© 2014 IJIRT | Volume 1 Issue 6 | ISSN: 2349-6002
INTRODUCTION TO ANTENNA THEIR TYPES
AND THEIR APPLICATION
Sidharth Kumar Singh , Prashant Solanki , Raja Solanki
ECE,Dronacharya College of Engineering, Gurgaon, India
Abstract: this paper gives you a brief introduction
about antenna types and their application. Types of
antenna, wire antenna aperture antenna,
microstrup antenna, array antenna, reflector
antenna, lens antenna. The characteristics of each
type of antenna and antenna application. This
paper is not a comprehensive study of antennas,
but serves as an introduction to antenna types and
their applications
Keyword: antenna, antenna types and their
application
application
1. INTRODUCTION
There are many ways an antenna is defined .According
to Webster’s dictionary, it is a metallic device (as a rod
or wire) for radiating or receiving radio waves. It is a
structure associated with the region of transition
between a guided wave and a free space wave or vice
versa. It is a transducer that converts one form of
energy into another form.an antenna is also used in the
impedance matching device.
Function of antenna; in the transmitting mode, it is
used to radiate em waves. In the receiving mode it is
used as a sensor of em waves. Antenna has a function
like transducer which convert electrical energy into em
energy at the transmitter side. And it covert em energy
into electrical energy at the receiving side for
maximum power radiated in the space the condition
for maximum power transfer must be satisfied. The
role of the antenna is very important here, it serves as
an impedance matching device, which matches the
transmitter and free space and receiver impedance on
the receiver side
Application Of Antenna
Before I get into the types and applications, there are
a few basic antenna principles which I should mention.
The broadest definition of an antenna is that it changes
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energy from one form into another. A receiving
antenna changes electromagnetic energy into electric
or magnetic energy. The first antenna parameter is
radiation resistance. This relates the power supplied
to the antenna and the current flowing into the antenna.
The greater the radiation resistance, the more energy
is radiated or received by the antenna. To optimize an
antenna system, this resistance should match the
resistance of the transmitter or receiver system.
The second parameter is the antenna pattern. This
shows a distribution of radiated power as a function of
direction in space. This example shows an antenna
that radiates a lot of power in one direction, but very
little in other directions. The directivity and gain are
related parameters; the directivity measures the
antenna’s ability to concentrate its power in a given
direction and the gain is the ratio of power radiated to
input power.
The bandwidth of an antenna refers to the frequencies
available outside the center frequency. For example,
a 10MHz transmitter with 10% bandwidth could send
information on frequencies from 9 MHz to 11Mhz.
Finally, the signal-to-noise ratio is the relationship
between the desired information signal and the noise.
It must exceed 1 for any information to be transferred.
TYPES OF ANTENNA
a. WIRE ANTENNAS
This is the oldest, simplest, cheapest and the most
versatile types of antenna for many applications .
1-linear wire antenna
An antenna which are in form of straight wire are
called as linear wire antennas .It is also called as dipole
2-loop antenna
When the wire is used to form a loop it is called loop
antenna. The loop is not necessarily circular in form it
can take any shape. But square or circular loop is easy
for the analysis and construction
3-helical antenna
When the wire is bend to form a helicalshape , it is
called as helical antenna or simply helix
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multi-element in the antenna structure
b. APERTURE ANTENNA
Rectangular or circular horn is example of aperture
types of antenna. These antennas are constructed from
the waveguide. A waveguide is basically a hollow
metallic tube through which waves travel. Depending
upon the cross section it is either rectangular or
circular waveguide. When one end of the tube is
trapped to a large opening the structure behaves like
an antenna. These antennas are referred as aperture
antennas .Due to its horn like shape they are also called
as horn antennas
c. MICROSTRIP ANTENNA
It is an antenna having patches of conducting materials
etched on one side of a dielectric substrate, the other
side of a board is a m metal ground plane. These
antennas are mostly as patch antennas.The radiating
patch may take different shapes like square,
rectangular, thin strip, circular, elliptical, triangular
etc.
