1
Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 9(1): 1-7, 2013
ISSN 1816-1561
This is a refereed journal and all articles are professionally screened and reviewed
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer Levels and Zinc Foliar Application on Yield, Yield
Attributes and Some Chemical Traits of Groundnut
1
S.F. El-Habbasha, 2M.H. Taha and 3N.A. Jafar
1
Field Crops Research, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
Agronomy Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
3
Agronomy Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Menofiya University, Egypt
2
ABSTRACT
Two field trials were carried out in the farm of Research and Production Station, National Research Centre,
Nubaria District, AL-Behaira Governorate, Egypt, during the two successive summer seasons of 2010 and 2011
to study the effect of nitrogen fertilizer and Zn foliar application at different growth stages on yield, yield
attributes and some chemical traits of groundnut. Results showed that increasing N levels from 30 to 40 kg
N/faddan significantly increased number of pods/plant, weight of pods/plant, weight of seeds/ plant, 100-seed
weight, pod yield/faddan, seed yield/faddan and straw yield/faddan. Use of Zn foliar application either at
flowering or seed filling stages significantly increased number of pods/plant, weight of pods/plant, number of
seed/ plant, weight of seeds/plant, 100-pod weight, 100-seed weight, pod, seed and straw yield/faddan, oil yield,
seed protein content, N and K content in the seed and straw compared to control treatment. The studied
characters of yield and yield attributes were significantly affected by the interaction between nitrogen fertilizer
levels and foliar Zn application. Groundnut treatment with 40 kg N/faddan + Zn foliar application at seed filling
stage recorded the highest significant values of most studied characters than the other treatments followed by
the same nitrogen level and Zn foliar application at flowering stage. The data of nitrogen use efficiency
calculated (kg seeds/kg N) revealed that there were synergistic effect of the combined application of nitrogen
and zinc either at flowering or seed filling stages. Such synergistic effect was more pronounced when the lower
level of N( 30 kg N/faddan) was applied .The maximum efficient use of N for producing seeds was attained at
seed filling stage (37.1 and 31.45 kg seeds /kg N) when zinc was combined with 30 and 40 kg N/faddan,
respectively
Key words: Groundnut, Nitrogen levels, Zinc, Yield
Introduction
Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important summer oil seed crop and food grain legume, Groundnut
cultivation occurs in 108 countries around the world, which is grown in all tropical and subtropical countries, up
to 40° N and S. of the equator (Westphal et al., 1985). It is a valuable cash crop planted by millions of small
farmers because of its economic and nutritional value. About two thirds of world production is crushed for oil
and remaining one third is consumed as food. The shelled nuts are consumed after roasting, frying, salting or
boiling and in many culinary preparations and confectionery products. The high-energy value, protein content,
and minerals make groundnut a rich source of nutrition at a comparatively low price. Groundnut cakes obtained
after oil extraction is a high protein animal feed. It contains about 50% oil, 25-30% protein, 20% carbohydrate
and 5% fiber and ash which make a substantial contribution to human nutrition (Fageria et al., 1997). Besides,
it’s a valuable source of vitamins E, K and B. It is the richest plant source of thiamine and is also rich in niacin,
which is low in cereals.
Nitrogen is essential component of many compounds of plant, such as chlorophyll, nucleotides, proteins,
alkaloids, enzymes, hormones and vitamins (Marschner, 1995). It increase the photosynthesis rate, metabolites
synthesized and translocated assimilates to the seed. Nitrogen deficiency generally results in stunted growth,
chlorotic leaves because lack of N limits the synthesis of proteins and chlorophyll, this leads to poor assimilate
formation and results in premature flowering and shortening of the growth cycle.
Concerning yield and its attributes, Abd El Wahab et al. (1986), Mishra and Vyas (1992), Yakadri et al.
(1992), Gomaa et al. (1995), Yakadri and Satyamaryana (1995), Tiwari and Dhakar (1997) and Barik et al.
(1998) reported that increasing nitrogen fertilizer increased pod and seed yield, pod weight/plant, 100- seed
weight and 100–pod weight. Bozorgi et al., (2011) reported that the highest seed yield was obtained by 80 kg
N/ha. Tiwari and Dhakar (1997) reported that increasing nitrogen fertilizer increased pod and seed yield, pod
weight/ plant, 100- seed weight and 100–pod weight.
