE". in the atmosphere. The rise in atmospheric ".2VNTKCSGDMMNKNMFDQNMKXQDRTKSEQNLQHRHMFGTL@M DLHRRHNMRATS@KRNEQNLSGDAHNROGDQDMNQL@KKX@RHMJ GNVDUDQCHRSTQADCSNRTBG@MDWSDMSSG@SHSADBNLDR@ source. Key results We have discovered that nitrogen pollution fertil- To learn more, you can find in www.carboschools.org: 3GDEHQRS"@QAN2BGNNKRANNJKDSe6G@SVDJMNVVG@SVDCNMSJMNV@MCGNVVDSQXSNADSSDQTMCDQ RS@MCFKNA@KBG@MFDskHMSQNCTBSHNMSNQDRD@QBGPTDRSHNMRBG@KKDMFDR@MCLDSGNCRENQ"@QAN2BGNNKR OQNIDBSRHM$MFKHRG%QDMBG#TSBG&DQL@M-NQVDFH@M O@FD e1DRTKSR EQNL "@QAN$TQNOD @MC "@QAN.BD@M EQNL RBHDMSHRSR SN ONKHBXL@JDQR @MC BHSHYDMRs VGDQDXNTB@MCNVMKN@CSGDETKKQDONQSIntegrated assessment of the European and North Atlantic carbon balance"@QAN$TQNODONKHBXGHFGKHFGSRENQ Sources policy:VHSGSGDDWBDOSHNMNEEHFTQDRVDG@UDCDBHCDCMNSSNHMBKTCD@MXQDEDQDMBDRSNSGD RBHDMSHEHB OTAKHB@SHNMR ADGHMC SGD QDRTKSR OQDRDMSDC HM SGHR ANNJKDS 3GD QD@RNM HR SG@S L@MX NE SGD QDRTKSRLDMSHNMDCGDQD@QDRNTQBDCEQNLRDUDQ@KCHEEDQDMSOTAKHB@SHNMRSGDQDENQDHSVNTKCADBTLADQ RNLDSNLDMSHNMSGDL@KK@MCSNLDMSHNMNMKX@EDVVNTKCMNSADQDOQDRDMS@SHUDNESGDCHUDQRHSXNE RNTQBDRTRDC8NTB@MEHMC@KKSGDRNTQBDRQDEDQDMBDCHMSGD$4@RRDRRLDMSQDONQS izes European forests..TQLD@RTQDLDMSRNEB@QANM jTWDR NUDQ MTLDQNTR ENQDRSR RGNVDC HLONQS@MS CHE EDQDMBDRHMSGD@LNTMSNE".2S@JDMTOAXSGDSQDDR 'NVDUDQ SGD SXOHB@K DWOK@M@SHNMR ENQ SGDRD U@QH@ SHNMRKHJDSGD@FDNERS@MCKNB@KRNHKNQVD@SGDQBNM CHSHNMRBNTKCMNSDWOK@HMSGDHQ@LOKHSTCD ESDQXD@QR NE O@SHDMS SQ@BJHMF VD ENTMC SGD BTKOQHS MHSQNFDM CDONRHSDC NM ENQDRSR AX ONKKTSDC @HQÎ 3GHR MHSQNFDM ONKKTSHNMLNRSKXEQNLSGDROQD@CHMFNEEDQSHKHYDQNM @FQHBTKSTQ@KK@MC@MCEQNLSGDBNLATRSHNMNEETDKHM BHSHDR HR QDSTQMDC SN SGD D@QSG AX VDS CDONRHSHNM SG@SHRHMQ@HMCQNOR@MC@BST@KKXEDQSHKHYDRSGDENQ DRSR6DRSHKKCNM?S@BBTQ@SDKXJMNVSGDL@FMHSTCDNE SGHR OGDMNLDMNM ATS NTQ iQRS RSTCHDR RTFFDRS SG@S D@BG@CCHSHNM@KFQ@LNEMHSQNFDME@BHKHS@SDRSGDENQDRSR SN@ARNQAADSVDDM@MCFQ@LRNE@CCHSHNM@KB@Q ANM'@OOXSHLDRVGDMMHSQNFDMONKKTSHNMRSHLTK@SDR ENQDRSRSNBKD@MNTQ".ONKKTSHNMÎ(MBNMSQ@RSHMSGD R@BHCQ@HML@HMKXBNMRHRSHMFNEMHSQHB@MCRTK ETQHB@BHCB@TRDC@CDBKHMDHMENQDRSFQNVSGVGDQD@R MNVSGDEDQSHKHYHMFDEEDBSNEMHSQNFDMNAUHNTRKXNUDQ QHCDRSGDSNWHBDEEDBSNE@BHCHSX 6D G@UD ENTMC NTS SG@S peatlands converted into @FQHBTKSTQ@KiDKCRAXCQ@HM@FDDLHSK@QFD@LNTMSR of CO2CTDSNOD@SCDBNLONRHSHNM KSGNTFGSGDXNMKX @BBNTMSENQNESGDK@MCRTQE@BDHMSGDSDLODQ@SD VDRSDQM $TQNOD@M QDFHNM drained peatlands emit 25% of the total atmospheric CO2 absorbed by the European forests(SHRSGDQDENQDBQTBH@KSNQDS@HMSGD QDL@HMHMFOD@SK@MCR@MCSNiMCNTSTMCDQVGHBGBNM CHSHNMRCQ@HMDCOD@SK@MCRB@MADQDRSNQDCAXjNNCHMF SNRSNOSGDHQ".2DLHRRHNMRVHSGNTSQDKD@RHMFSNNLTBG LDSG@MDHMQDSTQMVGHBGVNTKCO@QSKXQDCTBDSGDONRH SHUDA@K@MBDHMSDQLRNESGDFQDDMGNTRDDEEDBS Wet Nitrogen deposition in Europe. Magnani, pers. comm. 1) A more detailed presentation of the aims & methods of CarboEurope is given pp. 26-30 of the 1st CarboSchools booklet. 9 What we have learned, What we still don’t know, and What we must do to combat climate change ,NQDNUDQ VD G@UD ENTMC DUHCDMBD SG@S the way VDL@M@FDENQDRSR@FQHBTKSTQ@KiDKCRG@R@AHF HMjTDMBDNMSGDHQB@O@BHSXSNDLHSNQ@ARNQA".2 @MC VD G@UD KD@QMDC @ KNS @ANTS how land can be managed in order to take up CO2 more effectively. 6DDRS@AKHRGDCSG@SENQDRSR@QDRSHKK@ARNQAHMF".2 even VGDM SGDX @QD TML@M@FDC 6D ENTMC SG@S $TQNOD@M FQ@RRK@MCR FDMDQ@KKX @BS @R @ B@QANM RHMJ @MC SG@S BQNOK@MCRBNMSQ@QXSNOQDUHNTR@RRTLOSHNMR@QDDHSGDQ MDTSQ@KNQDUDM@RL@KKRHMJ6D@QD@KRNKD@QMHMFLNQD @ANTSSGDE@BSNQRSG@SBNMSQNKVGDSGDQSGD".2iWDC SGQNTFG OGNSNRXMSGDRHR LHFQ@SDR SNV@QCR KNMFSDQL RSNQ@FDHMSGDRNHKNQQ@SGDQHEHSHRPTHBJKXQDKD@RDC A@BJ HMSN SGD @SLNROGDQD 6D @QD MNV OQDO@QHMF recommendations for good practices in land-use @FQHBTKSTQDENQDRSQXENQDEiBHDMSB@QANML@Magement & the protection of carbon sinks. 6DG@UDKD@QMDCLNQD@ANTShow warmer autumns @MCROQHMFRCTDSNFKNA@KV@QLHMF@QD@EEDBSHMF the capacity of vegetation to absorb CO2.2HMBDQHR HMFSDLODQ@STQDRHMROQHMFKD@CSNHMBQD@RDCB@QANM @ARNQOSHNM @S SGD RS@QS NE SGD FQNVHMF RD@RNM VD VDQDVNMCDQHMFHESGDR@LDVNTKCADSQTDHM@TSTLM 6D G@UD CHRBNUDQDC SG@S OGNSNRXMSGDRHR S@JHMF TO B@QANM HR @KRN HMBQD@RHMF CTQHMF V@QLDQ @TSTLMR ATSSG@SQDROHQ@SHNMQDKD@RHMFB@QANMHRHMBQD@RHMF even more. This is because photosynthesis in autumn Forest tree species map (Hengeveld et al., in prep., Alterra): we now have much more insight into where different types of forest are located and how they grow. This is important information for designing the optimal carbon management plan because each location will require different LD@RTQDR DF /NQSTF@K MDDCR iQD smart forest landscape whereas for central Europe, with large stocking of biomass, the production of biomass for bioenergy may be optimal and at the same time it reduces the storm risk. In the north, the continuous jNV NE G@QUDRSHMF ENQ HMCTRSQX @MC the conservation of peatlands may be the optimal strategy). QDL@HMRKHLHSDCAXSGDKNVDQKHFGSKDUDKR@MCAXSGD E@BSSG@SOK@MSRB@MMNSOQNiSEQNLSGDLNQDE@UNQ@AKD SDLODQ@STQDRCTDSNSGDHQRDMDRBDMBD3GDQDRTKSHR@ MDSQDKD@RDNEB@QANMHMV@QLDQ@TSTLMRSG@SB@MBDKR NTSSGDDWSQ@B@QANM@ARNQADCCTQHMFV@QLDQROQHMFR 3GHRRTFFDRSRSG@S even when the growing season at temperate latitudes is extended by global warming, the terrestrial ecosystem does not absorb more atmospheric CO2. 6D @QD OQNFQDRRHMF SNV@QCR a new method to trace emissions from fossil fuel burning in the atmosphere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atmospheric measurements. 6D G@UD U@KHC@SDC a new methodology for investigating the key missing component in the European carbon budget: the regional scale6GHKDKNV ONOTK@SDC QDFHNMR KHJD 2HADQH@ RGNV Q@SGDQ RHLHK@Q B@QANM j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ore uncertainties in the European carbon balance... #DROHSD SGD OQNFQDRR L@CD HM TMCDQRS@MCHMF CHEEDQ DMS @RODBSR NE SGD $TQNOD@M B@QANM BXBKD VD RSHKK G@UD MNS L@M@FDC SN BKNRD SGD F@OR HM NTQ B@QANM ATCFDSADSVDDMSGDCHEEDQDMSLDSGNCRTRDCENQDW @LOKDADSVDDMDRSHL@SDREQNLRB@KHMFTOKNB@KjTW LD@RTQDLDMSR SN SGD $TQNOD@M RB@KD @MC DRSHL@SDR CDQHUDC EQNL LD@RTQDLDMSR NE ". concentration in SGD@SLNROGDQD3GDTMBDQS@HMSHDRHM@KKSGDLDSGNCR QDL@HMK@QFDkHME@BSSGDTMBDQS@HMSXDUDM@OOD@QR SNG@UDHMBQD@RDCÎ6G@SVDG@UDKD@QMDCSGNTFGHR SG@SSGHMFR@QDLNQDBNLOKDWSG@MVDiQRSSGNTFGS but this higher level of uncertainty is in itself an important result%TQSGDQLNQDVDG@UD@ADSSDQTM CDQRS@MCHMF NE SGD RNTQBDR NE SGHR TMBDQS@HMSX @MC GNVSNHLOQNUDNTQDRSHL@SDRHMSGDETSTQD/NKHBX L@JDQRV@MS@MDW@BSiFTQDGNVDUDQSGDXG@UDSN @BBDOS SG@S TMBDQS@HMSX HR @KRN @ L@INQ BNLONMDMS NECDBHRHNML@JHMFkCN(S@JD@MTLAQDKK@SNLNQQNV HESGDVD@SGDQENQDB@RSHRTMBDQS@HM(E(V@MSSNAD RTQDMNSSNFDSVDS(S@JDNMDDUDMHE(LTMRTQD SG@S(QD@KKXMDDCHS (SHRMNSNMKXHLONQS@MSENQONKHBXL@JDQRSNJMNVSGD QDRTKSHSHR@KRNHLONQS@MSSNJMNVGNVTMBDQS@HMSGD QDRTKSHR%NQDW@LOKD@VD@SGDQENQDB@RSL@XMNSFHUD @BDQS@HMSXENQQ@HMATSHSB@MRSHKKOQNUHCDUDQXTRDETK HMENQL@SHNMNMVGHBGSNA@RD@CDBHRHNMODNOKDL@X L@JDUDQXCHEEDQDMSBGNHBDRHESGDBG@MBDRNEQ@HM@QD NQ 6D @QD OQNFQDRRHMF HM PT@MSHEXHMF SGD TMBDQS@HMSHDR HM NTQ DRSHL@SDR AX BNMRSQ@HMHMF NTQ LNCDKRVHSGLNQD@MCLNQDC@S@EQNLiDKCNARDQU@ tions. 6DRSHKKG@UDOKDMSXNEeAHFsTMRNKUDCPTDRSHNMR%NQ DW@LOKDVDJMNVEQNLSGDCHEEDQDMBDADSVDDMSGD". DLHSSDCSGD".@ARNQADCAXSGDNBD@MR@MCSGD". BNMBDMSQ@SHNMLD@RTQDCHMSGD@HQSG@SSGDMNQSGDQM GDLHROGDQDHRNUDQ@KK@B@QANMRHMJ'NVDUDQwe still don’t really know how this sink is distributed across the various regions of the continent %TQSGDQLNQD SGD@SLNROGDQHB".BNMBDMSQ@SHNMHRHMBQD@RHMFRKHFGS KXLNQDQ@OHCKXNUDQ$TQNODSG@MDKRDVGDQD3GHRSQDMC G@RADDMRDDMBKD@QKXNUDQSGDO@RSXD@QRATSRNE@Q VD@QDMNSQD@KKX@AKDSNDWOK@HMHS Future challenges .MD NE NTQ L@INQ @BGHDUDLDMSR HR SGD carbon observation network VD G@UD CDOKNXDC @MC BNMRNKH C@SDC @KK NUDQ $TQNOD k VHSG @HQ R@LOKHMF RS@SHNMR jTW SNVDQR S@KK SNVDQR @HQBQ@ES R@LOKHMF RHSDR @MC 11 What we have learned, What we still don’t know, and What we must do to combat climate change B@LO@HFMRR@SDKKHSDNARDQU@SHNMR@MCSGD@RRNBH@SDC LNCDKKHMFB@O@BHSHDR3GHRMDSVNQJMNVENQLRSGDA@ RHRENQ@KNMFSDQLHMEQ@RSQTBSTQDOQNIDBSB@KKDC(".2 (MSDFQ@SDC "@QANM .ARDQUHMF 2XRSDL 3GD NUDQ@KK @HLNE(".2HRto produce temporally resolved maps of the land-atmosphere carbon exchange across Europe A@RDC NM @ G@QLNMHYDC NARDQUHMF MDSVNQJ NE @SLNROGDQHB @MC jTW LD@RTQDLDMS RS@SHNMR (M @CCHSHNMSNOQNUHCHMFAQN@CRB@KDiDKCU@KHC@SDCC@S@ ENQ QDRD@QBG @MC LNCDKKHMF SGDRD L@OR VHKK allow local communities to evaluate their own progress towards achieving carbon neutrality OHKNSOG@RD NE(".2G@RMNVADDMK@TMBGDCSNOQDO@QDSGDSDBGMH B@K@MCiM@MBH@KHMEQ@RSQTBSTQDENQDPTHOOHMF$TQNOD VHSG SGHR KD@CHMF VNQKC NARDQU@SNQX ENQ SGD B@QANM BXBKD ANSG NM SGD K@MC @MC HM SGD NBD@M 3GD ETKK HLOKDLDMS@SHNM NE (".2 HR OK@MMDC ENQ @MC HR DWODBSDCSNOQNUHCDCDB@CDRNENARDQU@SHNMR R HMCTRSQH@KHRDC RNBHDSHDR VHKK RTQDKX BNMSHMTD SN DLHS L@RRHUD @LNTMSR NE ". HMSN SGD @SLNROGDQD we urgently need more accurate knowledge on how to manage land as a carbon sink and how to moni SNQNTQOQNFQDRRSNV@QCRSGHRNAIDBSHUD3GDLNQD". VDL@M@FDSNeBKD@MsEQNLSGD@SLNROGDQDVHSGSGD GDKONEOK@MSRSGDLNQDVDVHKKKHLHSSGDG@QLB@TRDC by our emissions. RSQNMFBNLLTMHSX@BQNRRRBHDMSHiBEQNMSHDQR KSGNTFG SGDRD RBHDMSHiB QDRTKSR QDOQDRDMS RHFMHiB@MS RSDOR HM @CU@MBHMF B@QANM RBHDMBD NE MN KDRR HLONQ S@MBD HR SGD GTL@M QDRTKS SG@S HR we have built a community with free circulation of ideas and data. 3GD$@QSGRXRSDLHR@GTFDBNLOKDWOTYYKD3GDAHFFDRS BG@KKDMFDNEFKNA@KBG@MFDQDRD@QBGHM@RBHDMSHiBSQ@ CHSHNMVGDQDVD@QD@KKRODBH@KHRSRHM@RL@KKO@QSHRSN HMSDFQ@SD@KKBNLONMDMSRHM@V@XSG@SQDOQDRDMSRSGD VHCDQOHBSTQD"@QAN$TQNODG@ROTSSNFDSGDQLNCDKKDQR @MC DWODQHLDMS@KHRSR HMBKTCHMF RNHK @SLNROGDQD @MC ENQDRSRBHDMSHRSREQNLCHEEDQDMSBNTMSQHDRENQSGDiQRS SHLDHM@MDWSDMCDCV@X CHQDBS ADMDiS B@M AD RDDM HM SGD RG@QHMF NE C@S@ VHSGHM SGD BNLLTMHSX ENQ DW@LOKD C@S@ EQNL j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to what extent and for how long can Europe rely on its terrestrial carbon sinks? An overview of CarboOcean results "@QAN.BD@M is the counterpart of CarboEurope for the oceans: VDV@MSSNADSSDQTMCDQRS@MCGNVB@QANMHRexchanged ADSVDDM SGD @SLNROGDQD SGD NBD@M @S U@QHNTR CDOSGRSGDNBD@MjNNQ@MCSGDRDCHLDMSR@MCGNV it is transported EQNL QHUDQR SN DRST@QHDR BN@RS@K QDFHNMR SGD NODM NBD@M @MC iM@KKX HM SGD NBD@M BTQQDMSRSGDLRDKUDR VDV@MSSN@RBDQS@HMGNVSGHRM@STQ@KBXBKDHRADHMF @EEDBSDCAXSGDL@RRHUDHMU@RHNMNE".QDKD@RDCAX GTL@MR@MCSNAD@AKDSNOQDCHBSGNVHSVHKKDUNKUD in the future. VDV@MSSNJMNVLNQDOQDBHRDKXGNVLTBGB@QANMHR ADHMF@ARNQADCAXSGDNBD@MGNVSGDTOS@JDVNQJR and varies in time and what effects all this extra CO2 invading the oceans will have,NRSHLONQS@MSKXGNV VHKKSGHR@EEDBSSGDNBD@MR@AHKHSXSNBNMSHMTD@ARNQ AHMF K@QFD @LNTMSR NE ". HM SGD BNLHMF CDB@CDR %TQSGDQLNQDVGDM".DMSDQRSGDNBD@MHS@BHCHiDR SGDRD@V@SDQVGHBGL@XSGQD@SDMU@QHNTRFQNTORNE L@QHMD NQF@MHRLR @MC ODQG@OR DMC@MFDQ SGD VGNKD NBD@MENNCBG@HMRNVG@SVHKKADSGDBNMRDPTDMBDR NESGHRNBD@M@BHCHiB@SHNM Key results 6DG@UDHMRSHF@SDCSGDiQRSXD@QQNTMCLTKSHOKDRGHO NARDQU@SHNM RXRSDL ENQ SGD -NQSG SK@MSHB B@QANM BXBKDSGQNTFGSGDe5NKTMS@QX.ARDQUHMF2GHORs5.2 NODQ@SHNM 3GHR HMUNKUDR DPTHOOHMF BNLLDQBH@K RGHOR @KNMF SGDHQ QDFTK@Q QNTSDR VHSG HMRSQTLDMSR LD@RT QHMFSGDDWBG@MFDNEB@QANMADSVDDMSGD@SLNROGD QD @MC SGD NBD@M HMBQD@RHMF NTQ RBHDMSHiB C@S@A@RD @S QDK@SHUDKX KNV BNRS 3GD C@S@ BNKKDBSDC @QD DWSQ@ Cruise track of CarboOcean VOS lines in the northern Atlantic Ocean (Benjamin Pfeil, CarboOcean data centre, BCCR). ONK@SDCNUDQRO@BD@MCSHLDVHSGSGD@HCNENBD@M LNCDKR @MC R@SDKKHSD NARDQU@SHNMR and allow us to deliver precise estimates of carbon uptake in different regions of the North Atlantic and its variation over time %NQ DW@LOKD VD G@UD B@KBTK@SDC SG@SSGD-NQSG SK@MSHBEQNL-SN-SNNJTO 0.25 PgC +/- 10%HMSGDXD@Q3GHRHLONQS@MS "KHL@SDBG@MFDHR@FKNA@KHRRTD6G@SDUDQVDKD@QM @ANTS SGD $TQNOD@M B@QANM BXBKD B@M AD @OOKHDC SN LNCDKR @BQNRR SGD QDRS NE SGD VNQKC SN GDKO HMENQL FKNA@KQDRD@QBG@MCBKHL@SDLHSHF@SHNMONKHBHDR 2) Flux maps are already available at http://inversions.lsce.ipsl.fr MDV$4QDRD@QBGOQNIDBSB@KKDC" 1!.$WSQDLDHRCDCHB@SDCSNSGHRPTDRSHNM@MCVHKKSQXSNDRSHL@SDSGDOQNA@AHKHSXSG@SSGDPT@MSHiDCDLHRRHNMQDCTBSHNM commitments of Europe should be increased by 5, 10 or 20 % to counter reductions in ecosystems C sinks by 2020 and 2050 for various emission scenarios. A major product will be maps showing the risks of not attaining targets in emission reduction as a result of a weakening of the European C sink. 4) A more detailed presentation of the aims & methods of CarboOcean is given pp. 31-36 of the 1st CarboSchools booklet. 3GDO'NESGDRD@V@SDQHRCDBQD@RHMFCTDSNOGXRHB@KBGDLHB@KK@VRATSRS@XR@ANUDSGDV@SDQ@BHCHiDRATSQDL@HMR@KJ@KHMD 6) 1 PgC means 1 peta-gram of carbon, which is the equivalent of one giga-ton (one billion of tons). 0.25 PgC +/- 10% therefore means 250 million tons of carbon plus or minus 25 million tons. 13 What we have learned, What we still don’t know, and What we must do to combat climate change NESGDDWBG@MFDRIn the North Sea, we are now able to observe and account for the carbon input, via rivers QDBDHUDC EQNL V@RSD V@SDQ @FQHBTKSTQD @MC M@STQ@KAHNKNFHB@K@BSHUHSXHMSGDDMSHQDA@RHM3GHRHR NMDNESGDUDQXEDV@SSDLOSRHMSGDVNQKCSNPT@MSHEX @KKQDKDU@MSjTWDRADSVDDMK@MCRD@@MC@SLNROGDQD BNLOQDGDMRHUDKX@SSGDQDFHNM@KRB@KD6DBNMCTBSDC RHLHK@Q NARDQU@SHNMR HM SGD &HAQ@KS@Q 2SQ@HS VGDQD VD found out that NTSjNVV@SDQREQNLSGD,DCHSDQQ@MD@M2D@B@QQXRHFMHiB@MS@LNTMSRNE@MSGQNONFMHB carbon into the Atlantic Ocean’s interior. In order to continuously obtain new data, commercial ships such as the MV Benguela Stream (cargo ship to the left) were equipped with a CO2 measurement system. With the help of these continuous data, scientists can monitor the North Atlantic sink and quantify how the CO2 uptake changes over time and varies for different latitudes. (Source: T. Steinhoff and U. Schuster). QDRTKSVHKK@KRNGDKO"@QAN$TQNODSNCDCTBDSGDBNMSH MDMS@KATCFDSVGDMXNTJMNV@BBTQ@SDKXGNVLTBG ".HRDLHSSDCAXGTL@M@BSHUHSHDRGNVLTBGHRTO S@JDMAXSGDNBD@M@MCAXGNVLTBGHSG@RHMBQD@RDC HMSGD@SLNROGDQDSGDMSGDCHEEDQDMBDADSVDDMSGDL HRSGDSDQQDRSQH@KRHMJ3GHRLNQDOQDBHRDDRSHL@SDNE SGD-NQSG SK@MSHBRHMJVHKK@KRNGDKOSNCHRSHMFTHRG SGD-NQSG LDQHB@MEQNLSGD$TQ@RH@MSDQQDRSQH@KRHMJ Validating the methodology to reach this estimate is a key achievementNE"@QAN.BD@M 3G@MJRSNSGHRNARDQU@SHNMRXRSDLVDRDDSG@SSGD -NQSG SK@MSHBRHMJRSQDMFSGHRGHFGKXU@QH@AKDHMSGD D@QKXXD@QRNESGDRSBDMSTQXSGD-NQSG SK@MSHB@A RNQADCKDRR".SG@MHMSGDLHCR1DBDMS C@S@RGNVSG@SSGD".RHMJHRRKNVKXQDBNUDQHMF6D need more years of observations to see whether the SQDMCHRRTRS@HMDCNQHEHSHRNMKXO@QSNE@KNMFDQM@S TQ@K U@QH@SHNM @MC SN ADSSDQ TMCDQRS@MC HSR B@TRDR In the Southern Ocean, we see that the ocean sink has been weakening since at least 1980 @ SQDMC SG@SG@RADDMOQNA@AKXAQNTFGS@ANTSAXSGDHMSDM RHiB@SHNM NE 2NTSGDQM .BD@M VHMCR CTD SN BKHL@SD BG@MFD 3GDK@SDRSOQDCHBSHNMREQNLNTQBNLOTSDQLNCDKRRGNV SG@SSGDNBD@MRVHKKBNMSHMTDSNTOS@JD". from the @SLNROGDQD ATS the continuous acceleration of climate change and CO2 emissions will gradually reduce the sink strength, resulting in a temporary but huge increase of CO2 in the atmosphere. This HR UDQX @K@QLHMF BNLAHMDC VHSG SGD E@BS SG@S NTQ LNCDKR@KRNOQDCHBSSG@SAXSGDK@MCTOS@JDSGD AHNROGDQDRHMJVHKKCDBKHMDONRRHAKXSNYDQNNQDUDM ADBNLD@RNTQBDNE".. We are progressing in our capacity to see where the CO2 emitted by humans goes once it enters the ocean. 3Q@BJHMF GNV ". from human activities per LD@SDRSGDNBD@MRHMSDQHNQHR@UDQXSQHBJXINAADB@TRD VDCNMNSJMNVVG@SSGDB@QANMBNMSDMSHMSGDNBD@M was before the onset of the human emissions and so E@QSGDQDRTKSRFHUDMAXSGDU@QHNTRLDSGNCR@U@HK@AKD RSHKKCHEEDQRHFMHiB@MSKXFDMDQ@KKXNVHMFSNSGDK@BJNE LD@RTQDLDMSRNUDQRO@BD@MCSHLD-DUDQSGDKDRR@KK @OOQN@BGDRLNQDNQKDRR@FQDDSG@Sthe largest quantities accumulated in the high latitude northern Atlantic BKNRDSNSGD@QD@RNECDDONBD@MLHWHMF We have learned a lot about how the terrestrial and marine carbon cycles interact through the coastal ocean (M BKNRD BNKK@ANQ@SHNM VHSG "@QAN$TQNOD VD BNMCTBSDCHMSDMRHUDRSTCHDRHMSGD-NQSG2D@SNADS SDQTMCDQRS@MCGNVB@QANMLHFQ@SDRADSVDDMK@MC NBD@MHMRGDKERD@RENQDW@LOKDGNVSGDB@QANMB@Q QHDCAXQHUDQRHRLHWDC@MCCHKTSDCHMSGDBN@RS@KNBD@M @MCGNVSGHR@EEDBSRSGDVGNKDBXBKD3GHRHMSDFQ@SHNM NEK@MC@MCRD@HRBQHSHB@KSNTMCDQRS@MCHMFSGDB@QANM BXBKDANSGQDFHNM@KKX@MCFKNA@KKX@MCHRO@QSHBTK@QKX BG@KKDMFHMFCTDSNSGDBNLOKDWHSX@MCGDSDQNFDMDHSX Big unknowns about carbon in the ocean .TQ OHBSTQD NE SGD L@QHMD B@QANM BXBKD HR RSHKK UDQX BQTCD%NQMNVVD@QDNMKXADFHMMHMFSNVHSMDRRSGD RODBSQTL NE ONSDMSH@K BG@MFDR HM SGD NBD@M CTD SN HMBQD@RHMF ". @MC QHRHMF SDLODQ@STQDR #TD SN SGDHQ CHEiBTKSXNE@BBDRRSGDHQDWO@MRDNESGD$@QSG?R RTQE@BD@MCCDOSGSGDNBD@MR@QDRO@QRDKXR@LOKDC BNLO@QDC SN SGD BNMSHMDMSR %TQSGDQLNQD VGHKD ". CHEETRDR PTHBJKX HM SGD @SLNROGDQD @MC HR SGDQD ENQDeD@RXsSNSQ@BJ@SLNROGDQHB". concentrations @QDQHRHMF@KKNUDQSGDVNQKCHM@Q@SGDQGNLNFDMDNTR V@X LHWHMF HM SGD NBD@M S@JDR BNMRHCDQ@AKX KNMFDQ @MCSGTRSGDBNMBDMSQ@SHNMR@QDLNQDGDSDQNFDMDNTR 'DMBDSGDPT@MSHSHDRNEB@QANMSQ@MRONQSDCVHSGHMSGD NBD@MVHSGQDRODBSSNRO@BD@MCSHLD@QDK@QFDKXTM JMNVM6DNARDQUDAHFBG@MFDR@MCAHFODQSTQA@SHNMR on many parameters but often without being able to explain what we observe, nor able to predict the consequences3GDLNQDVDKD@QMSGDLNQDBDQS@HM VDADBNLD@ANTSSGDTMBDQS@HMSHDRÎ Varying North Atlantic sink strength as deduced from a suite of collaborative projects (A. Watson & al, in prep.). In the early years of the 21st century the North Atlantic CO2 sink was only 50% of that in the mid-1990s. Is looks as if the CO2 sink has been slowly recovering- but what will be the value for 2006 and in future years? Is it a long-term trend or natural variation? 3GDRDiMCHMFRRGNVSG@SSGD".2 sink is highly variable and needs to be continuously observed. 3GD @BHCHiB@SHNM HRRTD HKKTRSQ@SDR SGHR UDQX VDKK VD JMNVVHSGBDQS@HMSXSG@SRD@V@SDQHR@BHCHiDC@R". DMSDQRSGDNBD@M@MCSG@SL@QHMDKHEDAHNCHUDQRHSX@MC SGD VGNKD ENNC BG@HM L@X AD @CUDQRDKX @EEDBSDC ATS we are not yet able to predict the scope of the consequences, which might threaten the Earth’s ecological balance as severely as climate warming is doing6D@QDL@JHMFOQNFQDRRVHSGMDVHMUDRSHF@SHNM LDSGNCR MNS@AKX SGQNTFG eLDRNBNRL ODQSTQA@SHNM DWODQHLDMSRsBNMRHRSHMFNE@QSHiBH@KKX@CCHMF". to BKNRDC BNKTLMR NE RD@ V@SDQ SN RDD GNV L@QHMD KHED How does the marine ecosystem react to a doubling of today’s atmospheric CO2 concentration? In Norway, near Bergen, large plastic bags (called „mesocosms“, which literally means rLDCHTL VNQKCRe VHSG @QSHiBH@KKX CO2-enriched water enable the consequences of this enrichment on marine life to be observed „in situ“. (A. Volbers, U. Riebesell) 7) See example in Bergen p. 39 of the 1st carboschools booklet. 