http://www.citris-uc.org
UC
UC
UC
UC
BERKELEY
DAVIS
MERCED
SANTA CRUZ
Annual Progress Report
2002–2003
Harnessing information technology to provide
solutions to grand-scale social challenges
Table of Contents
1
section 1
Table of Contents
1
section 2
Letter from the Director
3
section 3
Mission Statement
7
section 4
Executive Summary
11
section 5
Detailed Summary of Research Achievements
23
section 6
Educational and Academic Activities
191
section 7
CITRIS Outreach and Communications
213
section 8
CITRIS Interaction with Industrial Partners
231
section 9
CITRIS Space, Building Plans, and Construction
239
section 10
CITRIS Testbeds and Infrastructure
249
section 11
CITRIS Organization, Operations, and Finances
257
appendix
CITRIS Primary Investigators
265
Letter from the Director
“I admire [UC Berkeley] very much for the remarkable
contributions you have made to America, to California,
and I want to especially thank … Governor Davis, for
the support of these Institutes of Science and Innovation,
especially the Center for Information Technology Research
in the Interest of Society…”
WILLIAM JEFFERSON CLINTON,
FORMER PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
2
4
SECTION 2 LETTER FROM THE DIRECTOR
Letter from the Director
Dr. Ruzena Bajcsy
CITRIS’ performance in 2002/2003 was a success by any measure.
With an expanding portfolio of research projects, steady growth in faculty
participation and increased collaboration among campuses, industry, and
researchers, CITRIS has continued to innovate and make investments in
IT applications that are needed to tackle society’s most critical needs.
BUILDING A FOUNDATION. When I arrived at UC Berkeley to begin my
tenure as the first director of CITRIS, we had two full-time staff members
and 83 participating faculty. A year and a half later, the CITRIS initiative has
grown to include 10 staff members, over 150 research projects, and 200+
participating faculty members representing more than 50 departments.
With each new milestone, we are laying the foundation needed to fulfill
the goals of our original charter – to sponsor collaborative
SECTION 2 LETTER FROM THE DIRECTOR
information technology research that will ultimately provide solutions to
grand-challenge social and commercial problems affecting the quality of
life of individuals and organizations.
EXPANDING HORIZONS. The scope of CITRIS has also grown.
Originally focused on engineering-centric applications, the Institute has
expanded its research application umbrella to include the humanities,
social sciences, business, and service to the third world using IT. This
makes for a truly exciting time at the Institute as we begin to explore the
broader uses and benefits of IT both here and abroad. We are however
also mindful of the social, economic, and ethical ramifications that
advancing technologies can introduce into a community and are
examining opportunities that will address these concerns.
NURTURING COLLABORATION. A central aim of the CITRIS operation
is to foster continued intercampus and interdisciplinary collaboration
among departments and researchers. I have found this endeavor to be
one of the most interesting and challenging aspects of my job. The
resulting effort however has been extraordinary. Computer scientists
working with humanists to develop digital libraries that can archive
textual, pictorial, and three-dimensional cultural heritage information
from ancient and modern civilizations is just one example of what this
collaboration has yielded. As we move forward, I am focused on building
even more bridges between the campuses and departments and working
so that scattered disciplines can eventually aggregate around a common
focus – information technology.
EXCITING TIMES. In the past year, CITRIS has built a foundation that
can support and deliver long-term sustainable growth. In the coming
year, we will focus on seeding new research, expanding industry
partnerships, developing infrastructure, and increasing our collaboration
efforts. I look forward to the exciting times ahead as we work to further
support and develop the CITRIS research agenda.
Dr. Ruzena Bajcsy
CITRIS Director
5
Mission Statement
“This project is about solving society’s most challenging
problems. By bringing together some of our most
innovative and far-sighted scientists and scholars,
CITRIS aims to put information technology to work
improving the quality of people’s lives.”
ROBERT M. BERDAHL,
CHANCELLOR, UC BERKELEY
3
8 SECTION 3 MISSION STATEMENT
Mission Statement
The Center for Information Technology Research in the Interest of
Society (CITRIS) was established to sponsor and house collaborative
research that will foster the development and application of new
information-technology-based solutions to grand-challenge societal
and commercial problems that affect the quality of life of individuals
and organizations in California and throughout the world.
SECTION 3 MISSION STATEMENT
CITRIS is a public-private partnership whose long-term success
depends upon fostering an open and collaborative relationship
between the State of California and the federal government
(through grants and contracts), CITRIS industrial partners, and
CITRIS University partners.
CITRIS will achieve its goals by developing revolutionary new
approaches in three principle areas:
» by addressing a variety of application problems with
societal impact relevant to quality-of-life, and where
information technologies are a key element of the solution;
» by employing a deep understanding of information
technologies at all levels – from complex systems to
fundamental materials issues;
» by developing the theoretical foundations needed to achieve
these goals in basic areas such as algorithms, security,
privacy, communications and data management.
Wherever possible, CITRIS will draw expertise from a wide range
of disciplines including engineering, the sciences, business,
public policy, economics, and the humanities. CITRIS is
dedicated to the premise that only through such broad-based
collaborations will the most effective solutions be found to these
complex societal problems.
9
Executive Summary
“CITRIS will revolutionize information technology in
ways that will benefit the entire state. It will improve
our systems for disaster preparedness, help implement
distance learning, modernize environmental monitoring,
and introduce state-of-the art mechanisms for medical
care. With CITRIS, the public sector is the primary
driver – its applications won’t be determined by
market forces.”
DON PERATA,
SENATOR (D-OAKLAND)
4
SECTION 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Executive Summary
Introduction
The Center for Information Technology in the
Interest of Society (CITRIS) was founded on July ,
, as a collaboration among the University of
California at Berkeley (UCB), Davis (UCD), Merced
(UCM) and Santa Cruz (UCSC). The CITRIS
mission is to sponsor and house collaborative
information technology (IT) research to provide
solutions to grand-challenge social and commercial
problems affecting the quality of life of individuals
and organizations. CITRIS is one of four California
Institutes of Science and Innovation established by
Governor Gray Davis to create a partnership between
the University of California and state’s leading-edge
businesses to lay the foundation for the “next New
Economy.” This report covers the activities and
progress of the Institute from January , 
through April , .
Research Achievements
The CITRIS research agenda now embraces more
than  faculty from over  departments among
the four participating UC campuses. It encompasses
over  separate research activities, sponsored both
by external funding agencies as well as through
CITRIS seed funds. CITRIS has identified SocietalScale Information Systems (SISs) as core research
vehicles for addressing many of the societal problems
of large scale that we face today and anticipate in the
future. In this context, “societal” refers both to the
size and impact of the proposed system, as well as
one of our most important metrics of success – it
must improve people’s lives and the lives of
organizations.
Whether it involves
» the simple act of buying an energy-efficient
refrigerator or source of illumination, or
» monitoring buildings, bridges, and highways for
structural integrity during an earthquake, or
» monitoring the status and delivering medications
in home health care devices for the elderly, or
» delivering educational course materials over diverse
geographies, or
» aiding fire and rescue teams in navigating safely
through smoke-filled buildings, or
» guarding the quality of our food and water,
an SIS can be applied to collect, understand, and
help people with the vast quantities of information
needed to address these problems. This partial list of
societal-scale applications is being addressed by an
extensive, evolving, and diverse set of research
projects within CITRIS, all linked by their relevance
to societal impact.
Our initial vision for one of the most important
SISs is that it will integrate vast numbers of tiny
wireless sensors, hand-held information devices,
large computing clusters, and large data sets into
systems that make it easy for all citizens to monitor
and gather data. The sensors themselves must be
very cheap and operate without batteries so that they
become widely used and require no maintenance.
There must be a reliable network to connect the
sensors to monitoring systems in a way that requires
no action on the part of the user to install, activate
or maintain. The network must be secure, so that
privacy is respected and malicious use cannot occur.
By thinking through these system requirements,
from the highest user interface to basic device and
algorithmic structures, the CITRIS project portfolio
is embracing all of these challenges and more.
13
14 SECTION 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
February 2001
February 2002
As one example, the above sequence of pictures
shows a progression of sensors developed by
CITRIS investigators. These kinds of wireless sensors
can measure temperature, pressure, humidity, light,
sound, position, motion, chemicals and biological
agents, and send the information wirelessly wherever
it is needed. Over a period of  years, the size of
these sensors has decreased from a few cubic inches
to a few cubic millimeters, and they can be powered
using tiny solar cells or piezoelectric generators
running on the minute vibrations of walls inside
buildings or vehicles.
February 2003
For purposes of examining the synergy among
CITRIS research projects and their applications, and
to organize their presentation in this report, we have
divided the set of all CITRIS research projects into
two groups. The first group addresses Driving
Applications with Societal Impact, corresponding to
the CITRIS Mission Statement. These projects fall
into the following subgroups (detailed project
descriptions appear in section .):
» Energy Efficiency: A network of tiny, inexpensive
sensors can make buildings dramatically more
energy efficient and will save as much as $ billion
in energy costs nationally and  million tons of
carbon emissions annually.
» Transportation: Linking sensors in California’s
roadways to computers to analyze traffic flow could
point commuters to efficient routes and help
Caltrans and planners make solid transit decisions.
Optimizing traffic could save Californians annually
up to $ billion in lost wages, $ million in
trucking costs, and  million gallons of fuel.
SECTION 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
» Emergency Response & Homeland Defense:
A major earthquake in the Bay Area could cost
, lives, $ billion in damages, and untold lost
productivity. Real-time information on the
conditions of buildings, bridges, and lifeline
networks is key to reducing risk and guiding
emergency personnel to respond to natural or manmade disasters.
» Education: High-tech classrooms for distance
learning can serve more students in California’s
growing universities, schools and businesses. CITRIS
technology will deliver the undergraduate program
in information technology to UC Merced in the
heart of California, a critical addition to state growth
in education and industry.
» Environmental Monitoring and Management:
From Monterey Bay to urban Southern California,
CITRIS projects will help guard California’s waters,
air and environment. New information technologies
may also be adapted later for more productive
agriculture.
» Health Care: As many as , fatal heart attacks
– % of cardiac deaths – could be prevented each
year if at-risk people wore sensors now being
developed to detect trouble and alert medics. Other
biological sensors can be used to detect pathogens
and diagnose diseases.
» Social Sciences, Humanities and Business:
Digitizing everything from the contents of cultural
history and natural science museums, to
environmental documents and photos, to economic
data, and making them easily searchable, will spur
scholarship and public interest.
» Services to the Third World using IT: To extend
the benefits described above to the broadest possible
population, we must meet challenges such as lowcost manufacturing, usability without requiring
literacy, and operation with intermittent networking
connectivity.
The second group of research projects is in
Engineering Systems and Foundations. These create
the IT necessary for success in the Driving
Applications, and fall into the following subgroups
(detailed project descriptions appear in section .):
» Integrated Microsystems: Electronics,
Optoelectronics, Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems
(MEMs) and Nano-systems. These projects design
the hardware components of the sensors, actuators,
networks and computers needed for the SISs.
» Software Infrastructure for Sensor Nets and
Real-time Systems: These projects design the
software systems necessary to run the networks of
sensors and real time control systems for the
hardware inside
the SISs.
» Distributed Systems for Societal-scale
Information: These projects address the creation of
large (societal) scale information services to make
vast quantities of data rapidly available to many
widely distributed components and users, reliably,
robustly, and securely.
» Human-Centered Computing: These projects
design the user interfaces for the SISs to make the
information services easy to use for users from any
walk of life.
» Social, Economic and Legal Implications of IT:
These projects ask about the social, economic and
legal opportunities, consequences and constraints
of SISs.
» Fundamental Algorithms: These projects create the
algorithms needed to design, build and use SISs.
15
16
SECTION 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
In order to provide a more visual orientation of
how CITRIS research projects synergistically relate
“technologies” to “applications,” and vice versa, we
have used the categories above to create the CITRIS
Project Matrix, shown in section .. The columns of
the matrix correspond to projects in Driving
Applications, and the rows of the matrix correspond
to projects in Engineering Systems and Foundations
(“technologies”). Each matrix entry corresponds to
those projects that “overlap” a Driving Application
column and Engineering System and Foundation
row. The names of projects falling in each matrix
entry are listed in section ..
Finally, section . gives short descriptions of the
many Research Centers affiliated with CITRIS. Since
CITRIS is a “center of centers,” this is a very
important section and should not be overlooked.
Educational and Academic Activities
Since ,  new CITRIS affiliated faculty have
been hired at UCB, UCD and UCSC; their names
and departments are listed in section .. CITRIS
faculty members have won numerous awards,
including one election to the AAAS and  elections
to the NAE (in addition to  previous NAE
members). Endowed chairs are held by  faculty.
Please see section . for a list of many more faculty
awards.
A CITRIS fellowship competition was held to
support graduate student research in the social
sciences and related disciplines (e.g., Education, Law,
Public Policy, Business, School of Information
Management and Systems, City and Regional
Planning) that are relevant to CITRIS. Four master’s
students and  PhD students are currently being
funded. Please see section ..
UC-WISE is a system for web-based science and
engineering instruction that we are developing and
using for innovative curricula. Initially we targeted
the introductory programming course CS 3 at UCB,
which has been in use since Summer  at UCB,
and is being used in Spring  at Merced
Community College. Future plans including moving
more of the curriculum into UC-WISE and making
it available to UC Merced. Section . has the details
of this program
SECTION 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Distance Learning is being developed both for
students and industrial partners at remote sites who
are interested in CITRIS research areas. Students in
design classes use unique CITRIS resources such as
sensor nets and “tele-laboratories” for
manufacturing. The UC Berkeley College of
Engineering, the Haas School of Business, and the
School of Information Management and Systems
jointly offer a Management of Technology certificate,
which we are planning to convert into a Master’s
program. See section . for details.
Many new courses are being offered, ranging from
freshman seminars on “Information technology goes
to war” to advanced graduate courses on “Strategic
Computing and Communications Technology”.
Existing courses are being upgraded to reflect
CITRIS themes, such as sensor nets being added to
an upper division “Introduction to Communication
Networks”. See section . for a complete list.
The Berkeley Institute of Design (BID) is a new
interdisciplinary academic program and research
center. BID is motivated by the rapid incorporation
of information technology into everything we train
students to design. BID will train a new generation
of designers of spaces, media, art, physical artifacts
and systems to understand technology, human
behavior and esthetics. BID’s educational goals are
described in section . and its research goals in
section ..
Academic seminars co-sponsored by CITRIS cover
topics ranging from “Digital Defense: Issues in
Security, Privacy and Critical Infrastructure
Protection” to “Sensorwebs”. See section . for a
complete list.
Outreach and Communications
The CITRIS website (section .) continues to evolve
as one of the most important means by which the
Institute serves society. Its use has expanded
dramatically since the site’s initial launch in the fall
of , with new regions of the State, nation, and
globe showing interest each week (requests now
routinely exceed , per month). A major
upgrade in the website occurred in June , and a
new web domain (www.citris-uc.org.), a change made
to reflect the truly multi-campus nature of the
Institute, was created in . The site features access
to a wealth of information about CITRIS Projects
and Investigators, News and Events, and Multimedia
Presentations of CITRIS meetings. It is an important
link to and among CITRIS Founding Corporate
Members (FCMs) and Associate Corporate Members
and provides employees of these companies unique
portals for entering CITRIS. Each portal contains a
content management system, private areas for secure
communications, and focused listings of projects of
special interest to specific companies. Future plans
for the CITRIS website include more complex
methods of searching for and finding exact
information and custom, dynamically-generated
views of that data, pointers to new software releases,
and tools for distance learning and education.
Another important role that CITRIS plays in
community outreach is in the establishment and
organization of a series of seminars (section .) in
which the speakers address the impact of
information technology on various portions of the
global society. These seminars are open to the public,
are often held in conjunction with other academic
departments or schools, and are heavily advertised.
The feedback that we have received from these
seminars has been uniformly positive and
enthusiastic.
Collaboration and cooperation among the four
CITRIS campuses, and between these campuses and
other CISI institutes, continues to grow as these
organizations ramp up their activities. Section 
provides a more detailed summary of these
interactions.
17
18 SECTION 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Industrial Relations
Space, Building Plans and Construction
The interaction between CITRIS and its industrial
affiliates, sponsors, and partners is critical to the
success of the Institute. Interactions with CITRIS
Founding Corporate Members and Associate
Corporate Members have been enhanced through a
more intense focus on the goals and mission of the
Institute. While the principal focus of CITRIS
industrial interactions is at the level of individual
researchers, the several key meetings held with
industry throughout the year are good ways to
summarize the interactions, focus on topics of
particular interest to a particular company, and to
report on research funded by individual corporate
sponsors. Several of these meetings have been held
throughout the past year; details and pointers are
summarized in section . Two CITRIS Founding
Corporate Member Days (FCM Days) have been
held and numerous individual corporate member
meetings were conducted. FCM Days have been the
occasions for meetings of the CITRIS Industrial
Advisory Board, a group of senior-level
representatives from each of the CITRIS FCMs.
Those meetings have provided the Institute with
invaluable feedback on its research agenda and
guidelines on further enhancements to the
interactions with industry.
A comprehensive set of guidelines for executing
intellectual property agreements between corporate
sponsors and CITRIS were developed during this
reporting period. These guidelines attempt to cover
many of the sponsor/CITRIS relationships that could
be envisioned; nonetheless, they are meant to be
“living” documents that may be revised from time to
time during the life of the Institute as new situations
arise. The development of these documents was
based on a desire to have a single, master agreement
that would cover all research projects sponsored by
an individual company. A complete set of documents
associated with these agreements and policies is
posted on the CITRIS website.
The commercialization of CITRIS technology has
also begun to expand. Crossbow, Inc. and Intel,
separately, have introduced new lines of wireless
sensors. Dust, Inc. has been launched as a start-up
company to focus entirely on micro-sensors.
New structures will serve as Institute-wide as well as
local campus focal points to help CITRIS achieve its
goals of interdisciplinary, collaborative research and
teaching in topics that relate to information
technologies, with special emphasis on the use of
those technologies in the service of society. Generous
support from the State and private donors will
provide CITRIS with two new buildings, one at the
UC Berkeley campus and one at the UC Santa Cruz
campus. The CITRIS-II building at Berkeley (section
..) will comprise almost , assignable square
feet (ASF) for research laboratories, including a new
, ASF Microelectronics / Nanofabrication
facility; a Distance Learning Facility; space for the
new Millennium Project; laboratories for
collaborative research, offices, and auditorium and
conference rooms. Groundbreaking for this building
is expected to take place in early spring of , with
completion scheduled for spring of . The
CITRIS space at UC Santa Cruz (section ..) will be
located on two floors in the new Engineering
Building. The Level  – West facility will comprise
twelve research laboratories for Societal-scale
Information Systems design and engineering. It will
also house researcher, administrative, and technical
staff offices, interactive spaces, a conference room
and a machine/instrument room. In all, there are
about , ASF. The space on Level  – East
includes a large, -seat research laboratory for
experimenting with technology and teaching
techniques that use the web. We are currently
refining our criteria for selecting which research
programs and personnel will occupy these new
CITRIS facilities (section .).
SECTION 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Testbeds and Networking Infrastructure
Operations and Finances
An important means by which CITRIS technology is
being tried, demonstrated, and improved is through
the establishment and use of large testbeds:
combinations of CITRIS hardware and software
focused on specific societal applications. Of course,
many centers within CITRIS have their own testbeds
(section .) but there are several that have a more
global overlap with the overall CITRIS research
agenda. For example, the Millennium Project at UC
Berkeley (section ..) is developing a powerful,
networked computational test bed, distributed across
the Berkeley campus to enable interdisciplinary
research spanning computational science, computer
science, and information management. The goal is to
have of the order of  state-of-the-art processors
in a cluster that serves a wide community of users.
Another testbed is PlanetLab, a global overlay
network for developing and accessing new planetaryscale network services. There are currently more than
 machines at  sites world-wide available to
support both short-term experiments and longrunning network services (section ..). And
Etchnet, a network of environmental sensors, has
been installed on the second floor of Etcheverry Hall
at UC Berkeley to determine certain building
environmental characteristics, such as temperature
and illumination levels (section ..).
The organizational makeup of the CITRIS
headquarters staff has been rounded out this past
year with the hiring of an executive director, a
communications coordinator, a website programmer,
a new Administrative Assistant for the CITRIS at
Davis office, and a test bed engineer (% time) at
UC Berkeley. This staff should help insure the
smooth running of the CITRIS organization and
enhance its interactions with it academic and
industrial partners. The CITRIS Industrial Advisory
Board meets on a regular basis (nominally twice each
year, but more often informally in smaller groups;
see section .), and the CITRIS Governing Board will
have met for the first time on May , .
Finally, the central operations of CITRIS are
currently operating within their budget, spending
% of that budget on operations and % on
research. Section . shows more of the highlights of
the overall CITRIS financial status, including new
programs that have been seeded with the research
portion of its budget.
19
20
SECTION 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Timeline of Citris Accomplishments and Events
11.01
» Dr. Ruzena Bajcsy is
appointed as the first
director of CITRIS.
» Intel opens Intel Research
Laboratory at UC Berkeley.
12.01
07.01
» UC Berkeley engineers
subject three-story
woodframe structure to
multiple earthquake forces.
» CITRIS begins operations.
» CITRIS receives pledge of
more than $170 million
from donors.
02.02
» CITRIS researchers ship
1000 "Smart Dust Motes"
to academic and industrial
research groups around the
country.
04.02
09.11.01 » CITRIS' Millennium project,
used to help public locate
loved ones affected by terrorist
attacks in NY and DC.
09.01
» CITRIS receives a five-year,
$7.5 million NSF Information
Technology Research grant.
» California Gov. Gray Davis
signs bill authorizing $308
million dollars in lease-revenue
bonds to complete capital
projects associated with CISI
institutes.
» UC Berkeley Digital Library
Project helps UC Berkeley
Museum of Paleontology
establish online database of
over 200,000 fossil records.
+
+
+
+ + +
2001
2002
SECTION 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
01.03
21
» CITRIS moves into Hearst
Memorial Mining Building.
» Joint venture between UC
Berkeley and Merced
Community College makes
UC Berkeley's Computer
Science 3 course available
online for the first time.
6.02
» Dust Inc. formed.
03.03
8.02
» First battery-less,
wireless communication
device demonstrated.
» CITRIS partners with the
Electronic Cultural Atlas
Initiative.
» UC Berkeley and Intel
researchers help conservation
biologists monitor elusive
seabird in Maine using
miniaturized wireless sensor
motes.
4.03
» CITRIS awards $160,000 in
fellowships to supportgraduate
student research in the social
sciences and related disciplines.
» CITRIS researchers Edward
Arens and Paul Wright are
awarded a $1.65 million
grant by the California
Energy Commission to
develop demand-responsive
thermostats.
» First time solar powered chip
stands up.
10.02
+
» CITRIS receives a $13 million
grant from the National Science
Foundation for the CHESS project.
+ ++
+ +
2003
Detailed Summary of Research Achievements
“CITRIS is a wonderful example of the kind of visionary,
long-range research endeavor the country needs to realize
the full potential benefits of information technology to all
sectors of society. UCB is a leading center for innovation
in IT with a distinguished faculty and is eminently suited
to provide the leadership CITRIS needs... This world-class
group of companies and university collaborators will
produce very exciting results in the years ahead.”
RAJ REDDY,
PROFESSOR OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, CARNEGIE-MELLON
UNIVERSITY, CO-CHAIR, PRESIDENT'S INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY ADVISORY COUNCIL (PITAC)
5
24 SECTION 5.1 INTRODUCTION
SECTION 5.1 INTRODUCTION
Detailed Summary of Research Achievements
SECTION 5.1 INTRODUCTION
This section gives details about research projects
within CITRIS and the Research Centers affiliated
with CITRIS within which much of the research
takes place. There are a very large number of
research projects, both directly in Driving
Applications with Societal Impact, and in underlying
Engineering Systems and Foundations. To aid the
reader and observer in seeing how the projects
synergistically fit together and how research in a
particular Foundation or Engineering System will
eventually impact a Driving Application, we have
organized the projects into the CITRIS Project
Matrix, shown in section .. The columns of the
matrix correspond to projects in Driving
Applications:
» Energy Efficiency (abbreviated as “Energy”)
(summaries of all the projects corresponding to this
column are listed in section ..; this same pattern
is followed below)
» Emergency Response & Homeland Defense
(abbreviated as “Emergencies”) (section ..)
» Education (section ..)
» Environmental Monitoring and Management
(abbreviated as “Environment”) (section ..)
» Health Care (abbreviated as “Health”)
(section ..)
» Services to the Third World using IT (abbreviated
as “Third World”) (section ..)
» Transportation (section ..)
» Social Sciences, Humanities and Business
(abbreviated as “Social Sciences”) (section ..)
The rows of the matrix correspond to projects in
Engineering Systems and Foundations:
» Distributed Systems for Societal-scale Information
(abbreviated “SIS”) (section ..)
» Software Infrastructure for Sensor Nets and
Real-time Systems (abbreviated as “Software”)
(section ..)
» Integrated Microsystems: Electronics,
Optoelectronics, MEMs, and Nano-systems
(abbreviated as “Microsystems”) (section ..)
» Human-Centered Computing (abbreviated as
“HCC”) (section ..)
» Social, Economic and Legal Implications of IT
(abbreviated as “Implications”) (section ..)
» Fundamental Algorithms (abbreviated as
“Algorithms”) (section ..)
Each CITRIS project has been classified according
to the primary column (Driving Application) or row
(Engineering System or Foundation) to which it
belongs. Each matrix entry corresponds to those
projects that “overlap” a Driving Application column
and Engineering System and Foundation row. For
example, a project in the design of microsensors for
detecting proteins would fall in the Microsensors
row, and be included in the Health/Microsystems
matrix entry because of the uses for protein sensors
in Health Care. Similarly, a project to design a
residential energy efficiency network would fall in
the Energy column, and be included in the
Energy/Microsystems matrix entry because it will
use energy sensors designed by Microsystems
researchers. The names of projects falling in each
matrix entry are listed in section .. The
abbreviations shown above are used.
As mentioned above, the detailed descriptions of
projects classified as Driving Applications are
collected in section ., broken down by area. For
example, Energy projects appear in section ...
Similarly, the detailed descriptions of projects
classified as Engineering Systems and Foundations
are collected in section ., broken down by area as
listed above. For example, Microsytems projects
appear in section ...
Thus, a reader wishing to find out about projects
involving sensors for environmental monitoring
would look at the list of projects in the
Environment/Microsystems list in section ., and
then look up the detailed descriptions of projects
listed there in either section . or section ..
All the projects listed have been funded, with one
exception: ICT4B – A Scalable Enabling IT
Infrastructure for Developing Regions, which
appears in the Third World column. A large
consortium of people and organizations has been
assembled and a large proposal is pending.
Finally, section . gives short descriptions of the
many Research Centers affiliated with CITRIS. Since
CITRIS is a “center of centers,” this is a very
important section and should not be overlooked.
25
26
SECTION 5.2 CITRIS PROJECT MATRIX
SECTION 5.2 CITRIS PROJECT MATRIX
ENGINEERING SYSTEMS
& FOUNDATIONS
(TECHNOLOGIES)
SOCIETAL IMPACT
(DRIVING APPLICATIONS)
Energy
Efficiency
Emergency
Preparedness
& Homeland
Defense
Education
Distributed Systems for
Societal-scale Information
(SIS)
Energy/SIS
Emergency/SIS
Education/SIS
Software Infrastructure for
Sensor Nets and Real-time
Systems
Energy/Software
Emergency/
Software
Education/
Software
Integrated Microsystems:
Electronics, Optoelectronics,
MEMs, and Nano-systems
Energy/
Microsystems
Emergency/
Microsystems
Education/
Microsystems
Human-centered Computing
(HCC)
Energy/HCC
Emergency/HCC
Education/HCC
Social, Economic, and Legal
Implications of IT
Energy/
Implications
Emergency/
Implications
Education/
Implications
Energy/Algorithms
Emergency/
Algorithms
Education/
Algorithms
Fundamental Algorithms
SECTION 5.2 CITRIS PROJECT MATRIX
Environmental
Monitoring &
Management
Health Care
Service to the
Third World
Using IT
Transportation
Social Sciences,
Humanities &
Business
Environment/
SIS
Health/SIS
Third World/SIS
Transportation/
SIS
Social Sciences/
SIS
Environment/
Software
Health/Software
Third World/
Software
Transportation/
Software
Social Sciences/
Software
Environment/
Microsystems
Health/
Microsystems
Third World/
Microsystems
Transportation/
Microsytems
Social Sciences/
Microsystems
Environment/
HCC
Health/HCC
Third World/HCC
Transportation/
HCC
Social Sciences/
HCC
Environment/
Implications
Health/
Implications
Third World/
Implications
Transportation/
Implications
Social Sciences/
Implications
Environment/
Algorithms
Health/Algorithms
Third World/
Algorithms
Transportation/
Algorithms
Social Sciences/
Algorithms
27
28 SECTION 5.3 CITRIS PROJECT LIST
SECTION 5.3 CITRIS PROJECT LIST
ENERGY/SIS
Mitigating Distributed Denial of Service Attacks Using a PID Controller (Section ..)