Corresponding Auther: S.F. El-Habbasha, Field Crops Research, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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Res. J. Agric. & Biol. Sci., 9(1): 1-7, 2013
Zinc is one of the most important essential nutrients required for plant growth. It acts as an activator of
several enzymes in plants and is directly involved in the biosynthesis of growth substances such as auxin which
is involved in plant growth and cell division. Where, Zinc represented in all six enzyme classes
(oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases and ligases) (Auld, 2001). Also, required for
chlorophyll production, pollen function, fertilization and germination (Kaya and Higgs, 2002; Pandey et al.,
2006 and Cakmak, 2008). Zinc’s function in cell membrane integrity will also be discussed especially for root
cells along with its role in suppressing free radical damage to cells (Cakmak, 2000). Zinc increase the resistance
of plants to pathogens by bringing changes in anatomy and physiology of host plant. One of the major roles of
micronutrients in plants is to associate with many enzyme systems which were involved in defense mechanism
within plants against pathogens.
Zinc deficiency in food crops is widespread with about 50% of the productive agricultural soil types being
zinc deficient (Sillanpaa, 1982 and Sillanpaa, 1990). In a field experiment on groundnut nutrition, the yield
losses due to Zn deficiency were found to be 13.3% to 20% (Singh et al., 2004). Furthermore, Zn deficiency
stress induces changes in plant metabolic processes such as cell division, photosynthesis, and protein synthesis
(Marschner, 1995). Therefore, zinc deficiency is a common feature in many climatic regions, particularly in
sandy soil and it causes severe decreases in yield and quality of groundnut. Some investigators reported that
foliar spraying with Zn could correct Zn deficiency, improve growth, yield and seed quality of groundnut.
Darwish et al., (2002) found that application of Zn (1000 mg L-1 Zn sulphate) gave the highest seed, oil yields
and protein percentage. Furthermore, Ali and Mowafy (2003) observed that application of foliar spray with Zn
(2%) slightly improved peanut yield and its attributed as well as quality. The aim of this work is studying the
effect of nitrogen fertilizer and foliar zinc application at different growth stages on yield , yield attributes and
some chemical traits of groundnut.
Materials and Methods
Two field trials were carried out at the Agricultural Production and Research Station, National Research
Centre, El-Nubaria Province, El-Behira Governorate, Egypt, during the two successive summer seasons 2010
and 2011, to study the effect of nitrogen fertilizer and foliar zinc application at different growth stages on yield,
yield attributes and some chemical traits of groundnut. Physical and chemical characters of soil (0-30 depth ) in
the experimental site were as follows: sand 91.2%, silt 3.7%, clay 5.1%, PH 7.3, organic matter 0.3 %, CaCO3,
1.4%, EC 0.3 ds/m, soluble N 8.1 ppm, available P 3.2 ppm and available K2O ppm .Soil parameters were
measured as described by Chapman and Pratt (1978). The experimental unit area was 10.5 m2 consisting of five
rows (3.5 m long and 60 cm between rows). Groundnut seeds were sown on May 7th and 11th in the first and
second seasons, respectively. The seeds (Giza 6 c.v.) were coated just before sowing with the bacterial
inoculant, using Arabic gum (40%) as adhesive agent and were sown at hills 10 cm apart. The experimental
design was split-plots design with three replicates, where nitrogen fertilizer levels (30 and 40 kg N/faddan) was
assigned to the main plots and zinc foliar application (0.2 % ZnSO4 7H2O) distributed in the sub-plots and
solution was sprayed at different growth stages (without zinc application (control), zinc foliar application at
flowering stage and zinc foliar application at seed filling stage). Phosphorus fertilizer, as calcium
superphosphate, 15.5 % P2O5 was added during the seed bed preparation at 30 kg P2O5/faddan. Potassium
fertilizer as potassium sulfate, 48 % K2O was added as a general application during the seed bed preparation,
while nitrogen fertilizer was added as ammonium sulfate, 20.6 % in three equal doses at 15,30 and 45 days after
sowing. Organic fertilizer was added at the rate of 20 m3/faddan. Sprinkler irrigation was applied as plants
needed. The preceding winter crop was faba bean and wheat in the first and the second seasons, respectively.
Groundnut was manually harvested on September 10th and 14th in the first and second season, respectively.
At harvest, a random sample of ten plants were taken from each plot to determine number of pods/ plant,
weight of pods/plant, number of seeds/plant, weight of seeds/plant, 100-seed weight and 100-pod weight. Plants
on the middle two rows in each plot were harvested and dried to calculate, pods, seed and straw yield/faddan.
Nitrogen use efficiency calculated (kg seeds/kg N) according to Moll et al., (1982). 50 g seed samples were
grinded into fine powder and stored in brown glass bottles for chemical analysis. Oil %, NPK in seed and straw
were determined according to the method described by A.O.A.C. (1990) and the seed protein content was
calculated by multiplying total nitrogen concentration by 6.25. Data were subjected to statistical analysis of
variance as described by Snedecor and Cochran (1990) and the combined analysis of the two season’s results
was conducted.