15 What we have learned, What we still don’t know, and What we must do to combat climate change QD@BSRSNU@QHNTRBNMBDMSQ@SHNMR@MCSGDQDK@SDCBG@MFD HMO'3GHRG@RADBNLD@GHFGOQHNQHSXNMSGDQDRD@QBG @FDMC@VHSG@MDVe$TQNOD@M/QNIDBSNM."D@M BHCH iB@SHNMs$/." VGHBGRS@QSDCHM. HMSGDGHFGK@SHSTCDR QBSHB MS@QBSHBNBD@MRVGHBG CTDSNSGDHQRDMRHSHUHSXSNBG@MFDRHMB@QANMBXBKHMF@MC BKHL@SDB@MRDQUD@ReL@FMHEXHMFFK@RRDRsENQNARDQUHMF NMFNHMFODQSTQA@SHNMRNESGD$@QSGRXRSDL Future challenges .BD@MB@QANMRBHDMBDHRE@BDCVHSGHLONQS@MSPTDRSHNMR ENQSGDETSTQDNEL@MJHMC VG@S HR SGD ETSTQD NE SGD NBD@M B@QANM RHMJ (R SGD CDBQD@RDHMSGDRHMJHMSGDiQRSEDVXD@QRNESGDRS BDMSTQX HM SGD -NQSG SK@MSHB @ KNMFSDQL SQDMC NQ Q@SGDQ CTD SN CDB@C@K U@QH@SHNM 6G@S DEEDBS VHKK HS G@UD K@RSHMFCDBQD@RDHMSGHRRHMJVNTKC@BBDKDQ@SD SGDC@MFDQNTR@BBTLTK@SHNMNE". in the atmosphere. VHKKVDRDD@BG@MFDHMNBD@MBHQBTK@SHNM@MCHERN VHSG VG@S BNMRDPTDMBDR NM BKHL@SD @MC SGD NBD@M RHMJB@O@BHSX VG@S KDUDKR NE @SLNROGDQHB ". concentration and NBD@M @BHCHiB@SHNM VHKK AD QD@BGDC @ESDQ SGD BDRR@ SHNMNESGDGTL@M". invasion into the Earth system @MCVHSGVG@SBNMRDPTDMBDRENQL@QHMDKHED 3GDRDOQDRRHMFPTDRSHNMRBG@KKDMFDNTQB@O@BHSXSNL@JD QDKH@AKDOQDCHBSHNMRVGHBGCHQDBSKXCDODMCRNMSGDB@O@ BHSXNENTQBNLOTSDQLNCDKRSN@BBTQ@SDKXRHLTK@SDSGD BNLOKDWHSXNEQD@KHSX"TQQDMSKXE@QSNNL@MXBNLONMDMSR NENTQNBD@MB@QANMBXBKDLNCDKR@QDCDQHUDCEQNLOTQDKX DLOHQHB@KQDK@SHNMRGHORNQDUDMRHLOKXeADRSFTDRRDRSHL@ SDRsCTDSNSGDK@BJNEC@S@EQNLiDKCNARDQU@SHNMRWe need to vastly increase the number of observations in key regions of the world’s oceans in order to validate and improve the accuracy of our models O@QSHBTK@QKX The global picture Bad news…the world’s emissions are currently accelerating faster than the worst scenarios predicted and the natural capacity of the carbon cycle to absorb our emissions seems to be decreasing. All graphs in this section are extracted from: Global Carbon Project (2008) Carbon budget and trends 2007, [www.globalcarbonproject.org, 26 September 2008] Trajectory of global fossil fuel emissions 3GD $TQNOD@M OQNIDBSR "@QAN$TQNOD @MC "@QAN.BD@M @QD O@QS NE @ AHFFDQ DMCD@UNTQ AX RBHDMSHRSR EQNL @KK NUDQSGDVNQKCSNADSSDQTMCDQRS@MC@MCOQDCHBSBKHL@SD BG@MFD3GD&KNA@K"@QANM/QNIDBSSQHDRSNHCDMSHEXSGD AHFSQDMCREQNL@KKB@QANMQDK@SDCNARDQU@SHNMR@KKNUDQ SGD VNQKC 'DQD HR @ AQHDE NTSKNNJ NE SGD LNRS QDBDMS RXMSGDRHR8NTB@MQD@CSGDRTLL@QX@MC@BBDRRSGDETKK OQDRDMS@SHNM @S GSSOVVVFKNA@KB@QANMOQNIDBSNQF B@QANMSQDMCRHMCDWGSL Here the mean atmospheric CO concentration is simulated by (black line) BCM-C model as compared to the range (grey shading) from other C4MIP (Friedlingstein et al., 2006) models, based on the IPCC SRES A2 emissions scenario in which fossil fuel usage more or less continues to grow unabated (source: Tjiputra et al., in prep.) There is a strong agreement across 11 models from the C4MIP experiment, now backed up by these new CarboOcean results, that natural carbon sinks in both oceans and on land will be weakened by the effects of climate change. This weakening, combined with the rise in emissions, explains this highly alarming curve. This does not mean that atmospheric CO concentrations (governed by CO emissions minus land and ocean uptake) will certainly rise in an exponential way over the 21st century, however, the prevention of such a rise, and the stabilisation of climate, will certainly require strong intervention policies from all the world’s governments. Carbon emissions from fossil fuels Current emissions (black) are tracking above the most intense fossil fuel scenario established by the IPCC SRES (2000), A1FIA1 Fossil Fuel intensive, and are moving away from the stabilization scenarios of 450 ppm10 and 650 ppm. Carbon emissions from tropical deforestation The growth rate of fossil fuel emissions is accelerating – in the period 1990-1999 it was increasing at a rate of 0.9% per year, whereas in the period 2000-2007 the rate of increase was 3.5%. This represents a multiplication by almost four in the last decade, exceeding the highest forecasted growth rate for the period 20002010 in the emissions scenarios of the Intergovermental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)9. The biggest increase in emissions has taken place in developing countries, largely in China and India, while in developed countries it has been growing slowly. 8) epoca-project.eu 9) IPCC scenarios correspond to various future predictions of CO2 emissions globally depending on various hypotheses of economic & industrial development, and population growth. 10) ppm : parts per million, unit used to measure small concentrations (1 ppm = 0,0001%) 17 What we have learned, What we still don’t know, and What we must do to combat climate change What we must do Climate change is caused by mankind? Excellent news: since we are the origin of the problem, we are also master of the solution! Atmospheric concentration The annual mean growth rate of atmospheric CO2 was 2.2 ppm per year in 2007 (up from 1.8 ppm in 2006), and above the 2.0 ppm average for the period 2000-2007. The average annual mean growth rate for the previous 20 years was about 1.5 ppm per year. This increase brought the atmospheric CO2 concentration to 383 ppm in 2007, 37% above the concentration at the start of the industrial revolution (about 280 ppm in 1750). Human perturbation of the global carbon budget 1850-2006 The decline of the natural sinks Natural land and ocean CO2 sinks have removed 54% (or 4.8 PgC 11 per year) of all CO2 emitted from human activities during the period 2000-2007. The size of the natural sinks has grown in proportion to increasing atmospheric CO2. However, the effectiveness of these sinks in removing CO2 has decreased by 5% over the last 50 years and will continue to do so in the future. That is, 50 years ago, for every ton of CO2 emitted to the atmosphere, the natural sinks removed 600 kg while today they are removing only 550 kg, and this amount is falling. Part of the CDBKHMDHR@SSQHATSDCSNTOSN@CDBQD@RDHMSGDDEiBHDMBX of the Southern Ocean sink over the last 20 years. Nevertheless it is impressive that natural CO2 sinks were able to absorb about half of the anthropogenic emissions in 1960, when emissions were 2 PgC/yr, and similarly 50 years later when emissions are now 10 PgC/yr. All of these changes characterise a carbon cycle that is generating a stronger climate impact and sooner than expected. This graph shows how the CO2 emitted by mankind (higher part, distributed between fossil fuel burning and deforestation) progressively diffuses in the whole system (lower part, distributed between atmosphere, ocean & vegetation). Atmospheric CO2 accumulation is directly measured, the ocean sink is modelled, and the land sink is the residual from closing the balance (it is not directly measured). 11) 1 Petagram of carbon is 1 billion tons of carbon. Learning about climate change can be depressing for children, especially for teenagers who are shaping their vision of their place in society, public engagement, and in the future. A worrisome sequence of events can be: asking „what can we do“, then feeling powerless, getting back to normal life, and doing nothing. By overseeing the broad question of how we can solve the climate crisis, this chapter tries to suggest pathways for teachers to avoid this sequence of events and empower young people to take positive action and engage SGDLRDKUDR@RBHSHYDMRVHSG@RNTMCRBHDMSHiB understanding. Large-scale action is needed globally and has not yet occurred 2BHDMBDG@RMNVRGNVMSG@S GTL@M @BSHUHSHDR @QD ODQSTQAHMF SGD VGNKD $@QSG RXRSDL @S @ VHCDRB@KD @MC VHSG DWSQDLD RODDC @EEDBSHMFSGDBXBKDRNE@KKL@INQBNLONMDMSRNEKHED V@SDQB@QANMMHSQNFDMDSB(MO@QSHBTK@QSGDL@RRHUD ".DLHRRHNMREQNLATQMHMFENRRHKETDK@MCCDENQDRS@ SHNMHRCQHUHMFFKNA@KV@QLHMF@MCSGTRHMBQD@RDRHM RD@KDUDKNBD@M@BHCHiB@SHNM@MC@VD@KSGNEHMSDQ CDODMCDMSDEEDBSRSG@SVD@QDTM@AKDSNOQDCHBSVHSG QD@RNM@AKDBDQS@HMSX. SGD QHRJR HMUNKUDC ENQ GTL@MHSX Q@MFD EQNL L@RRHUD KNRRNEAHNCHUDQRHSXGTFDBNRSRSNSGDDBNMNLX@MC SQ@FDCXENQAHKKHNMRNEODNOKDTM@AKDSN@C@OSCTDSN ONUDQSXKNRRNEK@MCRB@QBHSXNECQHMJHMFV@SDQ@MC NSGDQQDK@SDC@EjHBSHNMR. SGDNMKXV@XSNRSNOS@JHMFRTBGC@MFDQNTRQHRJRHRSN CDBQD@RD@MCRSNODLHSSHMFFQDDMGNTRDF@RDR&'& into the atmosphere. SGD B@O@BHSX NE M@STQ@K RHMJR SN @ARNQA NTQ DLHR RHNMR HR CDBQD@RHMF @R BKHL@SD FDSR LNQD @MC LNQD CHRSTQADC LD@MHMF SG@S VD B@MMNS BNTMS NM SGD B@O@BHSXNEBTQQDMSRHMJRVGDMRDSSHMFNTQS@QFDSRENQ emission reductions. 3GDCNLHM@MSCDUDKNOLDMSLNCDKHMSGDVNQKCA@RDC NMBNMSHMTDCHMCTRSQH@KHR@SHNM@MCDBNMNLHBFQNVSGHR BG@Q@BSDQHRDC AX L@RRHUD TRD NE ENRRHK ETDK HMSDMRHUD @FQHBTKSTQD@MCCDENQDRS@SHNMVGHBGBNTOKDCVHSGCD LNFQ@OGHBFQNVSGKD@CSNK@QFDHMBQD@RDRHM&'&DLHR sions. (SHRSGDQDENQDBNLOKDSDKXHLONRRHAKDSNRSNONQCQ@RSH B@KKXQDCTBDNTQDLHRRHNMREQNLNMDC@XSNSGDMDWS2N SGDJDXPTDRSHNMHRGNVSNBG@MFDSGHRTMRTRS@HM@AKD BHUHKHY@SHNMHMSN@RTRS@HM@AKDNMDVHSGNTSIDNO@QCHYHMF HS @MC @S VG@S O@BD 'NV B@M VD OQNFQDRRHUDKX RSNO TRHMFENRRHKETDKRRSNOCDENQDRS@SHNMRS@AHKHYDONOTK@ SHNM @MC @S SGD R@LD SHLD DMRTQD SG@S A@RHB KHUHMF BNMCHSHNMR@QDR@SHRiDCENQ@KK MRVDQHMFSGDRDPTDRSHNMRHRM@STQ@KKXMNSSGDQDRONM RHAHKHSX NE RBHDMSHRSR ATS NE RNBHDSX FNUDQMLDMSR @MC ONKHSHBH@MR However, as scientists we need to make sure that the questions are well formulated, well documented, and well understood in the full context of their implications and that the various responses DK@ANQ@SDC @QD RBHDMSHiB@KKX U@KHC (M O@QSHBTK@Q VD MDDCSNL@JDHSBKD@QSG@SSGDBG@MFDRQDPTHQDC@QDMNS ITRS LHMNQ @CITRSLDMSR SN L@HMRSQD@L O@SGV@XR MNQ QDUDQSHMFSN@rRSNMD@FDRNBHDSXsATSQ@SGDQ@BG@MFD RCNBTLDMSDCAXSGD%NTQSG RRDRRLDMS1DONQSNESGD(/""2DD@KRNiQRSB@QANRBGNNKRAQNBGTQDf6G@SVDJMNVVG@SVDCNMSJMNV@MCGNVVD try to better understand global change ». 13) As particularly well documented, in the Stern review on the economics of climate change (2006) 14) The possibility of positive effects in some places, e.g. increased agricultural productivity in Siberia or Alaska, is of no comparison with the scope of the negative effects globally. 15) In contrary to e.g. the ozone layer problem, where a single family of industrial gases (CFCs) could easily be replaced by a less harmful existing technology. 19 What we have learned, What we still don’t know, and What we must do to combat climate change NEO@Q@CHFL@MCBTKSTQD@BNLOKDSDQDSGHMJHMFNENTQ OQNCTBSHNM@MCBNMRTLOSHNMO@SSDQMR@MCKHEDRSXKDR 3GDBG@KKDMFDHRBKD@Q 4KSHL@SDKX@RTRS@HM@AKDVNQKCLD@MR@zero-emissions worldVGDQDMNMQDMDV@AKDM@STQ@KQDRNTQBDRDFBN@K @MCNHKG@UDADDMQDOK@BDCAXQDMDV@AKDQDRNTQBDR@MC @KKV@RSDHRQDBXBKDC 3GD BTQQDMS ONKHSHB@K FN@K NE SGD $4 HM HMSDQM@SHNM @K BKHL@SD MDFNSH@SHNMR HR SN eRS@X ADKNV SGD CDFQDD KHLHSsk@KDUDKOQNONRDC@RSGDSGQDRGNKCTMCDQVGHBG VDBNTKC@UNHCeC@MFDQNTRBKHL@SDBG@MFDs,NCDKOQN IDBSHNMRHMCHB@SDSG@SSGHRKDUDKB@MADNAS@HMDCNMKXAX a reduction of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions to half of their 1990 levels by 205018 3N @BGHDUD SGHR VHSG @ ONOTK@SHNMNEMNVAHKKHNMVDMDDCSNQDCTBDSGD@M MT@K@UDQ@FDODQB@OHS@SNonly 3 tons of CO2-equivalent VGHBGLD@MRBTSSHMFDLHRRHNMRAX@E@BSNQNE@KLNRS HMSGD42NQAX@E@BSNQNEHMSGD$4(ESGDVNQKC ONOTK@SHNM HMBQD@RDR SN AHKKHNM LTBG LNQD KHJDKX AX VDVHKKMDDCSNQDCTBDDLHRRHNMRSN2.1 tons per capitaVGHBGVNTKCLD@MBTSSHMFSGDLAX@E@BSNQNE HMSGD42@MCAX@E@BSNQNEHMSGD$4 (M XD@QR @ESDQ SGD BQD@SHNM NE SGD (MSDQ FNUDQMLDMS@K /@MDK NM "KHL@SD "G@MFD (/"" @MC XD@QR @ESDQ SGD 4MHSDC -@SHNMR F@UD @ L@MC@SD SN e@BGHDUD RS@AHKHR@SHNM NE &'& BNMBDMSQ@SHNMRs humanity has not yet started to reduce its emissions. (MRSD@C emissions are still growing exponentially see e2@UDGTL@MHSXÎsSGDOK@MDSVHKKQDBNUDQu 3GD RKNF@M eR@UD SGD OK@MDSs HR NESDM OTS ENQ V@QCSNLNSHU@SDODNOKDeSNCNRNLDSGHMFENQSGD DMUHQNMLDMSs KSGNTFG ETKK NE FNNC HMSDMSHNMR SGHRENQLTK@SHNMHKKTRSQ@SDRNMDNESGDJDXODQRHR SDMSLHRTMCDQRS@MCHMFRHMNTQRNBHDSX3GDOK@MDS HR @ BNLOKDW DBNRXRSDL ODQL@MDMSKX SQXHMF SN L@HMS@HM@A@K@MBDLD@MHMFSG@SVG@SDUDQCHR STQA@MBD VD BQD@SD HS VHKK LNUD SNV@QCR @ MDV LNQDNQKDRRRS@AKDRS@SD3GD$@QSG@RCDEHMDC@R @M@STQ@KRXRSDLHRSGDQDENQDMNSHMC@MFDQATS GTL@MHSXHR OTSSHMF HSRDKE HM C@MFDQ 3GD RKNF@M eR@UD SGD OK@MDSs HM SGHR BNMSDWS HR LHRKD@CHMF AKHMCHMFTRSNVG@SHRQD@KKXTMCDQSGQD@S6G@S VDMDDCSNR@UDHRMNSSGD?OK@MDSATSSGDBNMCH SHNMR ENQ @ OD@BDETK BNG@AHS@SHNM NE AHKKHNMR NE GTL@MR3GDQD@KBG@KKDMFDSNC@XHRSNeR@UDGT L@MHSXs@MCSGHRHRMNS@L@SSDQNECNHMF@KHSSKD ENQM@STQDATSNECNHMF@KNSENQNTQBGHKCQDM O@FD3GHRCHRBNTQ@FHMFRHST@SHNMHROQHL@QHKXCTDSN RSQNMF FQNVSG HM SGD CDUDKNOHMF VNQKC O@QSHBTK@QKX HM M@SHNMRDWODQHDMBHMFQ@OHCHMCTRSQH@KHR@SHNMKHJD"GHM@ @MC ADB@TRD HMCTRSQH@KHRDC BNTMSQHDR CDROHSD SGDHQ previous commitments @MC HMHSH@K DEENQSR @QD RSHKK BNMSHMTHMFSNHMBQD@RDSGDHQDLHRRHNMRMNS@AKXHMSGD SQ@MRONQSRDBSNQ. 