New Thermostat, New Temperature Node and New Meter (Section ..)
RUBINET – Robust & Ubiquitous Networking Research Group (Section ..)
SAHARA – Service Architecture for Heterogeneous Access, Resources, and Applications (Section ..)
Societal Scale Information Systems: Technologies, Design, and Applications (Section ..)
Telegraph – An Adaptive Dataflow System (Section ..)
TinyDB – Extracting data from Sensor Nets (Section ..)
Using Properties of Network Topology to Detect Malicious Routing Behavior (Section ..)
ENERGY/SOFTWARE
Automating the Development and Analysis of Embedded Systems (Section ..)
Controlled Sharing: Programming-Language Principles and Techniques (Section ..)
Distributed Authentication and Authorization: Models, Calculi, Methods (Section ..)
DyMND – Robust Adaptive Coordination in Dynamic Meshes of Networked Devices (Section ..)
Mitigating Bottlenecks and Hotspots in Wireless Sensor Systems (Section ..)
Interfaces and Model Checking for Software (Section ..)
Integrated Multicast for Ad Hoc Networks (Section ..)
NEPHEST – National Experimental Platform for Hybrid and Embedded Systems Technology (Section ..)
NEST – Network Embedded Software Technology (Section ..)
New Thermostat, New Temperature Node and New Meter (Section ..)
Societal Scale Information Systems: Technologies, Design, and Applications (Section ..)
Static Analysis and Model Checking of Open-Source Code for Detecting Security Vulnerabilities (Section ..)
TinyOS – A component based operating system for networked sensors (Section ..)
Wide-Area Ubiquitous, Scalable, Extensible Sensor Networks (Section ..)
ENERGY/MICROSYSTEMS
Hardware Emulation Platform Hardware, software and Design Methodology (Section ..)
Inkjet Printed Inductively Coupled Circuits (Section ..)
Integrated Microwatt Transceivers (Section ..)
Integrated Nano Mechanical Atomic Clock (Section ..)
Low-energy PicoRadio platform architecture development (Section ..)
MEMS REPS – MEMS Rotary Engine Power System (Section ..)
MEMS Strain Sensors-Roller Bearings (Section ..)
MFI – Micromechanical Flying Insect (Section ..)
Microrobots (Section ..)
SECTION 5.3 CITRIS PROJECT LIST
New Thermostat, New Temperature Node and New Meter (Section ..)
PASTA – Power Aware Sensing, Tracking, and Analysis (Section ..)
Smart Dust (Section ..)
Societal Scale Information Systems: Technologies, Design, and Applications (Section ..)
ENERGY/HCC
New Thermostat, New Temperature Node and New Meter (Section ..)
Societal Scale Information Systems: Technologies, Design, and Applications (Section ..)
Web Accessibility for Low Bandwidth Input (Section ..)
ENERGY/IMPLICATIONS
Societal Scale Information Systems: Technologies, Design, and Applications (Section ..)
ENERGY/ALGORITHMS
Communication over Wireless Fading Channels (Section ..)
Mitigating Bottlenecks and Hotspots in Wireless Sensor Systems (Section ..)
NRV – Supporting Networked Virtual Reality over Wide Area Networks (Section ..)
Societal Scale Information Systems: Technologies, Design, and Applications (Section ..)
EMERGENCY/SIS
Adaptive Real-Time Geoscience and Environmental Data Analysis, Modeling and Visualization (Section ..)
Center for Digital Security (Section ..)
CONSensUS – A Compositional Optimum Network Sensor Utilization System (Section ..)
Data on the Deep Web: Queries, Trawls, Policies and Countermeasures (Section ..)
Digital Library (Section ..)
HACQIT – Hierarchical Adaptive Control for QoS Intrusion Tolerance (Section ..)
Intrusion Detection Analysis Project (Section ..)
Mitigating Distributed Denial of Service Attacks Using a PID Controller (Section ..)
RUBINET – Robust & Ubiquitous Networking Research Group (Section ..)
SAHARA – Service Architecture for Heterogeneous Access, Resources, and Applications (Section ..)
Societal Scale Information Systems: Technologies, Design, and Applications (Section ..)
Telegraph – An Adaptive Dataflow System (Section ..)
TinyDB – Extracting data from Sensor Nets (Section ..)
Using Properties of Network Topology to Detect Malicious Routing Behavior (Section ..)
Workshops on Critical Infrastructure Protection (Section ..)
29
30
SECTION 5.3 CITRIS PROJECT LIST
EMERGENCY/SOFTWARE
Adaptive Real – Time Geoscience and Environmental Data Analysis, Modeling and Visualization (Section ..)
Applications of Data Grouping for Effective Mobility (Section ..)
Automating the Development and Analysis of Embedded Systems (Section ..)
Controlled Sharing: Programming-Language Principles and Techniques (Section ..)
Distributed Authentication and Authorization: Models, Calculi, Methods (Section ..)
DyMND – Robust Adaptive Coordination in Dynamic Meshes of Networked Devices (Section ..)
Hierarchical Control of Semi-autonomous Teams Under Uncertainty (Section ..)
Integrated Multicast for Ad Hoc Networks (Section ..)
Intelligent Sensor Motes for Vertical Seismic Arrays (Section ..)
Interfaces and Model Checking for Software (Section ..)
MARS – Mobile Autonomous Robot Software (Section ..)
Mitigating Bottlenecks and Hotspots in Wireless Sensor Systems (Section ..)
NEPHEST – National Experimental Platform for Hybrid and Embedded Systems Technology (Section ..)
NEST – Network Embedded Software Technology (Section ..)
Societal Scale Information Systems: Technologies, Design, and Applications (Section ..)
Static Analysis and Model Checking of Open-Source Code for Detecting Security Vulnerabilities (Section ..)
TinyOS – A component based operating system for networked sensors (Section ..)
Wide-Area Ubiquitous, Scalable, Extensible Sensor Networks (Section ..)
Workshops on Critical Infrastructure Protection (Section ..)
EMERGENCY/MICROSYSTEMS
Adaptive Real-Time Geoscience and Environmental Data Analysis, Modeling and Visualization (Section ..)
Hardware Emulation Platform Hardware, software and Design Methodology (Section ..)
Inkjet Printed Inductively Coupled Circuits (Section ..)
Integrated Microwatt Transceivers (Section ..)
Integrated Nano Mechanical Atomic Clock (Section ..)
Intelligent Sensor Motes for Vertical Seismic Arrays (Section ..)
Low-energy PicoRadio platform architecture development (Section ..)
MEMS REPS – MEMS Rotary Engine Power System (Section ..)
MEMS Strain Sensors-Roller Bearings (Section ..)
MFI – Micromechanical Flying Insect (Section ..)
Microrobots (Section ..)
PASTA – Power Aware Sensing, Tracking, and Analysis (Section ..)
SENSORS: High-Fidelity, Broadband, MEMS Displacement Sensor Arrays for Intelligent Structural Health
Monitoring (Section ..)
Smart Dust (Section ..)
Societal Scale Information Systems: Technologies, Design, and Applications (Section ..)
EMERGENCY/HCC
Adaptive Real-Time Geoscience and Environmental Data Analysis, Modeling and Visualization (Section ..)
Ant Club Trails: Privacy in Ubiquitous Computer World (Section ..)
SECTION 5.3 CITRIS PROJECT LIST
Societal Scale Information Systems: Technologies, Design, and Applications (Section ..)
Web Accessibility for Low Bandwidth Input (Section ..)
EMERGENCY/IMPLICATIONS
Societal Scale Information Systems: Technologies, Design, and Applications (Section ..)
EMERGENCY/ALGORITHMS
Adaptive Real-Time Geoscience and Environmental Data Analysis, Modeling and Visualization (Section ..)
ACCLIMATE – Adaptive Coordinated Control of Intelligent Multi-agent Teams (Section ..)
Animating Viscoplastic Materials with Dynamically Changing Meshes (Section ..)
BRAND – Berkeley Realtime-Application Network Demonstration (Section ..)
Communication over Wireless Fading Channels (Section ..)
Find and Track People in Real Video Imagery (Section ..)
Mitigating Bottlenecks and Hotspots in Wireless Sensor Systems (Section ..)
NRV – Supporting Networked Virtual Reality over Wide Area Networks (Section ..)
Principles of Centrifuge Modeling (Section ..)
Randomized Invariant Features for Shape Classification (Section ..)
Real-Time Image-based Rendering Using Sparsely Placed Video Cameras (Section ..)
SCIDAC – TOPS Terascale Optimal PDE Simulations (Section ..)
Societal Scale Information Systems: Technologies, Design, and Applications (Section ..)
Software Enabled Control Program (Section ..)
EDUCATION/SIS
An Open Federation for the National SMETE Digital Library (Section ..)
Cross-Integration of LONCAPA and the NSDL (Section ..)
Data on the Deep Web: Queries, Trawls, Policies and Countermeasures (Section ..)
Developing a Vision Support Planning Tool: From Vision to Reality (Section ..)
Digital Library (Section ..)
RUBINET – Robust & Ubiquitous Networking Research Group (Section ..)
Scaling the Peer Review Process for National STEM Education Digital Library Collections (Section ..)
SAHARA – Service Architecture for Heterogeneous Access, Resources, and Applications (Section ..)
SMETE Digital Library (Section ..)
Societal Scale Information Systems: Technologies, Design, and Applications (Section ..)
Telecommunication/Telecollaboration (Section ..)
The NSDL Collaboration Finder: Connecting Projects for Effective and Efficient NSDL Development
(Section ..)
The Use of Digital Collections in Undergraduate Teaching (Section ..)
31
32
SECTION 5.3 CITRIS PROJECT LIST
EDUCATION/SOFTWARE
Societal Scale Information Systems: Technologies, Design, and Applications (Section ..)
EDUCATION/MICROSYSTEMS
Inkjet Printed Inductively Coupled Circuits (Section ..)
Societal Scale Information Systems: Technologies, Design, and Applications (Section ..)
EDUCATION/HCC
Ant Club Trails: Privacy in Ubiquitous Computer World (Section ..)
Collaborative Telerobotics: Theory and Scalable Infrastructure (Section ..)
SMETE Digital Library (Section ..)
Societal Scale Information Systems: Technologies, Design, and Applications (Section ..)
Telecommunication/Telecollaboration (Section ..)
Web Accessibility for Low Bandwidth Input (Section ..)
EDUCATION/IMPLICATIONS
Societal Scale Information Systems: Technologies, Design, and Applications (Section ..)
EDUCATION/ALGORITHMS
Societal Scale Information Systems: Technologies, Design, and Applications (Section ..)
NRV – Supporting Networked Virtual Reality over Wide Area Networks (Section ..)
ENVIRONMENTAL/SIS
Digital Library (Section ..)
Fort Ord Groundwater Remediation Project (Section ...)
Great Duck Island Environmental Monitoring (Section ..)
Mitigating Distributed Denial of Service Attacks Using a PID Controller (Section ..)
RUBINET – Robust & Ubiquitous Networking Research Group (Section ..)
SAHARA – Service Architecture for Heterogeneous Access, Resources, and Applications (Section ..)
Societal Scale Information Systems: Technologies, Design, and Applications (Section ..)
Telegraph – An Adaptive Dataflow System (Section ..)
TinyDB – Extracting data from Sensor Nets (Section ..)
Using Properties of Network Topology to Detect Malicious Routing Behavior (Section ..)
Wind to Whales (Section ..)
SECTION 5.3 CITRIS PROJECT LIST
ENVIRONMENTAL/SOFTWARE
Automating the Development and Analysis of Embedded Systems (Section ..)
Controlled Sharing: Programming-Language Principles and Techniques (Section ..)
Distributed Authentication and Authorization: Models, Calculi, Methods (Section ..)
Fort Ord Groundwater Remediation Project (Section ...)
Great Duck Island Environmental Monitoring (Section ..)
Integrated Multicast for Ad Hoc Networks (Section ..)
MARS – Mobile Autonomous Robot Software (Section ..)
Mitigating Bottlenecks and Hotspots in Wireless Sensor Systems (Section ..)
Interfaces and Model Checking for Software (Section ..)
NEPHEST – National Experimental Platform for Hybrid and Embedded Systems Technology (Section ..)
NEST – Network Embedded Software Technology (Section ..)
Societal Scale Information Systems: Technologies, Design, and Applications (Section ..)
Static Analysis and Model Checking of Open-Source Code for Detecting Security Vulnerabilities (Section ..)
TinyOS – A component based operating system for networked sensors (Section ..)
Wide-Area Ubiquitous, Scalable, Extensible Sensor Networks (Section ..)
Wind to Whales (Section ..)
ENVIRONMENTAL/MICROSYSTEMS
Great Duck Island Environmental Monitoring (Section ..)
Hardware Emulation Platform Hardware, software and Design Methodology (Section ..)
Inkjet Printed Inductively Coupled Circuits (Section ..)
Integrated Microwatt Transceivers (Section ..)
Integrated Nano Mechanical Atomic Clock (Section ..)
Low-energy PicoRadio platform architecture development (Section ..)
MEMS REPS – MEMS Rotary Engine Power System (Section ..)
MEMS Strain Sensors-Roller Bearings (Section ..)
MFI – Micromechanical Flying Insect (Section ..)
Microrobots (Section ..)
PASTA – Power Aware Sensing, Tracking, and Analysis (Section ..)
Smart Dust (Section ..)
Societal Scale Information Systems: Technologies, Design, and Applications (Section ..)
Wind to Whales (Section ..)
ENVIRONMENTAL/HCC
Multi-resolution visualization of time-dependent three-dimensional data (Section ..)
Societal Scale Information Systems: Technologies, Design, and Applications (Section ..)
ENVIRONMENTAL/IMPLICATIONS
Societal Scale Information Systems: Technologies, Design, and Applications (Section ..)
33
34
SECTION 5.3 CITRIS PROJECT LIST
ENVIRONMENTAL/ALGORITHMS
Bayesian Methods for Spatio-Temporal, Inverse, and Multi-Resolution Problems (Section ..)
Communication over Wireless Fading Channels (Section ..)
Mitigating Bottlenecks and Hotspots in Wireless Sensor Systems (Section ..)
NRV – Supporting Networked Virtual Reality over Wide Area Networks (Section ..)
Societal Scale Information Systems: Technologies, Design, and Applications (Section ..)
Wind to Whales (Section ..)
HEALTH/SIS
Data on the Deep Web: Queries, Trawls, Policies and Countermeasures (Section ..)
Mitigating Distributed Denial of Service Attacks Using a PID Controller (Section ..)
RUBINET – Robust & Ubiquitous Networking Research Group (Section ..)
SAHARA – Service Architecture for Heterogeneous Access, Resources, and Applications (Section ..)
Societal Scale Information Systems: Technologies, Design, and Applications (Section ..)
Surgical Robotics (Section ..)
Telegraph – An Adaptive Dataflow System (Section ..)
TinyDB – Extracting data from Sensor Nets (Section ..)
Using Properties of Network Topology to Detect Malicious Routing Behavior (Section ..)
HEALTH/SOFTWARE
Automating the Development and Analysis of Embedded Systems (Section ..)
Controlled Sharing: Programming-Language Principles and Techniques (Section ..)
Distributed Authentication and Authorization: Models, Calculi, Methods (Section ..)
Framework for Open Source Software Development for Organ Simulation in the Digital Human (Section ..)
Integrated Multicast for Ad Hoc Networks (Section ..)
Interfaces and Model Checking for Software (Section ..)
Mitigating Bottlenecks and Hotspots in Wireless Sensor Systems (Section ..)
NEPHEST – National Experimental Platform for Hybrid and Embedded Systems Technology (Section ..)
NEST – Network Embedded Software Technology (Section ..)
Societal Scale Information Systems: Technologies, Design, and Applications (Section ..)
Static Analysis and Model Checking of Open-Source Code for Detecting Security Vulnerabilities (Section ..)
Surgical Robotics (Section ..)
TinyOS – A component based operating system for networked sensors (Section ..)
Wide-Area Ubiquitous, Scalable, Extensible Sensor Networks (Section ..)
HEALTH/MICROSYSTEMS
Framework for Open Source Software Development for Organ Simulation in the Digital Human (Section ..)
Hardware Emulation Platform Hardware, software and Design Methodology (Section ..)
SECTION 5.3 CITRIS PROJECT LIST
Inkjet Printed Inductively Coupled Circuits (Section ..)
Low-energy PicoRadio platform architecture development (Section ..)
PASTA – Power Aware Sensing, Tracking, and Analysis (Section ..)
Societal Scale Information Systems: Technologies, Design, and Applications (Section ..)
HEALTH/HCC
Framework for Open Source Software Development for Organ Simulation in the Digital Human (Section ..)
Interactive Progressive Arbitrary Slicing of Volumetric Data (Section ..)
Multi-resolution visualization of time-dependent three-dimensional data (Section ..)
Segmentation of High-Resolution Human Brain Cryosections (Section ..)
Societal Scale Information Systems: Technologies, Design, and Applications (Section ..)
Web Accessibility for Low Bandwidth Input (Section ..)
HEALTH/IMPLICATIONS
Societal Scale Information Systems: Technologies, Design, and Applications (Section ..)
HEALTH/ALGORITHMS
Animating Viscoplastic Materials with Dynamically Changing Meshes (Section ..)
Communication over Wireless Fading Channels (Section ..)
Framework for Open Source Software Development for Organ Simulation in the Digital Human (Section ..)
Mitigating Bottlenecks and Hotspots in Wireless Sensor Systems (Section ..)
NRV – Supporting Networked Virtual Reality over Wide Area Networks (Section ..)
Societal Scale Information Systems: Technologies, Design, and Applications (Section ..)
Wavelet-Based Hierarchical Time-Varying Volume Representation With 4th-Root-of-2 Subdivision
(Section ..)
THIRD WORLD/SIS
ICT4B – A Scalable Enabling IT Infrastructure for Developing Regions (Section ..)
SAHARA – Service Architecture for Heterogeneous Access, Resources, and Applications (Section ..)
Societal Scale Information Systems: Technologies, Design, and Applications (Section ..)
THIRD WORLD/SOFTWARE
ICT4B – A Scalable Enabling IT Infrastructure for Developing Regions (Section ..)
Automating the Development and Analysis of Embedded Systems (Section ..)
Mitigating Bottlenecks and Hotspots in Wireless Sensor Systems (Section ..)
(continued on following page)
35
36 SECTION 5.3 CITRIS PROJECT LIST
NEST – Network Embedded Software Technology (Section ..)
Societal Scale Information Systems: Technologies, Design, and Applications (Section ..)
Static Analysis and Model Checking of Open-Source Code for Detecting Security Vulnerabilities (Section ..)
TinyOS – A component based operating system for networked sensors (Section ..)
THIRD WORLD/MICROSYSTEMS
ICT4B – A Scalable Enabling IT Infrastructure for Developing Regions (Section ..)
Hardware Emulation Platform Hardware, software and Design Methodology (Section ..)
Inkjet Printed Inductively Coupled Circuits (Section ..)
Integrated Microwatt Transceivers (Section ..)
Integrated Nano Mechanical Atomic Clock (Section ..)
Low-energy PicoRadio platform architecture development (Section ..)
MEMS REPS – MEMS Rotary Engine Power System (Section ..)
MEMS Strain Sensors-Roller Bearings (Section ..)
MFI – Micromechanical Flying Insect (Section ..)
Microrobots (Section ..)
PASTA – Power Aware Sensing, Tracking, and Analysis (Section ..)
Smart Dust (Section ..)
Societal Scale Information Systems: Technologies, Design, and Applications (Section ..)
THIRD WORLD/HCC
ICT4B – A Scalable Enabling IT Infrastructure for Developing Regions (Section ..)
Ant Club Trails: Privacy in Ubiquitous Computer World (Section ..)
Societal Scale Information Systems: Technologies, Design, and Applications (Section ..)
THIRD WORLD/IMPLICATIONS
ICT4B – A Scalable Enabling IT Infrastructure for Developing Regions (Section ..)
Societal Scale Information Systems: Technologies, Design, and Applications (Section ..)
THIRD WORLD/ALGORITHMS
Communication over Wireless Fading Channels (Section ..)
Mitigating Bottlenecks and Hotspots in Wireless Sensor Systems (Section ..)
Societal Scale Information Systems: Technologies, Design, and Applications (Section ..)
SECTION 5.3 CITRIS PROJECT LIST
TRANSPORTATION/SIS
Mitigating Distributed Denial of Service Attacks Using a PID Controller (Section ..)
RUBINET – Robust & Ubiquitous Networking Research Group (Section ..)
SAHARA – Service Architecture for Heterogeneous Access, Resources, and Applications (Section ..)
Smart Mobility Model Project (Section ..)
Smart Parking Pilot Project (Section ..)
Societal Scale Information Systems: Technologies, Design, and Applications (Section ..)
Telegraph – An Adaptive Dataflow System (Section ..)
TinyDB – Extracting data from Sensor Nets (Section ..)
Using Properties of Network Topology to Detect Malicious Routing Behavior (Section ..)
TRANSPORTATION/SOFTWARE
Automating the Development and Analysis of Embedded Systems (Section ..)
Controlled Sharing: Programming-Language Principles and Techniques (Section ..)
Deterministic and Probabilistic Hybrid Control of Air Traffic Management (Section ..)
Distributed Authentication and Authorization: Models, Calculi, Methods (Section ..)
DyMND – Robust Adaptive Coordination in Dynamic Meshes of Networked Devices (Section ..)
Integrated Multicast for Ad Hoc Networks (Section ..)
Interfaces and Model Checking for Software (Section ..)
Mitigating Bottlenecks and Hotspots in Wireless Sensor Systems (Section ..)
NEPHEST – National Experimental Platform for Hybrid and Embedded Systems Technology (Section ..)
NEST – Network Embedded Software Technology (Section ..)
Societal Scale Information Systems: Technologies, Design, and Applications (Section ..)
Static Analysis and Model Checking of Open-Source Code for Detecting Security Vulnerabilities (Section ..)
TinyOS – A component based operating system for networked sensors (Section ..)
Wide-Area Ubiquitous, Scalable, Extensible Sensor Networks (Section ..)
TRANSPORTATION/MICROSYSTEMS
Hardware Emulation Platform Hardware, software and Design Methodology (Section ..)
Inkjet Printed Inductively Coupled Circuits (Section ..)
Integrated Microwatt Transceivers (Section ..)
Integrated Nano Mechanical Atomic Clock (Section ..)
Low-energy PicoRadio platform architecture development (Section ..)
MEMS REPS – MEMS Rotary Engine Power System (Section ..)
MEMS Strain Sensors-Roller Bearings (Section ..)
MFI – Micromechanical Flying Insect (Section ..)
Microrobots (Section ..)
PASTA – Power Aware Sensing, Tracking, and Analysis (Section ..)
SENSORS: High-Fidelity, Broadband, MEMS Displacement Sensor Arrays for Intelligent Structural Health
Monitoring (Section ..)
Smart Dust (Section ..)
Societal Scale Information Systems: Technologies, Design, and Applications (Section ..)
37
38
SECTION 5.3 CITRIS PROJECT LIST
TRANSPORTATION/HCC
Ant Club Trails: Privacy in Ubiquitous Computer World (Section ..)
Smart Mobility Model Project (Section ..)
Societal Scale Information Systems: Technologies, Design, and Applications (Section ..)
Web Accessibility for Low Bandwidth Input (Section ..)
TRANSPORTATION/IMPLICATIONS
Smart Mobility Model Project (Section ..)
Smart Parking Pilot Project (Section ..)
Societal Scale Information Systems: Technologies, Design, and Applications (Section ..)
TRANSPORTATION/ALGORYTHMS
An Integrated Approach to Multiple-vehicle Sensing, Coordination and Control (Section ..)
Communication over Wireless Fading Channels (Section ..)
Deterministic and Probabilistic Hybrid Control of Air Traffic Management (Section ..)
Find and Track People in Real Video Imagery (Section ..)
Mitigating Bottlenecks and Hotspots in Wireless Sensor Systems (Section ..)
NRV – Supporting Networked Virtual Reality over Wide Area Networks (Section ..)
Randomized Invariant Features for Shape Classification (Section ..)
Real-Time Image-based Rendering Using Sparsely Placed Video Cameras (Section ..)
Societal Scale Information Systems: Technologies, Design, and Applications (Section ..)
Software Enabled Control Program (Section ..)
SOCIAL SCIENCES/SIS
Data on the Deep Web: Queries, Trawls, Policies and Countermeasures (Section ..)
Digital Library (Section ..)
Dynamically Replicated Storage (Section ..)
ECAI – Electronic Cultural Atlas Initiative (Section ..)
Mining the Deep Web for Economic Data (Section ..)
Query Processing: Peer to Peer Networks (Section ..)
RUBINET – Robust & Ubiquitous Networking Research Group (Section ..)
Societal Scale Information Systems: Technologies, Design, and Applications (Section ..)
SECTION 5.3 CITRIS PROJECT LIST
SOCIAL SCIENCES/SOFTWARE
Societal Scale Information Systems: Technologies, Design, and Applications (Section ..)
Applications of Data Grouping for Effective Mobility (Section ..)
SOCIAL SCIENCES/MICROSYSTEMS
Inkjet Printed Inductively Coupled Circuits (Section ..)
Societal Scale Information Systems: Technologies, Design, and Applications (Section ..)
SOCIAL SCIENCES/HCC
Ant Club Trails: Privacy in Ubiquitous Computer World (Section ..)
Collaborative Telerobotics: Theory and Scalable Infrastructure (Section ..)
ECAI – Electronic Cultural Atlas Initiative (Section ..)
Next Generation Internet (Section ..)
Societal Scale Information Systems: Technologies, Design, and Applications (Section ..)
SOCIAL SCIENCES/IMPLICATIONS
ECAI – Electronic Cultural Atlas Initiative (Section ..)
Mining the Deep Web for Economic Data (Section ..)
Societal Scale Information Systems: Technologies, Design, and Applications (Section ..)
SOCIAL SCIENCES/ALGORITHMS
Discrete Models and Algorithms in the Sciences (Section ..)
Societal Scale Information Systems: Technologies, Design, and Applications (Section ..)
NRV – Supporting Networked Virtual Reality over Wide Area Networks (Section ..)
39
40 SECTION 5.4.1 ENERGY
SECTION 5.4 SOCIETAL IMPACT (“DRIVING APPLICATIONS”)
Section 5.4.1 Energy
New Thermostat, New Temperature Node
and New Meter (CEC)
Participating Faculty:
E. Arens, UC Berkeley, Architecture
P. Wright, UC Berkley, ME
D. Auslander, UC Berkeley, ME
D. Culler, UC Berkeley, EECS/CS
C. Federspiel, UC Berkeley, Architecture
J. Rabaey, UC Berkeley, EECS
R. White, UC Berkeley, EECS
Web site:
kingkong.me.berkeley.edu/html/BMI_Research.htm
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Energy column
Synergies with Technologies: SIS, Software,
Microsystems, HCC
To meet the objectives of the California Energy
Commission (CEC) to create inexpensive and
“smart” thermostats and electricity meters that could
be installed in all residences in California to help
conserve energy via demand-response “real-time”
electricity pricing, we will combine CITRIS efforts in
BSAC (Picoradio), BSAC(Smart Dust) and TinyOS
(NEST) to meet the following goals:
» Cost targets of $ for the thermostat, $ for the
temperature node, and $ for the electricity meter
» High quality communications with a range of
– meters for the thermostat and create a
flexible, unstrandable environment for the meter
» Capability of acting on a dynamic tariff or
Demand-Response information automatically based
on user preferences
» Creative design and packaging for ease of
installation and use of both the thermostat and the
meter.
» Ability to scavenge energy from various ambient
sources and integration with power supplies to the
devices, so that replacing batteries is unnecessary
» Support for other sensors such as occupancy
sensors for the thermostat
» Revenue-quality power measurement for the meter.
SECTION 5.4.1 ENERGY
Societal Scale Information Systems:
Technologies, Design, and Applications
Participating Faculty:
D. Culler, UC Berkeley, EECS
J. Demmel, UC Berkeley, EECS/Math
G. Fenves, UC Berkeley, CEE
R. Katz, UC Berkeley, EECS/CS
J. Rabaey, UC Berkeley, EECS
S. Sastry, UC Berkeley, EECS
B. Hamann, UC Davis, CS
Web site: www.citris.berkeley.edu
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Energy column
Synergies among all listed Societal Impacts and
Technologies
This large NSF ITR is an umbrella grant for many
CITRIS activities, and supports both fundamental
work in the above listed CITRIS technologies (rows)
and driving applications (columns), as well as
synergies among them.
The driving applications include () boosting
efficiency of energy production and consumption,
and () saving lives and property and establishing
emergency response IT infrastructure in the wake of
disasters, among others. The solutions to these
applications have the common feature that they
depend on highly-distributed, reliable, and secure
information systems that can evolve and adapt to
radical changes in their environment, delivering
networked information services and up-to-date
sensor network data stores over ad-hoc, flexible, and
fault tolerant networks that adapt to the people and
organizations that need them.