Especially these antennas are suitable for space craft
application
d. ARRAY ANTENNA
It’s an antenna formed by multi elements
Many times single element antennas may not give the
desired characteristics .This can be achieved by using
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e. REFLECTOR ANTENNA
These antennas consist of a radiating element along
with a reflecting surface
The simplest form which uses a dipole as a radiating
element and a flat conductor as a refletorto achieve
high directivity we can use a number of dipole as an
radiating structor and a flat reflector . The most
popular of this form is a parabolic reflector which
makes use of a parabolic reflector instead of the flat
reflector. They are used to covert spherical waves into
plane waves
f. LENS ANTENNAS
In the optics we know that lenses are used to collimate
incident divergent light energy to prevent it from
spreading in undesired directions.
On the similar lines by using proper shapes and
appropriate material of the lenses they can transfer
various forms of divergent wave energy into plane
waves. Lens antennas are used especially at higher
frequencies. Like parabolic dish , a lens antenna
requires a suitable feed mechanism
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APPLICATION OF ANTEENA
U.S navy’s elf system
There are many applications of antenna here we are
taking the most important and effective application.
The u.s navy’s elf system. The meaning of elf is
Extremely Low Frequency.in this system navy use
Two antenna one in in Republic, Michigan and another
in Clam Lake, Wisconsin. This antenna work on 76
kHz ,which if you used a half-wave dipole, the antenna
would be over 1000 miles long The ELF antennas are
dipoles, but it is about 80 miles of wire in the antenna.
The reason for the low frequency is that the signal can
penetrate seawater hundreds of feet to reach
underwater submarines. Because the frequency is so
low, the earth and the ionosphere behave like two
conducting spherical shells. The signal travels around
the world and reach submarines traveling at
operational speeds. The one-way system is slow but
reliable. The Navy submarines have ELF receivers
which decode the message, but because of the large
power requirements, subs cannot transmit ELF
messages, so generally they will surface and use
something faster like satellite communications.
VHF AND UHF
Vhf stands for Very high frequency
Uhf stands for ultra-high frequency tall transmitting
towers. They need to be large enough to achieve the
desired frequency and provide a large range of
coverage
This uhf and vhf cover frequency range of 3 MHz to
3000 MHz .It is used in television and FM radio
broadcasting
The most common type of receiving antenna is called
a Yagi array antenna. The array has different size
conductors to receive different frequencies. Yagi
arrays are highly directional, so they should always be
pointed towards the transmitter tower
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WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
Antenna
have a lot of use in the wireless
communication. Use of mobile phones, wifi internet,
tv broadcasting,fm radio broadcasting all are in the
wireless communication and this communication is
achieved by the help set of antennas . One is
transmitted antenna another is receiving antenna
Many different types of antennas can be used, and they
all have their own advantages. Two common antennas
are the quarter wave helical and quarter wave whip
antennas. The whip, which is the same as a monopole,
is the most common antenna for cellular phones, and
is typically used in the 400 to 500 MHz range. The
quarter wave helical antenna is smaller than the whip
and has similar performance. Lately it is used in the
800 to 1000 MHz bands. Another antenna you’ve
probably seen is the retractable antenna. What I found
interesting in my research is that there are actually two
totally separate antennas that are electrically
decoupled. In the extended position, this particular
antenna functions as a whip and in the retracted
position it works as a helical antenna.
The
performance is slightly better in the extended position.
CONCLUSION
Antenna is a device that converts one form of energy
into another form of energy. Antenna is very useful in
the communication system. There are different types
of antenna and they have different shape and shies
wire
antenna,
aperture
antenna,microstrip
antenna,array antenna,reflector antenna and lens
antenna Antennas are used in numerous applications.
A few were mentioned in this paper, such as the
Navy’s ELF system, VHF and UHF antennas, TV and
FM receiving antennas, and some wireless
applications.
REFERENCES
[1]
William H. Hayt, Jr. and John A. Buck,
Engineering Electromagnetics, Sixth Edition,
McGraw-Hill: 2001.
[2]
Leo Setian, Practical Communication
Antennas with Wireless Applications, Prentice
Hall: 1998.
[3]
Robert E. Collin, Antennas and Radiowave
Propagation, McGraw-Hill: 1985.
[4]
RF Café, “Antenna Patterns,” 2000.
http://www.rfcafe.com/
references/electrical/antenna_patterns.htm
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[5]
The United States Navy Fact File, “Extremely
Low Frequency Transmitter Site Clam Lake,
Wisconsin,”
http://enterprise.spawar.navy.mil/spawarpubli
csite/docs/ fs_clam_lake_elf.pdf
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