16) i.e 2 degrees more than pre-industrial values, which means about 1 more than today’s global temperature. 6HSGSGDQDRDQUDSG@SHME@BSMNNMDQD@KKXJMNVRVG@SRODBHiBKDUDKNE".2BNMBDMSQ@SHNMHMSGD@HQVNTKCOQDUDMSeC@MFDQNTRBKHL@SDBG@MFDsiQRSADB@TRD the levels already reached are unprecedented in the human history, making it impossible to know from the past what concentration means for sure what consequence; second, because given the delay & inertia between reaching a certain level of concentrations, and the consecutive rise of temperatures, we might in fact already have passed some critical thresholds. 18) in order to reach a stabilisation of 550 ppm of CO2-equivalent concentration. But more recent model studies show that this 550 ppm target will be too high and that even with 450 ppm, there would only result in a 50% likelihood of limiting global warming to 2°C. 19) Ultimate objective of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change - UNFCCC 20) The Kyoto protocol states that “developed countries have to reduce their emissions of GHG between 2008 and 2012 by at least 5% compared to 1990 levels” 21) However in the EU-25, greenhouse gas emissions fell by 4.8 % between 1990 and 2004. But during the same period, energy-related emissions fell considerably less (- 1.6 %) and since 2000, emissions from energy supply and use have been rising. The reduction in energy-related greenhouse gas emissions since 1990 was achieved largely in the energy supply, services and industry sectors, but was to a large extent offset by growth in transport emissions. The increase observed since 2000 is mainly due to growing electricity production from thermal power plants, particularly those using coal. (source European Environmental Agency) 3NMRNE".DPTHU@KDMSDLHSSDCODQB@OHS@HMHMQDCEQNLENRRHKETDKATQMHMFHMFQDDMEQNLK@MCTRD BG@MFDLNRSKXCDENQDRS@SHNM !KTDKHMD$4@UDQ@FD3".DPTHU@KDMSODQXD@QODQB@OHS@ 1DCKHMDVNQKC@UDQ@FD3".DPTHU@KDMSODQXD@QODQB@OHS@ .Q@MFDKHMDVNQKC@UDQ@FDBNQQDRONMCHMFSNrNEDLHRRHNMReVHSG@VNQKCONOTK@SHNMNEAHKKHNMR 3".DPTHU@KDMSODQXD@QODQB@OHS@ &QDDMKHMDSGDR@LDVHSG@VNQKCONOTK@SHNMNEAHKKHNMR3".DPTHU@KDMSODQXD@QODQB@OHS@ C@S@RNTQBD"KHL@SD M@KXRHR(MCHB@SNQR3NNK" (35DQRHNM6NQKC1DRNTQBDR(MRSHSTSD 3GDMDDCENQCQ@RSHBBG@MFDHRLNQDOQDRRHMFSG@MDUDQHMSGDCDUDKNODCVNQKCVGHBGG@RADDM@MCQDL@HMR K@QFDKXQDRONMRHAKDENQBKHL@SDBG@MFD@MCVGDQDSGDBTQQDMSKDUDKRNE&'&DLHRRHNMRmust be divided by a factor of at least 5 to 10 in order to reduce world emissions to 50% of their 1990 level. 22) CO2-equivalent includes CO2 plus all the other greenhouse gases emitted by man (eg. methane and nitrous oxide) related to their radiative effect (i.e. the amount of additional warming they cause. For example, 1 ton of methane = 21 tons of CO2-equivalent) 21 What we have learned, What we still don’t know, and What we must do to combat climate change The big solutions 2NGNVB@MVD$TQNOD@MRQDCTBDNTQDLHRRHNMRAX@E@B SNQNE3@JHMFHMSN@BBNTMSSG@S SGDCDA@SDHRMNKNMFDQeRGNTKCVDQDCTBDNTQDLHR RHNMRs ATS eGNV @MC @S VG@S O@BDs @MC eCN VD RS@QS UNKTMS@QHKX QHFGS MNV NQ CN VD V@HS TMSHK M@STQ@K B@S@RSQNOGDR NQ GTL@M BNMjHBSR CN SG@S ENQ TR@SLTBGGHFGDQBNRSRs FHUDMSGDTQFDMBXNEQDCTBHMFDLHRRHNMR@KKONRRHAKD RSQ@SDFHDR RGNTKC AD BNLAHMDC SN L@WHLHRD SGD DE fect. 3GD TKSHL@SD RNKTSHNMR @QD PTHSD RSQ@HFGSENQV@QC @MC S@QFDSCHQDBSKXVGDQDSGDRNTQBDRNEDLHRRHNMR@QD @$MDQFXHR@SSGDGD@QS 3N CQ@RSHB@KKX QDCTBD NTQ FQDDMGNTRD F@R DLHRRHNMR HM SGD$4VDMDDCSN 1DOK@BD NHK @MC O@QSHBTK@QX BN@K VHSG QDMDV@AKD DMDQFXRNTQBDRDFRNK@QVHMCFDNSGDQL@KVNNC NM@K@QFDRB@KD 6HCDKX HMBQD@RD DMDQFX DEi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iSRDFGHFGKXSNWHBQ@CHN@BSHUD V@RSDQHRJNEL@INQ@BBHCDMS@MCBNMMDBSHNMVHSGSGD MTBKD@QLHKHS@QXHMCTRSQX!HNETDKR@QDBNMSQNUDQRH@K@R VDKKADB@TRDNESGDU@RS@FQHBTKSTQ@K@QD@RSGDXQDPTHQD QDOK@BHMF ENNC OQNCTBSHNM VHSG ETDK OQNCTBSHNM SGDHQ @RRNBH@SDCV@SDQBNMRTLOSHNM@MCRNHKV@SDQ@HQONK KTSHNMHRRTDR@MCiM@KKXSGDHQONNQDMDQFXDEiBHDMBX It’s not a sin to use energy! 3GDRTMOQNUHCDRDWSQ@NQCHM@QX@LNTMSRNEDMDQFXSN SGD$@QSGEQDDKX@U@HK@AKDENQLHKKHNMRNEXD@QR3GD OQNAKDLHRMNSSGDTRDNEDMDQFXHSRDKEATSQ@SGDQSGD use of non-renewable sources of energyHDRNTQBDR SG@SVHKKMNKNMFDQAD@U@HK@AKDSNNTQBGHKCQDM@MC VGHBG HM @CCHSHNM @R HR SGD B@RD VHSG ENRRHK ETDKR SGQD@SDMSGDHQETSTQDKHUHMFBNMCHSHNMR A FQHBTKSTQDK@MCTRD@QDCHQDBSKXBNMBDQMDC 3NQDCTBDNTQFQDDMGNTRDF@RDLHRRHNMRVDMDDCSN 2SNO AQN@CRB@KD K@MC BKD@QHMF HM SQNOHB@K BNTMSQHDR A@RHB@KKX SGHR LD@MR QDBXBKHMF O@ODQ @MC OQDUDMS G@QUDRSHMFNETML@M@FDCENQDRSR 1DCTBDLD@SBNMRTLOSHNMHMBQD@RDNQF@MHBE@QLHMF CDUDKNO RNCRDDCHMF SDBGMHPTDR VHSGNTS SHKK@FD QD OK@BDEDQSHKHYDQRVHSGBNLONRSDSB B EDVeLDCHBHMDRsB@MODQG@ORGDKOSDLONQ@QHKX In the same way as doctors attend their patients with CQTFRBKHL@SDBG@MFDB@M@KRNADLHSHF@SDCAXeBTQ@ SHUDsLD@RTQDRKHJDCO2 storageSGHRBNMRHRSRNEB@OSTQ HMF".2DLHRRHNMRVGDQDSGDX@QDOQNCTBDCDFONVDQ OK@MSR@MCCDONRHSHMFSGDLSXOHB@KKXHM@KHPTHCRS@SD HDCHRRNKUDCHMRNKTSHNMHMRS@AKDB@UHSHDRHMSGDD@QSG DFENQLDQNHKiDKCRNQHMSGDRD@ADC3GDQD@QDAHF GNODRSG@SSGHRBNTKCADHLOKDLDMSDCRNNMNM@K@QFD RB@KDATSSGDQDQDL@HML@MXPTDRSHNMR@ANTSSGDODQ L@MDMBD@MCR@EDSXNERTBGRSNQ@FDDFSGD@BBHCDM S@KQDKD@RDNEK@QFD@LNTMSRNEBNMBDMSQ@SDC".VNTKC ADDWSQDLDKXSNWHB CO2 sequestration comes from the idea that man can @QSHiBH@KKXDMG@MBDSGDB@O@BHSXNEM@STQ@KRHMJRK@MC OK@MSR@MCNBD@MRSN@ARNQANTQB@QANMDLHRRHNMRENQ DW@LOKDAXOK@MSHMFENQDRSR'NVDUDQVGHKDHSHRBKD@Q SG@S XNTMF SQDDR RSNQD SGD ". VGHKD FQNVHMF SGD i M@KDEEDBSCDODMCR@KNSNMVG@SSGDSQDDRADBNLDNM SGD KNMF SDQL .SGDQ rFDNDMFHMDDQHMFe @OOQN@BGDR KHJD @QSHiBH@K EDQSHKHR@SHNM NE SGD NBD@M SGQNTFG L@R RHUDROQD@CHMFNEHQNMQDL@HMGHFGKXBNMSQNUDQRH@KCTD SNSGDHQONNQDEiBHDMBX@MCTMHMSDMSHNM@KRHCDDEEDBSR HMBKTCHMFL@INQODQSTQA@SHNMRSNNBD@MDBNRXRSDLRQD CTBDCNBD@MNWXFDMBNMBDMSQ@SHNMR@MCHMBQD@RDCOQN CTBSHNMNE@GHFGKXONSDMSFQDDMGNTRDF@R-. ". RSNQ@FD @MC RDPTDRSQ@SHNM B@M AD BNLO@QDC SN @K KNO@SGHBLDCHBHMDRSGDX@SSDMT@SDSGDRXLOSNLRATSCN MNSRSNOSGDB@TRDNESGDCHRD@RD@MCL@XG@UDG@QLETK RHCDDEEDBSR'NVDUDQ@KKONRRHAKDLD@MRSNRS@AHKHYD@S LNROGDQHB".RGNTKCADHLOKDLDMSDC"@QANMRSNQ@FDHE SGDSDBGMNKNFXB@MADU@KHC@SDCVHKKADGHFGKXCDRHQ@AKD VGHKDVD@QDHMSGDSQ@MRHSHNMOG@RDEQNL@MDMDQFXHMEQ@ RSQTBSTQDA@RDCNMENRRHKETDKRSNNMDVGHBGHRMNS Global ‘chance’? 3GDOQNAKDLL@XRDDLGTFD@MCGNODKDRR.MSGD BNMSQ@QX HS BNTKC QDUD@K HSRDKE @R @M GHRSNQHB@K NO ONQSTMHSX ENQ L@MJHMC 2NKUHMF HS VHKK ENQBD TR SN NUDQBNLDNTQCHUHRHNMRSNBNNQCHM@SD@TMHiDCQD RONMRDFKNA@KKX3GHRQDRONMRDVHKKMDBDRR@QHKXKD@C SN@LNQDA@K@MBDCVNQKCO@UHMFSGDV@XENQ@MDV eFKNA@KBHSHYDMRGHOs@MCGDMBDeFKNA@KBHUHKHY@SHNMs DPTHOODCVHSGSGDB@O@BHSXSNQDFTK@SDBNMjHBSR@MC RS@JDR@SSGDFKNA@KKDUDK !HNETDKRMDDC@@FQD@SCD@KNEDMDQFXENQOQNCTBSHNM@MCSQ@MRENQL@SHNMSNETDKVGHBGiM@KKXBNTMSDQA@K@MBDR@LTBGHEMNS@KKNESGDADMDiSHMSGDHQ".2 reduction potential. Cutting down a forest to plant crops for biofuel releases more CO2 in the long-term than would have been released if the forest had been left standing and an amount of fossil fuel, equivalent to that from the crops, had been used instead. 24) However, if we decided to bring back forest at large scale in the areas previously covered by forest the terrestrial sink would undoubtedly be enhanced. A different story is whether we want to do that and what would be the impact on food production, livelihoods and economies. 23 What we have learned, What we still don’t know, and What we must do to combat climate change Acting in daily life 3GD DLHRRHNM SQDMCR VHKK LNRS KHJDKX MNS FN CNVM AD ENQDHMSDQM@SHNM@K@FQDDLDMSRKD@CSN@LAHSHNTRONKHBHDR BNLAHMHMFHMBDMSHUDRS@WDR@MCBNMRSQ@HMSRK@VRNM @ FKNA@K RB@KD (MSDQM@SHNM@K ONKHSHB@K MDFNSH@SHNMR @K V@XRQDUNKUD@QNTMCD@BGO@QSXNMKXV@MSHMFSNL@JD SGDRL@KKDRSBNLOQNLHRDSGDQDENQDHSHR@RKNVOQNBDRR ATSSGDNMDSG@SVHKKTKSHL@SDKXL@JDSGDK@QFDRSFKNA@K difference. 