We call such systems Societal-Scale Information
Systems (SISs). An SIS must easily integrate devices,
ranging from distributed ad-hoc sensors and
actuators, to hand-held information appliances (such
as PDAs), workstations, and room-sized cluster
supercomputers at Network Operation Centers. Such
devices must be connected by ad-hoc sensor nets,
extranets, short-range wireless networks as well as by
very high-bandwidth, long haul optical backbones.
Distributed data and services must be secure,
reliable, and high-performance, even if part of the
system is down, disconnected, under repair, or under
(information) attack. The SIS must configure, install,
diagnose, maintain, and improve its quality of
service features, this applies especially to the vast
numbers of sensors that will be cheap, widely
dispersed, and even disposable. Finally, the SIS must
allow vast quantities of data to be easily and reliably
accessed, manipulated, interactively explored,
disseminated, and used in a customized fashion by
users, from expert to novice.
41
42 SECTION 5.4.2 EMERGENCY
Section 5.4.2 Emergency
Adaptive Real-Time Geoscience and
Environmental Data Analysis, Modeling
and Visualization
Participating faculty:
N. Sitar, UC Berkeley, CEE
G. Brimhall, UC Berkeley, Earth & Planetary Science
S. Glaser, UC Berkeley, CEE
J. Radke, UC Berkeley, Landscape Architecture &
Environmental Planning
Web site: firebug.sourceforge.net
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Emergency column
Synergies with Technologies in: SIS, Software,
Microsystems, HCC, Algorithms
We propose a three-year interdisciplinary effort to
build on new advances in information technology to
develop an adaptive real-time system for active
management, processing, modeling and visualization
of environmental and geoscience data. We believe
that the rapidly evolving technology in
communication, real-time instrument monitoring,
GIS, and digital field data acquisition (mapping)
allows us to propose a fundamental change in the
paradigm by developing a set of real-time, integrated
data base management and field data acquisition
tools for rapid and adaptive assessment of the
various phenomena, following and during major
catastrophic events, such as earthquakes, fires,
hurricanes, or floods. Our interest is in real-time
integration of the incoming information such that
predictive models of expected site and structure
response are continuously updated. Real time
prediction requires a thorough understanding of the
spatial and temporal nature of the phenomena and
of all controlling parameters. However, to-date
databases with sufficient sophistication and data
density are at best very scarce and much of the
predictive simulation effort is based on
discontinuous and spatially random data. More
importantly, the development of an adaptive data
collection, management, modeling, and visualization
system requires by its essence a multidisciplinary
approach and the integration of a number of
elements that are currently rapidly evolving along
parallel and somewhat unconnected tracks. Thus,
we see the interdisciplinary group effort as a unique
opportunity to allow us to integrate our efforts in
the following areas: a) development of GIS database
capable of real time updating with multiple streams
of information; b) adaptive digital field data
acquisition/mapping; c) development of robust, low
cost, intelligent field instrumentation capable of real
time data transmission; and d) data visualization and
adaptive modeling of the observed phenomena.
Ultimately, having such ability and access to such
information on the web is obvious practical
importance to the various entities engaged in dealing
with disaster: police, firemen, local, state, and federal
governments, utilities, and highway departments are
among those most visible.
SECTION 5.4.2 EMERGENCY
Intelligent Sensor Motes for Vertical
Seismic Arrays
Participating Faculty:
S. Glaser, UC Berkeley, CEE
Web site: www.ce.berkeley.edu/~glaser
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Emergency column
Synergies with Technologies: Software, Microsystems
This action is to support the installation of a vertical
seismic array on the UC Berkeley campus. Two
instrumented boreholes will be installed on either
side of the Hayward Fault. Each borehole will
consist of -component accelerometer units, a rate
gyroscope, magnetometer, and pore pressure sensor.
The sensors will be an array of MEMS-based devices,
including an all-digital -bit accelerometer. The
sensors will be incorporated into an intelligent
networked sensor Mote. An event driven TinyOS is
used to multiplex the concurrent flows of
information across this single controller, which is
connected to a transceiver, a secondary storage
device, a sensor oriented I/O system, and a power
management subsystem. The noise floor of the array
is expected to be approximately  ng/root(Hz), and
the cost about  magnitudes less than current vertical
arrays.
In recent years, vertical arrays have come on-line
in several sites in California, Taiwan, and Japan. They
are changing the understanding of seismic ground
motion by allowing for the 3-D evaluation of seismic
wave propagation. Downhole recordings of ground
motion provide a glimpse of how waves are
propagating near the surface of the earth. By
comparing multiple downhole recordings and a
related surface recording, it is possible to observe
how the waves change as they progress through the
ground and are affected by materials in the soil
profile. The arrays allow the estimation of
experimental Greens functions for a site, with the
estimation made using the rich field of system
identification.
Perhaps most importantly, the project will
introduce civil engineering students to new
developments in sensor, communications, and
information technologies. It will also help them to
become familiar with multi-disciplinary tools, and to
become aware of the implications of advances in
other fields of engineering, and how these
technologies might help them solve civil engineering
problems.
43
44
SECTION 5.4.2 EMERGENCY
Principles of Centrifuge Modeling
Participating Faculty:
B. Kutter, UC Davis, CEE
R. Boulanger, UC Davis, CEE
S. Velinsky, UC Davis, MAE
D. Wilson, UC Davis, CEE
B. Yoo, UC Davis, ECE
Web site: cgm.engr.ucdavis.edu
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Emergency Column
Synergies with Technologies in: Algorithms
A geotechnical centrifuge is used to conduct model
tests to study geotechnical problems such as the
strength, stiffness and capacity of foundations for
bridges and buildings, settlement of embankments,
stability of slopes, earth retaining structures, tunnel
stability and seawalls. Other applications include
explosive cratering, contaminant migration in
ground water, frost heave and sea ice. The centrifuge
may be useful for scale modeling of any large-scale
nonlinear problem for which gravity is a primary
force.
Value of Centrifuge in Geotechnical Earthquake
Engineering
Large Earthquakes are infrequent and unrepeatable
but can be devastating. This makes it difficult to
obtain the required data to study their effects by post
earthquake field investigations. Instrumentation of
full scale structures is expensive to maintain over the
large periods of time that may elapse between major
temblors, and the instrumentation may not be
placed in the most scientifically useful locations.
Even if engineers are lucky enough to obtain timely
recordings of data from real failures, there is no
guarantee that the instrumentation is providing
repeatable data. In addition, scientifically educational
failures from real earthquakes come at the expense of
the safety of the public. Understandably, after a real
earthquake, most of the interesting data is rapidly
cleared away before engineers have an opportunity to
adequately study the failure modes.
Centrifuge modeling is a valuable tool for
studying the effects of ground shaking on critical
structures without risking the safety of the public.
The efficacy of alternative designs or seismic
retrofitting techniques can compared in a repeatable
scientific series of tests.
Reason for Model Testing on the Centrifuge
Geotechnical materials such as soil and rock have
nonlinear mechanical properties depending on
effective confining stress and stress history. The
centrifuge applies an increased “gravitational”
acceleration to physical models to produce identical
self-weight stresses in the model and prototype. The
one to one scaling of stress enhances the similarity of
geotechnical models and makes it possible to obtain
accurate data to help solve complex problems such as
earthquake-induced liquefaction, soil-structure
interaction and underground transport of pollutants
such as dense non-aqueous phase liquids. Centrifuge
model testing provides data to improve our
understanding of deformation and failure and
provides benchmarks useful for verification of
numerical models.
Verification of Numerical Models
Centrifuge tests can also be used to obtain
experimental data to verify a design procedure or a
computer model. The rapid development of
computational power over the last two decades has
revolutionized engineering analysis. Many computer
models have been developed to predict the behavior
of geotechnical structures during earthquakes. Before
a computer model can be used with confidence, it
must be proven to be valid based on experimental
data. The meager and unrepeatable data provided by
natural earthquakes is usually insufficient for this
purpose. The centrifuge is useful for verifying
assumptions and improving computer models.
SECTION 5.4.2 EMERGENCY
Workshops on Critical
Infrastructure Protection
Participating Faculty:
S. Sastry, UC Berkeley, EECS
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Emergency column
Synergies with Technologies in: SIS, Software
The workshops identified fundamental Information
Technology (IT) challenges that must be answered to
make the critical infrastructure of the nation safer
against potential attacks and to explore the
international aspect of proposed research plans and
policies.
Over the past two decades IT has become the
primary driving force of the US economic growth.
Inevitably, the tremendous penetration of IT in all
spheres of the economy has created an essential
interdependence between the safety and security of
our energy, transportation and communication
infrastructure and the safety and security of our
information systems. This interdependence creates
enormous risks and opportunities, as information
technology is part of the problem and part of the
solution. On one hand, safety and security problems
with our information systems may create widespread
damage in our critical infrastructure which could
rapidly paralyze our economy. For example,
vulnerability in SCADA systems, which are widely
used in the power, chemical and transportation
industries, may present major threat that must be
avoided. On the other hand, information technology
offers the only practical solution to the safe
operation and effective protection of our critical
infrastructure.
Recognizing this tremendous challenge and
responsibility, the National Science Foundation
provided funding for a dual workshop, which
examined the crosscutting IT technology issues in
critical infrastructure protection (CIP) and explored
the international implications with the involvement
of researchers supported by the European
Commission.
The specific goals of the workshops were to ()
identify potential vulnerabilities in critical
infrastructure related to information systems, ()
identify information systems and technologies
essential for critical infrastructure protections, ()
analyze interdependence among information
systems, cyber infrastructure components and the
proper and safe functioning of critical infrastructure
systems, and () identify research priorities in critical
infrastructure systems controlled by information
technology – e.g., power systems, aviation and
selected areas. The workshops focused on the
information technology research emerging in the
control of these systems, including developing
approaches to ensure critical infrastructure systems
protection and understanding and controlling
system interdependencies.
45
46
SECTION 5.4.3 EDUCATION
Section 5.4.3 Education
SMETE Digital Library
Participating Faculty:
Agogino, UC Berkeley, ME
Web site: mathforum.org, www.smete.org
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Education column
Synergies with Technologies in: SIS, HCC
A learner-centered metathesaurus will be created by
studying the transactions between learners and two
learning resources – the Math Forum
(mathforum.org) and www.smete.org. Three modes
of interaction will be studied. Data in which many
students respond to the same problem (the
MathForum Problem of the Week) will be used to
establish conceptual structures within each of six
problem domains. The large number of participants
(– per question, several hundred questions)
will provide many modes of math communication.
Data from transactions between learners and experts
(the MathForum Ask Dr. Math) will be used to relate
these conceptual structures to the generic domain
structure used to index the transaction archive. The
resulting set of related knowledge structures will
provide the basis for learners to navigate the space of
math resources, from static instructional units, to
group projects, to small group discussions, etc. An
additional resource, www.smete.org will be studied.
Here, learner interaction is more in the typical
library mode of search-retrieve. Because the library
is digital, we have additional feedback information –
viewed and selected resources. This will allow us to
map between learner language and resource
metadata, extending the metathesaurus across
domain boundaries. The result of the project will be
to provide a learning emphasis for the SMETE
Digital Library and a set of tools for creating interand cross-domain thesauri.
SECTION 5.4.3 EDUCATION
Telecommunication/Telecollaboration
Participating Faculty:
P. Mantey, UC Santa Cruz, EE
J. Garcia-Luna, UC Santa Cruz, CE
H. Tao, UC Santa Cruz, CE
Web site: www.cse.ucsc.edu/~mantey
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Education column
Synergies with Technologies in: SIS, HCC
In collaboration with Microsoft, we have begun the
TeleEducation/TeleCollaboration and Streaming
Media project, which includes network protocols
(including floor-control), multicasting, support for
caching, and streaming media. These require
extensive technology development beyond the
current Internet, to effectively and affordably
support quality real-time streaming media, dynamic
multicasting, and advanced user interfaces providing
additional function and improved ease of use.
Microsoft’s DISC represents an initial setting for
the investigation. On the one hand, it provides many
of the envisaged features for the distributed
classroom. On the other hand, it assumes no floor
passing between teacher and students, and relies on a
centralized architecture for the maintenance of the
workspace. Based on the above observations, we will
address the following research problems:
() Impact analysis of the Microsoft’s DISC as is,
insofar as its ability to provide a seamless integration
of group collaboration into the tools used by
instructors and students in courses.
() Floor control and conference management
mechanisms that synchronize user actions and
permit concurrent sharing of shared workspaces in a
non-intrusive manner, i.e., without requiring the
users of the system to adopt a strict protocol of
interaction. An integral part of our study will be
determining effective ways to embed floor control
mechanisms in DISC.
() Scalability of the distributed classroom, in which
potentially hundreds of students could attend a
remote lecture. This aspect of our research entails
the investigation of system aspects of the distributed
classroom (e.g., what is an efficient way to eliminate
centralized servers or databases that can become
bottlenecks in the system) as well as algorithmic and
protocol aspects of its components (e.g., how should
applications be adapted to the handling of hundreds
of participants who are geographically distributed;
how should classroom telecasts be supported, given
that IP multicast is not supported beyond relatively
small testbeds and research networks in the
Internet).
() Definition and use of multimedia feedback
channels. In the case of a lecture, limited audio
feedback can be enough; for distance learning,
however, a feedback window could be used to
provide information to the instructor from the
students. The size of a lecture impacts the nature and
effectiveness of feedback channels; therefore,
different types of feedback should be available to
students.
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SECTION 5.4.3 EDUCATION
The Use of Digital Collections in
Undergraduate Teaching
Participating Faculty:
D.Harley, UC Berkeley, Center for Studies in
Higher Education
Web site:
ishi.lib.berkeley.edu/cshe/people/dharley.html
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Education column
Synergies with Technologies in: SIS
The Center for Studies in Higher Education (CSHE)
and the educational arm of the Center for
Information Technology Research in the Interest of
Society (CITRIS) at UC Berkeley will test a number
of models that might prove effective in applying
technological solutions to problems of higher
educational quality, cost, and access within the
context of a major public research university. The
focus of this project is a survey and review of use of
digital collections in the humanities and social
sciences (H/SS) in a variety of undergraduate
teaching environments, including those in liberal arts
and community colleges. We have identified a
number of challenges confronting those who finance
and develop digital collections for classroom use.
These include a lack of attention on humanities and
social science learning environments, a lack of
coordination among developers regarding best
practice in user studies, and a lack of knowledge
about how different tiers of higher education
institutions are using collections in undergraduate
education. Our work will include: ) A survey of
current use of select H/SS digital collections, )
Testing the efficacy of a variety of methods to assess
actual use of local H/SS collections, )
Understanding faculty attitudes about their use or
non-use of digital collections in H/SS teaching, and
) Assembling a cohort of digital collection owners
and digital collection evaluation experts to discuss
and disseminate best practice in assessing digital
collection use in undergraduate educational settings.
An offshoot of this work is a proposed
experiment in partnership with the California Digital
Library (CDL) that will analyze the quality and
quantity of educational use that is made of three
distinctive types of digital collection (database,
portal, and exhibition). Our hypothesis is that the
reference database, although rich in content, is an
inadequate collection type for easy classroom use by
most faculty. We will compare the relative costs and
utility of the database, the portal, and the exhibition
in undergraduate learning environments. The work
is undertaken to ensure that investment in digital
collections and assumptions about their value are
informed by real data on both the quantity and
quality of their scholarly use. To that end, we will
engage in an experiment that first, evaluates faculty
use of existing collection types and second, involves
faculty from multiple disciplines in the design and
classroom testing of entirely new portals and an
array of related exhibitions.
SECTION 5.4.4 ENVIRONMENTAL
Section 5.4.4 Environmental
Fort Ord Groundwater Remediation Project
Participating Faculty:
R. Flegal, UC Santa Cruz, Environmental Toxicology
P. Mantey, UC Santa Cruz, CSE
Web site: www.etox.ucsc.edu/faculty/flegal.html
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Environment column
Synergies with Technologies in: Software, SIS
The Fort Ord Groundwater Remediation project
leverages an already existing investment of nearly $
million in remediation technology design. The stateof-the-art research systems capture, in real time, the
flow dynamics and chemical response of
contaminants to the remediation. In collaboration
with the Department of Army, the Lawrence
Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) and
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LLBL), we
will test the wider application of the detection and
monitoring systems in operational scale remediation
strategies. This includes an assessment of the
system’s current effectiveness, refinements of its
original design, expansion of its capabilities and data
presentation methodologies, and an assessment of its
overall technical and cost effectiveness. The
preliminary equipment was designed to significantly
increase the data collection capability related to the
initial remediation efforts (kind, quantity and quality
of data). Our research will further increase and
refine the spectrum and quality of data capture and
the ability to adjust, in real time, the operating
parameters of the remediation processes, which will
increase their effectiveness and decrease the related
time and cost investments by the DOD in that and
similar remediation efforts elsewhere.
The specific objectives are to () develop real time
sampling, analysis, and data transmission for
subsurface contaminants; () integrate real time
plume characterization in to useful visualization
tools for process engineering decision making; ()
explore the identification of source zone locations by
using a combination of real time measurement with
process control; and () explore expansion of
technologies and processes to contaminants from
munitions and to homeland security needs such as
drinking water systems and waterway contamination
detection.
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SECTION 5.4.4 ENVIRONMENTAL
Great Duck Island
Environmental Monitoring
Participating Faculty:
D. Culler, UC Berkeley, EECS
Web site: www.greatduckisland.net
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Environment column
Synergies with Technolgies in: SIS, Software,
Microsystems
In the spring of , the Intel Research Laboratory
at Berkeley and UC Berkeley initiated a collaboration
with the College of the Atlantic in Bar Harbor and
the University of California at Berkeley to deploy
wireless sensor networks on Great Duck Island,
Maine. These networks monitor the microclimates in
and around nesting burrows used by the Leach’s
Storm Petrel. Our goal is to develop a habitat
monitoring kit that enables researchers worldwide to
engage in the non-intrusive and non-disruptive
monitoring of sensitive wildlife and habitats.
As of mid-October , nearly  million readings
have been logged from  motes deployed on the
island. Each mote has a microcontroller, a low-power
radio, memory, and batteries. For habitat
monitoring, we added sensors for temperature,
humidity, barometric pressure, and mid-range
infrared. Motes periodically sample and relay their
sensor readings to computer base stations on the
island. These in turn feed into a satellite link that
allows researchers to access real-time environmental
data over the Internet.
The left picture below shows a sensor that was
placed in a bird burrow. The middle picture shows
the directional antenna outside the burrow that
transmits the signal from the wireless sensor to the
lightkeeper’s house, which transmits to the satellite.
The right picture shows a Storm Petrel.
SECTION 5.4.4 ENVIRONMENTAL
Visualization of Great Duck Island Sensor
Network Data
Participating Faculty:
B. Hamann, UC Davis, CS
Web site:
www.greatduckisland.net/technology/technology.htm
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Environment column
Synergies with Technologies in: Algorithms
Great Duck Island is a -acre island located off the
coast of Maine and an important nesting ground for
Leach’s Storm Petrel, a common New England
seabird. In spring , the College of the Atlantic, in
collaboration with the University of California,
Berkeley, and Intel Corp., deployed a sensor network
consisting of ~motes on the island to monitor the
Petrel’s nesting behavior. Using a sensor network
allowed scientists to continually measure
environmental data in and around the Petrels’
nesting burrows without disturbing the nesting
birds. Over a three-month period during summer
, the sensor network delivered .~million
measurement packets to its base station, with
individual motes delivering up to , packets.
Each mote was programmed to measure several
environmental variables including temperature,
humidity, barometric pressure, and light level.
We are developing an application that uses data
from the sensor network’s measurement database to
reconstruct a selected measured variable at every
location inside the area covered by the sensor
network, by interpolating measured values between
mote locations. A reconstruction is then evolved over
time and used to create an animation of the weather
conditions on Great Duck Island data for the
measurement period. The data structures and
algorithms we are developing in the course of this
project are independent of the specific circumstances
of the Great Duck Island sensor network, especially
of the number and distribution of motes and the
type of measured variables. We anticipate that our
work will be applicable to a wide variety of data soon
to be generated by more complex, next-generation
sensor networks.
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SECTION 5.4.4 ENVIRONMENTAL
Wind to Whales
Participating Faculty:
G. Griggs, UC Santa Cruz, Earth Sciences
P. Mantey, UC Santa Cruz, CSE
Web site: www.es.ucsc.edu/personnel/Griggs
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Environment column
Synergies with Technologies in: SIS, Software,
Microsystems, Algorithms
The goal of the Wind to Whales project is to predict
present and future effects of human activities on
marine ecosystems. The project brings together an
interdisciplinary group of researchers from five
partner institutions around Monterey Bay, with
UCSC as the lead institution. The other partners are
the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute
(MBARI), the Naval Postgraduate School in
Monterey, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, and
the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)
Laboratory in Santa Cruz. The Monterey Bay
National Marine Sanctuary is also involved. Recent
technological breakthroughs in numerous disciplines
have made possible new syntheses that cross
traditional disciplinary boundaries.
By creating a Center for Integrated Marine
Technologies (CIMT), we will explicitly link new
technologies across disciplines of marine science to
address key questions for marine resource managers.
This center forms an innovative new approach to
understanding how key marine resources – fisheries,
seabirds, sea turtles, and marine mammals – respond
to short and long-term changes in physical
oceanographic processes such as El Niño events,
decadal oscillations, and long-term climate change.
Our long-term goal is to develop multifrequency,
high frequency (HF) radar techniques and
instrumentation for real-time measurement of near
surface ocean currents, vertical current shear, winds,
and friction velocity. Our goal includes deployment,
maintenance, and improvement of HF radar systems
for providing maps of data products in real time for
the advancement of air-sea interaction and coastal
oceanography, as well as the integration of HF radar
measurements into coastal ocean models. A related
goal is to investigate and develop ship detection and
tracking techniques for multifrequency HF radar as a
contribution to the Homeland Security Program.
SECTION 5.4.5 HEALTH
Section 5.4.5 Health
Framework for Open Source Software
Development for Organ Simulation in the
Digital Human
Participating Faculty:
Ron Fearing, UC Berkeley, EECS
Web site: robotics.eecs.berkeley.edu/medical
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Health column
Synergies with Technologies in: Microsystems,
Software, HCC, Algorithms
During the fiscal year , the focus of this project
is threefold, described as follows:
Simulation Framework
The design of the architecture of the open surgical
simulator framework has been completed. The main
research effort during the fiscal year  will be on
completing the implementation of the open source
release of the surgical simulator. Although this
implementation is loosely based on the already
existing VESTA surgical training simulator testbed,
all the underlying simulation and computation
engines are completely redesigned. The improvement
over the existing system is on the modularity and
extensibility of the simulation framework, adapting
it to follow the proposed standard APIs, and to use
the high performance computational tools. The
simulation framework released at the end of the next
fiscal year will include implementations of lumped
element models, linear finite element models,
nonlinear finite element models, and a multi-grid
finite element integration scheme for mechanical
deformation of objects. A novel haptic interfacing
scheme will be implemented for the new simulation
engine. The simulation engine will also supply
uniform interfaces with the input/output devices for
the models. In particular, a standard interface for
graphical display of objects will be established and
implemented. Requirements for including different
computational models in the simulation engine and
for addition of collision detection and response will
also be studied.
API Design
The focus of this effort will be to complete the API
specifications to cover collision detection/collision
response within different mechanical models,
mechanical connection between objects, and
interfacing between different physical processes. How
these APIs can be included in a grander scale medical
simulation framework, such as the Digital Human
project, will also be studied to identify the related
issues.
Heart Model for Surgical Simulation
The focus of the heart modeling effort will be on
implementing a basic multi-process heart model
using the open source surgical simulation framework
and the API specifications described above. The
main objective will be evaluating the simulation
framework and the APIs. The mechanical motion of
the heart will be implemented using a more detailed
physically based model. The blood dynamics will be
modeled as a lumped fluid model and the basic
physiology of the heart will be implemented as a
hybrid dynamical model. These different processes
will be implemented as separate physical processes
and interfaced within the API specifications.
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SECTION 5.4.5 HEALTH
Surgical Robotics
Participating Faculty:
S. Sastry, UC Berkeley, EECS
R. Fearing, UC Berkeley, EECS
Web site: robotics.eecs.berkeley.edu/medical
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Health column
Synergies with Technologies in: SIS, Software
Robotic Telesurgical Workstation for Laparoscopy
Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS) is a revolutionary
approach in surgery. In MIS, the operation is
performed with instruments and viewing equipment
inserted into the body through small incisions
created by the surgeon, in contrast to open surgery
with large incisions. This minimizes surgical trauma
and damage to healthy tissue, resulting in shorter
patient recovery time. Unfortunately, there are
disadvantages due to the reduced dexterity,
workspace, and sensory input to the surgeon, which
is only available through a single video image.
In this joint project between the Robotics and
Intelligent Machines Laboratory of the University of
California, Berkeley (UCB) and the Department of
Surgery of the University of California San Francisco
(UCSF), a robotic telesurgical workstation for
laparoscopy is developed. Our Robotic Telesurgical
Workstation for Laparoscopy is a bimanual system
with two  DOF manipulators instrumented with
grippers, controlled by a pair of  DOF master
manipulators.
With the telesurgical workstation, the
conventional surgical tools are replaced with robotic
instruments, which are under direct control of the
surgeon through teleoperation. The goal is to restore
the manipulation and sensation capabilities of the
surgeon, which were lost due to minimally invasive
surgery. A  DOF slave manipulator, controlled
through a spatially consistent and intuitive master,
will restore the dexterity, the force feedback to the
master will increase the fidelity of the manipulation,
and the tactile feedback will restore the lost tactile
SECTION 5.4.6 THIRD WORLD
Section 5.4.6 Third World
ICT4B – A Scalable Enabling IT
Infrastructure for Developing Regions
Participating Faculty:
E. Brewer, UC Berkeley, EECS/CS
T. Kalil UC Berkeley, COE
J. Mankoff, UC Berkeley, EECS/CS
J. Rabaey, UC Berkeley, EECS
I. Ray, UC Berkeley, Energy and Resources Group
V. Subramanian, UC Berkeley, EECS
S. Weber, UC Berkeley, Political Science
Web site: www.cs.berkeley.edu/~brewer
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Third World column
Synergies with Technologies: SIS, Software,
Microsystems, HCC, Implications
There are thousands of stand-alone projects that aim
to bring information and communication
technology (ICT) to developing regions, but nearly
all depend on existing hardware and infrastructure
developed for affluent regions. These imported
technologies fail to address key challenges in cost,
deployment, power, and support for semi-literate
users. This proposal develops the key technologies
and infrastructure to enable these projects, and many
new applications that were previously intractable.
We address these challenges with novel
technology, and validate impact via two real-world
pilot deployments in two developing regions. Our
goal is not just to understand two specific ICT
applications, but also to demonstrate that the
underlying ICT architecture and technologies truly
help developing regions. To this end, this proposal
includes two faculty from social sciences to ensure
that the work enables real-world solutions.
Supporting partners (Intel, HP, IIT Delhi, Markle,
Grameen Bank) will provide project guidance and
on-site help. IIT Delhi and UCB will co-teach classes
on IT for developing regions and encourage student
exchange to facilitate research.
The technology strategy is to attack the key
challenges of cost, power, deployment, support, and
literacy. ICT4B will provide order-of-magnitude
improvements in device cost, infrastructure and
networking cost, and power consumption. Key
deliverables include: ) novel low-cost, low-power
devices; ) a new approach to low-cost networking
based on intermittent connectivity (rather than
persistent connectivity as in the Internet); ) a userinterface toolkit to support poor literacy via novel
speech recognition, and a variety of sensors for
environment and health applications; and ) a threetier architecture with proxies and data centers to
support low-cost devices with more functionality,
easier development, over-the-wire reprogramming,
and usage monitoring for social science research. The
– times reduction in device cost stems from codesign of devices and infrastructure, system-on-achip integration, and use of open standards. The
– times reduction in device power usage stems
from low-power circuits, using less CPU power due
to help from the infrastructure, and low-power
intermittent networking. The – times reduction
in infrastructure cost comes from intermittent
networking, extensive sharing, and novel
architectural approaches to user and system support
in the field.
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56 SECTION 5.4.7 TRANSPORTATION
Section 5.4.7 Transportation
Deterministic and Probabilistic Hybrid
Control of Air Traffic Management
Participating Faculty:
S. Sastry, UC Berkeley, EECS
Web site: chess.eecs.berkeley.edu
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Transportation column
Synergies with Technologies in: Software, Algorithms
The increasing demand for air travel is stressing the
current, mostly human operated ATM (air traffic
management) system. It has been suggested that the
enhanced automation in future ATM may alleviate
some of this stress by improving the efficiency of the
system and simplifying the task of the human
operators. This improvement, of course, has to be
achieved while maintaining (or ideally improving)
the level of safety over the current system.
In ATM, safety is typically quantified in terms of
numbers of conflicts, that is, situations where aircraft
come closer to one another than a certain desired
minimum distance. To prevent conflicts, ATM resorts
to a two-stage process. In the first stage, conflict
detection is performed; the positions of the aircraft
in the future are predicted and compared to
determine the possibility of conflict. Once a potential
conflict has been detected, stage two – the conflict
resolution stage – is invoked, to modify the plans of
the aircraft.
