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R<J *#! $ *#R>J?':! #' *#! ! ! ) # ! ) ! ! ! ! # ! ! ) ! ;< . 1 %.23" 4 " . %13 ! )) ! *#! "&0 ! ! ($ $ #' $($ I$ '<CC<J &$K IK '<CCBJ ! #' "&0I3 '<CCC&! <CC>J IK '<CCBL '<CC>% '<CCB '<CC:* '<CC:J* E #' ) ! H #' ! IE<CCBJ # ;> . 1 %.23" 4 " . %13 #' ! ! ! H *#!! ! ! IF :=;9J ! ) Finally, our results provide first insights about the mechanisms leading to permissiveness for plasticity in young adult DeSyn muscles, and suggest that regulation ultimately targets the efficiency of postsynaptic cluster assembly (Kummer et al., 2006, Kishi et al., 2005). This does not seem to involve the half-lives of synaptic AChRs (Akaaboune et al., 1999, Brunneau et al. 2005), since these were affected to a comparable extent by BotA in DeSyn and FaSyn muscles (not shown). The requirement for proteasome function is reminiscent of the role of ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation to modify the composition and plasticity of the postsynaptic apparatus at central glutamatergic synapses (DiAntonio and Hicke, 2004, Ehlers, 2003). Permissiveness for plasticity may involve the expression of specific ubiquitin ligases in chronically paralyzed young adult DeSyn muscles, and proteasome-dependent degradation of selected postsynaptic apparatus components (Ehlers, 2003). Such a regulatory process through levels of critical cytosolic factors in muscle fibers could account for the observation that AChR clusters on the same muscle fiber exhibited comparable sizes and labeling intensities during plasticity. However, our results would also be consistent with a presynaptic requirement of mTOR1 and/or proteasome activity in BotA-induced plasticity. According to such a scenario, the regulatory pathways might be required to produce a dispersion of permissive AChR clusters by ;@ . 1 %.23" 4 " . %13 the presynaptic nerve (Yee and Pestronk, 1987), e.g. by preventing the assembly of adhesive complexes at the presynaptic terminal. Presynaptic modulation of anatomical plasticity through mTOR1 and/or proteasome-mediated degradation pathways would provide for further flexibility in how individual presynaptic nerves exhibit anatomical plasticity in their target regions. ,) There is evidence to suggest that the principles for regulation of anatomical plasticity in the target region revealed in this study might also apply to circuit assembly and plasticity in the CNS. Thus: 1) coordinate regulation of sprouting and synapse remodeling by synaptic activity and postsynaptic differentiation has been reported for the assembly of circuits during development (Ruthazer et al., 2003, Zou and Cline, 1999); 2) slowly developing anatomical plasticity has been demonstrated in the adult as a result of chronic functional alterations (Bareyre et al., 2004, Darian-Smith and Gilbert, 1994). We find that the requirements for anatomical plasticity in the adult can vary among individual postsynaptic targets (e.g. LGCDeSyn versus SOLDeSyn), and that at some systems pronounced rearrangements in local connectivity take place in the presence of synaptic activity (e.g. hippocampal mossy fiber terminals (Galimberti et al., 2006)). 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Green: nerves (mGFP); red: AChR (α-Bungarotoxin). a, Absence of ectopic AChR clusters during the early stages of BotA-induced sprouting. NMJs exhibit several short twisted sprouts (thin arrows) in the absence of BotA (left), or in BotA-treated FaSyn muscles (second panel); 1-2 straight sprouts (larger arrows) grow from many NMJs on DeSyn muscles at day +5 of the BotA treatment, but at this early =; . 1 %.23" 4 " . %13 time sprouts are not associated with ectopic AChR clusters. b, In vivo time-lapse imaging of nerves and AChR clusters in BotA-treated LGCDeSyn and RFFaSyn. Note gradual elongation of sprouts (indicated by separate numbers) on LGCDeSyn, changing patterns of ectopic AChR clusters along sprout-1, and absence of clusters at distal ends of most sprouts. For orientation, a red arrowhead marks the same LGC DeSyn NMJ in the panels; small arrows (+16d, AChR, LGCDeSyn) indicate examples of two ectopic clusters that were not detectable at day +14. 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