Results And Discussion
Effect of nitrogen fertilizer and zinc foliar application on yield and yield attributes of groundnut:
Data presented in Table (1) show that increasing N levels from 30 to 40 kg N/faddan significantly increased
number of pods/plant, weight of pods/plant, weight of seeds/plant, 100-seed weight, pod yield/faddan, seed
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Res. J. Agric. & Biol. Sci., 9(1): 1-7, 2013
yield/faddan and straw yield/faddan. Pod, seed and straw yields/faddan were increased by 12, 11 and 27 %,
respectively. While, nitrogen use efficiency significantly decreased by increasing nitrogen levels where, it
decreased from 34.47 to 26.24 kg seed/kg N. Nitrogen fertilizer is an important factor in achieving better growth
and development of vegetative and reproductive organs of groundnut and with increases of photosynthesis rate
and photosynthetic matters production, seed yield and yield components of groundnut was increase(Abdzad
Gohari, and Amiri, 2010 and Safarzadeh Vishkaei, 1999). These results are in harmony with those obtained by
(Gomaa et al., 1995; Tiwari and Dhakar, 1997 and Barik et al.,1998). Pendashteh et al., (2011) reported that the
results of experiment the highest seed yield, pod yield, 100-seed weight, was found from using of 80 kg N/ha .
Hossain et al., (2007) reported that the N use efficiency increased up to 40 kg N/ha for both Zhingabadam and
Basantibadam varieties, up to 20 kg N/ha for Dhaka-1 while the high level of N (60 kg N/ha) decreased N use
efficiency.
Table 1: Effect of nitrogen fertilizer levels and zinc foliar application on yield and yield attributes of groundnut (combined data of first and second seasons)
Pods Yield/
Seed yield/
Straw
100100Wt. of
No.of
No. of
Wt.
No.
(ton/fad)
(ton/fad)
yield/
pod
seed wt.
seeds/
seeds/
seeds/
Pod/
Pod/
(ton/fad)
wt.
(g)
plant
pod
plant
plant
plant
(g)
(g)
30 kg N/faddan
26.11
34.32
44.78
30.95
1.66
169.55
76.79
1.701
1.027
3.374
40 kg N/faddan
29.72
37.98
46.78
28.44
1.60
171.74
80.26
1.907
1.108
3.715
LSD 5%
1.53
1.86
NS
1.58
NS
NS
2.62
0.112
0.094
0.315
Control
23.99
31.30
38.71
24.61
1.58
160.19
72.69
1.509
0.957
2.996
Zinc
foliar
application
at
27.38
34.31
43.33
27.61
1.63
170.95
78.83
1.921
1.035
3.598
flowering stage
Zinc
foliar
application
at
32.38
42.87
55.30
36.86
1.68
180.79
84.07
2.08
1.221
4.144
seed filling stage
LSD 5%
1.44
0.98
0.66
0.97
NS
0.69
0.92
0.056
0.057
1.014
N
use
Efficiency
(kg seeds/kg
N)
34.47
26.24
2.47
25.16
29.85
36.06
2.11
Foliar application of Zn either at flowering or seed filling stages regardless N application significantly
increased number of pods/plant, weight of pods/plant, number of seed/ plant, weight of seeds /plant, 100-pod
weight, 100-seed weight, pod yield/faddan, seed yield/faddan, straw yield/faddan and N use efficiency
compared to control treatment. Foliar application of Zn at seed filling stage increased pod and seed yield/faddan
by 37.8 and 27.5 % over control treatment. Zinc is required for chlorophyll production, pollen function,
fertilization and germination (Kaya and Higgs, 2002; Pandey et al., 2006 and Cakmak, 2008). Several
investigators indicated that with increasing of zinc spraying rate seed yield, pod yield, 100-seed weight was
increase (Esmail Pour, et al., 2010; Hiri, 1987 and Sukhija, etal., 1987). Ali and Mowafy (2003) observed that
application of foliar spray with Zn (2%) slightly improved peanut yield and its attributed as well as quality.
Regarding the data in the same table foliar zinc spraying had a positive effect on increase of seed yield and
studied attributes of groundnut.
Effect of interaction between nitrogen fertilizer and zinc foliar application on yield and yield attributes of
groundnut:
40 kg N/faddan
30 kg N/faddan
Table 2: Effect of interaction between nitrogen fertilizer levels and zinc foliar application on yield and yield attributes of groundnut (combined data of first and second seasons)
No.