Currently, all these functions are performed
manually by the pilots and air traffic controllers
(ATCs). Some partial automation tools are already
available to assist the operators (for example, CTAS
and TCAS). Conflict prediction and resolution are
considered at three different levels of air traffic
management process. The main characteristics of
our contribution are the following: () Probabilistic
models are proposed for the aircraft position
projection and for the validation of the proposed
algorithms by Monte-Carlo simulation. The
stochastic model for projecting the position of an
aircraft in the future is simple and allows in principle
fast computations, which makes it ideal for online
conflict prediction. The validation model is more
accurate than the prediction model, and therefore
more difficult to compute with; this is not a major
concern, however, as it is only used offline. () A
detection algorithm based on the proposed
prediction model is introduced. The prediction
model produces probability distributions for the
future positions of the aircraft, which are used to
construct a probabilistic measure of the criticality of
the situation. If the measure exceeds a certain
threshold, a conflict is declared. () The
computational issues involved in the application of
the proposed conflict altering system are addressed
by resorting to randomized algorithms. The
advantage of randomized techniques is that they
tend to be computationally more efficient. Moreover,
the computational load does not significantly
increase in the 3D case with respect to the 2D case.
They also provide analytical bounds on the accuracy
of the approximation involved.
SECTION 5.4.7 TRANSPORTATION
Improving Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART)
District Connectivity and Access with the
Segway Human Transporter and Other Low
Impact Mobility Devices
Participating Faculty:
S. Shaheen, UC Davis, ITS
Website: its.ucdavis.edu/
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Transportation column
The Bay Area has an extensive transit system with
networks of buses, light rail, and heavy rail extending
to most major destinations. However, access (walking
distance or parking) to transit stations limits the
number of patrons that can effectively utilize the
transit system. While there are some effective feeder
services that help extend transit access to a broader
range of customers, these systems have limited utility
due to fixed routes and schedules. A more
comprehensive approach is needed, which focuses on
a range of integrated “door-to-door” mobility
services linked to transit.
An effective demand-responsive, easy-to-use
system that links home, work, and other activity
destinations with transit stations could encourage
greater transit usage. By providing seamless options
that help to bridge the gap between transit and
automobiles, other issues such as limited parking at
transit stations, low fare box revenues, roadway
congestion, and air pollution could be alleviated in
an efficient manner. A multi-modal approach
provides greater connectivity for people living and
working within range of transit stations. The Segway
Human Transporter (Segway HT or HT) is one
innovative mobility device that could be part of such
a seamless system and promote transit access. Other
options might include shared bikes, small
neighborhood electric vehicles, and full-size cars.
The Segway HT is an electric mobility device for
individual short distance trips. The operator stands
upright on the Segway HT and “steers” it, utilizing
hand controls and weight distribution. The Segway
HT is small (less than  pounds) and requires
minimal space for storage. The device has a range of
– miles on one charge and can be recharged from
any  outlet in four to six hours. Among the many
potential uses for the Segway HT is the possibility of
integrating it into transit access systems with other
low impact mobility devices (e.g., bicycles).
This is a two-year study of the Segway HT and
other low impact mobility devices. Project partners
include the California Department of Transportation
(Caltrans), the Bay Area Rapid Transit District
(BART), and the University of California-wide
Center for Commercialization of ITS Technologies
(CCIT). As a precursor to the proposed Year Two
pilot demonstration, the Year One study includes an
examination of safety issues associated with other
low impact modes linked to transit, such as bikes,
scooters, and roller blades. The knowledge gained on
safety and pedestrian conflicts of a wide range of
low-impact modes will provide a baseline for better
understanding Segway HT safety considerations,
better managing their testing/introduction, and
grasping barriers to the expansion or use of other
low-impact modes for trip taking and transit access.
The Segway HT may fill a niche market for
individuals who live or work too far to walk from
transit, but cannot drive (because they don’t own a
car or parking at the station is limited). However,
there is no similar device to the Segway HT and
integrating it into our current transportation
infrastructure poses some interesting challenges.
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SECTION 5.4.7 TRANSPORTATION
Smart Mobility Model Project
Participating Faculty:
S. Shaheen, UC Davis, ITS
C. Rodier, UC Davis, ITS
Website: www.its.ucdavis.edu/research-sec.html
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Transportation column
Synergies with Technologies in: SIS, HCC, Implications
The Smart Mobility Model Project is a collaborative
effort among the U.C. Davis campus, the California
Department of Transportation (Caltrans), UC
Berkeley’s Partners for Advanced Transit and
Highways, and the Institute of Transportation
Studies. The goal of the project is to optimize
individual mobility through improved connectivity
among modes, enhanced techniques to link land-use
planning and transportation system design, and
advanced information and clean-fuel technologies.
At UC Davis, campus planners are interested in
applying innovative mobility services and
technologies to the upcoming UC Davis Long Range
Development Plan.
The premise behind the Smart Mobility Model
Project is that a transportation system should
facilitate mobility by providing a variety of modes
for individuals to choose from when planning a trip.
This might include an automobile for some trips,
public transit, bicycle, electric bike, small electric car,
e-commerce, smart shuttles, or a similar low impact
mode for other trips. Strategically bundling diverse
mode options with smart growth, land-use strategies
should increase the viability of all the modes while
enhancing quality of life. A Smart Mobility service
would enable users to evaluate cost, convenience, and
impacts before making a modal choice. The result
would be reduced negative environmental impacts,
improved social connectivity, better resource
utilization, and a high degree of user (consumer)
satisfaction.
Current cost signals and transportation system
designs encourage almost exclusive dependence on
the single occupancy vehicle (SOV). Many of the
costs associated with automobile ownership are fixed
or only marginally linked to vehicle miles traveled
(VMT), such as purchase price, insurance, and
maintenance. Thus once an individual has purchased
a car, they typically choose to drive that vehicle
almost exclusive of all other modes. In a Smart
Mobility service the fixed costs of vehicle ownership
are shifted to a variable fee based on actual usage.
SOV travel would still likely occur, but to a lesser
degree because users can now evaluate costs and
convenience and choose among other attractive
service modes for some trips. Mobility becomes a
service that users subscribe to, rather than a product
(an automobile) that is purchased and owned.
Seamless door-to-door connectivity is a key
element of a Smart Mobility service. This is a feature
that is lacking from most existing public transit
systems for the majority of users. Land-use patterns
and minimal passenger requirements for transit
prevent comprehensive coverage in lower density
neighborhoods. This lack of trip connectivity
reduces consumer options. For example, although a
person may work close to a transit stop, transit
access on the home side of a trip is often more than
a mile away. Connectivity options such as small
electric cars, electric bicycles, the Segway Human
Transporter, or carsharing vehicles as demonstrated
in CarLink II, present a viable means to complete a
transit trip. Land-use patterns designed to enhance
modal mobility and advanced information systems
can also improve connectivity. Real-time traveler
information about trip options, transit schedules,
smart parking, and other modal alternatives and
technology for instant access to reservations and
vehicles for short-term use (e.g., smart cards) can
make seamless door-to-door connectivity a costeffective option for users.
SECTION 5.4.7 TRANSPORTATION
Smart Parking Pilot Project
Participating Faculty:
S. Shaheen, UC Davis, ITS
C. Rodier, UC Davis, ITS
Website: its.ucdavis.edu
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Transportation column
Synergies with Technologies in: SIS, Implications
Parking is costly and limited in almost every major
city in the U.S., contributing to increased congestion,
air pollution, driver frustration, and safety problems.
Furthermore, limited parking can also constrain
transit ridership in dense regions, such as the Bay
Area, where transit parking is full or close to capacity
at  of BART’s  transit stations. Job growth is
projected to increase by % by  in the Bay Area;
thus, greater parking shortfalls are expected at transit
facilities and in dense urban areas. With parking
construction and land use costs increasing,
innovative alternatives for meeting near-term
parking demand are needed. With powerful
innovations in wireless Internet technology and
enhanced transit data systems, service oriented smart
parking management approaches such as “dynamic
space sharing” are on the verge of providing a costeffective solution.
The concept we call “dynamic space sharing” can
be employed to increase available parking inventory
(without building additional facilities) and improve
the driver experience through the use of wireless
communication and matching logic technologies
that increase parking capacity by managing
privately-owned or previously restricted spaces.
These spaces, such as private parking (e.g., corporate,
apartment, hotels), private driveways, driveway curb
space, loading zones, access alleys, could be made
available for public parking utilizing dynamic
management technology that accounts for the
specific needs of the rights’ holders. When valuable
space is made available to the public, the rights’
holders share in revenue generated from the space
provided. Preliminary estimates suggest that space
sharing can increase available parking inventory by
–% in many areas (Victoria Transport Policy
Institute, ). Because space sharing is highly
desirable for both the public and the rights’ holders,
it is expected to generate significant revenue. By
employing sophisticated database technology, pricing
can be adjusted dynamically (e.g., value pricing
based on time of day) to foster localized behavior
shifts.
59
60 SECTION 5.4.7 TRANSPORTATION
Unmanned Combat Air Vehicles:
A Case Study in Multi-agent Hybrid Systems
Participating Faculty:
P. Varaiya, UCBerkeley, EECS
Web site: www.path.berkeley.edu/~varaiya
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Transportation column
Synergies with Technologies: Software, Algorithms
In addition to the theoretical work in the areas of
multi-agent architecture integration, multi-modal
control, and hybrid model real-time code generation,
the Berkeley Aerobot (BEAR) research team is
currently developing unmanned air vehicle (UAV)
experimental capabilities as well as a capability for
modeling and simulating UAV missions. The BEAR
experimental platform consists of modified Yamaha
helicopters (with a main rotor diameter of  ft. and
-lb. payload). The Yamaha helicopters, developed
for commercial crop spraying in Japanese
agriculture, provide a reliable and affordable
platform with similar maneuverability and agility to
that envisioned for small, tactical UAVs. We
successfully modified the Yamaha helicopters for
autonomous flight to achieve waypoint navigation.
The research conducted with the Office of Naval
Research award further enhanced our UAV
capabilities to serve as experimental platforms for
new technologies involved in the following research
areas: multi-agent coordination, planning, and
distributed decentralized control; coordinated
surveillance using multiple UAVs; formation flight;
pursuit/evasion games; autonomous landing on
simulated ship deck motion platforms; ground-based
target tracking; hybrid control design and
verification; safe and efficient flight mode switching;
design and reliability assessment of fault tolerant
control systems; sensor fusion algorithms for
multiple sensors, including INS, GPS, and active
vision; and vision-based navigation.
SECTION 5.4.8 SOCIAL SCIENCES, HUMANITIES & BUSINESS
Section 5.4.8 Social Sciences, Humanities & Business
ECAI – Electronic Cultural Atlas Initiative
Participating Faculty/Staff:
L. Lancaster (Emeritus), UC Berkeley, East Asian
Languages and Culture
M. Buckland, UC Berkeley, SIMS
M. Nyland, UC Berkeley, History
W. Yeh, UC Berkeley, History Department
P. Zhou, UC Berkeley, East Asian Library
G. Craddock, UC Berkeley, Spanish and Portuguese
C. Chu, UC Berkeley, East Asian Languages
and Culture
J. Zerneke, UC Berkeley, International Area Studies
H. Lan, UC Berkeley, Educational Technology
Services
D. Harley, UC Berkeley, Center for Studies in
Higher Education
R. Mostern, UC Berkeley, Electronic Cultural
Atlas Initiative
R. Larson, UC Berkeley, SIMS
D. Brown (Emeritus), UC Berkeley, History Dept.
S. Mehendale, UC Berkeley, Near Eastern Studies
Web site: www.ecai.org
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Social Science,
Humanities & Business column
Synergies with Societal Impact in: SIS, HCC,
Implications
ECAI is a part of International and Area Studies at
UCB. It is an international association of scholars,
librarians, and technicians who are researching ways
to create, preserve, and use digital data relating to
cultural studies. The research focus is on the ways to
use time and place in digital library environments
and in individual scholarly projects. This research
agenda includes working with the Geographic
Information Systems (GIS) software, especially that
produced by ESRI Corporation in Redlands,
California. ECAI has the added dimension of dealing
with time as well as space in the construction of
cultural data. The current list of affiliates around the
world who are engaged in the work has grown to
nearly  individuals as well as major institutions
such as the British Library, Arts and Humanities
Data Service of Great Britain, Academia Sinica, and
National Museum of Ethnology of Japan.
During the last year, ECAI has held conferences in
Osaka, Japan ( delegates) and Vienna, Austria
( delegates). The next international conference
will be held in Bangkok in association with NECTEC
and the Pacific Neighborhood Consortium. A major
workshop is scheduled in Rome in November under
the title of “Reconstructing Archaeological
Landscapes in the New Technologies.” This is a joint
Italy-U.S. project sponsored by the National Center
for Research in Rome and by ECAI, Center for
Virtual Reality (UCLA), and the Field Museum of
Chicago.
One goal is to help scholars make use of digital
material in the classroom. At UCB during fall ,
ECAI staff helped to create classroom presentations
on ancient Chinese history, the Silk Road Culture of
Central Asia, and digital material for Chinese
language courses. Future use of digital materials is
being given consideration by a number of faculty
and assistance is offered for help in georegistration
of material as well as use of the ECAI software
TimeMap for display. Plans are being made to work
with educational issues at future ECAI conferences
being planned for – at Berkeley, London, and
Japan. The Rome workshop will have one session on
the use of Virtual Reality constructions of
archaeological sites in classrooms. Meetings are being
held with the staff of the ESRI Corporation to
determine the nature of tools that scholars need for
presentation of digital maps in the classroom. The
recent meeting in Vienna was partially funded by
Autodesk Ges.m.b.H. of Austria dealing with use of
the software for creation of images that can be used
for research and teaching.
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SECTION 5.4.8 SOCIAL SCIENCES, HUMANITIES & BUSINESS
Mining the Deep Web for Economic Data
Participating Faculty:
J. Hellerstein, UC Berkeley, EECS/CS
H. Varian, UC Berkeley, SIMS
Web site: db.cs.berkeley.edu/~jmh
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Social Science,
Humanities & Business column
Synergies with Technologies in: SIS, Implications
What is commonly considered the World Wide Web
is in fact a small fraction of the actual data available
on the Internet. The metaphor of a web was
motivated by linked textual material, but the volume
of hypertext on the Internet is dwarfed by the
amount of information made available in networked
databases provided by directory services,
information portals, government agencies, private
companies, scientists, and a host of other providers.
Since these data have no static inbound
hyperlinks they are not accessed by the webcrawlers
of search engines, and hence are largely untapped as
a resource for any use other than point lookups. As a
result, this data is often called the “deep Web” or the
“hidden Web”. A recent study estimates the size of
the deep web as being . petabytes or  to 
times larger than the hypertext indexed by search
engines. A large fraction of the data on the deep Web
is not full-text documents, but rather quantitative
data, much of it potentially of economic interest.
There are job ads, housing ads, SEC findings, and
up-to-the minute prices for all sorts of things.
In the private sector, sites such as
www.corporatesleuth.com have mined the SEC
Edgar database for financial and accounting data of
interest to investors. We know of one publisher who
has reverse engineered Amazon’s book rankings so
that they can infer actual sales from rankings. This
allows them to estimate book sales by other
publishers, by category, and by season, making for
much better inventory management. No doubt there
are many other examples of private firms mining
data from the deep Web. The public sector, on the
other hand, has not yet made significant use of the
data available on the deep Web. We believe that there
are many compelling applications, and have created
one interesting example of the use of political data at
fff.cs.berkeley.edu. But this is just the beginning: we
think that there are great opportunities to mine the
deep Web for data that will be of use for economic
forecasting, particularly regional forecasting. There
are several interesting technical and economic
challenges in extracting and analyzing these data.
We propose to use screen scraping and related
tools to mine the deep Web for data useful for
economic forecasting. It is important to start this
effort soon, since we hope to be able to develop some
leading indicators of economic recovery, particularly
in the technology sector. The primary focus of this
work is to implement some tools and gather data
that can be used in future analysis.
SECTION 5.5.1 SIS
SECTION 5.5 ENGINEERING SYSTEMS AND FOUNDATIONS (“TECHNOLOGIES”)
Section 5.5.1 Distributed Systems for Societal-Scale Information (SIS)
Center for Digital Security
Participating Faculty:
D. Rocke, UC Davis, AS
R. Freeman, UC Davis, AS
A. Laub, UC Davis, AS
Web site: www.cipic.ucdavis.edu/~dmrocke
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: SIS row
Synergies with Societal Impact in: Emergency
As communication needs and model equations for
physical, biological, financial, or social systems have
increased in complexity, computer simulation for
such applications has evolved into a separate
discipline devoted to the science and engineering of
computational systems. This field, known as
computational science and engineering (CSE)
encompasses subdisciplines ranging from
computational mathematics and algorithms to
visualization and simulation of model equations to
studies of communication systems, networking, and
processing of digital information.
As a tool for science and engineering, computing
has become an integral part of the interpretation of
observations. The need for high-fidelity models in
fields such as molecular biology, materials science,
electrodynamics, and climate dynamics gives rise to
model equations in which the number of degrees of
freedom is so large that only a computational
approach is viable. Computational techniques are
also being increasingly used to predict observations
or to provide model data where physical probes
cannot be used due to cost, safety, or impossibility.
Even for systems where no model equations exist,
computational techniques are essential. For example,
computational combinatorics and pattern
recognition play a key role in understanding the
human genome, by identifying correlations in the
data.
The importance of computation to information
processing has been made clear over the past decade
with the emerging use and development of the
Internet and its financial and social impacts.
However, with the increasing capability of, and
dependency on, information transport, every
organization using electronic communication has to
be concerned with the reliability and security of the
computing infrastructure. DAS has formed a Center
for Digital Security (CDS) to advance the
understanding of how to handle and protect digital
information.
CSE offers an ideal path to interdisciplinary
research, where many computational techniques and
developments can be transferred between disciplines.
The successful scientist and engineer must
understand the interplay between a computational
system and the real-world phenomenon it models.
DAS faculty conduct research in many exciting areas
within CSE, both within our own research groups
and through collaborations with our partners at
Lawrence Berkeley and Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory, both of which house prominent research
groups in CSE.
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64
SECTION 5.5.1 SIS
CONSensUS – A Compositional Optimum
Network Sensor Utilization System
Participating Faculty:
K. Levitt, UC Davis, CS
Web site: seclab.cs.ucdavis.edu
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: SIS row
Synergies with Societal Impact in: Emergency
The goal of Compositional Optimum Network
Sensor Utilization System (CONSensUS) is to
establish a significantly improved intrusion detection
system. Current intrusion detection systems are
largely ad hoc, created from signatures of known
attacks, process reports from single sensors, do not
reflect the needs of the mission, and are incapable of
responding to attacks. The work will lead to a system
that processes reports from multiple sensors that are
placed optimally throughout a network to cope with
attacks to the system and to the sensors themselves,
and that cause minimal performance impact on the
mission itself. Correlations and analysis of attack and
sensor models, sensor reports, and other system state
information is used to decide on suitable responses,
which may include activating additional sensors.
The proposed tasks are associated with the formal
modeling of attacks, sensors, network topology, and
the mission, and the creation of algorithms to
process these models to decide on the optimal
placement of sensors in a network and to correlate
and abstract the reports from distributed sensors to
create an assessment of an attacked system as a basis
for deciding on human or automatic response. Our
tasks are:
» Formal modeling of sensors needed to detect
attacks: We will extend Jigsaw to specify sensors used
to detect attacks. The specification man be direct,
where single (or multiple) sensors are enumerated,
or indirect, where properties of sensors associated
with an attack are given but no one sensor is
identified.
» Formal modeling of missions: The overall purpose
of any system is to achieve some mission which an
attacker attempts to defeat. We propose to model
missions in terms of resources needed over time.
» Representation of network topology: To reason
about sensor placement, we will require a language
to specify network structure, in particular, the
location of key components (routers, firewalls,
sensors, servers), what operating systems they are
running, what protocols are being used.
» Planning algorithms as the basis for sensor
placement: We will develop algorithms to determine
the feasible locations for sensors with respect to
classes of known and unknown attacks specified in
Jigsaw. The algorithm to be developed will determine
possible sharing of sensor activity, for example
consider a scenario attack where a given sensor at
some location can detect multiple states of the
attack.
» Redundant selection of sensors: Once the feasible
locations are identified where it is assumed that
sensors are immune to attacks, it is necessary to
determine a revised placement relaxing the sensor
immunity assumption. In this case, sensors can be
impacted by attacks, rendering their reports suspect.
» Optimal placement of sensors with respect to
mission needs: The above algorithm development
does not account for the performance impact of
sensors. To account for mission impact, the sensor
specifications will be used in conjunction with the
mission specifications. From a feasible placement a
placement set will be determined that has the
minimal impact on the mission.
» Dynamic deployment of sensors: Once an attack is
discovered, it is often necessary to deploy additional
sensors in order to gather additional details about
the attack, especially if it is a spreading attack.
SECTION 5.5.1 SIS
Cross-Integration of LONCAPA and the
NSDL
Participating Faculty:
A. Agogino, UC Berkeley, ME
Web site: www.smete.org
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Education column
Synergies with Technologies in: SIS
The SMETE Open Federation (SOF), headquartered
at UC Berkeley under the direction of Prof. Alice M.
Agogino, has established a solid and comprehensive
research program in the area of digital libraries for
K– and higher education. Since the mid-’s the
SMETE Open Federation participants have
collectively cataloged well over , high-quality,
web-accessible resources for STE&M education.
There are approximately , additional cataloged
physical resources associated with STE&M education
(e.g., video tapes, workbooks, lesson plans, etc.). By
leveraging the work of the SOF partners, who
maintain high standards in their collections
development policies, we have been able to rapidly
assemble a strong base of high-quality, educationally
relevant resources.
To support the LearningOnlineNetwork with
CAPA (LON-CAPA; ITR project) cross-integration
with the National STEME Digital Library (NSDL),
we will:
» Collaborate with the technical staff at LON-CAPA
to develop a means to transform LON-CAPA itemlevel metadata into IMS/IEEE Learning Object
Metadata format.
» Catalog representative resources in LON-CAPA
into the digital library at www.smete.org.
» Create a re-direction service to direct users from
the www.smete.org digital library to LON-CAPA
when the user requests to download a LON-CAPA
resource cataloged at www.smete.org.
» Develop a prototype OAI data provider as a means
for harvesting metadata from LON-CAPA into the
digital library at www.smete.org and vice-versa.
» Develop a prototype federated search service at a
LON-CAPA gateway server to allow LON-CAPA
users to search and retrieve learning resources
cataloged by the SOF and vice-versa.
Pursuant to these deliverables, we have requested
funds in the amount of $, (including
overhead) over six weeks as a sub-contract to LONCAPA. Professor Alice Agogino will be the Principal
Investigator. The funds will provide: salary for the
sub-contract award for Mr. Brandon Muramatsu and
Mr. Eric Fixler for software design, architecture and
coding and for Dr. Andy Dong for systems
architecture design.
65
66 SECTION 5.5.1 SIS
Cryptography: Examining the Assumptions
Participating Faculty:
D. Wagner, UC Berkeley, EECS/CS
Web site: www.cs.berkeley.edu/~daw
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: SIS row
Synergies with Societal Impact in: Energy, Emergencies,
Education, Environment, Health, Transportation,
Social Sciences
Cryptography is a fundamental building block for
building information systems, and as we enter the
so-called “information age” of global networks,
ubiquitous computing devices, and electronic
commerce, we can expect that the cryptography will
become only more important with time.
This proposal is designed to advance the state of
the art in cryptography by examining some of the
implicit assumptions that underlie the field. The
birth of provable security has contributed
significantly to the advances of the field over the past
two decades, allowing us to amass strong evidence
that – as long as the attacker plays by the rules
specified in our formal threat model – the
cryptosystem under consideration is likely to be
secure. However, one problem is that, in practice,
attackers don’t always play by the rules: given the
opportunity, they will gladly “cheat.” Recent research
has shown that there are a surprising number of
ways to violate the designer’s assumptions, for
instance by observing timing measurements, which
the model does not allow for.
The goals of practical cryptographic design, then,
ought to include finding ways to reduce the
opportunity for attackers to “cheat,” preferably by
relaxing our assumptions and broadening our
models enough so that the attacker’s behavior cannot
help but be covered by the model. This is the
research agenda that we take up in this project. We
propose first to study real systems and case studies of
how these assumptions can be violated in practice. A
next step is to build a set of practical
countermeasures that can be used to strengthen
future cryptosystems against these attacks. Finally,
we will seek new theoretical tools, techniques, and
models for extending the provable security
methodology to take into account these failure
models. If we succeed, these results will make a
positive contribution not only to the practice of
cryptography but also to the theoretical foundations
of the field.
SECTION 5.5.1 SIS
Data on the Deep Web: Queries, Trawls,
Policies and Countermeasures
Participating Faculty:
J. Hellerstein, UC Berkeley, EECS/CS
Web site: db.cs.berkeley.edu/~jmh
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: SIS row
Synergies with Societal Impact in: Emergency,
Education, Health, Social Sciences
What is commonly considered the World Wide Web
is a small fraction of the data available on the
Internet. The volume of hypertext accessible to
conventional search engines is  to  times
smaller than the . petabytes of networked
databases from directory services, information
portals, scientists, government agencies and other
providers. Our goal is to explore the mechanisms for
and consequences of aggressively leveraging this
underutilized resource.
This data is often referred to as the deep web or
the hidden web, but that nomenclature is misleading,
since the data it refers to is neither hyperlinked nor
text, and hence not much like the World Wide Web.
To highlight these distinctions from the World Wide
Web, we refer to this data as the Federated Facts and
Figures on the Internet, or simply the FFF.
The work we propose has a number of goals.
First, we wish to study algorithms and develop
systems that will enable effective, easy-to-use tools
for exploiting facts and figures on the Internet. To
this end, we propose a number of systems research
problems in the context of a prototype system called
Telegraph that is under development at Berkeley. One
aspect of our proposal is to vigorously pursue
Telegraph’s nascent agenda to develop adaptive
techniques for query processing, which can nimbly
adjust to the volatility of performance and data
characteristic of the Internet. Another aspect is to
extend Telegraph with the capability to trawl large
amounts of data from the FFF, by running recursive
queries over multiple data sources.
The second goal of the proposal is to explore the
ramifications of providing FFF tools to the broad
Internet user base, which is likely to include multiple
parties, some of whom have adversarial intentions.
To help motivate these problems, we discuss our
experience developing an initial application over
Telegraph, which combines data from various FFF
sources to provide insights into the campaign
finances of the recent presidential election. This
application was placed live on the web in the month
before the election, and displayed publicly-available
but nonetheless surprising combinations of data
both about individual donors and larger
demographic trends. In designing the application, we
became sensitive to a number of issues related to
privacy, data quality, and the economics of
vigorously exploiting currently free Internet services
issues that we propose to study more deeply.
In light of these issues, our third goal in this
proposal is to explore the design space of
countermeasures that can prevent FFF technologies
from being misused. On this count, we discuss initial
ideas in detecting undesired bulk data access, in
better ensuring the quality of combined data, and in
enabling clients to understand how servers are using
their personal information. The proposed work cuts
across a variety of research areas including databases,
algorithms, machine learning, web information
retrieval, economics, and economic policy.
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68
SECTION 5.5.1 SIS
Developing a Vision Support Planning Tool:
From Vision to Reality
Participating Faculty:
A. Agogino, UC Berkeley, ME
Web site: www.smete.org
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: SIS row
Synergies with Societal Impact in: Education
» Provide meeting support for the NSDL
teleconferences.
SMETE.ORG will work with Principal Investigator
Gerry Hanley and the MERLOT team to meet the
objectives outlined in the proposal: From Vision to
Reality: NSDL PI Meeting.
Since  the SMETE.ORG team has hosted and
maintained a community site for the National
SMETE Digital Library program. In –, we
developed the NSDL Community Center site to
specifically support the developers of the National
SMETE Digital Library. As the developers building
the collections and services that will make up the
National SMETE Digital Library continues to grow
and expand, the need for continued support of the
NSDL Community Center is clear. Strong leadership
is needed to nurture and grow the community of
developers; providing them support to facilitate their
communications and providing support for the
community-based development of the National
SMETE Digital Library.
Through December ,  the SMETE.ORG
team will:
As an additional service to the developers of the
National SMETE Digital Library, the SMETE.ORG
team will work with MERLOT to develop an online
tool for Vision Support Planning. This tool helps to
transform the vision of the National SMETE Digital
Library program into reality. It will link activities,
provided by program participants, to the overall
vision of the National SMETE Digital Library.
Through February ,  the SMETE.ORG team
will:
» Maintain the NSDL Community Center web site
(see www.smete.org/nsdl).
» Deploy and maintain the Vision Support Planning
tool in advance of the NSDL All Projects Meeting.
» Provide support for the online communications
(workgroup home pages and email discussion lists)
of the NSDL Workgroups.
» Provide registration support for the NSDL All
Projects Meeting on December –, 
» Design, develop and test the Vision Support
Planning process, including a web site and user
interface to enter and search for activities and
projects, as well as its back-end database and
programming.