6GHKDFNUDQMLDMSR@QDRSQTFFKHMFVHSGMDFNSH@SHNMR@MC ONKHBXVD@RHMCHUHCT@KRB@M@BSHLLDCH@SDKX6DMDDC ENQDQTMMDQRSG@SRGNVSG@S@BKHL@SDEQHDMCKXV@XNEKHED HRONRRHAKDLNCDQM@MCMHBDÎ 6G@SDUDQ KDUDK NE @BSHNM HR BNMBDQMDC HSR @KK @ L@S SDQNEiMCHMFV@XRSNBNMSQHATSDSNSGDeAHFRNKTSHNMRs LDMSHNMDC@ANUDQDCTBHMFDMDQFXTR@FDRVHSBGHMFSN QDMDV@AKDDMDQFXRNTQBDRHMBQD@RHMFDMDQFXDEiBHDMBX L@HMRSQD@LHMFRTRS@HM@AKD@FQHBTKSTQD@MCBNMRTLOSHNM HMFDMDQ@K SSGDHMCHUHCT@KKDUDK$TQNOD@MRB@MRSQNMFKXQDCTBD SGDHQDLHRRHNMRAX@CNOSHMFRTRS@HM@AKDKHEDRSXKDR p at home: HMRTK@SD@UNHC@HQBNMCHSHNMHMFHMRTLLDQQDCTBD GD@SHMFHMVHMSDQAXDFVD@QHMF@OTKKNUDQGD@S NMKXSGDQNNLRXNTMDDC@MC@SSGDSHLDXNTMDDC SGDLBG@MFDXNTQNHKNQDKDBSQHB@KGD@SDQSN@RN K@QNQVNNCNMD QDCTBDV@SDQBNMRTLOSHNM@MCHMRS@KK@RNK@QV@SDQ heater TMOKTF @KK DKDBSQHB CDUHBDR VHSG @ RS@MCAX ETMB SHNMATXNMKXDMDQFXDEiBHDMSDKDBSQHB@K@OOKH@MBDR eBK@RR sK@ADKHMSGD$4HMRS@KKKNVDMDQFXKHFGS ATKAR @MC RVHSBG SGDL NEE VGDM XNT CNMS MDDC them RNQSXNTQQTAAHRG@MCL@JDXNTQNVMBNLONRS BGNNRDKNB@KOQNCTBSRNQF@MHBENNCRQDCTBDLD@S @MCBGDDRDBNMRTLOSHNM@MC@UNHCATXHMFNTSNE RD@RNMEQTHSR@MCUDFDS@AKDR p@SRBGNNKA@RHB@KKXSGDR@LD@R@SGNLD@MCHMO@Q SHBTK@QQDBXBKDO@ODQ@MCTRDANSGRHCDRNESGDO@ODQ pHMC@HKXSQ@MRONQS@SHNMHMRSD@CNETRHMF@B@QSNBNL LTSD SN VNQJ RBGNNK NQ RGNOOHMF BGNNRD SN AHJD V@KJNQSNS@JDOTAKHBSQ@MRONQS@MCQDRDQUDXNTQB@Q ENQSGDDWBDOSHNMHMRSD@CNETRHMFHSENQSGDQNTSHMD ENQGNKHC@XRSQ@UDKAXSQ@HMHMRSD@CNEAXB@QNQAX OK@MD 2NLD NE SGDRD @BSHNMR G@UD @M @RRNBH@SDC RGNQSSDQL BNRS ATS SGDXVHKK@KKDUDMST@KKXGDKOXNTR@UDLNMDX @MC HM O@QSHBTK@Q QDCTBD XNTQ DMDQFX AHKK ,@MX NE SGDLVHKK@KRNADMDiSXNTQGD@KSG +D@QM LNQD @ANTS VG@S XNT B@M CN AX UHRHSHMF VVV BKHL@SDBG@MFDDTBNLHM@KK$4K@MFT@FDRVDARHSDNE SGD$4B@LO@HFM8NT"NMSQNK"KHL@SD"G@MFD@MCBGDBJ NTS SGD DEEDBSR NE XNTQ BGNHBDR TRHMF ODQRNM@K B@QANM B@KBTK@SNQRRTBG@RVVVLXB@QANMENNSOQHMSDT CO2 offset: guilt-relief for high polluting lifestyles? ,@MXBNLO@MHDR@QDMNVDMBNTQ@FHMFSGDHQBTRSNLDQRSNNEERDSSGDHQ".DLHRRHNMRAXiM@MBHMFLHSHF@SHNMOQNI DBSRENQ@M@LNTMSNELNMDXBNQQDRONMCHMFSNSGDPT@MSHSXNE".SGDXDLHSDFENQ@HQSQ@UDK3GHRB@MAD@M DEiBHDMS@OOKHB@SHNMNESGDeONKKTSDQO@XRsOQHMBHOKDOQNUHCDCSG@S ODNOKDCNMSTRDSGDNEERDSOQHMBHOKDITRS@R@LD@MRNEFTHKSQDKHDEENQGHFGONKKTSHMFKHEDRSXKDR@MCiM@KKX DMBNTQ@FHMFATRHMDRR@RTRT@KDFjXHMF@RLTBG@RSGDXKHJDAXO@XHMFRNLDNMDDKRDSNS@JDB@QDNESGDHQ ". emissions. OQNIDBSRETMCDCVHSGSGHRLNMDX@QD@AKDSNOQNUDSG@SSGD".QDCTBSHNMOQNLHRDCHRQD@KKXG@OODMHMF3GHR B@MADSGDB@RDVHSGDFATHKCHMFMDVDPTHOLDMSNQHMEQ@RSQTBSTQDSNQDOK@BDNKCNMDRVGDQD@CHQDBS". QDCTBSHNMB@MADQDK@SDCSNSGDLNMDXHMUDRSDC"@QANMRDPTDRSQ@SHNMOQNIDBSR@QDLTBGG@QCDQSNFT@Q@MSDD ENQDW@LOKDNMDB@MMDUDQADRTQDGNVKNMFSGD".RDPTDRSDQDCSGQNTFGSQDDOK@MSHMFVHKKQDL@HMSQ@OODC 2NHSHRDRRDMSH@KSNiMC@RDQHNTROQNIDBSSG@SRTOONQSRDMDQFXDEiBHDMBX@MCQDMDV@AKDDMDQFX 8NTB@MKHLHSSGDRDSVNQHRJRAX @ANUD@KKQDCTBHMFXNTQNVMDLHRRHNMR@RLTBG@RXNTB@MAXHLOKDLDMSHMFBNMBQDSDLD@RTQDRRTBG@RSGNRD mentioned above. OTQBG@RHMFNEERDSRNMKXENQSGDDLHRRHNMRXNT@QD@ARNKTSDKXTM@AKDSNRSNO@MCAXB@QDETKKXBGNNRHMFXNTQ ?NEERDSBNLO@MX3GD&KNA@K"@QANM/QNIDBSG@ROTAKHRGDC@BNLO@QHRNMNESGDU@QHNTRBNLO@MHDRNEERDSSHMF ".@MCG@RRDSBQHSDQH@NMGNVSNBGNNRDSGDADRSRTOOKHDQNE". credits. GSSOVVVFKNA@KB@QANMOQNIDBSNQFFKNA@KOCE1DONQS2DQHDR&"/>1DONQS>-NOCE KKHM@KKNEERDSSHMFXNTQDLHRRHNMRHRMNSRSNOOHMFSGDL'NVDUDQHSCNDRUNKTMS@QHKX@RRHFM@BNRSSNSGDL @MCHS@BBDKDQ@SDRDLHRRHNMQDCTBSHNMRDKRDVGDQDSG@MJRSNSGDLNMDXFHUDMADENQDMDVS@WDRDUDMST@KKXL@JD SGHR@MNAKHF@SHNMENQ@KK Could we be mistaken? 2BHDMBDHRMDUDQRTQDNEHSRi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anner of the www.climatechange.eu.com campaign website of the EU 25 What we have learned, What we still don’t know, and What we must do to combat climate change Why so few people are changing their lifestyle? 1DBDMS ORXBGNKNFHB@K QDRD@QBG QDUD@KR SG@S SGDQD HR MNV@C@XR @ VHCDROQD@C BNMBDQM @ANTS BKHL@SD BG@MFD ATS HS HR ODQBDHUDC SN AD NE RDBNMC@QX importance in comparison to other issues in our C@HKX KHUDR RTBG @R E@LHKX GD@KSG R@EDSX @MC iM@MBDR.MDNESGDQD@RNMRRDDLRSNADCTDSNSGD ODQBDOSHNMSG@SSGDBNMRDPTDMBDRVHKKADEDKSNMKX HMSGDCHRS@MSETSTQD3GHReCHRS@MSQHRJsRDDLRNE KHLHSDCODQRNM@KHLONQS@MBD $UDMSGNTFGRTQUDXRQDUD@KSG@SSGDODQRNM@KHL ONQS@MBD NE FKNA@K V@QLHMF G@R HMBQD@RDC BNM RHCDQ@AKX NUDQ SGD O@RS CDB@CD LNRS ODNOKD RSHKK BNMRHCDQ SG@S HS HR L@HMKX SGD QDRONMRHAHKHSX NE FNUDQMLDMSRSNS@JDLD@RTQDR/DQRNM@KKXQDKDU@MS B@TRDR HLO@BSR @MC RNKTSHNMR SN BKHL@SD BG@MFD @QDRDKCNLCHRBTRRDC3GTRDMF@FHMFSGDOTAKHBNM SGHRHLONQS@MSHRRTDHR@JDXBG@KKDMFDÎ The role of schools !DSVDDMFNUDQMLDMSR@MCHMCHUHCT@KRKHDR@BQHSHB@KKHMJ HMSGDBG@HMNEQDRONMRHAHKHSXKNB@KBNLLTMHSHDR@MCHM O@QSHBTK@QRBGNNKR"KHL@SDBG@MFDB@KKRENQAHFBG@MFDR HMADG@UHNTQ@MCG@AHSRVGHBG@QDETMC@LDMS@KKXL@SSDQR NEDCTB@SHNM2NSGDJDXPTDRSHNMHRHM@RNBHDSXRSHKK AQN@CKXCNLHM@SDCAX@MNMRTRS@HM@AKDBTKSTQDGNVB@M RBGNNKRBNMSQHATSDSNOQNLNSHMFRTRS@HM@AKDKHEDRSXKDR (M SGD R@LD V@X SG@S JMNVHMF SG@S ?SNA@BBN JHKKR HR MDBDRR@QXATSHMHSRDKEHMRTEiBHDMSSNL@JDODNOKDRSNO RLNJHMF KD@QMHMF SGD E@BSR @ANTS BKHL@SD BG@MFD HR MDBDRR@QXATS@F@HMHMRTEiBHDMSSNHLO@BSNMC@HKXG@A its%TQSGDQLNQDXNTMFODNOKD@QDNUDQVGDKLDCVHSG HMENQL@SHNM@ANTSBKHL@SDBG@MFD@MCL@MX@QDEDCTO AXSGDRGNBJS@BSHBRNELDCH@ Educational actions concerning climate change should aim to progress from „awareness“ to “understand- HMFs@MCiM@KKXSNeS@JHMF@BSHNMs3GDBKHL@SDBQHRHR HRBQXHMFNTSENQRBGNNKRSNADBNLDBNLLTMHSHDRSG@S @QD@AKDSNHMROHQDSGDXNTMFFDMDQ@SHNMNMSGHRHRRTD by leading by example and by demonstrating sustainability:NMDB@MMNSDWODBSOTOHKRSNBG@MFDHESGD BNLLTMHSXNE@CTKSR@QNTMCSGDLHRMNSBG@MFHMF AXMNSNMKXSD@BGHMFDMUHQNMLDMS@KE@BSR@MCMNSHNMR ATS@KRNAXCDUDKNOHMFSGDB@O@BHSXNEOTOHKRSNact as agents of change as active members of society. 3GHRQDPTHQDRSGDHLOKDLDMS@SHNMNEHMSDFQ@SDCDMUHQNM LDMS@KDCTB@SHNMRSQ@SDFHDR@S@KKRBGNNKKDUDKRENQDW @LOKDAXDMF@FHMFRSTCDMSRHM@eRBGNNK@FDMC@s: DRS@AKHRG@BNLLHSSDDSNFTHCDSGHROQNBDRR B@KBTK@SDXNTQB@QANMENNSOQHMS@MCHCDMSHEXXNTQL@INQ RNTQBDRNEDLHRRHNMR@MCQDCTBSHNMONSDMSH@KRQDK@SDC SNRBGNNKATHKCHMFR@MCC@HKX@BSHUHSHDR @FQDD NM @M @BSHNM OK@M KDC AX RSTCDMSR CDi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iKKD@BGXD@Q Would you like to involve your school in sustainable education? 3N@UNHCQDHMUDMSHMFSGDVGDDK@MCKNRHMFSHLD@MCDMDQFXSGQNTFGSGDK@BJNEQDRNTQBDRNQJMNVGNVKNNJ ENQDWSDQM@KRTOONQSEQNLDMUHQNMLDMS@KDCTB@SHNMOQNEDRRHNM@KRVGDMSGDX@QD@U@HK@AKDHMXNTQQDFHNM 3GDJDXHRSNDMF@FDHM@CXM@LHBBG@MFD2S@QSVHSGRL@KKRSDOR@MCS@JDSGDSHLDMDDCDCSN@CCQDRRLNQD @LAHSHNTRFN@KR UNHCLNQ@KITCFDLDMSR@MCPTDRSHNMHMFODQRNM@KKHEDRSXKDR@MCBGNHBDR(MHSH@SHUDRRGNTKCENBTRNMRBGNNK ONKHBXATHKSSGQNTFGBNKKDBSHUDBNLOQNLHRDENQDMDQFXDEiBHDMBXOQNLNSHMFV@KJHMF@MCAHJHMFSNRBGNNK V@RSDQDCTBSHNMSGDENNCRDQUDCHMSGDB@MSDDMDSBATSVHSGNTSHLOHMFHMFNMSGDHMCHUHCT@KEQDDCNLNE RBGNNKRS@EEE@LHKHDR@MCOTOHKR 6G@SDUDQONRHSHUD@BSHNMR@QDS@JDM@SSGDRBGNNKKDUDKQDLHMCXNTQOTOHKRSG@SHM@CDLNBQ@SHBRNBHDSXSGDX VHKKG@UD@ONKHSHB@KQNKDSGQNTFGUNSHMF@MCB@LO@HFMHMF8NTMFODNOKDRGNTKCADL@CDVDKK@V@QDSG@S SGDAHFRNKTSHNMR@SSGDRNBHDSXKDUDKB@MMNSNMKXQDKXNMHMCHUHCT@K@BSHNMATSRGNTKCADCQHUDMAXENQV@QC SGHMJHMFFNUDQMLDMSRSGQNTFGMDVS@WDRK@VRHMSDQM@SHNM@KSQD@SHDRDSB@MCSG@SSGDBHSHYDMRG@UDHMjT DMBDSGQNTFGSGDHQUNSD ,NMDXMDDCDCENQiM@MBHMFBNMBQDSDLD@RTQDRENQDLHRRHNMQDCTBSHNMRHMXNTQRBGNNKL@XADBNKKDBSDCAX DUDMST@KKXBQD@SHMFXNTQNVMRBGNNKB@QANMNEERDSETMCOKDMSXNEQD@KKHED@OOKHB@SHNMRENQL@SGR@MCDBN MNLHBR KDRRNMRÎ @MC RDKKHMF NEERDS BQDCHSR SN O@QDMSR XNTQ LTMHBHO@KHSX @MCNQ XNTQ RBGNNK AN@QC NQ AX @FQDDHMFVHSGXNTQRBGNNKBKDQJSG@SSGDR@UHMFRNMSGDDMDQFXAHKKRGNTKCADQDHMUDRSDCENQETQSGDQHMUDRS LDMSHMSGHROQNIDBS .SGDQVHRD@KKRBHDMSHRSRVNTKCVNQJHMO@RRHUDATHKCHMFRTRDNMKXQDMDV@AKDDMDQFXKD@UDSGDHQB@QR@SGNLD@MCRSNOjXHMFÎ 26) as derived from the “local Agenda 21”, a methodology for implementing sustainable development in local communities, inspired by the “Agenda 21” action plan initiated at the Rio conference in 1992. 27) www.eco-schools.org 28) www.greenschoolsireland.org 27 What we have learned, What we still don’t know, and What we must do to combat climate change Scientists’ responsibility f 2BHDMBD R@MR BNMRBHDMBD MDRS PTD QTHMD CD KµLD t François Rabelais, 1532 (“Science without conscience is but ruin of the soul“) +HJDHMDUDQXRDBSNQNERNBHDSXL@MXNETRRSHKKVNQJ@R TRT@K ATS RNLD QDRD@QBG HMRSHSTSDR @MC OQNIDBSR @QD MNVKD@CHMFAXDW@LOKDAXDM@BSHMFKNVDLHRRHNMONKH BHDRHMSGDVNQJOK@BD'DQD@QDSVNDW@LOKDR The low emission policy of the Bjerknes Center for Climate Research (BCCR) in Bergen, Norway (MRTLLDQSGD!IDQJMDR"DMSQDCDUDKNODC@eKNV DLHRRHNMONKHBXsSG@SK@TMBGDCSGDENKKNVHMFHMHSH@SHUDR 2@UDDMDQFXNMXNTQV@XSNVNQJAHJHMF@MCV@KJHMF SNVNQJHRMNVQDV@QCDC!HJDQR@MCODCDRSQH@MRVHKK ADOQNUHCDCVHSGHMCHUHCT@KADMDiSR@MCSGDHMRSHSTSD V@R iS VHSG RGNVDQHMF E@BHKHSHDR @MC @ RDBTQD AHJD RS@MC3GDQDHRDUDM@MDVQNNLVGDQDRL@KKQDO@HQR B@MADB@QQHDCNTS BBNQCHMFSNSGDHMRSHSTSDRCHQDB SNQ$XRSDHM)@MRDMi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iM@MBHMF @M DLHRRHNMQDCTBSHNMNESNMRNLDVGDQDDKRD BNL LNMQDPTHQDLDMSNERTBGOQNIDBSRHRSG@SSGDXMDDCSN G@UDUDQHiDC".QDCTBSHNMRSQ@SDFHDR!""1VHKKLNRS KHJDKX TRD SGD R@LD RBGDLD SGD -NQVDFH@M &NUDQM LDMSDLOKNXRENQRS@SDiM@MBDCSQ@UDKR B3N@UNHCSQ@UDKUHCDNBNMEDQDMBDRXRSDLRB@MADTRDC SNO@QSHBHO@SDHMLDDSHMFR@MCRL@KKBNMEDQDMBDR3GD !""1G@R@M@FQDDLDMSVHSG@MNSGDQHMRSHSTSDMD@QAX SN TRD HSR G@QCV@QD (M @CCHSHNM SGD 4MHUDQRHSX NE !DQFDMRDPTHOLDMSB@MADTRDCVGDMMDDCDC 2@UDDMDQFXCHQDBSKX@SSGDHMRSHSTSD 3GD RBHDMSHRSR VDQD @RJDC SN STQM NEE SGDHQ BNLOTS DQR@SMHFGS@MCNQHMRS@KK@TSNL@SHB/"RVHSBGNEER 1DBDMSKXMDVeFQDDMBNLOTSDQRsSG@STRDKDRR DMDQFXG@UDADDMHMSQNCTBDC@MCSGDRBHDMSHRSRG@UD ADDM DMBNTQ@FDC SN BGNNRD FQDDM (M @CCHSHNM CNTAKDRHCDCOQHMSHMFV@RQDBNLLDMCDC@MCSGDHM RSHSTSDRMDVRO@ODQ e!IDQJMDR 3HLDRe HR MNV ADHMF RDMSDKDBSQNMHB@KKX $MDQFX B@M @KRN AD CHQDBSKX R@UDC AX HMRS@KKHMF RVHSBGDRSG@SSTQMSGDKHFGSRNEE@TSNL@SHB@KKXVGDM SGDX@QDMNSMDDCDCDRODBH@KKX@ESDQGNTQR3GHRG@R MNSXDSADDMCNMDRHMBDSGDHMRSHSTSDLHFGSLNUDSN @MNSGDQATHKCHMFHMSGDMD@QETSTQD The Global Carbon Project (GCP) has set a goal to become carbon neutral in all its core activities by the end of 2008 3GD&"/G@RK@TMBGDC@eYDQNMDSB@QANMDLHRRHNMRsHMH SH@SHUDAXVGHBG@KKHSRBNQD@BSHUHSHDRVHKKADDEEDBSHUDKX B@QANMMDTSQ@KAX3GDiQRSRSDORVDQDSNSQ@BJNTQ DLHRRHNMR @MC HCDMSHEX NTQ FQD@SDRS NOONQSTMHSHDR ENQ HLOQNUDLDMS6HSGRL@KKNEiBDRGNRSDCHMK@QFDHMRSHST SHNMRHM TRSQ@KH@@MC)@O@MQDCTBHMFSGDB@QANMDLHR RHNMREQNLNTQNEiBDRQDPTHQDCTRSNBG@MFDNTQG@AHSR SNQDCTBDDKDBSQHBHSXTRD@MCHMjTDMBDNSGDQRSNL@JD HLOQNUDLDMSRHMC@XSNC@XNODQ@SHNMR (MRSHSTSDCHQDBSNQ$XRSDHM)@MRDMNODMRSGDMDVAHJDRSNQ@FDQNNLHM@MNEiBH@KBDQDLNMX$LOKNXDDRSG@SO@QSHBHO@SDHMSGDV@KJ and biking campaign can follow their own as well as their colleagues bike routes on the internet. After a certain number of trips, they obtain a gift (source: J. Johannessen) 3GDRBHDMSHiBBNLLTMHSXQDL@HMRCHUHCDCNMSGDLD@MHMFNEHSRRNBH@KQDRONMRHAHKHSXRNLDRBHDMSHRSRADKHDUDSG@SVDRGNTKCrRGNVSGDDW@LOKDeAXRSQNMFKX reducing our own emissions and others object that it‘s not a topic to be discussed within the community as the search for solutions should strictly remain the responsibility of governments and the broader society. SHMFDLHRRHNMRSNADHMBKTCDCQHFGSEQNLSGDADFHMMHMF @MC DMBNTQ@FDR SGD MDV G@AHS NE BNMRHCDQHMF B@QANM DLHRRHNMRVGDML@JHMFCDBHRHNMR 6DG@C@EDVRTQOQHRDRVGDMKNNJHMF@SB@QANMNEERDS OQNUHCDQR,@MXNESGDNMKHMD@HQSQ@UDKB@KBTK@SNQRCHC MNSS@JDHMSN@BBNTMSSGDHMBQD@RDCHLO@BSNEGHFG@K SHSTCDDLHRRHNMRDUDMSGNTFGRHMBDSGD(/""G@R QDBNLLDMCDC TRHMF @ LTKSHOKHDQ NE @R @ Q@CH@SHUD ENQBHMF HMCDW 1%( 6D @KRN ENTMC SG@S NMKX RNLD NE SGDNEERDSOQNUHCDQRG@CHMCDODMCDMSKXUDQHiDCB@QANM BQDCHSRRNLDSGHMFVDCDBHCDCV@RDRRDMSH@KENQ@RDBTQD investment. (S V@R MNS LTBG NE @ RTQOQHRD SG@S NE DLHRRHNMR EQNL &"/ @BSHUHSHDR VDQD EQNL SQ@UDK 3GD QDCTBSHNMR VDG@UDL@CDHMBKTCDTRHMFLNQDFQNTMCSQ@MRONQSENQ RGNQSDQCHRS@MBDRHMBQD@RHMFSGDMTLADQNEBNMEDQDMBD B@KKR@MCVDALDDSHMFRSNQDCTBDSGDSNS@KMTLADQNE SQHOR@MCBNKNB@SHMFLDDSHMFRRNSG@SNMDINTQMDXB@M LDDS LTKSHOKD MDDCR 3GD A@RHB M@STQD NE SGD &KNA@K "@QANM/QNIDBSVGHBGDMBNTQ@FDRRXMSGDRHR@BQNRRHMSDQ M@SHNM@KRBHDMSHiBBNLLTMHSHDRLD@MRSG@SNEERDSSHMF TM@UNHC@AKDDLHRRHNMRVHKKQDL@HM@MHLONQS@MS@RODBS NEADHMFB@QANMMDTSQ@K@MCG@UHMFLHMHL@KHLO@BSNM SGD@SLNROGDQD@MCBKHL@SD 6DBGNRD@MNEERDSOQNUHCDQVGN@CGDQDRSNHMCDODM CDMSKX UDQHiDC RSQHBS RS@MC@QCR ENQ SGDHQ OQNIDBSR HM BKTCDRQ@CH@SHUDENQBHMFHMSGDHQ@HQSQ@UDKB@KBTK@SHNMR @MCNEEDQRSQ@MRO@QDMSQDONQSHMF !DB@TRD VD @SSDMC LDDSHMFR @MC BNMEDQDMBDR @R VDKK @RAQHMFRBHDMSHRSRSNFDSGDQSNRXMSGDRHYDQDRD@QBGVD MDDCDC SN RDS BKD@Q ANTMC@QHDR SN BNTMS VGHBG DLHR RHNMR @QD NTQ QDRONMRHAHKHSX !