Wt.
No. of
Wt.of
No.of
100-pod
100Pods
Seed yield/
Straw
N
use
Pod/
Pod/
seeds/
seeds/
seeds/
wt.
seed wt.
Yield/
(ton/fad)
yield/
Efficiency
plant
plant
plant
plant
pod
(g)
(g)
(ton/fad)
(ton/fad)
(kg
(g)
seeds/kg N)
Control
22.48
29.02
37.49
23.83
1.61
158.00
71.70
1.536
0.846
2.888
28.2
Zinc
foliar
application
at
24.51
33.23
41.34
26.51
1.70
172.24
75.21
1.654
1.054
3.126
35.13
flowering stage
Zinc
foliar
application
at
31.36
40.73
54.51
33.98
1.67
178.41
83.47
1.929
1.113
4.106
37.1
seed filling stage
Control
25.50
33.59
39.93
25.40
1.56
162.38
73.68
1.645
0.948
2.904
23.7
Zinc
foliar
application
at
31.27
44.39
54.33
35.71
1.55
169.67
82.44
1.969
1.117
4.070
29.25
flowering stage
Zinc
foliar
application
at
33.40
45.00
55.09
36.74
1.68
183.17
84.67
2.109
1.258
4.182
31.45
seed filling stage
LSD 5%
3.80
2.43
1.74
2.09
NS
3.72
2.40
0.175
0.105
0.385
1.98
Data presented in Table (2) show the effect of interaction between nitrogen fertilizer levels and foliar Zn
application on yield and yield attributes. Data cleared that the studied characters were significantly affected by
the applied treatments except, number of seeds/plant. Application of 30 kg N /faddan+ foliar applied zinc at
seed filling stage increased significantly most of studied characters compared to the control treatment. Pods and
seed yields/faddan increased by 25.6 and 31.5%, respectively over the control. While under the level of 40 kg N
/faddan pods and seed yield/faddan increased by 28.2 and 32.7%, respectively over the control. However, the
treatment 40 kg/faddan + Zn foliar application at seed filling stage recorded the highest values of most studied
characters with significant differences compared to the other treatments followed by 40 kg N/faddan + Zn foliar
application at flowering stage. No significant differences between 40 kg N/ faddan + Zn foliar application at
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Res. J. Agric. & Biol. Sci., 9(1): 1-7, 2013
seed filling stage and 40 kg N/faddan + Zn foliar application at flowering stage in most studied characters
except, 100-pod weight, pods yield /faddan and seed yield /faddan were recorded. No significant differences
between 40 kg N/faddan + Zn foliar application at seed filling stage and 30 kg N/faddan + Zn foliar application
at seed filling stage in number of pod/plant, number of seed/plant, 100-seed weight and straw yield/faddan. The
data of nitrogen use efficiency calculated (kg seeds/kg N) revealed that there were synergistic effect of the
combined application of nitrogen and zinc either at flowering or seed filling stages. Such synergistic effect was
more pronounced when the lower level of N( 30 kg N/faddan) was applied. The maximum efficient use of N for
producing seeds was attained at seed filling stage (37.1 and 31.45 kg seeds /kg N) when zinc was combined with
30 and 40 kg N/faddan, respectively. These results in agreement with those obtained by Nahid Jafari et al.,
(2012) In canola experiment, reported that maximum nitrogen use efficiency (38.7) was detected in 50 kg N/
ha+ZnSO4 fertilizer and minimum (27.2) was obtained in 150 kg N /ha+ZnSO4 fertilizer.
Such synergistic effect may be due to role of nitrogen fertilizer in increasing the photosynthesis rate,
metabolites synthesized and translocated assimilates to the seed and zinc as activator of several enzymes in
plants and is directly involved in the biosynthesis of growth substances such as auxin which is involved in plant
growth and cell division. Also , the interaction effect of zinc and nitrogen fertilizer recorded the highest seed
yield, 100-seed weight (Pendashteh et al., 2011) came to similar conclusion . In addition, zinc application
positively affect the start of root nodules formation of groundnut and influence root nodules performance
consequently increase of biological nitrogen fixation. Also, zinc help to better nitrogen absorption from soil by
plant (Malewar et al., 1993 and Rekhi et al., 2000)
Effect of nitrogen fertilizer and zinc foliar application on some chemical traits of groundnut:
Data illustrated in Table (3) showed that seed protein content, N and K percentages in seeds and straw were
significantly affected by the applied treatments. The highest values of the most studied characters were recorded
from the seeds of 40 kg N/faddan treatment.