SECTION 5.5.1 SIS
Digital Library
Participating Faculty:
R. Wilensky, UCBerkeley, EECS/SIMS
Web site: elib.cs.berkeley.edu
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: SIS row
Synergies with Societal Impact in: Emergencies,
Education, Environment, Social Sciences
Our practice of disseminating, accessing and using
information, especially scholarly information, is still
significantly impeded by the legacy of pre-electronic
media. While overcoming these impediments will
require many elements, there are opportunities for
technological innovation to support new and better
practices. For example, journals exist in their
traditional forms at least partly because of the value
of the peer review process, which thus far has not
yielded to decentralized, distributed, and timely
mechanisms of the Web. Similarly, information
access is still largely a text-based affair, with other
data types relegated to second-class citizenship.
The UC Berkeley Digital Library project is
developing technologies aimed at addressing these
impediments, and hence allowing the development
of new, more efficient mechanisms of information
dissemination and use. In particular, we are
developing new models of documents, in the form of
the Multivalent browser, which we hope will
convince you to throw away your current, limited
Web browser, for “collaborative quality filtering,”
which provides the value of peer review without
deference to prior established authorities, such as
journals, and for “collection management services,”
which bring to individual information users services
previously available to libraries. Taken together, such
mechanisms may provide the benefits of modern
communications without sacrificing traditional
academic values.
In addition, we have been developing techniques
for image retrieval based on image content. Recent
progress on learning the semantics of image
databases using text and pictures suggests that new
forms of image-related Web services may be possible,
including automatic image captioning and automatic
illustration, among others.
Our Digital Library currently contains a variety of
collections, from sources as diverse as images of
California natural resources and dams from the State
Dept of Water Resources, images from the Fine Arts
Museum of San Francisco, California environmental
impact reports and plans, vertebrate biology
specimen records, and fossil records.
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SECTION 5.5.1 SIS
Dynamically Replicated Storage
Participating Faculty:
T. Madhyastha, UC Santa Cruz, CS
P. Vaidyanathan, UC Santa Cruz, CS
Web site: www.cse.ucsc.edu/~tara
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: SIS row
Synergies with Societal Impact in: Social Sciences
We plan to develop a user-level library for a new
model of location-transparent storage. This may be
viewed as an extension to existing user-level parallel
I/O libraries that not only stripes files, but maintains
read-only replicas of records and information about
access times. Therefore, a read access to a record may
be redirected to the most appropriate location.
Unlike a cache, where there is a strict hierarchy of
access times (that usually differ by an order of
magnitude or more), access times to local disk or
network storage change based on load and network
conditions, and may not even retain a strict
ordering. Critical to the operation of this library is
development of a dynamic runtime performance
model that can provide performance data of the
execution environment on-the-fly to calculate access
costs. This is a first step towards a more ambitious
plan to support dynamic relocation of code as well as
data.
SECTION 5.5.1 SIS
HACQIT – Hierarchical Adaptive Control
for QoS Intrusion Tolerance
Participating Faculty:
K. Levitt, UC Davis, CS
R. Pandey, UC Davis, CS
Web site: seclab.cs.ucdavis.edu
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: SIS row
Synergies with Societal Impact in: Emergency
HACQIT aims to ) deliver critical user services for
four hours while under active attacks with no more
than % degradation in user performance; ) build
a working prototype “system” while concentrating
resources on new capabilities and minimizing
unnecessary duplication; ) understand the “design
space” of intrusion tolerant systems designed for real
world use with consumer-off-the-shelf and
government-off-the-shelf hardware and software.
A phased approach will be used:
Phase :
) Build a series of demo prototypes and explore
“space.”
) Analyze more formal models. ) Refine
architecture and implementation plan.
Phase :
) Incrementally deliver new capabilities.
) Add more types of critical applications.
) Continue analysis of more formal models.
) Validate via Internet exposure, Red Team, new
attacks, and analysis.
Expected Results:
» Intrusion tolerant architecture that stops many
common attacks, but still allows access to critical
services.
» Specification based approach to defining proper
behavior of the HACQIT components.
» Rapid failover of applications via process-pair
architecture with time delay (to avert common mode
failures).
» Random rejuvenation at various levels.
» Forensics and learning to stop unknown attacks.
» Continual recovery.
» Execution monitoring (or plan checking)
approach.
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SECTION 5.5.1 SIS
Intrusion Detection Analysis Project
Participating Faculty:
K. Levitt, UC Davis, CS
R. Pandey, UC Davis, CS
F. Wu, UC Davis, CS
J. Rowe, UC Davis, CS
Web site: seclab.cs.ucdavis.edu
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: SIS row
Synergies with Societal Impact in: Emergency, Social
Science
The goals of this research are to develop a model of
data sanitization that describes the relationship
between the requirements of security analysis and
privacy, and to study the features of attacks launched
over a network in an academic environment.
The specific goals of this part of the project are to
develop a little language to sanitize data that is
amenable to such an analysis; and prove the
feasibility of this approach by building a tool to use
the language to sanitize network data.
Sanitization:
Data is sanitized when some set of sensitive
information is removed or disguised. The data that is
sensitive is defined either by patterns (words) or by
position. If left intact, the sensitive data would reveal
information that a party requires be kept secret.
Other work in this area has been on algorithms to
transform sensitive data into non-sensitive
information (aliases). The problem with this work is
that, if the set of sanitized words is known (or can be
guessed), a straightforward dictionary attack will
reveal the mapping without inverting the hash
function. Our focus is on the scheme and system
mechanisms to prevent unauthorized rederivation of
the original data.
Our approach is to express the requirements for
security analysis and the requirements for privacy as
properties of the data. Under sanitization, these
properties must be preserved. This reduces the
problem of balancing privacy and security analysis to
a policy decision. Given the proper form of
expression, we can analyze the properties to discover
inconsistencies (where privacy requires some data be
sanitized, and security analysis requires that the data
be present), and resolve these problems.
Data Correlation:
Intrusion detection systems are designed to detect
attacks against hosts throughout the network. This
requires a characterization of the signatures of each
attack.
To understand attacks better, we need to be able
to describe them, and correlate information from
data sensors with attacks to be able to characterize
the descriptions in low-level terms. As attacks are
usually multi-stage, the description of an attack
consists of descriptions of the stages of the attack.
Consider an attack to be a sequence of goals. Each
intermediate goal corresponds to successful
completion of a stage of the attack. Our hypothesis is
that attack tools constructed by composing tools to
achieve each goal will generate signatures
indistinguishable from those of attack tools available
on the Internet. If this hypothesis is true, then the
collection of attack tools becomes unnecessary. We
need only describe the attack in this way, and we can
generate the tool and the relevant signature.
SECTION 5.5.1 SIS
Mitigating Distributed Denial of Service
Attacks Using a PlD Controller
Participating Faculty:
K. N. Levitt, UC Davis, CS
Web site: seclab.cs.ucdavis.edu
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: SIS row
Synergies with Societal Impact in: Energy, Emergencies,
Environment, Health, Transportation
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks exploit
the availability of servers and routers, resulting in the
severe loss of their connectivity. We present a
distributed, automated response model that utilizes a
Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller to
aid in handling traffic flow management. PID
control law has been used in electrical and chemical
engineering applications since  and has proven
extremely useful in stabilizing relatively
unpredictable flows. This model is designed to
prevent incoming traffic from exceeding a given
threshold, while allowing as much incoming,
legitimate traffic as possible. In addition, this model
focuses on requiring less demanding modifications
to external routers and networks than other
published distributed response models that impact
the effect of DDoS attacks.
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SECTION 5.5.1 SIS
The NSDL Collaboration Finder: Connecting
Projects for Effective and Efficient NSDL
Development
Participating Faculty:
A. Agogino, UC Berkeley, ME
Web site: www.smete.org
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Education column
Synergies with Technologies in: SIS
SMETE.ORG agrees to work with MERLOT to meet
the objectives outlined in the proposal “The NSDL
Collaboration Finder: Connecting Projects for
Effective and Efficient NSDL Development.” NSCL
means National Science Digital Library.
SMETE.ORG is uniquely positioned to participate
in the work proposed here. Through the experiences
gained in developing the Vision Support Planning
Database, the prototype for the proposed NSDL
Collaboration Finder, coupled with its experience
with the SMETE Open Federation, smete.org has a
unique insight into the nature of collaboration and
management of distributed projects critical to
making this project and the NSDL a success. In
addition smete.org has a strong track record of
developing and maintaining services that meet the
needs of end users. In support of the vision outlined
in this NSDL Services track proposal, smete.org
agrees to work with MERLOT to:
» Participate in the needs assessment and use case
scenario development.
» Co-develop the requirements definition document.
» Co-develop the NSDL Collaboration Finder tool.
» Field test and populate the NSDL Collaboration
Finder with the SMETE Open Federation.
» Work with the NSDL Collaboration Bureau to field
test and populate the NSDL Collaboration Finder.
with NSDL Collections, Services and Targeted
Research Track projects.
The SMETE (Science, Mathematics, Engineering
and Technology Education) Open Federation
represents the largest identifiable user base for the
National STEM Education Digital Library with an
easily accessible audience of over . million users
and almost , directly accessible community
members. Headquartered at SMETE.ORG on the UC
Berkeley campus, the SMETE Open Federation’s
nationwide partners have developed a solid and
comprehensive program in the area of educational
digital libraries for K– and higher education
(for a full listing of partners see
www.smete.org/about_smete/partners.php).
Through rapid implementation of technologies
for federated functionality through its main portal at
www.smete.org, the SMETE Open Federation has
achieved a level of integration of collections among
partners that has enabled the evaluation of their
impact on the teaching and learning of science,
technology, engineering and mathematics.
Since the mid-’s, SMETE Open Federation
participants have collectively cataloged over ,
high-quality, web-accessible digital learning
resources for STEM education. These resources
include those designed for higher education (%)
and K– (%). The resources run the full gamut of
STEM subject areas, including all aspects of
engineering and computer sciences, the life sciences,
the physical sciences and mathematics. In addition
approximately % of the collections include nonSTEM subject areas such as the humanities and
social sciences. There are , additional cataloged
physical resources associated with STEM education
(e.g., video tapes, workbooks, lesson plans, etc.) and
approximately , discussion threads and other
resources. By leveraging the work of the partners,
who maintain high standards in their collections
development policies, the SMETE Open Federation
has assembled a strong base of high-quality,
educationally relevant resources and dedicated
community for the STEM Education at all levels.
SECTION 5.5.1 SIS
An Open Federation for the National
SMETE Digital Library
Participating Faculty:
A. Agogino, UC Berkeley, ME
Web site: www.smete.org
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Education Column
Synergies with Technologies in: SIS row
We propose to develop an open federation (to be
called the SMETE Open Federation) to integrate and
support the National Science, Mathematics,
Engineering, and Technology Education (SMETE)
Digital Library (NSDL). With headquarters at UC
Berkeley, the group leading the development and
providing the integrative core of the SMETE Open
Federation is comprised of two lead organizations:
() the SMETE.ORG Alliance, with over twenty
participating partners covering a broad range of
SMET disciplines in K– and higher education, and
() the University of Missouri-Columbia with the
National Center for Supercomputer Applications,
Virginia Tech and the Online Computer Library
Center.
Our team has extensive experience in all of the
key areas needed to develop and support a National
SMETE Digital Library. We have worked with
metadata, information retrieval, hypertext, database
management, human-computer interaction,
information visualization, distributed computing,
cluster computing, networking (including Internet2)
and related fields. We are engaged in research and
development related to both harvesting federated
search, as well as interoperability, scalability, usability
and personalization. We have developed extensive
software environments and toolkits. We are leaders
in developing communities to support SMET
education at all levels, from K– to higher
education, from student to teacher, and from
administrator to academic policy-maker. We are also
leaders in the development of technology-enhanced
teaching and learning and in both K– and higher
education in SMET disciplines. Our track record
highlights our long-term commitment to promoting
diversity and excellence in SMET education for
learners of all ages, at all stages, and to creating a
quality SMET education digital library that serves
the public good.
The SMETE Open Federation will build the
technological and community infrastructures needed
to establish a stable, sustainable and scalable premier
portal through which learners and teachers gain
access to high-quality, technologically-enabled
resources to strengthen learning in SMET education.
Our technological infrastructure will allow SMETE
collections to share key services such as federated
search and personalization; a means to develop
strongly coupled collections and services; a means to
integrate the wealth of bibliographic and primary
source material in educationally relevant ways and
mechanisms that provide seamless access across all
systems connected with the NSDL program. Our
community infrastructure will engage the SMET
education community towards collaborative, multidisciplinary, multi-institution projects involving
curricular reform, innovative pedagogy and teaching
practices involving digital libraries. Together we will
form a synergistic system of collaborators needed to
catalyze and support high quality SMET education
for the NSDL program. As we have made substantial
progress during the pilot phase of the NSDL
program and have an operational prototype at
www.smete.org, we are ideally positioned to develop
a fully functional core integration system for the
National SMETE Digital Library. We propose to
deliver the premier portal to the NSDL program by
September  and coordinate the development of
the National SMETE Digital Library through at least
.
75
76 SECTION 5.5.1 SIS
Query Processing: Peer to Peer Networks
Participating Faculty:
J. Hellerstein, UC Berkeley, EECS/CS
I. Stoica, UC Berkeley, EECS
S. Shenker, International Computer Science Institute,
Group Lead-Networks
Web site: db.cs.berkeley.edu/~jmh
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: SIS row
Synergies with Societal Impact in: Social Sciences
Peer-to-peer (P2P) networks are an important
emerging technology in distributed computing.
While the commercial viability of P2P networks is
still in doubt, there is no question that P2P networks
are phenomenally successful as a mechanism for file
sharing. Despite their popularity, the current
technologies and applications of today’s P2P
networks are quite primitive. There are two major
weaknesses displayed by today’s popular P2P
networks: inefficient network protocols, and
impoverished query languages.
The first of these problems has been the subject
of intense research in the last few years. To overcome
the scaling problems with unstructured P2P systems,
a number of groups have proposed structured P2P
designs. These proposals support a Distributed Hash
Table (DHT) functionality in which lookups can be
resolved in log n (or n x for small x) overlay routing
hops for an overlay network of size n hosts. These
schemes are also robust to the unpredictable nature
of the P2P environment, tolerating dynamic failures
and additions of nodes to the network.
DHTs promise robustness and scalability for P2P
networks. However, as hash tables, DHTs support
only exact match lookups. This is fine for fetching
files or resolving domain names, but presents an
even more impoverished query language than the
original, unscalable P2P systems, which supported
substring search. Hence in solving the first weakness
above, DHTs have aggravated the second.
We propose to enhance the limited query
functionality in P2P networks by studying the design
and implementation of complex query facilities over
DHTs. Our goals are twofold. First, we wish to bring
the traditional functionality of P2P systems – file
sharing – to a scalable, robust DHT implementation.
Second, we hope to push query functionality well
beyond current file sharing search, while still
maintaining the scalability of the DHT
infrastructures. We believe that this agenda can be
spread via file sharing applications, but we also
foresee more powerful and perhaps more
commercially viable applications of rich P2P query
processing.
SECTION 5.5.1 SIS
RUBINET – Robust & Ubiquitous
Networking Research Group
Participating Faculty:
C. N. Chuah, UC Davis, ECE
Web site: www.ece.ucdavis.edu/rubinet
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: SIS row
Synergies with Societal Impact in: Energy, Emergencies,
Education, Environment, Health, Transportation,
Social Sciences
The research efforts of the RUBINET Group focus
on designing network infrastructures that are robust,
secure, efficient, and support ubiquitous (mobile)
computing. With the rapid technology advancement
in wireless sensors, specialized hand-held devices,
and smart appliances, the future network
infrastructure has to be flexible enough to connect
these heterogeneous end nodes over different
networks, from the conventional wide-area Internet
to wireless and satellite links.
For example, consider a “virtual” conferencing
session among three locations; two are equipped
with virtual reality systems, while the third
participant is connected via a mobile handheld
device. The first two participants can “move” virtual
objects and the dynamic changes in the scenes will
be reflected in the corresponding virtual
environments. This brings forward the problem of
synchronization and real-time access control to
different objects. For the third user, an intermediate
proxy will be required to transform the highly
complex 3D video streams from the virtual
environment to 2D video images that can be
transmitted over a wireless link with limited
bandwidth and viewed on a hand-held device.
Our group emphasizes the development of
architectures, protocols, and techniques at the
network control plane to address these issues. The
key design goal is to achieve robustness and high
performance in the face of failures, malicious attacks,
time-varying load, and heterogeneous application
requirements. First, we will need a “service
availability” model that captures the failure
characteristics of the wide-area network. We propose
a cross-inspection of multiple network layers
(application, transport, network & data-link) to find
vertically integrated solutions, i.e., joint optimization
across layers.
77
78
SECTION 5.5.1 SIS
SAHARA – Service Architecture for
Heterogeneous Access, Resources,
and Applications
Participating Faculty:
R. Katz, UC Berkeley, EECS
A. Joseph, UC Berkeley, EECS
I. Stoica, UC Berkeley, EECS
Web site: sahara.cs.Berkeley.edu
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: SIS row
Synergies with Societal Impact in: Energy, Emergency,
Education, Environment, Health, Third World,
Transportation
Pervasive computing demands all-encompassing
exploitation of services inside the network. Our
overarching goal is to understand how to create endto-end services with desirable and predictable
properties, such as performance and reliability, when
provisioned from multiple and independent service
providers. Services are the components of distributed
applications and the glue that interconnects them as
they function across the network. These range from
providing basic network reachability to creating
overlay networks with enhanced qualities like
predictable latencies and sustained bandwidths. They
also include instances of application building blocks,
requiring processing and storage, judiciously placed
in the network to control connection latencies and to
achieve scale through load sharing. Such services
may be simple format translators, interworking
functions, or major subsystems for content
distribution or Internet search, or demand-response
pricing in electricity markets. Composition via
interconnection of services allows more sophisticated
services and applications to be constructed
hierarchically from more primitive ones. Since
economics makes it unlikely that any single service
provider will be able to provide all of the
connectivity, applications building blocks,
processing, and storage resources to effectively
deploy a globe-spanning application, the
composition of services across independent
providers is essential.
We have been developing a comprehensive
framework for introducing new qualities into the
Internet’s routing framework. These qualities are well
beyond traditional quality of service for network
flows, and focus instead on the management of the
routing infrastructure itself, such as the agility of the
network to respond to routing changes due to
network component failure or the detection of
misconfigured or malicious routers within the
network.
Specifically, we have: () developed new methods
for achieving more rapid convergence in response to
routing changes, () proposed a new “policy plane”
for managing the peering relationships between
regions to achieve better load balancing and fast failover among alternative network paths, () new
techniques for trading bandwidth for loss rate to
achieve certain kinds of guaranteed services without
requiring any support from the network, and () an
approach for verifying the route advertisements
propagating through the network to uncover
misconfigured or malicious routers that cause parts
of the network address space to become hijacked.
These developments are leading to prototypes that
we intend to deploy in the PlanetLab testbed, a widearea experimental overlay network being jointly
developed between a number of universities and
industrial research laboratories.
SECTION 5.5.1 SIS
Scaling the Peer Review Process for National
STEM Education Digital Library
Collections
Participating Faculty:
A. Agogino, UC Berkeley, ME
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Education column
Synergies with Technologies in: SIS
NEEDS agrees to work with MERLOT to meet the
objectives outlined in the proposal Scaling the Peer
Review Process for National STEM Education Digital
Library Collections. Several of the important
outcomes of this work include: community building
services, leadership in developing evaluation
mechanisms, and expansion and development of
courseware evaluation mechanisms.
The proposed work builds upon the foundation
set for with NEEDS – A Digital Library for
Engineering Education, a founding partner of the
SMETE Open Federation. NEEDS is the distributed
architecture developed by Synthesis: A National
Engineering Education Coalition to enable new
pedagogical models based on Internet mediated
learning environments. NEEDS catalogs courseware
and other instructional technology being developed
nationally and internationally to provide a resource
where learners can search, access and download
materials to support their learning process. In
addition NEEDS developed evaluation criteria for
the Premier Award for Excellence in Engineering
Education. The Premier Award is an annual award,
sponsored by John Wiley & Sons, Autodesk,
Mathworks and Microsoft Research, recognizes
outstanding, non-commercial courseware designed
to enhance engineering education
(see www.needs.org/premier/).
NEEDS extensive experience with developing
criteria for evaluating digital learning materials,
implementing peer review at the premier level, and
working with other digital libraries interested in
developing peer and Premier Awards will be a
significant benefit to the work described in this
proposal. As this project evolves, we anticipate the
active involvement of other SMETE Open Federation
members in developing review criteria, developing
review teams, and testing the prototype peer review
tutorial. We will be active participants on the design
team; we will help develop and program the template
architecture and test it. Our collaboration with
MERLOT on this project will effectively facilitate the
development, promotion and dissemination of the
tutorial, as well as peer and Premier review
mechanisms.
In support of the vision outlined in this NSDL
Services proposal, NEEDS agrees to work with
MERLOT to:
» Capture, model and validate the processes peer
reviewers use when evaluating instructional
technology.
» Test the usability of the tutorial within the
engineering community and facilitate testing with
other STEM discipline communities.
» Implement the tutorial within an engineering peer
review process and with the Premier Award for
Excellence in Engineering Education Courseware.
79
80 SECTION 5.5.1 SIS
Telegraph – An Adaptive Dataflow System
Participating Faculty:
J. Hellerstein, UC Berkeley, EECS/CS
M. Franklin, UC Berkeley, EECS/CS
Web site: telegraph.cs.berkeley.edu
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: SIS
Synergies with Technologies in: Energy, Emergencies,
Environment, Health, Transportation
Our world is awash in data-data pooled in databases
and Web services, data streaming from sensors, even
data bottled up in small devices. This data is the
basis of life for modern commerce, science, utilities,
and other large human endeavors. It is also critical to
any individual who lives in a world dependent on
these institutions.
Telegraph is an adaptive dataflow system, which
allows individuals and institutions to access,
combine, analyze, and otherwise benefit from this
data wherever it resides. As a dataflow system,
Telegraph can tap into pooled data stored on the
network, and harness streams of live data coming
out of networked sensors, software, and smart
devices. In order to operate robustly in this volatile,
Internetworked world, Telegraph is adaptive – it uses
new dataflow technologies to route unpredictable
and bursty dataflows through computing resources
on a network, resulting in manageable streams of
useful information.
The Telegraph team at UC Berkeley is researching
and prototyping new adaptive dataflow and data
analysis schemes suited to our infocentric,
Internetworked, unpredictable world. Like the
Berkeley main street after which it is named,
Telegraph is the natural thoroughfare for a volatile,
eclectic mix coming from all over the world.
SECTION 5.5.1 SIS
TinyDB – Extracting Data from Sensor Notes
Participating Faculty:
J. Hellerstein, UC Berkeley, EECS/CS
Web site: telegraph.cs.berkeley.edu/tinydb
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: SIS
Synergies with Technologies in: Energy, Emergencies,
Environment, Health, Transportation
TinyDB is a query processing system for extracting
information from a network of sensors running
TinyO. Unlike existing solutions for data processing
in TinyOS, TinyDB does not require you to write
embedded C code for sensors. Instead, TinyDB
provides a simple, SQL-like interface to specify the
data you want to extract, along with additional
parameters, like the rate at which data should be
refreshed – much as you would pose queries against
a traditional database. Given a query specifying your
data interests, TinyDB collects that data from motes
in the environment, filters it, aggregates it together,
and routes it out to a PC. TinyDB does this via
power-efficient in-network processing algorithms.
To use TinyDB, you install its TinyOS
components onto each mote in your sensor network.
TinyDB provides a simple Java API for writing PC
applications that query and extract data from the
network; it also comes with a simple graphical
query-builder and result display that uses the API.
The primary goal of TinyDB is to make your life
as a programmer significantly easier, and allow datadriven applications to be developed and deployed
much more quickly than what is currently possible.
TinyDB frees you from the burden of writing lowlevel code for sensor devices, including the (very
tricky) sensor network interfaces. Some of the
features of TinyDB include:
» Metadata Management: TinyDB provides a
metadata catalog to describe the attributes and
commands that are available for querying and
invocation in the sensor network. Attributes can be
sensor readings or internal software/hardware
parameters. Commands can range from parameter
tuning to physical actuations. Attributes and
commands can be created through the TinySchema
components in TinysOS.
» High Level Queries: TinyDB uses a declarative
query language that lets you describe the data you
want, without requiring you to say how to get it. This
makes it easier for you to write applications, and
helps guarantee that your applications continue to
run efficiently as the sensor network changes.
» Network Topology: TinyDB manages the
underlying radio network by tracking neighbors,
maintaining routing tables, and ensuring that every
mote in the network can efficiently and (relatively)
reliably deliver its data to the user.
» Multiple Queries: TinyDB allows multiple queries
to be run on the same set of motes at the same time.
Queries can have different sample rates and access
different sensor types, and TinyDB efficiently shares
work between queries when possible.
» Incremental Deployment via Query Sharing:To
expand your TinyDB sensor network, you simply
download the standard TinyDB code to new motes,
and TinyDB does the rest. TinyDB motes share
queries with each other: when a mote hears a
network message for a query that it is not yet
running, it automatically asks the sender of that data
for a copy of the query, and begins running it. No
programming or configuration of the new motes is
required beyond installing TinyDB.
81
82 SECTION 5.5.1 SIS
Using Properties of Network Topology to
Detect Malicious Routing Behavior
Participating Faculty:
P. Balasubramanyamm, UC Davis, CS
K. Levitt, UC Davis, CS
Web site: seclab.cs.ucdavis.edu
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: SIS row
Synergies with Societal Impact in: Energy,
Emergencies, Environment, Health, Transportation
Given the growth in network usage in recent years,
the secure operation of network routing protocols is
becoming critically important. Networks are
designed to deal with simple network failures such as
links going up and down or hosts crashing and
restarting. They may have serious vulnerabilities
when facing a malicious intruder, such as when
compromised routers actively attempt to disrupt the
global routing behavior by influencing the routing
table information that is distributed around the
network. When considering the secure performance
of complex networks, much effort has been placed
on developing authentication and cryptographic
protections that are essential for such operation. But
these approaches are not sufficient, especially in the
case of compromised routers. It is also important to
examine the routing processes at the core of these
networks for their inherent properties in controlling
and dispersing information.
The process of routing involves the exchange of
routing information within the network; this
exchange both reflects the existing network routing
topology as well as enforces changes in this topology.
A goal of this study is to identify characteristics in
the routing that might render some routers more in
control of the network, or conversely, more
susceptible to degraded performance due to
congestion. We present a methodology to abstract an
intrinsic feature of computer network topology, i.e.,
the centrality of any one node and the centrality of
the parts of the network as a snapshot of the
dynamic behavior. Centrality may be defined as
capturing the structurally central part of a network.
The analysis is inspired from network studies from
the field of social network analysis that describe the
nature of centrality within social networks. In these
studies, the relationship between structural centrality
in network topology and influence in group
processes is studied.
We believe that capturing the changing centrality
description of the routing topology will enable
detection of some large-scale network wide routing
attacks, such as may be wrought by compromised
routers. We believe that this detection can occur
early, even before the changed forwarding tables are
in place and data packet forwarding occurs. A goal of
centrality-based intrusion monitoring is to abstract
global network behavior locally at a router.
Subverting such monitoring, while causing a
network-wide attack, is harder because of this
abstraction. Given the nature of the information
being abstracted, centrality-based monitoring might
not detect attacks where the compromised routers
are selectively misrouting packets; such attacks
would typically not have a disruptive effect on the
network.
We study the role of centrality analysis in
abstracting characteristics of network behavior, and
employ the results of this study in intra-domain link
state routing protocols such as OSPF. We believe that
this study will suggest abstract specifications of
router behavior that are monitorable by individual
routers, and which capture expected behavior of
routers in a given protocol; these specifications can
detect rogue router behavior without requiring prior
knowledge of a router compromise. Preliminary
simulations have been conducted employing ns-
with the link state protocol.
SECTION 5.5.2 SOFTWARE
Section 5.5.2 Software
Applications of Data Grouping for Effective
Mobility
Participating Faculty:
D. Long, UC Santa Cruz, CE
Web site: csl.cse.ucsc.edu/~darrell
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Software row
Synergies with Societal Impact in: Emergency, Social
Science
We plan to research the problem of reducing a
mobile computer’s communication requirements
and power consumption. Specifically, they will
address both issues through improved data and
storage management. Based on prior success with
automated data grouping and predictive power
conservation, research will be conducted into
improved data hoarding and disk power
management techniques. With effective grouping of
data it will be possible to improve the automation of
mobile file hoarding, and decrease the effects of
network latency and disconnections on the mobile
user. In a similar manner, through the grouping and
retrieval of related on-disk data, it is possible to
improve disk power management beyond the
theoretical limits of any previously attempted
scheme. This is possible by actively modifying the
access sequence to minimize power requirements.
