Scientific Method
Fig. 1.12-1
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Observation
New observations
are made, and previous
data are studied.
• Always comes first!!!
• Based on senses
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Fig. 1.12-2
Observation
New observations
are made, and previous
data are studied.
Using your senses
Hypothesis
An educated guess
that can be tested.
A Prediction
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Observation
Fig. 1.12-3
New observations
are made, and previous
data are studied.
Hypothesis
Input from various sources
is used to formulate a
testable statement.
Experiment/Observations
The hypothesis is
tested by experiment
or further observations.
Courtesy Leica Microsystems Inc.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Observation
Fig. 1.12-4
New observations
are made, and previous
data are studied.
Hypothesis
Input from various sources
is used to formulate a
testable statement.
Experiment/Observations
The hypothesis is
tested by experiment
or further observations.
Analysis/Conclusion
The results are analyzed,
and the hypothesis is
supported or rejected.
Courtesy Leica Microsystems Inc.
Repeat!
Repeat!
Repeat!
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Observation
Fig. 1.12-5
New observations
are made, and previous
data are studied.
Hypothesis
Input from various sources
is used to formulate a
testable statement.
Experiment/Observations
Conclusion
The hypothesis is
tested by experiment
or further observations.
The results are analyzed,
and the hypothesis is
supported or rejected.
Scientific Theory
Many experiments and
observations support a
theory.
Courtesy Leica Microsystems Inc.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Observation
Fig. 1.12
New observations
are made, and previous
data are studied.
Hypothesis
Input from various sources
is used to formulate a
testable statement.
Experiment/Observations
Conclusion
The hypothesis is
tested by experiment
or further observations.
The results are analyzed,
and the hypothesis is
supported or rejected.
Scientific Theory
Many experiments and
observations support a
theory.
Courtesy Leica Microsystems Inc.
Report
your
findings!
Variables
Manipulated Variable
(Independent Variable)
Responding Variable
(Dependent Variable)
Factor of the experiment
being tested
Result or change that occurs
due to the experimental variable
WHAT YOU ARE
PHYSICALLY
MANIPULATING OR
CHANGING
WHAT YOU ARE MEASURING AT
THE END OF THE EXPERIMENT
(not necessarily quantitative)
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Groups
Control Group
The way it normally
happens
Experimental Group
Group being tested/ group
with the manipulated
variable
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•ONLY CHANGE ONE
THING!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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Fig. 1.14
Control pots
Test pots
Test pots
no fertilization treatment
90 kg of nitrogen/ha
Pigeon pea/winter wheat rotation
a. Control pots and test pots
of three types
Test pots
45 kg of nitrogen/ha
Wheat Biomass (grams/pot)
20
15
Control Pots
= no fertilization treatment
Test Pots
= 45 kg of nitrogen/ha
= 90 kg of nitrogen/ha
= Pigeon pea/winter wheat rotation
10
5
0
b. Results
(All): Courtesy Jim Bidlack
year 1
year 2
year 3
Data
• Quantitative- numbers
• Qualitative- characteristic/quality
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Scientific Method
Page 19
Example
Observations
a.
Hypothesis
b.
Experiments and/or
observations
c.
Conclusion
d.
Characteristics of Life
All living things…
Made of cells
Bacteria
Multicellular
Paramecium
Unicellular
Morel
Sunflower
Snow goose
(Bacteria): © Dr. Dennis Kunkel/Phototake; (Paramecium): © M. Abbey/Visuals Unlimited; (Morel): © Royalty-Free Corbis;
(Sunflower): © Photodisc Green/Getty Images; (Snow goose): © Charles Bush Photography
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Biosphere
Regions of the Earth’s crust,
waters, and atmosphere
inhabited by living things
Ecosystem
A community plus
the physical environment
Display
Organization
Community
Interacting populations in a
particular area
Population
Organisms of the same
species in a particular area
Organism
An individual; complex
individuals contain organ systems
Organ System
Composed of several organs
working together
Organ
Composed of tissues functioning
together for a specific task
Tissue
A group of cells with a common
structure and function
Cell
The structural and functional
unit of all living things
Molecule
Union of two or more atoms of
the same or different elements
Atom
Smallest unit of an element
composed of electrons, protons,
and neutrons
Grow and Develop
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Reproduce
© Francisco Erize/Bruce Coleman, Inc.
Fig. 1.3
Acquire/Require Energy
food
a.
d.
e.
b.
c.
f.
a: © Niebrugge Images; b: © Photodisc Blue/Getty Images; c: © Charles Bush
Photography; d: © Michael Abby/Visuals Unlimited;
e: © Pat Pendarvis; f: National Park Service Photo
Maintain Homeostasis
• Keeping internal conditions constant (in
balance)
– Temperature
– Moisture level
– Acidity
– Sugar level
– Other physiological factors
Metabolism- All chemical reactions that happen in the body.
Respond to Stimuli
• Reactions to internal
and external stimuli
are responses.
• INDIVIDUALS
RESPOND
The cheetah responds to a
need for food and the
gazelle responds to danger
by running away.
Have Adaptations
• Adaptations are
modifications that
make organisms
better able to
function in a
particular
environment.
• SPECIES ADAPT.