Application of Zn either at flowering or seed filling stages significantly increased oil yield, seed protein
content, N and K content in the seed and straw. Where, foliar applied zinc at seed filling stage surpassed other
treatments in the studied characters except, seed protein content, P and K seed content, however the application
of Zn at flowering stage recorded the highest values of seed protein content, P and K seed and straw content.
These results are harmony with that obtained by Abd-El-Lateef et al., (1998) who concluded that foliar sprays of
urea combined with Fe or Zn improve the quality of seeds of mungbeans. These results proved the fact that the
success of foliar mode of application is governed by the availability of nutrients in soil where nutrient
absorption is restricted (Thalooth, et al., 2005).
Table 3: Effect of nitrogen fertilizer levels and zinc foliar application on some chemical traits of groundnut (combined data of first and
second seasons)
Oil (%)
Oil yield
Seed
NPK concentration in Seeds
NPK concentration in Straw
protein
content
N
P
K
N
P
K
30
kg
47.18
487.24
24.38
3.81
0.87
0.74
1.76
0.25
1.16
N/faddan
40
kg
47.09
495.08
24.81
3.98
0.87
0.77
1.97
0.26
1.18
N/faddan
LSD 5%
NS
NS
0.29
0.11
NS
0.01
0.14
NS
0.01
Control
46.99
407.85
23.75
3.82
0.86
0.74
1.88
0.25
1.15
Zinc foliar
application
47.21
492.11
25.67
3.91
0.92
0.81
1.93
0.26
1.21
at flowering
stage
Zinc foliar
application
47.22
573.53
24.37
3.97
0.84
0.74
2.10
0.25
1.15
at
seed
filling stage
LSD 5%
NS
35.10
0.19
0.12
NS
0.01
0.02
NS
0.01
Effect of interaction between nitrogen fertilizer and zinc foliar application on some chemical traits of
groundnut:
Data presented in Table (4) show insignificant differences among treatments on chemical characters
except, oil yield/faddan and seed protein content. Application of 40 kg N/faddan + Zn foliar application at seed
filling stage gave the greatest oil yield/faddan, while 40 kg N/faddan+Zn foliar application at flowering stage
surpassed in oil %, seed protein content, NPK seed content and NPK straw content. This means that the dual
foliar application of Zn either in the flowering stage or in seed filling stage combined with nitrogen fertilizer
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Res. J. Agric. & Biol. Sci., 9(1): 1-7, 2013
not only increased the pod and seed yield and most of yield components but also improved its nutritive value.
These results may be due to the beneficial effect of Zn on metabolic processes and growth which in turn
reflected positively on chemical content of groundnut seed. These results are harmony with these obtained by
Mirvat E. Gobarah, et al., (2006).
Table 4: Effect of interaction between nitrogen fertilizer levels and zinc foliar application on some chemical traits of groundnut (combined
data of first and second seasons)
Oil (%)
Oil yield Seed
NPK Seed content
NPK Straw content
kg/faddan
protein
content
N
P
K
N
P
K
40 kg N/faddan
30 kg N/faddan
Control
Zinc
foliar
application at
flowering
stage
Zinc
foliar
application at
seed
filling
stage
Control
Zinc
foliar
application at
flowering
stage
Zinc
foliar
application at
seed
filling
stage
LSD 5%
46.93
397.02
22.12
3.54
0.85
0.72
1.93
0.25
1.15
47.34
498.96
23.06
3.69
0.91
0.77
2.10
0.26
1.19
47.28
526.22
24.25
3.88
0.84
0.74
1.85
0.24
1.15
47.51
450.39
23.12
3.70
0.87
0.77
1.92
0.25
1.17
47.78
525.88
26.25
4.20
0.92
0.83
2.11
0.27
1.23
46.69
587.36
24.25
3.92
0.82
0.72
1.91
0.25
1.15
NS
25.14
1.04
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
It is worthy to note that reversal tendency for nitrogen use efficiency of seeds was evident for nitrogen
concentration in seeds when nitrogen at 30 kg/faddan was combined with Zn and applied at seed filling stage.
Such effect may be due to the dilution effect resulted from the greater seed yield attained at this stages under
30kg/ faddan. On the contrary of N application at 40 kg N/faddan. These results confirm those obtained by Abd
El Lateef et al (1998)
It can be concluded from this study that nitrogen use efficiency was increased due to the synergistic effect
of the combined application of nitrogen and zinc either at flowering or seed filling stages. Such synergistic
effect was more pronounced when the lower level of N( 30 kg N/faddan) was applied. The maximum efficient
use of N for producing seeds was attained at seed filling stage when zinc was combined with 30 and 40 kg
N/faddan , respectively
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