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84
SECTION 5.5.2 SOFTWARE
Automating the Development and Analysis
of Embedded Systems
Participating Faculty:
A. Aiken, UC Berkeley, EECS/CS;
T. Henzinger, UC Berkeley, EECS;
G. Necula, UC Berkeley, EECS;
D. Schmidt, Kansas State University
Web Site: chess.eecs.berkeley.edu
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Software row
Synergies with Societal Impact in: Energy, Emergencies,
Environment, Health, Third World, Transportation
We propose to develop a theory for the composition
and analysis of “rich API’s” for embedded systems,
which expose resource properties, such as real-time
assumptions and guarantees. We will apply this
theory to both time-triggered programs,in particular
to proposed real-time Linux standards and protocols
under design at the Berkeley Wireless Research
Center.
We propose to develop a theory of an open
system of type qualifiers, which allow programmers
to assert properties of program behavior in a simple
extension of standard type systems. Types may be
annotated with qualifiers expressing arbitrary
program properties and these qualifiers will be
automatically checked as part of an extended typechecking procedure.
We will develop a number of applications for, and
experimentally evaluate, a prototype type qualifier
system. Inference algorithms will be developed to
alleviate the need for programmers to extensively
annotate programs. Applications will include
examples from embedded systems to check critical
system properties. We will also investigate using
qualifiers as an aid to software model checking.
SECTION 5.5.2 SOFTWARE
Controlled Sharing: Programming-Language
Principles and Techniques
Participating Faculty:
M. Abadi, UC Santa Cruz, CS
Web site: www.soe.ucsc.edu/~abadi/home.html
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Software row
Synergies with Societal Impact in: Energy, Emergency,
Environment, Health, Transportation
In programming languages, unforgeable references
often serve as capabilities; for instance, a reference to
an object may serve as a capability for accessing the
object. This project studies the principles of those
capabilities and develops capability-based
techniques. Process calculi (in particular, relatives of
the pi calculus) provide a rich, useful foundation for
this work; the project investigates an extension of the
pi calculus that permits operations on capabilities.
In that setting, it aims to develop type systems,
logics, semantics, and applications.
Several related “packaging” constructs, such as
objects and abstract data types, also support
controlled sharing. This project aims to advance
research on these constructs and on the
corresponding type structures. In particular, it
explores refinements of abstract data types that
guarantee representation uniformity, with logical
foundations (such as Hilbert’s choice operator), in
the context of dynamically extensible systems. In
another direction, this project studies correctness
requirements on the implementations of these
constructs.
Further, locking and other run-time mechanisms
can impose protocols and policies for access to
shared resources. This project also pursues research
on disciplines for the safe use of these run-time
mechanisms, and on the enforcement of these
disciplines through static analysis.
Security is one of the main motivations and
applications for controlled sharing. From an
educational perspective, it also provides a legitimate
and compelling motivation for introducing students
to the programming-language concepts and
techniques that are the focus of this work. Thus,
security offers one of the main avenues for impact
for this project.
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SECTION 5.5.2 SOFTWARE
Distributed Authentication and
Authorization: Models, Calculi, Methods
Participating Faculty:
M. Abadi, UC Santa Cruz, CS
Web site: www.soe.ucsc.edu/~abadi/home.html
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Software row
Synergies with Societal Impact in: Energy, Emergency,
Environment, Health, Transportation
This project addresses problems and opportunities
related to access control in distributed systems. It
aims to further the design and analysis of models
and mechanisms for authentication and
authorization. In particular, it investigates the design
and analysis of protocols for authentication and
related purposes. It also investigates fine-grained
authorization in extensible software systems and for
transactions that work on several objects. Although
the focus of the project is on authentication and
authorization, the project also considers multilateral
concerns for security, such as the balance between
privacy and authenticity, and fairness requirements
in transactions.
SECTION 5.5.2 SOFTWARE
DyMND – Robust Adaptive Coordination
in Dynamic Meshes of Networked Devices
Participating Faculty:
S. Sastry, UC Berkeley, EECS
Web site: robotics.eecs.berkeley.edu/~sastry
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Software row
Synergies with Societal Impact in: Energy,
Emergencies, Transportation
The DyMND project, led by Lockheed Martin Space
Systems Company, has assembled an outstanding
team of academic and industrial researchers who
bring unique technical strengths and broad
experience “to produce abstract models, techniques,
and tools” to enable the DARPA NEST program to
meet the challenge of developing abstract models of
NEST systems that aid in prediction and analysis of
performance “in the large,” and developing
principled approaches to engineering of such
systems. DyMND exploits the strengths of UC
Berkeley (S. Sastry) in dynamical systems,
autonomous, distributed control-based systems, and
the Mote OEP for NEST, and Lockheed Martin (P.
Bose) in embedded autonomy, software
architectures, agent-based systems, and (E. Byler)
distributed robotics.
UC Berkeley research contributions on the
DyMND project are:
» Abstract models, architecture and analysis of
DyMND systems for change management. The
challenge involves developing abstract formal
models, approaches, and tools that enable
specification and analysis of architectures of
DyMND systems for handling changes in the
environment arising from security failures, multiple
node faults, active jamming, and other environment
changes. In this research area the DyMND project
will develop: innovative distributed control based
models for adaptive coordination based on the
formalization of change; determination of localized
influence on desired properties resulting from
propagation of such changes; and the use of tools
(Petri-net) for formal analysis of robustness
properties of such systems.
» Programming DyMND systems for adaptive
coordination. NEST is developing protocols for
coordination of sensing and actuation activities of
DyMND nodes for specific tasks. A key challenge is
principled approaches to DyMND programming
that will enable the systematic and efficient
development and analysis of programs for DyMND
applications. Our key contributions to address such a
challenge are: high-level languages and innovative
techniques for modeling DyMND software
architectures and specifying desired properties in
terms of finite state machine (FSM) models of
primitive behaviors that exploit the abstract models
for adaptive coordination developed above and use
real-time unified modeling language (UML), an
industry standard in model-based specification and
design of real-time systems; techniques for
automated debugging and coding of components for
the motes in the UCB OEP from the high level
descriptions that exploit our understanding of
concurrency of behaviors of components in the UCB
OEP (TinyOS concepts) and exploit industrial
strength advanced environments for design of realtime systems (e.g. Rationale Rose); and, techniques
for instrumented simulation and analysis of largescale DyMND systems using advanced simulation
tools.
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SECTION 5.5.2 SOFTWARE
Hierarchical Control of Semi-autonomous
Teams Under Uncertainty
Participating Faculty:
P. Varaiya, UC Berkeley, EECS
Web Site: www.path.berkeley.edu/~varaiya
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Software row
Synergies with Societal Impact in: Emergencies,
Environment
The rapid progress in embedded hardware and
software makes plausible ever more ambitious
distributed, multi-layer, multi-objective, adaptive
control systems. However, adequate design
methodologies and design support lag far behind.
Consequently, today most of the cost in system
development is spent on ad hoc, prohibitively
expensive systems integration and validation
techniques that rely almost exclusively on testing the
entire system.
Systematic design of hierarchical architectures
and design of controllers for individual agents at all
levels of the hierarchy address this bottleneck. Our
efforts are focused on building a solid analytical
foundation based on hybrid systems, a practical set
of software design tools that support the
construction, integration, safety, and performance
analysis, online adaptation and offline functional
evolution of multi-unmanned air vehicle (UAV)
hierarchical control systems.
The control of every large system is organized in
a distributed hierarchy for deeper understanding
facilitated by the hierarchical structure, reduction in
complexity of communication and computation,
modularity and adaptability, robustness, and
scalability. So the question is not whether it is a
good idea to control large systems this way. The
interesting questions are: How do we describe such
systems in ways that make meaningful distinctions
among different hierarchical, distributed control
organizations?; What approaches help to assess
system performance?; and, What tools and
techniques aid in the design of good control
organizations?
To describe distributed, hierarchical systems in a
formal language, its syntax must be able to express
their essential aspects. A “distributed system”
comprises several components or subsystems
distinguished from each other by function, location,
or just identity. Thus we may have components that
function as sensors, actuators, controllers, vehicles,
path planners, etc. This is functional differentiation.
Or we may merely have a collection of functionally
identical agents distinguished by name or location
(identity).
Deterministic control strategies are vulnerable to
attacks exploiting their regularity and predictability.
For better robustness, we use randomized control
strategies. To achieve the control objectives, the
control strategies will compete with randomized
strategies modeling probabilistic disturbances and
faults. We give probabilistic performance bounds on
UAV performance using viscosity solutions for the
resulting games. We generalize results on reachability
objectives in discrete multi-agent games to the
liveness case and the hybrid case and their
combination. For multi-modal and multi-agent
systems, we have developed probabilistic estimates of
safe behavior, and tools for the analysis of reliability
and performance of distributed multi-agent systems
operating in probabilistic and malicious
environments. In general, this allows us to shift from
worst-case behavior to mean behavior estimates of
control algorithms.
SECTION 5.5.2 SOFTWARE
Integrated Multicast for Ad Hoc Networks
Participating Faculty:
K. Obraczka, UC Santa Cruz, CE
Web site: www.cse.ucsc.edu/~katia
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Software row
Synergies with Societal Impact in: Energy, Emergency,
Environment, Health, Transportation
We propose to investigate, design and deploy a suite
of novel multicast protocols aimed primarily ad hoc
(and also other mobile) networks. We maintain that,
due to the inherent broadcast capability, wireless
networks are well suited for multicast
communication. Unlike the evolution of routing in
wired networks, we believe that – in ad hoc networks
– it is more effective to treat multicast routing as a
separate problem. The proposed suite of multicast
packet routing and forwarding protocols (IMAHN)
will emphasize robustness versus efficiency,
adaptability, unlimited mobility and integrated
multicast.
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90 SECTION 5.5.2 SOFTWARE
Integrated Sensing, Computation and
Networked Systems: “Mitigating Bottlenecks
and Hotspots in Wireless Sensor Systems”
Participating Faculty:
J. Rabaey, UC Berkeley, EECS,
K. Ramchandran, UC Berkeley, EECS
Web site: bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Software row
Synergies with Societal Impacts in: Energy, Emergencies,
Environment, Health, Third World, Transportation
With the recent progress in microelectronics and
micromechanics, integrated, small footprint
combinations of sensors, wireless transceivers, and
energy sources are rapidly becoming reality. We
envision that in the foreseeable future,
sensor/communication nodes will become cheap
enough to be used in huge quantities, and small
enough to be easily integrated into our daily living
environment, and that the energy/power
consumption of the nodes will be low enough for
them to operate continuously for a very long period
of time from a self-contained power source.
The latter requirement is actually the essential
one. Reliable operation of the sensor network
requires that enough nodes are always operational to
execute the requested services. “Lifetime” and
“survivability” are essential metrics of any sensor
network. The limited availability of energy (for
battery-operated nodes) or power (for nodes that
operate on energy-scavenging) puts an upper limit
on the amount of computation and communication
that can be performed on a single network node.
While average energy (power) consumption per
node may seem to be a reasonable measure for the
lifetime of the network, this metric is grossly
inadequate for virtually any realistic sensor system.
The presence of hotspots and bottlenecks causes
some parts of the network to consume energy at
much faster rates than others, hence causing the
network to fail earlier. For example, nodes situated
around a data-collection node (called a monitor
node) are subject to more traffic than remote sensor
nodes, and can fail a lot earlier. These hotspots are
the Achilles heel to the potential widespread use of
sensor networks.
A number of techniques to address the uneven
distribution of activity levels in wireless sensor
networks, and consequently extend the lifetime of
the network, are advanced in this proposal. While
each of these approaches is bound to have a
considerable impact, it is their combination that has
the most dramatic result. We project that the
combined impact of the proposed techniques will
increase the longevity and robustness of sensor
networks by at least a factor of :
» Ad-hoc routing techniques to distribute the traffic
over the complete network rather than along a
number of bottleneck traffic lanes
» Network topology management to equalize traffic
density over the network
» Utilization of “altruistic” nodes
» Aggregation and distributed source-coding to
compress the traffic flow in the direction and vicinity
of the monitor node
» Adaptive and dynamic relocation of services within
the network to avoid exhaustion of specific network
regions
The algorithms resulting from this research will
not only be analyzed theoretically and by simulation,
but will also be tested empirically in a real wireless
sensor testbed, as is currently available at the
Berkeley Wireless Research Center (BWRC).
SECTION 5.5.2 SOFTWARE
Interactive Sensor Networks
Participating Faculty:
K. Pister, UC Berkeley, EECS
Web site: www-bsac.eecs.berkeley.edu
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Software row
Synergies with Societal Impact in: Energy, Emergencies,
Environment, and Transportation
An Interactive Sensor Networks (ISN) is a
distributed sensor and communication system where
two things obtain: Some data processing is done at
the sensor node location before being sent to the
main processing location; and, the processing done
at the sensor node location is configurable by the
specific user in real time, to save system resources as
well as make the output the user receives more
friendly.Work performed in this project will consist
of designing interactive sensor nodes, building the
nodes, setting up a distributed system, and
characterizing and testing.
Design of interactive nodes. In this first stage, nodes
will be designed with minimal configurability in
order to rapidly implement the system. The nodes
will be comprised of either single or multiple
sensors, processing electronics, and communication
links. They will be as modular as possible in order to
facilitate upgrades and design changes as the project
unfolds.
Setting up of distributed system. Once the nodes
have been built, they will be distributed throughout
the city of Berkeley. Information will be sent to a
central location, the office of Dr. Kristopher Pister at
UCB. Here the output of the nodes will be analyzed
and the nodes will be configured.
Characterization and testing. Initially,
characterization will consist of measuring the
variables associated with the data transfer,
robustness, and general response of the subsystems
within varying environments, configurability, and
failure analysis.
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SECTION 5.5.2 SOFTWARE
Interfaces and Model Checking for Software
Participating Faculty:
L. de Alfaro, UC Santa Cruz, CE
Web site: www.cse.ucsc.edu/~luca
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Software row
Synergies with Societal Impact in: Energy, Emergency,
Environment, Health, Transportation
Model checking has become a successful verification
technology for hardware, because it permits the fully
automatic analysis of designs. For software
verification, model checkers must be applied to finite
abstractions of code. This requires suitable
abstractions: if the abstraction is too coarse, the
model checker fails to prove the desired property; if
it is too fine, the model checker fails to terminate. To
address these issues, we have developed the paradigm
of lazy abstraction, which automatically refines an
initial Boolean abstraction locally and on demand, as
long as necessary to achieve a sufficient degree of
precision to pass the model checker. We have
implemented our algorithm in the Berkeley Lazy
Abstraction Software verification Toolkit BLAST, and
we have used BLAST successfully to uncover errors
in Linux and NT device drivers.
This project has three goals. First, we will apply
BLAST to the NASA MDS testbed. Second, we will
investigate the effectiveness of our interface
formalisms for capturing the design requirements of
MDS, and evolve the formalisms as necessary. Third,
and most importantly, we will develop novel
compositional approaches to software verification,
where model-checking is used to analyze single
components and relate them to their specifications,
and interfaces are used to specify and verify the
interaction of the components in a design. To
achieve this, we will extend BLAST to the automatic
checking of component code with respect to
interface specifications, which can then be checked
for compatibility across components. We will also
connect interfaces to the architecture of the system,
enabling the compliance checking of code against an
architectural or programming pattern. For instance,
by relating interfaces with the class hierarchy, we can
specify common behavioral constraints for
subclasses such as resource access protocols, which
can be then statically checked. Finally, we will extend
BLAST to the automatic derivation of interfaces,
which can then be propagated and verified in the
system. All the techniques developed will be applied
to the MDS testbed, which will benefit from the
verification effort.
SECTION 5.5.2 SOFTWARE
MARS – Mobile Autonomous Robot
Software
Participating Faculty:
R. Manduchi, UC Santa Cruz, CE
Web site: www.cse.ucsc.edu/~manduchi
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Software row
Synergies with Societal Impact in: Emergencies,
Environment
We seek to develop a system that enables small
robots to perform missions reliably in dynamic
environments. New object-referenced
representations and behaviors will enable these
robots to perceive and react to other actors (people,
vehicles, other robots), and carry out end-to-end
missions in the face of unexpected dynamic events. A
self-diagnostic mixed initiative user interface will
minimize the need for operator intervention, by
enabling operators to specify missions in dynamic
object-referenced terms, and by enabling operators
to monitor the mission and provide mission-critical
perceptual information when needed.
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SECTION 5.5.2 SOFTWARE
NEPHEST – National Experimental
Platformfor Hybrid and Embedded
Systems Technology
Participating Faculty:
T. Henzinger, UC Berkeley, EECS
E. Lee, UC Berkeley; EECS
S. Sastry, UC Berkeley, EECS
Web site: www.gigascale.org
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Software
Synergies with Societal Impacts in: Energy, Emergencies,
Environment, Health, Transportation
We are developing theories, software, and
computational tools for the hierarchical modeling of
distributed hybrid and embedded systems by
providing technologies for their composable
specification, analysis, simulation, and synthesis.
We shall help survey the state-of-the-art in hybrid
and embedded system technology. The Berkeley
contribution to the report will focus on established
research projects and major industrial R&D and
standardization efforts. Specifically included in this
survey will be the SystemC initiative
(www.systemc.org) and other component-based
methods from the hardware design technology
community, real-time Java and related languagebased efforts to provide a design framework for
embedded systems, real-time CORBA and related
middleware aimed at embedded real-time systems,
and synchronous languages and related
computational paradigms aimed at embedded
systems. These will be evaluated with respect to their
emphasis on effective composition of components
for hybrid and embedded systems.
We will develop an architecture design and
demonstration of an initial experimental prototype
of an open framework for integrating hardware and
software components of large-scale experiments for
hybrid and embedded system research. This design
and prototype will be based on the Ptolemy II
framework from Berkeley
(ptolemy.eecs.berkeley.edu), adapted to include
recently developed concepts of interface definition
encompassing dynamic properties of components.
These interface concepts bring well-established
notions of information hiding, polymorphism, and
inheritance from object-oriented architectures into
actor-oriented component architectures, which are
better suited to hybrid and embedded system design.
We also will develop a suite of reusable
components that demonstrate the concepts of
deliverable  by showing how polymorphic interfacebased component design can lead to effective
integratable component libraries. We will propose
component and interface specification formats based
on established syntaxes like XML and IDLs and will
identify a suite of tools (such as graphical editors,
visualization tools, and engineering process support
tools) that form the essential framework for a
national experimental platform.
Further, we will help clarify the role of challenge
problems in future NEPHEST efforts by formulating
the experiment that a challenge problem
development performs. That is, we will help define
the metrics by which positive and negative
experimental outcomes will be recognized. It will not
be sufficient in challenge problems for the outcome
to be “it works” or “it flies.” Instead, there must be
some demonstrable improvement in modularity,
robustness, performance, design process, or cost.
SECTION 5.5.2 SOFTWARE
NEST – Network Embedded
Software Technology
Participating Faculty:
D. Culler, UC Berkeley, EECS;
E. Brewer, UC Berkeley, EECS;
K. Pister, UC Berkeley, EECS;
S. Sastry, UC Berkeley, EECS;
D. Wagner, UC Berkeley, EECS/CS
Web site: webs.cs.berkeley.edu/nest-index.html
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Software row
Synergies with Societal Impact in: Energy, Emergencies,
Environment, Health, Third World, Transportation
The goal is to develop a platform for NEST research
to accelerate the development of algorithms, services,
and their composition into applications. Most of the
platform is software; small, networked sensor nodes
are developed to ground algorithmic work in the
reality of working with numerous, highly
constrained devices.
The main elements of the proposed approach are
a comprehensive platform consisting of:
» The hardware required for low-cost large-scale
experimentation
» The nodal OS that supports not just applications,
but debugging, visualization, communication, lowpower consumption, and remote monitoring and
control
» Infrastructure services for time synchronization,
storage, computing and even large-scale simulations
» A powerful simulation environment for exploring
adversarial situations and worst-case environments
» A debugging and visualization environment
specifically geared toward large numbers of
interacting nodes, and support event-centric
development
» Mechanisms for composition of finite-state
machines that enable modular design
» A macrocomputing language that simplifies
programming a whole collection of nodes
This platform will benefit the NEST community
by allowing algorithmic work to move from theory
to practice at a very early stage, without each group
developing extensive infrastructure. Combined with
these algorithmic elements, the platform will permit
demonstration of smart structures and advance
control. The framework of efficient modularity it
provides will accelerate reuse and sharing of
common elements. The integrated use of testbeds
and simulation environment will allow algorithms to
be deeply tested. The execution elements of the
platform implicitly define the cost metrics for
algorithmic analysis, which differ significantly from
traditional distributed computing. The
programming model defines mechanisms for
adapting to changing environments.
Critical barriers are scale, concurrency,
complexity, and uncertainty. The nodal system must
be of small physical scale, operate under constrained
power and bandwidth, support intensive
concurrency, and extremely passive vigilance.
Thread-based models perform poorly in this regime,
so a FSM-based approach is developed. Algorithms
must utilize massive numbers, rather than device
power. A fundamental challenge is to understand
what an algorithm is doing in a reactive, diffuse
network once deployed. Testbed instrumentation
and large-scale simulation attack the understanding
issue directly, even searching for Murphy’s Law
failures. Many of the techniques used here have
proven essential in scalable Internet services. The
platform will be evaluated by its effectiveness in
accelerating the development of NEST algorithms
and applications, and its adoption.
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96 SECTION 5.5.2 SOFTWARE
Static Analysis and Model Checking of
Open-Source Code for Detecting
Security Vulnerabilities
Participating Faculty:
D. Wagner, UC Berkeley, EECS/CS
Web Site: www.cs.berkeley.edu/~daw
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Software row
Synergies with Societal Impact in: Energy, Emergencies,
Environment, Health, Third World, Transportation
We will select appropriate principles of good coding
practice for open source software, with the goal of
detecting certain classes of common security flaws.
We will express these principles as properties in a
temporal logic that can be model-checked effectively.
A report explaining the selection will be provided.
In parallel, we will develop model-checking tools.
These tools will be capable of analyzing open source
software to check whether it satisfies properties
specified in a temporal logic. A report describing the
design and evaluation of our initial prototype of a
model-checking tool will be provided.
Then, we will apply these tools to large open
source software packages and enhance the tools as
required to improve their practical usefulness. The
results of our automated security analysis will be
provided, and we will describe any security flaws that
we find in open source packages by using our tools.
A final report on the project will be provided.
SECTION 5.5.2 SOFTWARE
TinyOS – A component based operating
system for networked sensors
Participating Faculty:
D. Culler, UC Berkeley, EECS;
E. Brewer, UC Berkeley, EECS;
K. Pister, UC Berkeley, EECS;
S. Sastry, UC Berkeley, EECS;
D. Wagner, UC Berkeley, EECS/CS
Web site: webs.cs.berkeley.edu/tos/index.html
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Software row
Synergies with Societal Impact in: Energy, Emergencies,
Environment, Health, Third World, Transportation
The networked sensor regime is an exciting new
design space that is emerging as a result of
innovations in RF Communication technology and
MEMS technology. TinyOS explores the software
support that is required in that design space. TinyOS
is a component-based runtime environment
designed to provide support for deeply embedded
systems, which require concurrency intensive
operations while constrained by minimal hardware
resources. For example, originally designed for the
Smart Dust hardware platform, our scheduler fits in
under  bytes of program memory.
TinyOS has been the basis for many CITRIS
sensor network applications described on the above
Web page.
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SECTION 5.5.2 SOFTWARE
Wide-Area Ubiquitous, Scalable, Extensible
Sensor Networks
Participating Faculty:
J. D. Owens, UC Davis, ECE
Web site: www.ece.ucdavis.edu/research/compeng.html
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Software row
Synergies with Societal Impact in: Energy, Emergencies,
Environment, Health, Transportation
The advent of low-cost and low-power sensors,
programmable and powerful sensor nodes, and
maturing interconnection technology has led to an
explosive growth in the use of sensor networks
targeting a variety of distributed or remote sensor
applications. One of the most important potential
uses for sensor networks is in the areas of
environmental monitoring and agriculture, as
researchers in these disciplines commonly take
diverse, complex, and data-heavy measurements in
the field.
These researchers face two major challenges to
deploying sensors for their use. The first challenge is
the sensor node itself, which must accurately make
the measurements desired by the researcher and
properly store them for the researcher’s use. The
second challenge, and the focus of our research, is
the problem of how to get the data from the sensor
to the researcher. Traditionally, this has been done by
either manual visits to the sensors or by constructing
a custom network to automatically bring the data
back. These networks are primitive by networking
standards, usually consisting of a strict client-server
model with little sophistication in its protocols or
interfaces. And more importantly, these networks are
usually only used by a single researcher – other
researchers cannot easily use established networks to
transmit their own data. The large time and
equipment investment from one researcher in
building her own network is useless to her
colleagues.
To address these problems with today’s sensor
networks, we propose to design and prototype a
sensor network that delivers ubiquity, scalability, and
extensibility to service both a large geographic range
and a broad variety of sensors and users. The goal of
this network is to allow environmental and
agricultural researchers to easily link their various
distant sensors to our network, allowing them
remote, reliable, real-time access to their data
without concern for the underlying network. We will
address the following:
Ubiquity. A ubiquitous network is accessible
anywhere over a large geographic region. We
envision designing a network with the capability of
reaching any location of interest within a potentially
large geographic range, such as the San Joaquin
Valley or the state of California.
Scalability. Current networks have been
demonstrated to scale to tens or hundreds of nodes.
We propose to design a network that supports tens
to hundreds of thousands of nodes, and demonstrate
the scalability of our network with simulations and a
prototype.
Extensibility. Such a network would be most useful if
it supported a wide range of sensors with arbitrary
data. A core design goal of our network is to develop
protocols and interfaces to this network so that
sensors can easily and efficiently put their data onto
the network. The network should also support bidirectional communication so that control directives
can be sent from researchers to their sensors.
SECTION 5.5.3 MICROSYSTEMS
Section 5.5.3 Microsystems
Algorithmic and Circuit-Level
Approaches to Leveraging Multiple
Threshold Voltage Processes
Participating Faculty:
K. Keutzer, UC Berkeley, EECS
D. Sylvester, Univ.of Michigan, EECS
Web site:
www-cad.eecs.berkeley.edu/~keutzer/index.html
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Microsystems row
In nanometer scale CMOS technologies, static power
consumption will be the major component of the
overall power consumption. Static power has been
rapidly growing as technologies have scaled supply
voltage VDD and threshold voltage Vth down to
maintain drive current and reduce dynamic power
consumption, at the cost of an exponential increase
in transistor leakage currents. Static power can be as
much as % of the power budget of current highend microprocessors, and this will likely increase as
future technologies continue to reduce Vth.
Multiple threshold voltage processes are becoming
increasingly popular as a way to maintain
performance while reducing total power
consumption. A low transistor threshold voltage may
be used on critical paths to meet timing constraints.
Paths with timing slack may be assigned a higher
threshold voltage to reduce the subthreshold leakage
component of static power consumption. Multiple
supply voltages can be similarly used to further
reduce power consumption while maintaining
performance.
Implementing a design in a multi-VDD
technology requires level converters that restore a
low supply voltage signal to a high input voltage for
high supply voltage gates: a low VDD input to a high
VDD static CMOS gate applies a forward bias to the
PMOS transistor causing unacceptably large static
currents. Asynchronous level converters allow lowVDD to high-VDD transitions anywhere in the
circuit, leading to a larger flexibility in circuit
partitioning. Synchronous level converters, on the
other hand, combine the level converter with a
register. In our research we examined a variety of
new circuits for asynchronous level converters that
show promising results, reducing the power and
performance overhead for asynchronous level
conversion, and robustness to supply voltage noise.
In order to utilize process and circuit technologies
supporting multiple supply and threshold voltages,
CAD tools are needed to assign supply voltages to
gates and threshold voltages to transistors in a way
that minimizes power. Supply and threshold voltage
assignment optimization should ideally be done in
conjunction with transistor sizing. Algorithmic work
within both research groups has focused on
optimizing combinational circuitry with
synchronous level converters at the peripheries.
Extensions of these approaches will incorporate
asynchronous level converters.
We have examined several algorithmic approaches.
We use gate delay and power models based on
posynomial functions. With posynomial models, the
combinational VDD, Vth and sizing problem is
convex with a global optimum that can be
determined by geometric programming. Geometric
programming results on small benchmarks indicate
up to % total power savings using multiple supply
and threshold voltages, compared with optimally
assigning a single global supply voltage and
threshold voltages. Dynamic programming and
linear programming slack assignment heuristics for
threshold voltage assignment and sizing have been
implemented using timing models based on logical
effort. Dual threshold voltages in combination with
sizing show –% power savings compared to
sizing only for the ISCAS’ combinational
benchmarks. We are currently working to extend
these approaches to handle more accurate gate delay
models, and improve the run time.
99
100 SECTION 5.5.3 MICROSYSTEMS
BioMagnetICs: An Integrated High-Sensitivity
DNA Detection and Display System Based on
Magnetic Nanoparticles for Use in Biological
Warfare and Functional Genomics
Participating Faculty:
L. Lee, UC Berkeley, Bioengineering;
P. Alivisatos, UC Berkeley, Chemistry
Web site: www-biopoems.berkeley.edu
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Microsystems row
Synergies with Societal Impact in: Emergencies, Health
This task seeks to revolutionize the paradigm of
DNA chip by integrating an array of DNA probes on
multiple giant magneto-resistance sensor or spin
valve sensors using nanomagnetic bead technology
and a microfluidic lab-on-a chip for lab automation.