@RDC NM SGD &QDDMGNTRD &@R /QNSNBNK OTAKHB@SHNM e6NQJHMF SN NM "KHL@SD "G@MFDsVVVFGFOQNSNBNKNQFVDCDUDKNODC@RHLOKD ONKHBXSG@SVGNDUDQS@JDRNMSGDQDRONMRHAHKHSXSNO@X ENQSGDiM@MBH@KBNRSRNE@INTQMDXNQDUDMSHR@BBNTMS @AKDENQSGDDLHRRHNMR3GHR@KKNVRSGDBNRSRENQNEERDS 29 What we have learned, What we still don’t know, and What we must do to combat climate change CarboSchools in action Partnerships between climate researchers and secondary school teachers Discover how teachers and scientists join forces in CarboSchools30 and bridge the gap between research and education! To illustrate the variety of projects initiated in several European countries since 2005, this chapter presents six inspiring examples all demNMRSQ@SHMF HM CHEEDQDMS V@XR SGD ADMDiSR NE teacher-scientist partnerships. Students conduct experiments on the impact of greenhouse gases, learn about climate research and the reduction of emissions, and inform their wider community about climate change. We hope that they will become fascinated and empowered by the search for solutions to the biggest uncontrolled perturbation to the Earth-system in human history. We hope to make learning about science more engaging and challenging for young people as future workers, consumers, citizens, or even scientists! Benevento, Italy IPSAA “Vetrone” & IIS “Alberti”: Sustainable conservation agriculture as a tool to mitigate the greenhouse effect By Danilo Marandola, agronomist at CNR-IBIMET (Institute of Biometeorology) and regional CarboSchools coordinator; IPSAA “Vetrone” (Vocational School for Agriculture and Environment): Antonio Cristofaro, director, and Aniello Russo, Nicola Fusco, teachers; IIS “Alberti” (Technical School for Chemistry and Environment): Giovanni Antonio Paolucci, director, and Massimo Cappelluzzo, Aurelio Stefanelli, teachers. (pictures by the authors) Number of pupils involved in the project: EQNL (/2 @MCEQNL((2@UDQ@FD@FD Main subjects involved: @FQNMNLXDBNKNFXBGDLHRSQX Duration: XD@QR Agriculture and CO2: why a CarboSchools project in a school for agriculture?,NCDQMHMSDMRHUD@FQHBTKSTQDB@M BNMSQHATSDRSQNMFKXSNHMBQD@RDC". emissions which are TRT@KKXGHFGDQSG@MSGD".TOS@JDQDRTKSHMFEQNLOK@MS OGNSNRXMSGDRHR3GDL@HMRNTQBDNE".DLHRRHNMRHRSHKK @FDSG@SSGQNTFGLNUHMFRNHKB@TRDRRSQNMFNWHC@SHNM NE 2NHK .QF@MHB ,@SSDQ 2., 2., HR BNLONRDC L@HMKX NEOK@MSCDSQHSTRDFKD@UDRQNNSR@MCQDLM@MSRNESGD G@QUDRS@MCB@MADBNMRHCDQDCSGDiM@KOQNCTBSNEOK@MS OGNSNRXMSGDRHRBNMRHRSHMFL@HMKXNEB@QANM,NCDQMHM SDMRHUD@FQHBTKSTQDHMSGDK@RSCDB@CDRG@RB@TRDCRSQNMF NWHC@SHNMNE2.,VHSGSGDQDRTKSNEGTFD".DLHRRHNMR@KK NUDQSGDVNQKC(M@CCHSHNMSNSGDDEEDBSNEHMBQD@RHMF". DLHRRHNMRAXOKNTFGHMFSGDQD@QDeRDBNMC@QXsDLHRRHNMR QDK@SDCSNSGDE@BSSG@SSQ@BSNQRATQMNHK+G@ @MCSG@SEDQSHKHYDQR@QDOQNCTBDCTRHMFNHK RODBH@KJHMC NE @FQHBTKSTQD B@KKDC BNMRDQU@SHNM @FQHBTKSTQD NM SGD BNMSQ@QXQDCTBDRSGDDMDQFXHMOTSQDPTHQDCHMBTKSHU@SHNM HSB@MGDKOSNQDCTBD".DLHRRHNMRCHQDBSKXAXTRHMFKDRR NHK@MCKDRREDQSHKHYDQ@MCHMCHQDBSKXAXRTOONQSHMFSGD RSNQ@FDNE".HMSGDRNHKRHMSGDRS@AKDENQLNE2., Conservation agriculture: the sod seeding system. KRNM@LDC#HQDBS2DDCHMFNQ-NSHKK@FDSGHRSDBGMHPTD CNDRMS MDDC @MX JHMC NE RNHK SHKK@FD (SR B@QQHDC NTS VHSG @ RODBH@K L@BGHMD SG@S VHSG @ RXRSDL NE CHRJR NODMRSGHMETQQNVRHMSGDRNHKHMVGHBGRDDCR@QDOK@BDC @MCRTARDPTDMSKXBKNRDRSGDL(SB@MADTRDCNMRNHKR ITRS@ESDQSGDBDQD@KG@QUDRSCHQDBSKXNMLD@CNVRNQNM E@QQNViDKCR/TAKHRGDCC@S@RGNVSG@SSGHRSDBGMHPTD B@M @ RTARSHSTSD SQ@CHSHNM@K LNCDQM @FQHBTKSTQD SGD OKNTFGAHMBQD@RD2.,@MCBQDCTBD". emissions. ,NQDNUDQAX@UNHCHMFRNHKSHKK@FDSGHRSDBGMHPTDQDCTB DR2.,NWHC@SHNM@MCBNMSQHATSDRSN".RSNQ@FDHMSGD RNHKR(MSGHRV@X@MCMNSSNLDMSHNMSGDKNVDMDQFXHM OTSRTRDCENQSGDVGNKDOQNCTBSHNMBXBKD@FQ@QH@MRNHKR G@UD SGD ONSDMSH@K to change from CO2 “sources” to CO2 “sinks” VGHKD SGD SNS@K BTKSHU@SHNM DMDQFX HMOTSR @QDQDCTBDCAX The project: “Conservative sustainable agriculture as a tool to mitigate greenhouse effect”.2STCDMSRG@UD ADDMHMUNKUDCHMSGDRTQUDXNECHEEDQDMSBTKSHU@SHNMDW periments with the aim to increase their interest for the 30) CarboSchools is currently funded until 2010 by the Science in Society programme of the EU, with a target of getting about 100 schools directly involved in MHMDQDFHNM@KOQNIDBSR!DSVDDM@MC$/." SGDMDV$4QDRD@QBGOQNIDBSNMNBD@M@BHCHiB@SHNMVHKK@KRNADINHMHMFENQBDRVHSG"@QAN2BGNNKR eMDVsBTKSHU@SHNMSDBGMHPTD@MCSNDU@KT@SDSGDONSDM SH@KENQFQDDMGNTRDF@RLHSHF@SHNM(MSGDi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iDKCR Some educational observations: 2STCDMSR RGNVDC @ KNS NE HMSDQDRS ENQ SGD G@MCRNM @BSHUHSHDR3GDXTRDSNKNNJANQDCCTQHMFKDRRNMRNQ DWOK@M@SHNMR ATS VDQD UDQX @BSHUD CTQHMF C@S@ BNK KDBSHNM@BSHUHSHDR@MCiDKCUHRHSR(MFDMDQ@K(/2 RSTCDMSRRGNVCHEiBTKSHDRHMTMCDQRS@MCHMFRBHDMSHiB BNMBDOSR((2RSTCDMSRNMSGDNSGDQG@MCRGNVKHL HSDCTMCDQRS@MCHMFNESGD@FQNMNLHBLD@MHMFNESGD DWODQHLDMSR 3GD HMUNKUDLDMS NE @ RBHDMSHRS QDOQDRDMSDC iQRS NE @KK @ MDV RNTQBD NE RBHDMSHiB MDVR @MC @ V@X SN RSHLTK@SD@SSDMSHNM@MCHMSDQDRSHMRSTCDMSR3GDTRD NE CHEEDQDMS BNLLTMHB@SHNM RSQ@SDFHDR DMSGTRH@RL @MC SGD RBHDMSHiB eNTSKNNJs GDKODC SGD RBHDMSHRS SN @BSHU@SDSGDRSTCDMSR.MSGDNSGDQG@MCSGDOQNIDBS @OOD@QDCSNADRBHDMSHRSCDODMC@MS3GHRLD@MRSG@S VHSGNTS @ RBHDMSHRS OQDRDMS SGD OQNIDBS KNNJDC @R SGNTFGHSVNTKCG@UDOQNAKDLRHMBNMSHMTHMF3D@BG DQRAXSGDLRDKUDRVDQDMNS@AKDSNQDOK@BDSGDB@QQX HMFQNKDNESGDRBHDMSHRS 2STCDMSRG@UDADDMDU@KT@SDCHMSVNCHEEDQDMSV@XR PTDRSHNMM@HQD BNMBDQMHMF FDMDQ@K @RODBSR NE SGD FQDDMGNTRDDEEDBSV@RTRDC@SSGDADFHMMHMFNESGD OQNIDBS@MCVHKKADONRDC@F@HM@SSGDDMCSNDU@KT @SD SGD DUNKTSHNM NE SGD OTOHKR FDMDQ@K JMNVKDCFD 3GDRDBNMCDU@KT@SHNMLDSGNCG@RADDMQDOQDRDMSDC AX@MHMCHQDBSDU@KT@SHNM@BSHNM2STCDMSRG@UDADDM B@KKDCSNS@KJ@ANTSSGDHQ@BSHUHSHDRSNNSGDQRSTCDMSR ADKNMFHMFSNNSGDQBK@RRDR@MCNQRBGNNKR3D@BGDQR @MCSGDRBHDMSHRSKNNJDC@SSGDDWODQHLDMSEQNL@E@Q 3GDDWODQHLDMSNMSGDNMDG@MCRGNVDCSGDFDM DQ@KKDUDKNERSTCDMSRJMNVKDCFDRSQDRRHMFVGDQDSN HMSDFQ@SDHMENQL@SHNM@MCDWOK@M@SHNMATS@KRNQDO QDRDMSDC@FNNCV@XSNHMBQD@RDSGDKDUDKNEO@QSHBH O@SHNM@MCSGDRDMRDNE@V@QDMDRR@ANTSVG@SOTOHKR VDQDRSTCXHMF@MCCNHMF .SGDQRBGNNKSD@BGDQRG@UDTRT@KKXKNNJDC@SSGDOQNI DBSVHSGQDRODBS@MC@L@YDLDMS BST@KKXSGDXQD@KKX SGHMJ SG@S RBGNNKR DRODBH@KKX SGD UNB@SHNM@K NMDR G@UDSGDCTSXSNOQNUHCDRSTCDMSRVHSGMDVDWODQH DMBDR@MCJMNVKDCFDATS@RL@SSDQNEE@BSSGDX@QD MNS@AKDSN@BGHDUDSGHRAXSGDLRDKUDR/@QDMSRG@UD ADDMHMFDMDQ@KUDQXHMSDQDRSDCSNN%NQ(/2 RST CDMSRSGDO@QDMSR@QDFDMDQ@KKXQDOQDRDMSDCAXE@QL DQRSG@SG@UDRGNVDC@RSQNMFHMSDQDRSHMSGDOQNIDBS @MCHMSGDRNCRDDCHMFSDBGMHPTD R@QDRTKSNESGHR L@MXO@QDMSE@QLDQRG@UDDWOQDRRDCSGDVHKKSNSDRS it in their own farm. This demonstrates that students G@UDQD@KHYDC@FNNCCHRRDLHM@SHNM@BSHUHSX@SGNLD VGHBGHR@FNNCHMCHB@SHNMNESGDHQKDUDKNEO@QSHBHO@ SHNMHMSGDOQNIDBS@MCHSRONSDMSH@K 31 What we have learned, What we still don’t know, and What we must do to combat climate change Bergen, Norway Bergen Katedralskole: The sea outside our door by Bente Færøvik (Biology teacher); Eva Falck (regional CarboSchools coordinator); Solveig Kringstad (technician); Ingunn Skjelvan (researcher); Andrea Volbers (CarboOcean project manager) (pictures by the authors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lankton net in operation. Watersampling. ODQHLDMSR@KKNVHMFSGDRSTCDMSRSNTRD@KKSGDRBHDMSHiB HMRSQTLDMSR@MCSNODQENQL@KKLD@RTQDLDMSRSGDLRDKUDR 3GDRSTCDMSRSNNJO@QSHMENTQRBHDMBDDWODCHSHNMRVHSG SGDRGHO15'@MR!Q@SRSQLSNDWOKNQDSGDEINQCRHMNTQ KNB@K @QD@ ITRS NTSRHCD !DQFDM 3VN NE SGD DWODCHSHNMR VDQDHM2DOSDLADQ@MCSVNHM,@QBG OQHK 3GDDWODCHSHNMR@HLDCSNHMUDRSHF@SDOGXRHB@KBGDLHB@K @MC AHNKNFHB@K @RODBSR NE RD@V@SDQ @MC CTQHMF SGD @T STLMDWODCHSHNMRSGDRSTCDMSR@MCSD@BGDQRINHMDCSGD QDRD@QBG UDRRDK SN 'IDKSDEINQCDM 2BHDMSHRSRSDBGMHBH@MR EQNL!""1@KRNINHMDCSGDBQTHRDSNDWOK@HMGNVSNTRD SGD RBHDMSHiB DPTHOLDMS NM AN@QC @MC GNV SN R@LOKD SGDV@SDQ3GDX@KRNDWOK@HMDCSGDRBHDMSHi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iUDNESGDRSTCDMSRUHR HSDCSGD!""1K@ANQ@SNQHDR@MCTRDCSGD@U@HK@AKDDPTHO LDMSTMCDQSGDFTHC@MBDNE@MDMFHMDDQ 3GDRSTCDMSRVNQJBNMRHRSDCHMBNKKDBSHMF@KKQDKDU@MS C@S@@M@KXRHMFSGDC@S@@MCVQHSHMF@QDONQS@ANTSSGD VNQJNMAN@QCVHSGOHBSTQDRRGNVHMF@KKNESGDQDKDU@MS DPTHOLDMS (M SGD RTAIDBS B@KKDC 2BHDMBD SGD RSTCDMSR RGNTKC ODQ ENQL@RBHDMSHiBHMUDRSHF@SHNMHMNMDNERDUDQ@KRBHDMBD R/V Hans Brattstrøm. Students wearing safety suits. SNOHBR VHSG HM @UDQ@FD SVN SD@BGHMF GNTQR TRDC DUDQX VDDJ3GDiQRSBQTHRDQDRTKSDCHMRNKHCQDONQSR@MCRNLD of the students made a poster that was presented at RDUDQ@K HMSDQM@SHNM@K RBHDMSHiB LDDSHMFR DF "@QAN .BD@M (M @CCHSHNM @ MDVRO@ODQ @QSHBKD @MC @ UHCDN VDQDOQNCTBDCEQNLSGDBQTHRDHM@U@HK@AKDNMSGD "@QAN2BGNNKR @MC "@QAN.BD@M VDARHSD 3GD RBHDMBD OQNIDBS V@R MNS DU@KT@SDC AX FQ@CHMF ATS HMRSD@C ITRS @OOQNUDC3GHRE@BSL@CDHSCHEiBTKSSNiMHRGSGDQDONQSR EQNLSGD OQHKBQTHRDRRHMBDNSGDQL@SSDQRADB@LD LNQD HLONQS@MS (M SGD ETSTQD HS VNTKC AD ADSSDQ SN DU@KT@SDSGDOQNIDBSAXFQ@CHMF @HCCDUDKNOLDMSATSHSB@M@KRNADBG@KKDMFHMFVGDMHS BNLDRSNK@MFT@FDRJHKKR 3GD RSTCDMSR RGNVDC @ RSQNMF HMSDQDRS HM SGD OQNIDBS @MCSGDXVNQJDCUDQXG@QC3GDOQNIDBSF@UDSGDLHM RHFGS HMSN GNV RBHDMSHRSR VNQJ @MC SGD BNLOKDWHSX NE M@STQD 3GD RBHDMSHRSR EQNL !""1 VDQD LNSHU@SDC @MC GDKOETK3GHRBNNODQ@SHNM@KRNLNSHU@SDCSGDRBGNNKSN ENBTRNMBKHL@SDBG@MFDHRRTDRAX@QQ@MFHMF@eBKHL@SD VDDJs@SRBGNNKVGHBGBNMRHRSDCNERBHDMSHi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¸DMCDRJNKD@MC #@MHDKRDMUHCDQDF¸DMCDRJNKD@MCSGD4MHUDQRHSXNE!DQ FDMQDOQDRDMSDCAXSGD&DNOGXRHB@K(MRSHSTSD4H!!""1 HR MNV BNNQCHM@SHMF SGD @BSHUHSHDR ETMCDC SGQNTFG SGD MDV"@QAN2BGNNKROQNIDBS#TQHMFSGQDDC@XRHM2DOSDL ADQSGHRXD@QENQSXiUDRSTCDMSRNE@FD@MC i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hat we have learned, What we still don’t know, and What we must do to combat climate change Kiel, Germany Gymnasium Wellingdorf: Students, Teachers and Researchers Study the Ocean by Sabine Temming, Biology, German and Drama teacher (pictures by the author) Concept: 4RHMFSGDRODBHiBDW@LOKDNEL@QHMDRBHDMBDR-@36NQJ HMF ,@QHMD 1DRD@QBG attempts to convey the fascina SHNMNEM@STQ@KRBHDMBDR@MCSGDBNLOKDWHSXNESGDBKHL@SD RXRSDL SN RSTCDMSR EQNL RDBNMC@QX RBGNNKR .OONQSTMH SHDR@QDOQNUHCDCENQOQ@BSHB@KRSTCHDRNMBTQQDMSQDRD@QBG issues in direct contact with researchers. The students NAS@HMG@MCRNMDWODQHDMBDVHSGRBHDMSHiBLDSGNCR@MC HMRHFGSRHMSNQDRD@QBG 3GDOQNIDBSHRBTQQDMSKXETMCDCAXSGD-@36NQJHMF/QN FQ@LNESGD1NADQS!NRBG%NTMC@SHNM@MCAXSGD&DQL@M 1DRD@QBG%NTMC@SHNMSGQNTFGHSRO@QSHBHO@SHNMHMSGD*HDK "KTRSDQNE$WBDKKDMBDr3GD%TSTQD.BD@Me U@QHNTRDWODQHLDMSRHMSNOHBRQ@MFHMFEQNLNRLNQDFT K@SHNMHML@QHMDNQF@MHRLRSNRHLTK@SHNMNEDEEDBSRNE HMBQD@RHMFB@QANMCHNWHCDHMSGDNBD@MSGDOTOHKR@B PTHQDSGDA@RHBRJHKKRENQHMUDRSHF@SHUDKD@QMHMF Grade 10 – 13:3NFDSGDQVHSGSGDHQSD@BGDQR@MCL@QHMD RBHDMSHRSR SGD RSTCDMSR VNQJ HMCHUHCT@KKX NQ HM FQNTOR 6GDQDUDQONRRHAKDSGDOQNIDBSR@QDCDRHFMDCSNADHM SDQCHRBHOKHM@QXKHMJDCSN@BST@KQDRD@QBG@MCHMSDFQ@SDC HMSN SGD RBGNNK BTQQHBTKTL 1DRTKSR @QD OQDRDMSDC AX SGD RSTCDMSR @MC SGD VNQJ NE SGD RSTCDMSR HR TRT@KKX FQ@CDC Investigating the Effects of Changing Salinity on Organisms An example for a course project in a 12th grade ecology class: )@MT@QXk)TMD 3VDMSX RSTCDMSR NE @M @CU@MBDC AHNKNFX BK@RR HMUDRSH F@SDCSGDDEEDBSRNEBG@MFHMFR@KHMHSXHMSGDDRST@QXNE SGDKNB@KQHUDQ2BGVDMSHMD ANTSGNTQRNESGDQDFTK@Q BK@RRVNQJVDQDCDCHB@SDCSNSGDOQNIDBSATSLNRSNESGD RSTCDMSRRODMSLTBGLNQDSHLD2STCDMSRCDUDKNODCSGDHQ NVMQDRD@QBGPTDRSHNMRSNFDSGDQVHSGSGDHQSD@BGDQ@MC SGDSVNRBHDMSHRSR MSH@@MC)#DMFF3GDBK@RRV@R ROKHSTOHMSNRL@KKFQNTORSG@SVDQDRTOONQSDCAXNMDNQ SVNRBHDMSHRSRD@BG@MCVNQJDCNMSGDENKKNVHMFSNOHBR $EEDBSRNEHMBQD@RHMFR@KHMHSXNMRS@QiRG (LO@BSNEBG@MFHMFR@KHMHSXNM@QDC@KF@D $EEDBSRNEBG@MFHMFR@KHMHSXNMOGXSNOK@MJSNM 3GDNQDSHB@KA@BJFQNTMC Implementation: Grade 5 – 8: Student Science Clubs: (MHMSDQCHRBHOKHM@QX@ESDQMNNM@BSHUHSHDRXNTMFDQOTOHKR NAS@HM SGDHQ iQRS DWONRTQD SN RBHDMSHiB VNQJ 3GQNTFG Phytoplankton cultures. BNTMSDCENQ@ANTSNESGDFQ@CDENQSGHRBK@RR(M @CCHSHNMSGDRSTCDMSROQDRDMSDCSGDHQVNQJSNSGDOTA KHBCTQHMF@MNODMC@X@S(%,&$., 1@MCOQDO@QDC@ web presentation. Project Description: ,NMHSNQHMFSGD*HDK%INQC Research vessels: Polarfuchs and ALKOR. Red algae at Kiel Fjord. 2NLDSHLDR@KKNESGDRSTCDMSRLDSVHSGSGDSD@BGDQ@MC SGDRBHDMSHRSRENQ@BK@RRRDRRHNMATSL@HMKXSGDRL@KK FQNTORVNQJDCHMCHUHCT@KKXRTOONQSDCAXSGDRBHDMSHRSR ANTSDUDQXNSGDQVDDJSGDXFNS@GNTQKNMFBK@RR ODQHNCNEESNVNQJNMSGDHQOQNIDBSR3GDRSTCDMSROQD RDMSDC SGDHQ QDRD@QBG @R VQHSSDM QDONQSR ONRSDQR @MC S@KJR@SRBGNNK3GDOQDRDMS@SHNMRVDQDFQ@CDC@MC@B 31) in cooperation with IFM-GEOMAR (Leibniz Institute for Marine Sciences), the University of Kiel and the Cluster of Excellence “The Future Ocean” Results: 2NLD FQNTOR VDQD @AKD SN @BGHDUD DWBDKKDMS QDRTKSR SGDX NQF@MHYDC SGDHQ VNQJ @RJDC ENQ GDKO VGDM MDB DRR@QX VNQJDC LNRSKX HMCDODMCDMSKX @MC RGNVDC VDKK OQDO@QDCOQDRDMS@SHNMR%NQ@EDVNSGDQRSTCDMSRSGHR V@XNEVNQJHMFV@RLNQDCHEiBTKS@MCSGDXCHCMNSBNL municate with the teacher or the scientists when prob KDLRB@LDTO 2STCDMSDWODQHLDMS2S@QiRGOQDEDQ@RODBHiBR@KHMHSX Carbon Cycle – Climate Change – Impact on the Ocean An example for a current project in a 13th grade OQNIDBSBK@RR2DOSk,@H !@RDCNMSGDRDDWODQHDMBDR@RHLHK@QOQNIDBSV@RRS@QS DCHM2DOSDLADQ2STCDMSRNEFQ@CDVHKKHMUDRSH F@SDPTDRSHNMRQDK@SDCSNSGDHMBQD@RDHMB@QANMCHNWHCD BNMBDMSQ@SHNMHMSGDNBD@M BK@RRNERSTCDMSRV@R ROKHSTOHMSNFQNTORVNQJHMFSNFDSGDQVHSGSTSNQRNE (%,&$., 1 (M SGHR BNTQRD SGD ENBTR HR LNQD SGDN QDSHB@K 3GD FQNTOR VHKK VNQJ VHSG RBHDMSHiB KHSDQ@STQD B@QQXNTSKHAQ@QXRSTCHDROQDO@QDONRSDQR@MCRG@QDSGDHQ QDRTKSRHM@MNQ@KOQDRDMS@SHNMRDRRHNM%HM@KKXSGDRST CDMSRVHKKVQHSDDRR@XRNMSGDHQRODBHiBSNOHBR 3GD OQNIDBS MNS NMKX BNUDQDC SGD BTQQHBTKTL QDPTHQD LDMSRDBNKNFX@R@SNOHB@MCOQNIDBSVNQJ@R@LDSG NCATS@KRNENRSDQDCL@MXNSGDQRJHKKRRTBG@RCDRHFM HMFDWODQHLDMSRRNBH@KKD@QMHMFBNLLTMHB@SHNMRJHKKR OQDRDMS@SHNMRJHKKR@MCVQHSHMF@ANTSRBHDMBD (M@MDU@KT@SHNMRSTCDMSR@OOQDBH@SDCSGDBKNRDVNQJ VHSG SGD RBHDMSHRSR @MC SGD VNQJ NTSRHCD SGD RBGNNK SG@SHR@SSGDHMRSHSTSD3GDXLNRSKXKHJDCVNQJHMFHM SD@LR@MCSGD?QDK@WDC?@MCBNNODQ@SHUD@SLNROGDQD@S the institute was mentioned as a positive aspect. They FNSHMRHFGSRHMSNRBHDMSHiBVNQJ@MC@AQN@CDQA@RHRENQ @ CDBHRHNM ENQ NQ @F@HMRS @ RBHDMSHiB B@QDDQ (M @C CHSHNM @KK RSTCDMSR DLOG@RHYDC SG@S RHLHK@Q OQNIDBSR RGNTKCADOTQRTDCHMSGDETSTQD /QDO@QHMF@RBHDMSHiBONRSDQ 35 What we have learned, What we still don’t know, and What we must do to combat climate change Lampedusa, Italy Istituto Onnicomprensivo “Luigi Pirandello”: Atmosphere, climate, and sustainable development By Alcide Giorgio di Sarra, scientist at ENEA/ACS32 and Maria Angela Marramaldo, headmaster (pictures by F. Monteleone, G. Giovanetti, and S. Piacentino) 3GD OQNIDBS e#HC@BSHB DWODQHLDMSR NM SGD @SLNROGDQD BKHL@SD@MCRTRS@HM@AKDCDUDKNOLDMS@SSGDGHFGRBGNNK NE+@LODCTR@s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and wind direction (orange) measurements at Lampedusa on March 21, 2007. The CO2 was measured downtown Lampedusa (pink) and at the ENEA Station, which is far from the town (blue). The wind originating sector is indicated in yellow. M@QR @ UHRHS SN SGD LD@RTQDLDMS RS@SHNM @MC G@MCR NM DWODQHLDMSR 3GD RSTCDMSR VDQD CHUHCDC HMSN SGQDD FQNTOR@MCD@BGNESGDFQNTORO@QSHBHO@SDCHMSVNiDKC DWODQHLDMSR M HMSQNCTBSNQX RDLHM@Q OQNUHCDC A@BJ FQNTMC HMENQL@SHNM NM SGD @SLNROGDQHB RSQTBSTQD @S LNROGDQHBBNLONRHSHNM@MCBKHL@SD 3GD iQRS DWODQHLDMS BNMRHRSDC HM SGD OQDO@Q@SHNM K@TMBG@MCBNKKDBSHNMNEC@S@EQNL@Q@CHNRNMCDSG@S V@RK@TMBGDCEQNLSGD$-$ 2S@SHNMENQ"KHL@SD.ARDQ U@SHNMR VGHBG HR KNB@SDC NM SGD MNQSGD@RSDQM BN@RS NE SGD HRK@MC 3GD C@S@ VDQD TRDC SN CDQHUD HMENQL@ SHNM NM SGD @SLNROGDQHB UDQSHB@K RSQTBSTQD @MC SN CHR BTRR SGD DMDQFXDPTHKHAQHTLVGHBGENQLRSGDA@RHRNE BKHL@SD/QDO@QHMFSGDQ@CHNRNMCDB@KHAQ@SHNMSDRSHMF NESGDBNLLTMHB@SHNMRRXRSDLTMCDQRS@MCHMFSGDLD SDNQNKNFHB@KO@Q@LDSDQR@RVDKK@RiKKHMF@MCQDKD@R HMFA@KKNNMRVDQD@LTRHMFBG@KKDMFDRENQSGDRSTCDMSR 3GDXVDQDKTBJX@RD@BGFQNTOBNTKCFDS@QDBNQCVHSG SGDHQ A@KKNNM &QNTO VNM SGD OQHYD ENQ SGD A@KKNNM SNO @KSHSTCD L &QNTO ! ENQ SGD KNVDRS SDL ODQ@STQD"@MC&QNTO"ENQSGDRSQNMFDRSVHMC LR@MCKNMFDRSjHFGSCHRS@MBDEQNL+@LODCTR@ JL 3GD RDBNMC DWODQHLDMS BNMRHRSDC HM R@LOKHMF @LAHDMS @HQD@BGFQNTO@SCHEEDQDMSSHLDRNESGDC@XHMCNVMSNVM +@LODCTR@ ESDQ R@LOKHMF D@BG FQNTO O@QSHBHO@SDC HM SGD@M@KXRHR@SSGD$-$ 2S@SHNMENQSGDCDSDQLHM@SHNMNE SGD".BNMSDMSR3GD".LHWHMFQ@SHNLD@RTQDCCNVM SNVM CTQHMF SGD C@X V@R BNLO@QDC VHSG SGD U@KTDR LD@RTQDC@SSGD$-$ RS@SHNME@QEQNLSGDCNVMSNVM SQ@EiB6GHKDSGD@HQV@RADHMFR@LOKDCHMRS@HMKDRR RSDDK B@MHRSDQR NM SGD L@HM QN@C NE +@LODCTR@ @ RL@KKBQNVCF@SGDQDC@MCADF@M@RRHRSHMFVHSGHMSDQDRS HMSGDR@LOKHMF@MCSGDRSTCDMSRVDQDDWOK@HMHMFSNSGD OTAKHBVG@SSGDXVDQDCNHMF3GDCHEEDQDMBDRSGD". @SMNNMV@RLNQDSG@MOOLGHFGDQCNVMSNVMSG@M @SSGDRS@SHNMVDQDCHRBTRRDCHMQDK@SHNMSNM@STQ@K@MC @MSGQNONFDMHB".RNTQBDRDMDQFXTRDC@HKXKHEDDLHR RHNMR@MCRTRS@HM@AKDCDUDKNOLDMS 3GDRDLHM@Q@MCDWODQHLDMSRSNNJOK@BDVHSGHM@RHMFKD VDDJD@BGFQNTOO@QSHBHO@SDCHMSVNLNQMHMFRDRRHNMR 32) Ente per le Nuove tecnologie, l’Energia e l’Ambiente (National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment), Department for the Environment, Global Change and Sustainable Development 1D@CXENQK@TMBGÎ3GDQ@CHNRNMCDG@RADDMB@KHAQ@SDCSDRSDC@MCBNMMDBSDCSNSGD A@KKNNMiKKDCVHSGGDKHTL @ANTS SGQDD GNTQR D@BG @MC SVN @ESDQMNNM RDLHM@QR NMD@SSGDADFHMMHMF@MCNMD@SSGDDMCNESGDVDDJ 3GDBNKKDBSDCC@S@@RVDKK@RRNLD@CCHSHNM@KC@S@SGD BNLOKDSDQDBNQCNE".LD@RTQDLDMSR@S+@LODCTR@ SNFDSGDQVHSGRTFFDRSHNMRENQRHLOKD@M@KXRDRSN ADODQENQLDCHMBK@RRVDQDCHRSQHATSDCSNSGDSD@BGDQR SSGDDMCNESGDXD@QNMDLNQMHMFV@RCDCHB@SDCSNSGD presentation of the activities to the other students of SGDGHFGRBGNNK@ANTSRSTCDMSR/QDRDMS@SHNMRVDQD OQDO@QDCAXSGDFQNTORSG@SG@CO@QSHBHO@SDCHMSGDOQNI DBS@MCAXSGDSD@BGDQR6HSGHMSGHRRDLHM@QSGDRSTCDMSR @KRNG@CSNBNLLTMHB@SDSNSGDHQRBGNNKL@SDR@ANTSSGD NTSBNLDNESGDHQDWODQHLDMSR3VNiM@KRDLHM@QRNMFK@ BHNKNFX @MC BKHL@SD @MC NM DMDQFX @MC BKHL@SD VDQD FHUDMAXSGD$-$ DWODQSR RO@QSNESGDOQNIDBS@LD SDNQNKNFHB@KRS@SHNMV@R@KRNHMRS@KKDCNMSGDQNNENESGD GHFGRBGNNKSN@KKNVENQSGDE@LHKH@QHY@SHNMVHSGLDSDN QNKNFHB@KU@QH@AKDR@MCHMRSQTLDMSR@MCSNRS@QSSGDRXR SDL@SHBBNKKDBSHNMNELDSDNQNKNFHB@KO@Q@LDSDQR 2STCDMSRVDQDRSQNMFKXHMSDQDRSDCAXSGDOQNIDBS@MCFNS GD@UHKX HMUNKUDC HM SGD @BSHUHSHDR SG@MJR SN SGD QDKD vance of the discussed themes. The introductory seminar V@RRTOONQSDCAXRDUDQ@KOQ@BSHB@KDWODQHLDMSRVGHBG ETQSGDQLNSHU@SDCSGDRSTCDMSRSGDRBGNNKCHCMNSG@UD @RBHDMSHiBK@ANQ@SNQX@SSG@SSHLDRNSGDRSTCDMSRCHC MNSG@UD@MXRHLHK@QDWODQHDMBDADENQDG@MC3GDRST CDMSR O@QSHBHO@SHMF HM SGD OQNIDBS DWODQHDMBDC @ MDV @MC ONRHSHUD @OOQN@BG SN RBHDMSHiB CHRBHOKHMDR KD@QMS MDVCHEEDQDMS@MCQDV@QCHMFLDSGNCR@MC@BPTHQDC@ A@RHB RBHDMSHiB UNB@ATK@QX (S HR GNVDUDQ CHEiBTKS SN Trajectory followed by the balloon launched on March 21, 2007 by Group C, which attained the maximum distance from Lampedusa (292 km). @RRDRRSGDHMjTDMBDNESGDDWODQHLDMSNMSGDRSTCDMSR ETSTQD BGNHBDR 2STCDMSR O@QDMSR QDRONMCDC ONRHSHUDKX SN SGD @BSHUHSHDR B@QQHDC NTS CTQHMF SGD OQNIDBS 3GD HMUNKUDC SD@BGDQR @BSHUDKX O@QSHBHO@SDC HM SGD OQNIDBS BNMRHCDQHMFHS@U@KHCCHC@BSHBSNNK@MC@OOQDBH@SDCHSR GHFGRBHDMSHiBKDUDK3GDXVNQJDCG@QC@MCVHSGDMSGT RH@RL NM SGD OQNIDBS @MC BNMSQHATSDC RHFMHiB@MSKX SN its success. 