This task will demonstrate the advanced hybrid
integration science and technology for ultra fast
DNA microprocessors with single molecule detection
sensitivities. We will integrate nanomagnetic-bead
based microfluidic circuits as an example of a fully
integrated biomagnetic microprocessor, which has
functions for cell and molecule sorting,
manipulation, and detection. This will also enhance
the parallel magnetical processing of bioinformatic
arrays by integration of microelectronic components
such as actuators, sensors, amplifiers, signal
processing, and feedback control units.
This research proposal aims to develop an
advanced microfluidic system for BioMagnetic
Microprocessor based on spin valves. Our approach
is to develop advanced integrated polymeric
microfluidic chips with the selective surface
modifications of the magnetic thin film sensors and
high aspect ratio polymer (HARP) microstructures.
The HARP provides high surface area-to-volume
ratio microstructure and is ideal for cell and
molecular separation, micro-reaction chambers,
selective DNA patterning, and hybridization assay.
For biomedical applications, the HARP can be
biochemically functionalized and used for
biochemical probes within integrated microfluidic
devices, and will allow rapid, sensitive, and
economical detection of molecular interactions with
tremendous potential for diagnostics tools. Polymerbased MEMS and biomagnetic sensor technologies
will be integrated with micromolded plastic
structures to implement the fully integrated system.
SECTION 5.5.3 MICROSYSTEMS
Controllable Storage Optical Memory (CSOM)
Participating Faculty:
C. Chang-Hasnain, UC Berkeley, EECS
A. Majumdar, UC Berkeley, ME
Web site: photonics.eecs.berkeley.edu/cch
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Microsystems row
We propose a comprehensive research program for
the realization of a novel all-optical memory with a
storage length that can be adjusted via an external
control. An all-optical memory is a critical building
block for optical communications and signal
processing. Such a device must have a storage that
can be externally varied with a rapid response time.
Thus far, there have been no such devices reported in
spite of intense research in the field.
We propose to synthesize semiconductor
quantum dot (QD) material in photonic crystals to
achieve the adjustable storage. The idea centers on
creating a medium that can reduce the group
velocity of an optical signal beam by a variable
amount. By controlling the slow-down factor, an
optical memory with adjustable storage can be
realized. Our goal is to achieve a -fold slow-down
with minimum pulse dispersion at room
temperature. The idea is based on recent
breakthroughs of slow light in atomic gas cells. By
creating a destructive interference between the
electronic transitions of the atomic vapor and an
external control laser, the real and imaginary parts of
the refractive index of the medium was modified to
result in a greatly reduced group velocity (e.g. 
fold reduction)
Semiconductor-based devices that exhibit similar
behavior would create an enormous impact. They
are compact, mass manufacturable, facilitate
monolithic integration, and consume lower power.
Such devices can revolutionize optical
communications by enabling new architectures. In
addition, the various elements of this program will
have a far-reaching impact; being fundamental, they
can be applied to vast areas of optoelectronic devices
and systems.
101
102 SECTION 5.5.3 MICROSYSTEMS
Desktop Rapid Prototyping Millirobots
Participating Faculty:
R. Fearing, UC Berkeley, EECS
Web site: robotics.eecs.berkeley.edu
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Microsystems row
The development of centimeter scale mechatronic
systems and measuring instruments could be greatly
enhanced by the creation of a rapid prototyping
capability which includes flexible microassembly of
structure, joints, sensors, actuators, electronics, and
wiring. Microassembly provides the ability to
construct -dimensional heterogenous microsystems
by joining sensors, actuators, structures, and
intelligence, which are separately fabricated, and
ideally available off-the-shelf.
We propose to develop a millirobot system which
can be used for rapid prototyping of complicated
micromechatronic devices combining folded-sheet
structures, commercial sensors, actuators, and
grippers. We will develop and test algorithms for
deterministic, 3D micro-assembly. Our assembly
algorithms will include both local sensor-based force
control for precise alignment, and sensorless
assembly algorithms. This micro-manipulator system
is both a necessary tool for flexible assembly of
microsystems, and a sophisticated microsystem itself.
The key research issues to be addressed in this
work are:
» Develop flexible fabrication methods using fixtures
and millirobots to fold pre-cut sheets of material
into 3D microstructures and bond in final
configurations
» Develop microassembly techniques using
millirobots capable of precisely attaching  micron
blocks as well as  micron or thinner sheets (such as
strain gauges) through control of interaction forces
» Develop automatic algorithms which can
“compile” an assembly plan, consisting of gripper
and tool operations and fixture locations, which can
then be used to rapidly prototype a complete
microsystem, such as a  mm wing span
micromechanical flying insect (MFI), including
thorax structure, strain gauges, and piezoelectric
actuators
» Design a low-cost rapid prototyping millirobot
system which can be readily copied to provide a
micro-tool construction capability for any lab or
school interested in developing micromechatronic
systems
Our goal is to allow a micro-system designer to
go from design to first prototype in several hours,
with additional prototypes being produced in
minutes. In the first stage of the prototype
fabrication, a millirobot containing grippers and
tools customizes the workspace by positioning and
bonding fixtures at appropriate locations. The
passive fixtures are designed to dramatically reduce
the complexity of the millirobot actuation, sensing,
and control. In effect, fixtures will be used to
maximize offline planning, and minimize millirobot
hardware. In the second stage of fabrication, the
millirobot system can construct the prototype, and
future copies of the prototype can be quickly made
without any additional workpiece setup time.
SECTION 5.5.3 MICROSYSTEMS
Exploration and Control of
Condensed Matter Qubits
Participating Faculty:
B. Whaley, UC Berkeley, Chemistry
J. Clarke, UC Berkeley, Physics
M. Crommie, UC Berkeley, Physics
S.J.C. Davis, UC Berkeley, Physics
S. Sastry, UC Berkeley, EECS
A. Zettl, UC Berkeley, Physics
Web site: www.cchem.berkeley.edu/kbwgrp
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Microsystems row
Dramatic theoretical advances in the field of
Quantum Information Sciences over the past seven
years have led to increasing pressure for physical
realization of true quantum devices that can be
operated coherently to provide reversible quantum
logic. Such devices are required for novel
communication and computing schemes exploiting
quantum mechanical effects. Although enormous
strides have been made in developing algorithms,
quantum codes, and powerful cryptographic
protocols, experimental implementation still poses
some very difficult problems. Much basic science
must be performed before we can begin to realize
truly scalable quantum computers. We address this
challenge with experimental studies to explore the
physics of potential qubit systems, and with
theoretical investigations of new approaches to
minimize decoherence and to provide protocols for
robust quantum control and efficient quantum logic.
A main theme of our proposal is to exploit new
abilities to fabricate and control matter at
increasingly small dimension to help generate new
technologies for processing information. Our
interdisciplinary group of scientists and engineers,
drawn from computer science, chemical physics, and
solid state physics, will jointly explore the
development of new types of devices that utilize
quantum degrees of freedom in solid-state
nanostructures to process information.
Our research proposal focuses on three issues for
qubit implementation: quantum state measurement
and initialization, decoherence, and entanglement.
These issues will be explored for a number of
condensed matter qubit candidates. Each potential
qubit system holds the possibility for significant
long-term scalability, provided that the three
fundamental issues can be adequately dealt with.
Our six PIs will undertake joint theoretical and
experimental efforts with multiple collaborations
between all group projects. Theoretical work will
focus on understanding, controlling, and minimizing
decoherence. We shall undertake a systematic
development of control procedures that maximize
both the efficiency and robustness of quantum logic
gates. Experimental work will focus on
characterizing qubit states employing electronic and
nuclear spins in solids, as well as superconducting
flux coherences. Novel condensed matter qubit
structures will be synthesized using state-of-the-art
nanofabrication techniques, and probed using the
unique measurement tools available to the group
members. Initial experiments will be aimed at
quantum state measurement and initialization, but
subsequent goals will involve working to minimize
decoherence and to enable controlled quantum logic
operations.
103
104
SECTION 5.5.3 MICROSYSTEMS
Fast Core Smart Edge “Optical-Label”
Switching Networks for the
Next Generation Internet
Participating Faculty:
S. J. B. Yoo, UC Davis ,ECE
Web site: sierra.ece.ucdavis.edu
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Microsystems row
This project is pursuing studies on the architecture
and protocol design, performance analysis, and
experimentation of optical packet switching
networks, targeting to achieve a high-performance
optical-label switching (OLS) system in the core (fast
core) with an intelligent traffic management at the
edge (smart edge).
The proposed “fast core smart edge” network
architecture has an all-optical data plane, where OLS
core routers perform transparent packet forwarding
based on a sub-carrier multiplexed optical-label
containing routing and control information. An
optical router consists of arrayed-wavelengthgrating-router, tunable wavelength converters, fixed
wavelength converters, and a switching controller. It
exploits the wavelength, time, and space domain to
resolve the contention by means of wavelength
converters, Fiber Delay Lines (FDL), and optical
switches. In contrast to conventional electronic
routers with contention resolution primarily in the
time domain, the additional wavelength domain
provides appealing potential to obtain highperformance all-optical switching capacities.
In light of the self-similar nature of Internet
traffic and the irregular distribution of Internet
packet length, the project exploits the availability of
the electronic buffer at the ingress edge router to
reshape the traffic profile. This traffic-shaping
function is achieved by assembling “jumbo optical
packets” from client IP packets of the same
destination and of common attributes. Our
simulation work indicates that the traffic-shaping
mechanism can efficiently reduce the network-wide
packet-loss rate. To boost the transmission capacity
from the optical core to the electrical edge, this
project also investigates the effect of the redundant
local drop ports at the egress router on the network
performance.
In this “fast core smart edge” architecture, the
wavelength dimension enables a scalable solution to
resolve contention by taking benefit of a large
amount of available wavelengths. Simulation work
has demonstrated that the proposed network could
achieve a very low packet-loss rate (.% at load
.) by means of the wavelength-time-space domain
contention resolution in the core together with
enhanced edge routers. Based on the proposed “fast
core smart edge” network architecture, we are
continuing to further our researches on the
following topics:
» Design of a high-performance multi-stage OLS
core router architecture
» Implementation of the enhanced edge router for
OLS networks
» Network Control and Management (NC&M)
system for OLS networks
» Visualization applications supported by OLS
networks
SECTION 5.5.3 MICROSYSTEMS
Focus Center in Materials, Structures, and
Devices (MDS)
Participating Faculty:
C. Hu, UC Berkeley, EECS
J. Boker, UC Berkeley, EECS
T. King, UC Berkeley, EECS
V. Subramanian, UC Berkeley, EECS
Web site: www.gigascale.org
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Microsystems row
I. Sub-10-nm Silicon-Based FETs
A. Double-Gate FETs
() Develop self-aligned double-gate FinFETs
with special attention to process simplification.
Fabricate prototype devices to verify the device
concept and investigate the characteristics of small
double-gate CMOS devices. Demonstrate
performance superior to bulk devices. Explore the
impact on circuits through mixed-mode and SPICE
simulations.
B. Performance Enhanced FETs via New Materials
and Fabrication Technologies
() Explore low-barrier silicides for application
to Schottky source/drain CMOS devices. Break the
trade-off between Idsat and Ioff of Schottky
soure/drain devices through the use of ultra-thin
body device structures, either single gate or double
gate
() Investigate the formation of singlecrystalline semiconductor films by solid-phase
epitaxy for use as channel (body) in ultra-thin-body
transistors (either single-gate or double gate).
Optimize crystalline quality and film thickness
control. Develop novel scalable MOSFET structures
using SPE films.
II. Molecular and Organic Semiconductor
Electronics
A. Molecular Devices and Interface Electronics
B. Organic Semiconductor FETs
() Explore and optimize chemical synthesis and
fabrication processes for high-performance organic
TFTs using highly ordered thin films created using
self-assembly phenomena. Evaluate scalability of
these devices to sub-micron dimensions and
usability of these devices in 3D integrated circuits.
() Study organic-inorganic interface properties
in organic TFTs, and engineer these interfaces to
develop high-performance organic TFTs with low
parasitic resistance and improved operating currents
and voltages.
III. Nanotube Electronics
A. NEMS (Nano-electromechanical Systems)
() Explore electrostatically actuated mechanical
switches using carbon nanotubes at the switch
contacts. Evaluate performance limits of such devices
including speed and reliability. Investigate suitable
circuit architectures and develop realistic circuit
models to estimate performance.
105
106
SECTION 5.5.3 MICROSYSTEMS
Hardware Emulation Platform Hardware,
Software and Design Methodology
Participating Faculty:
J. Rabaey, UC Berkeley, EECS
Web site: bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Microsystems row
Synergies with Societal Impacts in: Energy, Emergencies,
Environment, Health, Third World, Transportation
Hardware Emulation: Increasingly complex and
sophisticated ICs and ASICs, coupled with shrinking
design cycles, require tools that elevate design
emulation and verification to an unprecedented level
of performance, capacity, speed, and flexibility. The
cost of design iterations due to errors and design
faults is growing exponentially. Extremely large chip
sets require enormous quantities of test vectors and
the execution of long software application suites.
Contemporary large system designs and especially
the system-on-a-chip (SoC) designs require fast
prototyping in order to keep the development time
competitive.
The purpose of this research is to identify these
problems and develop methods, practices, and
hardware to make the design flow as smoothly as
possible. The nature of the design interfaces is
especially examined. Therefore, conventional
simulations are inapplicable and it is the goal of the
BiggaScale Emulation Engine (BEE) to build a
system capable of exploring new system concepts
and algorithms for wireless communication. The
focus is on gaining experience with the system level
aspects of a design before committing to an ASIC
implementation. The goal of the BEE project is to
build a machine that can emulate, with reasonable
speed, the digital and analog parts of a chip that can
do  billion operations per second.
SECTION 5.5.3 MICROSYSTEMS
High Spatial Resolution Thermal Imaging
of Multiple Section Semiconductor Lasers
Participating Faculty:
A. Shakouri, UC Santa Cruz, EE
Web site: quantum.soe.ucsc.edu/ali_info.html
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Microsystems row
Temperature strongly affects output power and peak
wavelength characteristics of active optoelectronic
devices. In this paper we describe how
thermoreflectance imaging technique can be used to
obtain thermal maps of photonic devices under
operation. Submicron spatial resolution and <.C
temperature resolution has been achieved.
Temperature non-uniformity is investigated in
various multi section lasers and photonic integrated
circuits. It is shown that large temperature variations
can be developed over small regions on the order of
–µm in diameter. By optimizing the thermal
design of the device, we have achieved record level of
damage free power dissipation in electro-absorption
modulators integrated with multiple section lasers.
107
108 SECTION 5.5.3 MICROSYSTEMS
Inkjet Printed Inductively Coupled Circuits
Participating Faculty:
V. Subramanian, UC Berkeley, EECS
Web site: organics.eecs.berkeley.edu
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Microsystems row
Synergies with Social Impacts in: Energy,
Emergencies, Education, Environment, Health, Third
World, Transportation, Social Sciences
There has been intensive research focused on the
development of an electronic replacement for the
ubiquitous UPC barcode. To replace consumer
barcodes, ultra-low cost will be paramount. Organicbased circuits may enable this due to their low
fabrication cost. In this work, the investigators will
develop the technologies necessary for RFID barcode
replacement systems, and will use these to
demonstrate a major subcomponent of any RFID
system – the power harvesting subcircuit.
The low cost manufacturing aspects of this project
will help enable the use of ubiquitous computing
technology, impacting all applications in CITRIS.
Power for barcodes will be supplied by inductive
coupling since battery integration is not feasible. To
achieve the cost points required for UPC
replacement, it is necessary to integrate this and
other RFID circuitry on existing packaging with little
or no perturbation of the packaging process.
Specifically, the elimination of the need for
lithography, plasma etching, and vacuum
evaporation is critical to ensuring adequately low
cost.
The investigators will use nanocrystal-based and
organic-based materials and processes that they have
developed to demonstrate high quality active (diodes
and transistors) and passive (inductors, wires, and
capacitors) components, and will assemble these to
fabricate the first functional power-harvesting subcircuit on plastic. The entire process will be
performed at low cost using a custom inkjet printer,
eliminating all lithographic and vacuum-based
process steps.
High-Q Spiral inductors will be fabricated using a
novel low-temperature gold nanocrystal inkjetting
technology that has been developed by the
investigators. Parallel plate capacitors will be formed
using nanocrystal electrodes and inkjetted polymer
dielectrics. Schottky diodes will be developed using
inkjetted gold and silver nanocrystals as the
rectifying and ohmic contacts and inkjetted organic
semiconductors as the active layer. Transistors will be
fabricated by inkjet processing using an existing
polythiophene-based process. Finally, the various
components will be integrated to form a powerharvesting circuit.
An undergraduate and a graduate student will be
involved in this work. In particular, the mentoring of
the undergraduate student will be emphasized
through a series of tutorials and review programs.
The results of this proposal will also be used in a
University-sponsored high-school outreach program.
This will increase the level of interest in science and
engineering among local high-school students.
SECTION 5.5.3 MICROSYSTEMS
Integrated Microwatt Transceivers
Participating Faculty:
R. Howe, UC Berkeley, EECS;
J. Rabaey, UC Berkeley, EECS;
R. Maboudian, UC Berkeley, Chem. Engineering;
A. Pisano, UC Berkeley, ME;
T. King, UC Berkeley, EECS;
J. Bokor, UC Berkeley, EECS;
L. Lin, UC Berkeley, ME;
S. Smith, UC Berkeley, EECS
Web site: bsac.eecs.berkeley.edu
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Microsystems row
Synergies with Societal Impacts in: Energy, Emergencies,
Environment, Third World, Transportation
The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
(DARPA) is sponsoring a program for Nano
Mechanical Array Signal Processors (NMASP). The
key focus of this program is on optimized
combinations of innovative solutions in micro or
nano fabrication, materials processing, device design,
transduction mechanism, interconnects, and other
relevant engineering approaches that directly address
the performance issues in high-Q UHF mechanical
resonator arrays for RF transceiver and signal
processor applications.
These ultra-high frequency (UHF) ( MHz to 
GHz) mechanical resonators will achieve radical
reductions in size and power consumption over
state-of-the-art radio frequency (RF) transceivers
and signal processors.
The scope of this effort is to demonstrate an ultralow power (<  mW average) integrated CMOS
transceiver that is based on arrays of
nanomechanical resonator filters.
109
110
SECTION 5.5.3 MICROSYSTEMS
Integrated Nano Mechanical Atomic Clock
Participating Faculty:
A. Pisano, UC Berkeley, ME;
L. Lee, UC Berkeley, Bioengineering;
L Lin, UC Berkeley, ME
Web site: www.darpa.mil/mto/csac
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Microsystems row
Synergies with Societal Impact in: Energy, Emergencies,
Environment, Third World, Transportation
The radio spectrum is a dwindling natural resource.
By some estimates in less than a decade there will be
no more frequencies left for the next-generation of
palmtop computers and handheld communicators.
But outfitting every wireless device – from a nextgeneration palmtop computer to a basic FM radio –
with a nano-mechanical clock that’s accurate down
to ten quadrillionths of a second per day could
reopen the radio spectrum for tomorrow’s new
business. This will be accomplished by using atomic
clocks to implement time-division multiplexing:
allowing many devices to share the same frequency,
but just at different non-overlapping times. In
principle, an atomic clock could multiplex different
transmitters every  nanoseconds. Atomic clocks
that regulate data flow for the Internet are shoe-box
sized devices that consume  watts of power and
cost $. The goal of this project is to shrink the
package down to one-centimeter cubed, reduce the
power consumed down to  milliwatts, and cut the
cost to possibly $.
We report on one recent research result, the
fabrication and characterization of low power highQ piezoelectric resonators. The sputter deposition of
c-axially oriented Auminum Nitride (AlN)
piezoelectric films (~  µm thick) on to silicon <>
substrates was achieved using a Novellus mi DC
magnetron sputtering tool. AlN films exhibit good
columnar structure and low residual stress ( MPa).
Figure: SEM images of AlN thin films deposited on S I <100> (a) Cross-section and (b) Surface
SECTION 5.5.3 MICROSYSTEMS
Intelligent Optical Router
Participating Faculty:
S. J. B. Yoo, UC Davis ,ECE
Web site: sierra.ece.ucdavis.edu
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Microsystems row
The goal of this project is to build an intelligent
optical router. The Optical Switching and Optical
Signal Processing technologies coupled with
advanced electronics technologies provide a wealthy
means to create a very intelligent and versatile
optical router. The UC Davis team has completed
protyping of the first optical router and successfully
demonstrated the field trial in the Sprint NTON
network. The pursued optical router addresses the
following important issues for the Next Generation
Internet.
» Ultra-low latency (~ nsec) and protocol
independent packet forwarding
» A scalable and power efficient router architecture
» Innovative optical technologies for switching and
header processing
» Aggression of fine grained traffic into the Supernet
» Interoperability with MPLS, Optical-Burst
Switching, MPLamdaS, and Optical-Label Switching
» End-to-End adaptive congestion management
All-optical Packet Switching Networks. In this
project, we demonstrated the multi-hop cascaded
operation of an optical packet routing system with
all-optical label swapping. It emulates a network
with multiple OLSRs, each providing label-based
packet forwarding.
Packet-by-packet bit-error-rate measurements
took place on P1 at each hop. We obtained about .
dB power penalty compared to the baseband payload
signal after one hop. However, a negative power
penalty of about . dB at BER=e- appears after
the two hop OLSR, which is mainly due to the 2R
regeneration in the SOA-based MZI WC and the
decrease in the received average power after two
packet-droppings.
Contention Resolution for an Optical Packet
Switching Networks. Packet contentions in a router
arise when more than one packet attempts to reach
the same output port at the same time. Electronic
routers primarily rely on queuing and buffering in
random access memories (RAM) to resolve
contentions in the time domain. Unfortunately
practical optical RAMs are not available today. On
the other hand, all-optical packet-switching routers
can exploit an additional degree of freedom in the
wavelength domain, and thus implement contention
resolution schemes in wavelength, time and space
domains. In this project, we demonstrate packet-bypacket contention resolution with comprehensive
contention scenario in the three domains and with
2R regeneration. We achieved about -. dB power
penalty at E- BER compared to the back-to-back
result measured right after the label extractor. The
negative power penalty is achieved by 2R
regeneration from cross-phase modulation in the
FWC.
111
112 SECTION 5.5.3 MICROSYSTEMS
Lithography for Terascale Electronics
Participating Faculty:
W. Oldham, UC Berkeley, EECS
J. Bokor, UC Berkeley, EECS
A. Frechet, UC Berkeley, Chemistry
B. Neureuther, UC Berkeley, EECS
A. Nikolic, UC Berkeley, EECS
A. Sakhor, UC Berkeley, EECS
V. Subramanian, UC Berkeley, EECS
Web site: lithonet.eecs.berkeley.edu/network
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Microsystems row
Lithography is recognized as the key technology
pacing the evolution of microelectronics and the
introduction of nanoelectronics. Projection optical
lithography has provided many generations of
improvements in feature size, overlay accuracy, and
throughput, and will continue to do so for several
more generations. Whereas there is no consensus
whether optical lithography (as we know it) will
reach , , or nm, there is a reasonable
agreement that extensions of existing technology will
not meet the lithography requirements of the nm
generation and beyond, needed beginning in the
middle of the next decade. The Network for
Advanced Lithography thus brings together four
University teams to research possible approaches to
lithography at nm and beyond.
The primary task of this Network is to identify,
evaluate, characterize, and advance promising
(potentially production worthy) approaches to
lithography for the generations requiring feature
sizes at or below nm. The research aims to work
on the most difficult technological challenges facing
every candidate lithography approach and investigate
various approaches to overcome these challenges. For
example, in EUV lithography the Network research is
concerned with ultimate resolution limits inherent in
the technology, with the very challenging metrology
requirements in optic characterization, and with the
problem of verification of defect levels in EUV
masks. In E-beam lithography, the concerns are
fundamental limits in overlay capability, and
throughput limits, both stemming directly from the
use of charged particles. There is no significant effort
within the Network on x-ray lithography, owing to
the large industrial and university programs already
in place on that technology.
A major focus of the Network is to research
maskless lithography. Whereas the technical
challenges are huge, the potential payoff is
enormous, compelling a broad, open-minded effort.
Radical new approaches to lithography offer
significant cost savings or throughput increase
because of simplicity and parallelism. Projects are
underway on scanning proximal probes, parallel
arrays of e-beams, and arrays of x-ray spots focused
by zone plates. Several other approaches are at an
earlier stage of investigation.
The Network also includes key infrastructure
research: metrology, resist technology, and the CAD
tools needed to design and analyze the advanced
technologies under investigation for candidate
lithography approaches.
SECTION 5.5.3 MICROSYSTEMS
Low-energy PicoRadio Platform
Architecture Development
Participating Faculty:
J. Rabaey, UC Berkeley, EECS
Web site:
bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu/Research/Pico_Radio/Default.htm
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Microsystems row
Synergies with Societal Impacts in: Energy, Emergencies,
Environment, Health, Third World, Transportation
The PicoRadio project strives to develop the range of
technologies necessary for the realization of ultralow energy wireless sensor networks. These include
the study of multi-hop networks, and media-access
layers that support low variable-rate data
transmission while ensuring energy-consumption
levels that are close to the theoretical limits. The
target is to create a node that consumes – uW
to operate. This power consumption would allow it
to power itself from the energy sources of the
operating environment.
Other issues involve the choice of the
implementation platforms and chip architectures
that enable the implementation of these advanced
algorithms. A heterogeneous combination of
programmable, configurable, and fixed components
seems to be a probable solution. Mapping the
advanced networking and communication
algorithms onto such an architecture presents a real
design methodology problem. Ensuring and
verifying that these distributed and embedded
systems will behave in a correct manner is especially
hard. In addition, implementing an RF front-end
that meets the demands of variable bit-rates and
energy-efficiency opens some interesting new venues
for research.
The ever evolving scaling of the semiconductor
technology has enabled new opportunities to provide
both flexibility and efficiency, as needed for these
self-configuring and adaptive wireless networks, at a
low cost and small size. When reducing the
minimum feature sizes into the deep sub-micron
realm (. um and below), it becomes possible to
integrate more than one million gates on a single die,
enabling the co-integration of the interfacing,
computation, position location, and communication
functions into a single silicon circuit. This systemon-a-chip (SOC) approach not only maximally
reduces the size of the sensor node, but also allows
the use of advanced circuit architectures which
provide the optimal trade-off between flexibility and
energy-efficiency. The tight integration of
communication and computation functions into a
single integrated circuit will provide the desired
functionality at the lowest possible cost and energy.
PicoRadio Prototype
113
114
SECTION 5.5.3 MICROSYSTEMS
MEMS REPS – MEMS Rotary
Engine Power System
Participating Faculty:
A. Pisano, UC Berkeley, ME;
S. Sanders, UC Berkeley, EECS;
C. Fernandez-Pello, UC Berkeley, ME;
R. Maboudian, UC Berkeley, Chem Engineering
Web site: www.me.berkeley.edu/mrcl/index.html
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Microsystems row
Synergies with Societal Impact in: Energy, Emergencies,
Environment, Third World, Transportation
The objective of this project is to design, fabricate,
and assemble a . mm rotary internal combustion
engine with integrated electrical generator and apex
seals. The purpose of a such a tiny, on-chip electrical
generator is to replace batteries with a power source
that lasts much longer and is more environmentally
friendly. The energy density of a liquid hydrocarbon
fuel (such as gasoline) is much higher than that of
most batteries. If the energy of the fuel can be
converted into power at a % efficiency (an
automobile engine’s efficiency is typically %), then
such a device would have  times the energy density
of a battery. As a result devices powered by a tiny
engine can be lighter than those powered by batteries
or could operate longer for the same weight. In
addition these devices could be “refueled” reducing
the cost of waste and deposal typical of batteries.
The MEMS REPS . mm engine design has been
completed. The engine is composed of a rotor,
housing, shaft, and cover plate. The engine housing
consists of two wafers Deep Reactive Ion Etched
(DRIE) and die bonded together. Fabrication of the
rear plate has been completed. The rear plate of the
engine consists of intake and exhaust ports, fuel
intake ports, and a spur gear. Since this engine is
larger than its predecessor ( mm engine) and the
epitrochoid and the gear teeth are fabricated
separately, spur gears with higher teeth counts are
possible with a greater degree of accuracy. Test
wafers show that even  tooth spur gears can be
fabricated.
The left figure above shows the rotors, and the right figure shows the housings.
SECTION 5.5.3 MICROSYSTEMS
MEMS Strain Sensors – Roller Bearings
Participating Faculty:
A.Pisano, UC Berkeley, ME;
O. O’Reilly, UCBerkeley, ME
Web site: www-bsac.eecs.berkeley.edu
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Microsystems row
Synergies with Societal Impact in: Energy, Emergencies,
Environment, Third World, Transportation
The principal goal of this research is to leverage
several aspects of MEMS technology to enhance
roller-bearing elements. This will be accomplished
through three research areas. First, we will design
and develop a vacuum-sealed MEMS strain sensor
module that can be bonded to steel components –
where knowledge of local strain fields is important.