3DLODQ@STQD OQNiKDR LD@RTQDC AX SGD SGQDD FQNTOR TRHMF Q@diosondes. The sonde from Group A reached the top altitude (33.7 km), the one from Group B the lowest temperature (-65.3°C), and the one from Group C encountered the strongest wind (67 m/s) and reached the largest distance from Lampedusa (292 km). 37 What we have learned, What we still don’t know, and What we must do to combat climate change Libourne, France Lycée Max Linder by Mauricette Mesguich, biology teacher and Stephanie Hayes, CarboSchools coordinator in Aquitaine (pictures by the authors) 3GHR "@QAN2BGNNKR OQNIDBS HR @ BNKK@ANQ@SHNM ADSVDDM NTQRBGNNKe+XBºD,@W+HMCDQs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ulti-disciplinary activities MPI (physical measurements and computing) We studied the mechanics of some sensors from a physi B@K@MCDKDBSQHB@KONHMSNEUHDV@MCDWOKNHSDCSGDC@S@ measured by the sensors. MNSGDQ RDMRNQ SG@S VD RSTCHDC V@R @M HMEQ@QDC ". @M@KXRDQHMRS@KKDCNTSRHCDSGDRBGNNKATHKCHMFNUDQSGD RBGNNKX@QC%NQ@VGNKDLNMSGSGDKDUDKRNE". in the X@QCVDQDLD@RTQDC@MCSGDOTOHKRBNTKCRDDGNVSGDX U@QHDCADSVDDMC@X@MCMHFGS@R@QDRTKSNEOGNSNRXM thetic activity by the trees. ECJS (civic, law and social education) and economics 5@QHNTR QDRD@QBG SNOHBR VDQD BGNRDM AX SGD OTOHKR DF ENQDRS L@M@FDLDMS DBNKNFHB@K ENNSOQHMSR ?&QDMDKKD CD K?DMUHQNMMDLDMS? @ FNUDQMLDMS@K ENQTL NQF@MHRDC HM %Q@MBDK@RS2DOSDLADQ@MCU@QHNTR@RODBSRNERTRS@HM@AKD CDUDKNOLDMS3GDOTOHKRUHRHSDC@V@RSDCHRONR@KTMHS@MC @KRN BNMCTBSDC @ RBGNNK @V@QDMDRRQ@HRHMF B@LO@HFM HM SGDENQLNE@RTQUDXCHRBTRRHNM@MC@QSDWGHAHSHNM SVT (biology and geology) (MSGDRDBK@RRDRSGDFQDDMGNTRDDEEDBS@MCSGDB@QANM BXBKD VDQD RSTCHDC @R VDKK @R SGD GTL@M HLO@BS NM The pupils visit the experimental site “Le Bray” to learn about the plant species of the forest, the sensors on the site, and to interact with a researcher. The pupils produced a slide show report of their visit to show what they had learnt and their understanding of how researchers study the interaction between the atmosphere and forest vegetation. SGDBXBKD@MCGNVSGDM@STQ@KDMUHQNMLDMSNBD@MR@MC ENQDRSR@CITRSRSNSGHRBG@MFD English and Spanish /TOHKRVNQJDCNMUNB@ATK@QXQDK@SDCSNBKHL@SDBG@MFD TRHMFL@SDQH@KRRTBG@RMDVRO@ODQROTAKHB@SHNMRVDA RHSDR@MCUHCDN@MCO@QSHBHO@SDCHMCDA@SDR@MCCHRBTR sions. Project Outputs MHLONQS@MS@RODBSNESGHROQNIDBSV@RSGDVNQJSG@S SGDOTOHKROQNCTBDC@R@QDRTKSNESGDHQRSTCHDRHMO@Q SHBTK@QSG@SENQ@2TRS@HM@AKD#DUDKNOLDMS6DDJDWGHAH SHNMVGHBGSGDXNQF@MHRDCHMSGDRBGNNKHMBKTCHMF p /NRSDQR RGNVHMF BKHL@SD BG@MFD SGD FQDDMGNTRD DEEDBS SGD B@QANM BXBKD DBNKNFHB@K ENNSOQHMSR SGD OQNIDBSO@QSMDQK@ANQ@SNQX@MCSGDRBHDMSHRSR".RDM sor measurements and interpretation. p MDCTB@SHNM@KF@LDe2.2".sSNHMBQD@RD@V@QD MDRRNEBKHL@SDBG@MFDHRRTDR p BNMEDQDMBDENQSGDRBGNNK@ANTSSGDQNKDNEENQDRSR VHSGHMSGDB@QANMBXBKD p 6NQJRGNORSGDOTOHKRLNCDKKDCSGDFQDDMGNTRDDEEDBS @MCCDLNMRSQ@SDCSGD".@M@KXRDQ p MNQF@MHBLD@KHMSGDRBGNNKB@MSDDMSNQ@HRD@V@QD MDRR@ANTSQDCTBHMFNTQB@QANMENNSOQHMSAXBGNNRHMF KNB@K@MCHMRD@RNMENNCR Comments on educational aspects ,@MXO@QSRNESGDBTQQHBTKTLADMDiSDCEQNLSGHROQNIDBS 33) Institut national de la recherche agronomique, French national agriculture research center. At the end of the project, the pupils organised a Sustainable Development week to present SGDHQ iMCHMFR SN the public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iMC @MRVDQR @MC CDUDKNO HCD@R 3GDQDENQD SGD OTOHKR FDMDQ@KKX EDKS SG@S SGDX G@C DWODQHDMBDC @ CHEEDQDMS @OOQN@BG SN KD@QMHMF @MCDWOQDRRDCSGDHQVHKKHMFMDRRSNBNMSHMTD %NQ ANSG SD@BGDQR @MC OTOHKR VNQJHMF VHSG RBHDMSHRSR AQNTFGS@AQD@SGNEEQDRG@HQHMSNSGDDCTB@SHNM@KQNTSHMD SGD RBHDMSHRSR AQNTFGS TR HMSN BNMS@BS VHSG @ CHEEDQDMS V@XNE@BPTHQHMFJMNVKDCFD@MCSGDXF@UD@RODBHiBBNM SDWSSNSGDRTAIDBSSG@SV@RADHMFRSTCHDC3GDRBHDMSHRSR @QD UDQX @OOQN@BG@AKD DMSGTRH@RSHB @MC HMUNKUDC VGDM VHSGSGDOTOHKRATSTMENQSTM@SDKXSGDX@QDSNNATRXSNAD EQDPTDMSKX@U@HK@AKD@MCSGDOTOHKRVNTKCG@UDKHJDCLNQD contact with them. 3GD OTOHKR G@C SN VQHSD @ QDONQS SVHBD CTQHMF SGD XD@Q CDRBQHAHMFVG@SSGDXG@CCNMDANSG@R@SD@L@MCHM CHUHCT@KKX@MCSGDHQHMSDMSHNMRENQSGDMDWSO@QSNESGD OQNIDBS3GDX@KRNG@CSNCDRBQHADSGDDEEDBSRNEBKHL@SD BG@MFD HM $MFKHRG 3GD ONRSDQR @MC VNQJ OQNCTBDC ENQ SGDDWGHAHSHNMVDQD@M@CCHSHNM@KV@XNEDU@KT@SHMFSGDHQ achievements. %HMCHMFETMCHMFENQBDQS@HMO@QSRNESGDOQNIDBSENQDW @LOKD ENQ SQ@MRONQS @MC DWODQHLDMS@K DPTHOLDMS V@R We studied the diameter growth of trees with a potentiNLDSDQ RDMRNQ iQRS the principle of how the sensor works, and then, the trees’ annual growth. We also studied the life growth of trees by looking at ring width and dendrochronology in order to deduct the climatic, environmental and seasonal conditions that affected the trees’ growth. @CHEi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e(SV@R@OKD@RTQDSNRDDRTBGG@OOX OTOHKRs Several groups of two pupils worked on a different maritime pine tree from the same stand to compare their growth patterns. This graph shows the growth of a maritime pine. 39 What we have learned, What we still don’t know, and What we must do to combat climate change Motala, Sweden Platengymnasiet: is the forest a source or a sink of carbon dioxide? By Rune Davidsson and Lennart Wallstedt, science teachers (pictures by the authors) (RSGDENQDRS@RNTQBDNQ@RHMJNEB@QANMCHNWHCD$HFGS RSTCDMSR XD@QR NKC HM TOODQ RDBNMC@QX RBGNNK G@UDADDMVNQJHMFNMSGHROQNIDBSNUDQNMDXD@QENQ@M @UDQ@FDNESVNKDRRNMRODQVDDJ3GDXG@UDLD@RTQDC SGDRNHKQDROHQ@SHNM@MCSGDFQNVSGNESGDSQDDRHM@ENQ DRSCTQHMFSGDXD@Q 3GDENQDRSHRRHST@SDC@ANTSJLEQNLSGDRBGNNK@MC SGD RSTCDMSR UHRHSDC SGD ENQDRS RDUDQ@K SHLDR SN L@JD LD@RTQDLDMSR@MCBNKKDBSC@S@3GDRNHKQDROHQ@SHNMV@R DRSHL@SDC AX LD@RTQHMF SGD HMBQD@RD NE B@QANM CHNW HCDHMRL@KKBKNRDCBG@LADQROK@BDCNMSGDFQNTMC!X LD@RTQHMFSGDHMBQD@RHMFBNMSDMSNEB@QANMCHNWHCDHM SGDBG@LADQHSHRONRRHAKDSNB@KBTK@SDSGDQDKD@RDNE B@QANMCHNWHCDEQNLSGDFQNTMC3GDLDSGNCHRA@RDCNM @EDV@RRTLOSHNMRENQDW@LOKD@ANTSSGDKDUDKNEQDR piration from the roots and the effects of temperature. (M SGD ENQDRS SGDX G@UD @KRN BNTMSDC SGD MTLADQR NE SQDDRLD@RTQDCSGDCH@LDSDQRNESGDSQDDR@MCSGD@M MT@KFQNVSGNEXNTMFSQDDR3GDiFTQDRVDQDOTSHMSN@ LNCDKRNSG@SSGD@LNTMSNEB@QANMCHNWHCDTOS@JDODQ RPT@QDLDSQDODQXD@QBNTKCADCDSDQLHMDC Pupils and teachers from Platengymnasiet in the School forest, 5km north of Motala. 3GHRVNQJHR@BNNODQ@SHNMADSVDDM/K@SDMFXLM@RHDS@ TOODQRDBNMC@QXRBGNNKHM,NS@K@@MCSGDCDO@QSLDMSNE 2NHK@MC$MUHQNMLDMS@SSGD2VDCHRG4MHUDQRHSXNE FQH BTKSTQ@K2BHDMBDR2+43VNSD@BGDQRHM,NS@K@1TMD#@ UHCRRNM@MC+DMM@QS6@KKRSDCSG@UDRTODQUHRDCSGDRST CDMSR#Q,NMHJ@2SQÅLFQDM@MCOQNE,@SR.KRRNMEQNL 2+4G@UDRTOONQSDCSGDOQNIDBSVHSGLDSGNCR@MCLNCDKR ENQB@KBTK@SHMFSGDjTWDRNEB@QANMCHNWHCD3GDRSTCDMSR G@UD@KRNUHRHSDCSGDTMHUDQRHSXHM4OOR@K@VGDQDSGDX LDSRBHDMSHRSR@MCQDBDHUDCGDKOVHSG@CU@MBDCLD@RTQD LDMSRNESGDB@QANMBNMSDMSHMSGDRNHK 3GD@HLNENTQOQNIDBSV@RSNDMBNTQ@FDSGDOTOHKRSN discover and better understand research and its meth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iM@KOQNCTBS @MCSN@RRDRRDHSGDQHMVQHSHMFNQUDQA@KKXSGDHQVNQJ HMFOQNBDCTQDR@MCQDRTKSR Collecting data from our wetherstation. BBNQCHMFSN@MDU@KT@SHNMNESGDBNNODQ@SHNMVHSG2+4 CTQHMF XD@Q NTQ OTOHKR RDDLDC SN AD UDQX OKD@RDCVHSGNTQOQNIDBS3GDXENTMCHSUDQXHMSDQDRSHMF @MC@OOQDBH@SDCG@UHMF@BBDRRSNRBHDMSHRSR@MCSGNTFGS SG@S SGD OQNIDBS G@C @ FNNC BNLAHM@SHNM NE OQ@BSHB@K @MCSGDNQDSHB@KVNQJ 3GDX ENTMC HS ETM @MC DWBHSHMF SN CQ@V BNMBKTRHNMR A@RDC NM LD@RTQDLDMSR SN G@UD DWODQHDMBDC RBHDMBD rENQQD@Ke3GDXG@UD@BPTHQDC@LNQDHMCDOSGJMNVK DCFD @ANTS ENQ DW@LOKD B@QANM RHMJR @MC OQ@BSHB@K JMNVKDCFD .MD OTOHK VQNSD s( @L SGHMJHMF LNQD NE SGDDMUHQNMLDMSMNVRTBG@RFNHMFAXB@QSN@KDRRDQ DWSDMSs MNSGDQOTOHKR@HCr(@L,$& R@SHRiDCVHSG LXDEENQS(G@UDCNMDLXUDQXADRS@MC(G@UDKD@QMDC @KNS(?UDHMUDRSDCGD@QS@MCRNTKHMSGHRr 6G@S CHC SGD HMUNKUDLDMS VHSG @ RBHDMSHRS AQHMF 3GD OTOHKRVQNSDSG@SHSADB@LDLNQDETM@MCDWBHSHMFHS EDDKRAHFFDQ@MCLNQDHLONQS@MSrSGDRBHDMSHRSRBNTKC GDKO TR LNQD VHSG SGD LDSGNC SG@M NTQ SD@BGDQR @MC G@UDFHUDMTRL@MXHCD@RSG@SLHFGSMNSNSGDQVHRDG@UD BNLDTOs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iDC VHSGSGHROQNIDBS@MCVDV@MSSNBNMSHMTDSNBNNODQ@SD VHSGSGDRBHDMSHRSREQNL2+4 %QNL SGD DU@KT@SHNM VD JMNV SG@S SGD SHLDOK@MMHMF @MCSGDRSQTBSTQDBNTKCADHLOQNUDCSNQDCTBDSGDRSQDRR @S SGD DMC NE SGD OQNIDBS 3GDQDENQD VD G@UD RS@QSDC Measuring the soil respiration. Measuring the diameters of the trees. 41 Second CarboSchools Educational Booklet English version November 2008 © CarboEurope & CarboOcean. This publication is free of rights for any non-commercial use. Text (chapters 1 & 2): Philippe Saugier with contributions and reviewing from Pep Canadell, Liese Coulter, Marc Delmotte, Annette Freibauer, Anna Maria Font, John Gash, Christoph Heinze, Chris Jones, Gert-Jan Nabuurs, Jim Orr, Ulf Riebesell, Sibel Telli and Andrea Volbers Text (chapter 3): Rune Davidsson, Bente Færøvik, Eva Falck, Stephanie Hayes, Solveig Kringstad, Danilo Marandola, Maria Angela Marramaldo, Mauricette Mesguich, Alcide Giorgio di Sarra, Ingunn Skjelvan, Sabine Temming, Andrea Volbers, Lennart Wallstedt Best thanks to Philippe Ciais, Han Dolman, Annette Freibauer, Martin Heimann, Christoph Heinze, Ingeborg Levin, Ulf Riebesell, Helmuth Thomas, Riccardo Valentini, Douglas Wallace, Andrew Watson - and many others - for their help and patient explanations Coordination: Philippe Saugier (philippe@carboschools.org) Editing: Rona Thompson Lay-out: Silvana Schott Special acknowledgements to DG Joint Research Centre of the European Commission for the initial creation of the CarboSchools booklets design. The picture illustrations in chapter 1 and 2 are courtesy of CarboEurope and CarboOcean. Back cover picture by Fabio Giovanetti. www.carboschools.org www.carboeurope.org www.carboocean.org „...Thus human beings are now carrying out a large scale geophysical experiment of a kind that could not have happened in the past nor be reproduced in the future. Within a few centuries we are returning to the atmosphere and oceans the concentrated organic carbon stored in sedimentary rocks over hundreds of millions of years.“ Roger Revelle & Hans E. 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