The focus is on developing a strain gage capable of
measuring mechanical strain with a  kHz
bandwidth, resolving . micro-strain in a +-
micro-strain range, and operating over a
temperature range of - _C to  _C. This includes
sensor design and optimization, encapsulation
design, and development of a rapid method to bond
silicon to steel. Second, to enhance the applicability
of the strain sensor, low power, low-noise wireless
data telemetry and power coupling is being
developed. CMOS circuitry will be developed that
can interface with the MEMS strain sensor to
provide remote communication as well as provide an
inductive load in order to convert RF to DC power
from a remote power source. Last, a MEMS
fabrication technique is being developed to produce
surface textures onto lubrication critical surfaces in
radial lip seals of roller bearings to enhance
lubrication. Bearings with lower friction seals to
reduce fuel consumption and operating costs are in
high demand. For example, railroad operations
could save approximately –% in fuel costs per year
just by decreasing the seal friction in a Timken AP
(Class F) bearing by %. A major railroad in the US
can consume approximately ,,, gallons of
fuel per year. Therefore, the cost savings from
reductions in seal friction will be significant.
115
116
SECTION 5.5.3 MICROSYSTEMS
MFI – Micromechanical Flying Insect
Participating Faculty:
R. Fearing, UC Berkeley, EECS
Web site: robotics.eecs.berkeley.edu/~ronf/mfi.html
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Microsystems row
Synergies with Societal Impact in: Energy, Emergencies,
Environment, Third World, Transportation
The goal of the micromechanical flying insect (MFI)
project is to develop a  mm (wingtip-to-wingtip)
device capable of sustained autonomous flight. Such
a tiny flying robot could be used in wide area
(disposable) searching, pollution plume tracking,
building monitoring (comfort, security), inspection,
“Smart Dust” tagging, survivor search (after a fire,
earthquake, or other disaster), and mobile/adaptive
sensor/communication networking.
The MFI is designed based on biomimetic
principles to capture some of the exceptional flight
performance achieved by true flies. The high
performance of true flies is based on large forces
generated by non-steady state aerodynamics, a high
power-to-weight ratio motor system, and a highspeed control system with tightly integrated visual
and inertial sensors. Our design analysis shows us
that piezoelectric actuators and flexible thorax
structures can provide the needed power density and
wing stroke, and that adequate power can be
supplied by lithium batteries charged by solar cells.
Above a close-up of a wing is shown. The
current fly generates enough thrust to move
itself while attached to a tether and
counterweight. Free flight is the next goal.
SECTION 5.5.3 MICROSYSTEMS
Microrobots
Participating Faculty:
K. Pister, UC Berkeley, EECS
Web site:
robotics.eecs.berkeley.edu/~pister/SmartDust
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Microsystems row
Synergies with Societal Impact in: Energy, Emergencies,
Environment, Third World, Transportation
The goal of this project is to create tiny mobile
robots. Mobility is important in a number of sensor
applications, including searching, inspection, and
monitoring in hard-to-reach or dangerous places.
Mobility can come from flying (see Fearing Robotic
Fly project) or walking. Shown below are two
projects, two older and one recent, in this area. The
top left picture is a micro-rocket shown firing and
generating thrust; this could be used for flying. The
top right picture is an early attempt to build a
walking robot. The six legs are articulated like an
insect. The bottom left picture, from , shows the
first working device. This  millimeter by 
millimeter microinsect is powered by the blue-andgold solar cell at the left of the device. The legs are at
the opposite end. A close-up of the legs is shown in
the bottom right picture. The two legs move up and
down, so the device can effectively only do pushups,
but it does work as designed, and with more legs
could move itself. In the bottom right picture the
two “feet”are at the left, and through a sequence of
levers and hinges (legs and joints) are connected to
the linear comb drives at the right.
117
118
SECTION 5.5.3 MICROSYSTEMS
Optical CDMA Technology
Participating Faculty:
S. J. B. Yoo, UC Davis, ECE
J. P. Heritage, UC Davis, ECE
Z. Ding, UC Davis, ECE
B. Kohlner, UC Davis, ECE
S. Lin, UC Davis, ECE
V. Pham, UC Davis, ECE
Web site: sierra.ece.ucdavis.edu
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Microsystems row
Code-division multiple-access (CDMA)
communication system allows multiple users to
access the network simultaneously using unique
codes. Optical CDMA has the advantage of using
optical processing to perform certain network
applications, like addressing and routing without
resorting to complicated multiplexers or
demultiplexers. The asynchronous data transmission
can simplify network management and control.
Therefore, OCDMA is an attractive candidate for
LAN application. Particularly, OCDMA can provide
a secure network connection providing dynamic
encoding. Our DARPA OCDMA project proposed a
chip-scale OCDMA system. The investigation
involves research in all aspects of optical CDMA
technologies ranging from innovative Indium
Phosphide (InP) device fabrication, to orthogonal
optical coding, and to OCDMA network architecture
design and simulations.
Our approach to optical CDMA utilizes spectral
encoding and decoding of optical ultra-short pulse
for a bulk optics tabletop demonstration. A coherent
ultra-short optical pulse representing one bit of
information is spatially spread in spectral domain by
diffraction grating, a Spatial Light Modulator (SLM)
is applied to introduce a relative different phase shift
(address code) among the different spectral
components. The reflected light from the SLM
travels through the grating one more time and
reassembles into a single optical beam. The receiving
system is similar to the transmitting system, except a
conjugate phase shift must be applied to the
according spectral component to recover the
encoded pulse. When the phase shift of the
transmitting system and the receiving system do not
match, the spectral phase shifts are rearranged but
not removed and the pulse remains spread in time
with low intensity. With proper threshold detection,
the desired user can successfully receive the
transmitted information.
The advantage of spectral phase encoding as
opposed to temporal amplitude coding is that “time
spread” signals maintain their high-speed nature
throughout the system; i.e., no signal bandwidth is
sacrificed for the coding, a problem which worsens
with increasing code complexity.
In order to realize this OCDMA system on a chip
scale device, a novel InP device including Photonic
Band-gap (as the ultra-short pulse source), Arrayed
Wave-guide Grating (as the spread spectrum device),
phase modulator (as the phase coding device), SOA
based Mach-Zehder Interferometer (as the threshold
detector) will be integrated on a single chip.
SECTION 5.5.3 MICROSYSTEMS
PASTA – Power Aware Sensing,
Tracking, and Analysis
Participating Faculty:
J. Rabaey, UC Berkeley, EECS
Web site: bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu
CITRIS Matrix Location: Microsystems row
Synergies with Societal Impacts in: Energy, Emergencies,
Environment, Health, Third World, Transportation
A tripwire microsensor that can continuously
operate over years of time in an autonomous fashion
can be realized by integrating a wireless transceiver,
passive components, power source, and aggressive
power management into a single system-in-apackage. Power management entails zero-power (< 
microWatt) when not operational, reactive wake-up,
and power-on-demand when operational. This
project will deliver integrated system-in-a-package
implementation of a trip-wire microsensor that can
operate autonomously over multiple (> ) years of
time.
We have set the following milestones to be reached
over the course of three years:
» Year : Overall architecture of Tripwire Microsensor
is defined based on results of PAC/C Phase I
PicoNode project.
» Year : Individual components (sensors, processing,
transceiver, power train) of tripwire microsensor are
operational, proving feasibility of energy selfconsistency.
» Year : Integrated System-in-a-Package Tripwire
Microsensor combining multiple sensing functions
and operating autonomously over multiple years will
be demonstrated.
119
120
SECTION 5.5.3 MICROSYSTEMS
Quantum Information Processing
Participating Faculty:
B Whaley, UC Berkeley, Chemistry
D. Stampr-Kern, UC Berkeley, Physics
U. Vazirani, UC Berkeley, EECS/CS
D. Weiss Penn State, Physics
Web site: www.cchem.berkeley.edu/kbwgrp
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Microsystems row
We propose a theory/experiment collaboration that
will work towards reliable, scalable quantum
information processing. Theory and experiment will
be connected and interleaved at several levels. On the
theory side, we will study issues concerned with the
underlying information technology, and issues that
arise when quantum information theory is applied
to real physical systems, especially to gas phase
systems using atoms and light fields. On the
experimental side, we will develop scalable quantum
component technology based on gas phase systems
using atoms and light fields. We will learn to
manipulate cold atoms in optical lattices for
quantum computation, and we will learn to
manipulate cold atoms in high finesse optical cavities
in order to produce numbered photon states,
including single photons. The similarity in the
technology used in our quantum computation and
photon generation schemes presents the long term
possibility of integrating the two systems, so that
either quantum computers will be able to
communicate via photons or quantum computers
can be used as repeater stages in the transmission of
quantum photon states. Technological uniformity
will also make it easier to develop unified theoretical
models of the experiments. Furthermore, the
simplicity and scalability of atom based approaches
to quantum computing will be an aid to the theory,
and help clarify the challenges to quantum
computing implementations in general.
SECTION 5.5.3 MICROSYSTEMS
Robust Rapid & Wireless Chip Design
Participating Faculty:
R. Brodersen, UCBerkeley, EECS
B. Nikoloic, UCBerkeley, EECS
Web site: bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Microsystems row
Synergies with Societal Impacts in: Energy, Emergencies,
Environment, Health, Third World, Transportation
Two decades of relentless improvement in
semiconductors, circuits, and software tools has
created a set of dominant design styles for today’s
integrated circuits and systems. These circuit, system,
and software styles comprise the design
infrastructure for the discipline of microelectronics –
the techniques we rely on to convert transistors into
performance. This design infrastructure is now at
risk. The radical and uncertain semiconductor
technologies of tomorrow threaten to make obsolete
many of today’s most basic circuit design
assumptions. The extreme-performance, ultracomplex systems of tomorrow threaten to
overwhelm today’s fragile, inefficient, often
nonconvergent circuit design flows. The highlyintegrated systems of tomorrow threaten today’s ad
hoc and incomplete strategies for analog and other
nondigital interface circuits.
Tomorrow’s circuits must routinely move billions
of bits per second through the air; perform billions
of operations per milliwatt; access billions of bits of
on-chip storage; interact with a rich environment of
communicating electrical, mechanical, optical and
biological systems; and offer a spectrum of soft-tohard reconfiguration options. To convert tomorrow’s
transistors into this range of required performance
requires a radical rethinking of today’s design
strategies. Today’s design styles are either vastly
wasteful of performance (e.g., ASIC, FPGA),
enormously expensive in time and effort (e.g., full
custom), or so entirely ad hoc (e.g., analog, sensors)
that they maximize both design time and design risk.
This bodes ill for the increasingly large,
heterogeneous, time-constrained electronic products
essential to the nation’s future economic vitality.
We propose to reinvent today’s at-risk circuits
infrastructure with new circuit-, system- and
software design strategies aimed at robust, rapid
design with tomorrow’s radically new semiconductor
devices. We will demonstrate a set of coherent design
methods applicable across a complete range of
custom digital, analog, and interface circuits, and
extremely-integrated heterogeneous systems.
We will attack these problems in a distributed,
multi-university Center for Circuits, Systems &
Software (CCSS). CCSS will comprise a consortium
of leading universities with demonstrated records of
success in delivering real circuits, real systems, and
real software.
121
122 SECTION 5.5.3 MICROSYSTEMS
SENSORS: High-Fidelity, Broadband,
MEMS Displacement Sensor Arrays for
Intelligent Structural Health Monitoring
Participating Faculty:
B. Boser, UC Berkeley, EECS
D. Culler, UC Berkeley, EECS
S. Glaser, UC Berkeley, CEE
R. Howe, UC Berkeley, EECS/ME
L. Lin, UC Berkeley, ME
A. Mal, UC Los Angeles, MAE
T. Sands, Purdue, Materials Engineering
Web site: www.ce.berkeley.edu/~glaser
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Microsystems row
Synergies with Technologies in: Emergencies,
Transportation
We propose an Intelligent Structural Health
Monitoring (ISHM) System based on a radical
improvement in the accuracy and resolution of
displacement (hence strain) measurement,
fabricating a wide-band high-fidelity PZT-based
sensor of micron size. To accomplish this we propose
new methods of growing the conical sensor
elements, and unique self-assembly techniques that
avoid expensive off-site CMOS wafer fabrication.
Custom low noise micro-circuitry will be developed
in CMOS to match the high impedance/low
capacitance piezo-sensing element, with the option
of locating small ( mm) -bit A/D conversion at
sensor node. The packaging and delivery system will
be designed to optimize sensor capabilities and
applicabilities. Integral to the development of the
sensor itself, we will develop an interpretation
scheme that utilizes the accurate waveforms output
by our sensors to determine structural health based
on the actual physics of damage and wave
propagation.
Our system facilitates the optimum use of many
new materials. For example, the life cycle cost of
high-value aerospace structures can be reduced
significantly if continuous and autonomous
condition-based maintenance systems are installed
and integrated into the structure. According to
estimates, over % of the life cycle cost of an
aircraft, which includes pre-production, production
and post-production costs, can be attributed to
operation and support, involving inspection and
maintenance of the airframe. This vision – a
structure requesting service when needed – can only
be accomplished with the development of our
intelligent structural health monitoring system.
Intellectual and societal contributions from this
project include:
New method for growing single- and
poly-crystal PZT micro-cones
Novel methods for self-assembly of
cone, backing mass, and CMOS
Orders of magnitude improvements
in low-noise circuitry and micro A/D
New approach to sensor packaging
and delivery (roll-of-tape)
Physics-based waveform
interpretation – rational
identification of damage
Rapid, cheap data acquisition allowing
verification of constitutive models
Test bed for true interdisciplinary
research (faculty and students)
Safer, more efficient structures of all
kinds – airframes, buildings, cars, etc.
Integration of advanced sensor
system into practical use
SECTION 5.5.3 MICROSYSTEMS
SHORT – Range Ultra-Wideband Systems
(MURI  subcontract via USC) Proposal
Participating Faculty:
R. Brodersen, UC Berkeley, EECS
D. Tse, UC Berkeley, EECS
Web site: bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Microsystems row
Synergies with Societal Impacts in: Energy, Emergencies,
Environment, Health, Third World, Transportation
The UC Berkeley effort will focus on the
implementation of Ultra-WideBand (UWB) systems
using CMOS technology. The focus will be to
develop a design methodology that optimizes over all
aspects of the UWB system design with a primary
focus on reduction of the energy required for
transmission and reception. The research on design
of the CMOS analog and digital circuitry will be
tightly coupled with the research from the
characterization of the channel and design of the
antennas.
A test bed will be constructed based on FPGA’s
and dedicated analog hardware and the new
antennas being developed, that will allow the UWB
systems to be tested and evaluated in real time.
123
124
SECTION 5.5.3 MICROSYSTEMS
Smart Dust
Participating Faculty:
B. Boser, UC Berkeley, EECS
D. Culler, UC Berkeley, EECS
J. Kahn, UC Berkeley, EECS
K. Pister, UC Berkeley, EECS
Web site:
robotics.eecs.berkeley.edu/~pister/SmartDust
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Microsystems row
Synergies with Societal Impact in: Energy, Emergencies,
Environment, Third World, Transportation
The science/engineering goal of the Smart Dust
project is to demonstrate that a complete
sensor/communication system can be integrated into
a cubic millimeter package. This involves both
evolutionary and revolutionary advances in
miniaturization, integration, and energy
management. Any number of sensors could be
integrated into such a package, for measuring a wide
range of quantities including acceleration, position
(GPS), orientation, magnetism, light, sound,
temperature, pressure, humidity, airflow, passive
infrared, contact, low-resolution video, various gases,
biological agents, and neutrons. Actuators may also
be attached, such as motor controllers, relays for 
VAC, LCD displays, and legs and wings for
locomotion. We started with commercial-off-theshelf (COTS) devices, shown in the time-line below,
gradually miniaturizing until reaching the basic
device of a few square millimeters on a fingertip
shown below in February . While still operated
from batteries, once small enough, batteries will be
replaced by solar cells, piezoelectric generators, or
generators powered by tiny internal combustion
engines. The range of a radio at such low power will
be just s of meters, so a fairly dense array of Smart
Dust sensors will be needed for some applications.
February 2000
February 2001
February 2002
February 2003
SECTION 5.5.3 MICROSYSTEMS
The Making of an All-Optical Buffer
Participating Faculty:
C. Chang-Hasnain, UC Berkeley, EECS
Shun L. Chuang, University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign
Web site: photonics.eecs.berkeley.edu/cch/buffer.htm
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Microsystems row
There has been tremendous progress in research and
commercialization of dense wavelength division
multiplexing (DWDM) optical fiber
communications. Transmission capacity as high as 
Terabits/second through a single fiber has been
demonstrated in laboratories. This huge capacity can
create enormous data traffic congestions at major
interconnections. An all-optical packet switched
network can potentially eliminate this major
bottleneck, by allowing the data packets to remain in
the optical domain and to route through the
network towards a final destination without
optoelectronic conversion. Electronic routers at subTerabits/second rate exist today. The scalability to
higher throughput is very difficult. And even when
realizable, the power and space demanded by such a
router make the electronic routers highly
undesirable.
One of the most important components in a
router is a buffer. A buffer must be able to store the
data packets for a substantial period of time and
must be able to release the data within an acceptable
delay when the switch is clear for routing. There have
been many research efforts on all-optical packet
switching. However, there have not been any optical
buffers with the necessary properties. Fiber delay
lines have previously been referred to as an “optical
buffer”. However, since the delay is for a fixed
amount of time, there is no way to guarantee
contention-free connections in the optical switch or
through the network. It clearly does not meet the
necessary requirements for an optical buffer.
In this program, we propose to work on a novel
all-optical buffer with variable memory. The basic
idea centers on slowing down the group velocity of
the optical data packet in the buffer with a controlled
reduction, such that it is effectively an optical
memory. By varying the group velocity reduction
factor, the memory length and the delay time can be
adjusted. It is essential that we engineer the buffer
such that a large velocity reduction can be obtained
without much pulse dispersion or optical loss.
We propose to develop quantum-dot III-V devices
to realize a room-temperature optical buffer. The
research will include material research to fabricate
quantum dots on III-V compounds, theoretical
modeling of such material and its coherence
property, and experiments to verify these properties.
By providing much sharper quantum confined
energy levels than conventional QWs, we expect to
improve the EIT temperature to room temperature
and reduce the required optical control beam
intensity to a much smaller level. We expect to
achieve group velocity reduction and thus switchable
optical memory in such samples. Experiments will
be designed to explore key controlling parameters of
memory size or velocity reduction factor.
125
126
SECTION 5.5.3 MICROSYSTEMS
Ultra-wideband Access to
Broadband Internet
Participating Faculty:
R. Brodersen, UC Berkeley, EECS;
K. Ramchandran, UC Berkeley, EECS,
A. Sahai, UC Berkeley, EECS;
D. Tse, UC Berkeley, EECS
Web site: bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Microsystems row
Synergies with Societal Impact in: Energy, Emergencies,
Environment, Health, Third World, Transportation
The next explosive growth of Internet will come
from connecting to billions (or even trillions) of
cheap, low power sensors, effectors, and smart
devices. In all these scenarios, the transformative
benefits from connecting to the Internet happen
when such telemetric systems are mobile and/or on
our persons, children, pets, etc. The unstated
assumption of this vision is that there will be
wireless transceivers suitable for connecting to small,
cheap, ubiquitous devices, which are battery powered
and can operate unattended for weeks, months, or
years. We claim that integrated CMOS ultrawideband (UWB) transceivers with precise 3-D
position location capability are the enabling
technology for this “finest-grained” networking of
ubiquitous sensors, effectors, and smart devices.
The UWB signals consist of multiple narrow
pulses with the pulse width in the order of subnanosecond. These baseband signals occupy the
spectrum in the GHz range without any carrier
frequency. Gigahertz bandwidth gives centimeter
range resolution for position location, the possibility
of high data rate, and the ability to resolve multipath
signals. Operation at low frequencies gives the ability
to penetrate walls, and to use slower, cheaper (i.e.
CMOS) circuits. In addition, UWB signals do not
suffer from the deep fading nulls (~ dB) that
plague sinewave-based signals in the presence of
multipath.
Unlike sinewave frequency-based RF components
requiring multiple technologies (discrete, GaAs,
bipolar and CMOS) which makes it extremely
difficult to integrate on a single chip, the entire UWB
transceiver can be integrated with a single CMOS
implementation. Single chip CMOS integration of
UWB transceiver contributes directly to low cost,
small size, and low power. Extremely low power
consumption comes from well established low power
design methodologies available for CMOS and low
duty-cycle episodic transmissions. In addition, as we
have learned from our previous design experiences,
we can further reduce power consumption up to a
factor of  by exploring system level architecture
where massive parallelism is achieved using the
direct-map strategy.
Our proposed research is a collaborative effort
between U.C. Berkeley and Aether Wire & Location,
Inc. (www.aetherwire.com). The key contributions of
this project will be design of a UWB sensor network
that provides extremely fine-grained locationing
capabilities (in the order of centimeters); to
investigate network protocols and algorithms for
energy efficient communication that alleviates “hot
spots” in a low data rate multi-hop UWB sensor
network; to investigate technologies for the last meter in-building connections; design and
implementation of a low cost UWB transceiver using
highly integrated CMOS technology; and, to provide
a system architecture that meets the lowest power
energy constraint of sensor nodes.
SECTION 5.5.3 MICROSYSTEMS
Vertically-Integrated Primitives
for a Bufferless All-Optical
Packet-Switched Network
Participating Faculty:
C. Chang-Hasnain, UC Berkeley, EECS
V. Anantharam, UC Berkeley, EECS
A. Willner, Univ. of Southern California, EE
Web site: photonics.eecs.berkeley.edu/cch
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Microsystems row
It is well accepted that in the long-term future, highspeed, highly efficient optical networks must migrate
from being circuit switched to ultimately packet
switched. One of the key functions for any efficient
packet-based network is the ability to avoid
contention and blocking by using local buffers at the
switching nodes. However, after more than  years
of research, there has been scant progress in
developing a practical all-optical buffer. We propose
to research the fundamental building blocks (i.e.,
“primitives”) across different disciplines that will
truly enable a bufferless packet-switched all-optical
network. Our new statistical multicasting algorithms
will significantly reduce the packet loss probability as
well as reduce the complexity of each switching node
inside the core network.
Our research program will be vertically
integrated, to investigate unique fundamental
primitives including devices, systems, and network
architectures. We will investigate the key
functionalities, opportunities, and limitations when
combining these primitives across these diverse
disciplines
We will demonstrate a new repetition/statistical
algorithm code at the packet level in which packets
are replicated at the transmitter array and sent along
different network paths that will minimize the packet
latency. This algorithm will accommodate and adjust
to the transmission and device limitations that exist
at the physical layer. Implementing this scheme will
require unique wavelength-tunable laser devices that
can be tuned in a few ns, a novel -dimensional fast
(ns) high-port-count optical switch, the transmission
and reception of packets that are statistical multicast,
and all-optical synchronization and packet-header
recognition at a switching node. Given the statistical
multicasting that is needed to achieve a bufferless
network, our algorithm design will attempt to
conserve the use of the available spectral, temporal,
and spatial domains. We will solve unique problems
by enabling ultra-wide-wavelength-tunable lasers
and by limiting the nonlinear interactions
(i.e., Brillouin, FWM) when channel wavelength
spacings decrease to below a fraction of the channel
information bandwidth.
127
128 SECTION 5.5.4 HCC
Section 5.5.4 HCC
Ant Club Trails: Privacy in
Ubiquitous Computer World
Participating Faculty:
J. Canny, UC Berkeley, EECS/CS
Web site: www.cs.berkeley.edu/~jfc
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: HCC row
Synergies with Societal Impact in: Emergencies,
Education, Third World, Transportation,
Social Sciences
Collaboration and information-sharing are among
the most important applications of computing.
Privacy is a basic human need. Information-sharing
and privacy are fundamentally in tension, and it is
important to study the trade-off from both technical
and social-contextual perspectives. The emergence of
ubiquitous computing opens up radical new
possibilities for acquiring and sharing information.
However, privacy will be severely compromised
without new approaches to information-sharing.
This proposal explores a new methodology that
provides much finer control over information
exchange: only the information needed for the
collaboration is shared, everything else is protected,
and protection is provably strong. It is then possible
to explore collaborative applications in ubicomp
settings that are exciting but which would be
impossible without the techniques we propose.
Specifically, a class of collaborative applications
called “Ant Club Trails” (ACT) will be developed.
The idea behind Ant Club Trails is to combine
information from the “trails” left by individual users,
and to share it with other users by collaborative
filtering in a way which protects individual privacy.
Several aspects of this work have been guided by
sociological theory or critique: (i) preserving privacy
and understanding the risks imposed by several of
today’s technologies; (ii) information-sharing is
community-based, supporting heterophilous
diffusion; (iii) the proposed implementation is peerto-peer, which allows all individuals to create and
maintain communities, not just those with access to
servers.
ACT allows users to share within communities
that they create themselves (hence the extension of
the ant trail metaphor to “clubs”). Within a
community, people automatically share (no user
action is needed) a variety of information about
their location, purchases, and certain other activities.
In turn, they receive recommendations about places,
products, and services from their own communities
and from others communities that allow such access.
Information is gathered by location-sensing devices
like cell-phones and GPS-enabled portable devices,
as well as electronic wallets and other records of user
purchases. This information is pooled with other
users from the community to generate
recommendations.
This proposal explores the tension between
collaboration and privacy, and seeks to move this
exploration to ubiquitous computing settings.
Techniques will be outlined to handle a rich variety
of everyday collaborative queries, based on
information about purchases, location, and time. As
well as infrastructure to deal with these data, it
describes a general framework for “localizing”
collaborative data. That is, to allow users to query
the collaborative database with terms such as “near
here,” “about this time,” or “like this item.” This
general framework will be defined abstractly so it
can be generalized to other kinds of metric. The
algorithms will be implemented on two testbeds:
GPS-enabled cell-phones and PDAs. The ACT system
will be deployed at the scale of at least  users, and
user studies of it will be conducted.
The Ant Club Trails work will help increase
individual privacy (cryptographic and informationtheoretic) in everyday collaborative settings. It could
serve as a replacement for server-based collaborative
filtering systems on e-commerce sites, and move
control of information from vendors to individuals
through its peer-to-peer design. The techniques for
collaboration with privacy open up other new
possibilities such as surveys, questionnaires, and
logging of user activity with provable privacy
protections.
SECTION 5.5.4 HCC
Collaborative Telerobotics: Theory
and Scalable Infrastructure
Participating Faculty:
K. Goldberg, UC Berkeley, IEOR and EECS
Web site: www.tele-actor.net/
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: HCC row
Synergies with Societal Impact in: Education,
Social Sciences
We define a “collaborative telerobot” as a telerobot
simultaneously controlled by many participants,
where input from each participant is combined to
generate a single control stream.Collaborative
Telerobotics (CT) is a highly innovative approach to
teleimmersion and teleworking. With CT,
participants collaborate rather than compete for
access to valuable resources such as historical and
scientific sites. A scalable infrastructure for CT,
compatible with the Internet, would allow large
groups of students or researchers to simultaneously
participate in remote experiences. For example, CT
can allow groups of disadvantaged students to
collaboratively steer a telerobot through a working
steelmill in Japan or the Presidential Inauguration,
and allow groups of researchers to collaboratively
move a telerobot around a newly active volcano or a
fresh archaeological site.
Can a large group of distributed heterogeneous
users achieve coordinated control? This concept has
never been tested and poses a reasonably high risk of
failure. We will design and implement one CT
system with a telerobot to explore short-latency
streaming protocols that can carry video and control
signals. How can a system manage motion inputs
from a large number of distributed users? We will
also build a CT system with a networked human
“Tele-Actor” to facilitate mobility and flexibility. Can
we define an “economy” for shared control that will
discourage malicious users? We will define
performance metrics and perform extensive field
tests. CT raises new theoretical questions such as:
What are the formal properties of a collaborative
motion control system? How can input aggregation
algorithms be made scalable and robust to time
delays, noise, and variations in participant response?
Can we formally prove convergence theorems for CT
systems?
CT raises fundamental new research questions in
theory, algorithms, and system implementation. This
three-year ITR/SI research project will establish the
science base for a scalable IT infrastructure for CT
that will advance human-to-human and human-tocomputer remote communication. We will explore
and test a high-risk new approach that, if successful,
will facilitate access to valuable resources and
enhance the future value of IT for a broad spectrum
of citizens.
129
130
SECTION 5.5.4 HCC
Interactive Progressive Arbitrary Slicing of
Volumetric Data
Participating Faculty:
B. Hamann, UC Davis, CIPIC/CS
K. Joy, UC Davis, CIPIC/CS
Web site: graphics.cs.ucdavis.edu
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: HCC row
Synergies with Societal Impact in: Health
Exploration and visualization of large volumetric
data sets is a challenging problem that arises when
analyzing results from simulation or scanning
procedures. Often, the data is stored on a threedimensional rectilinear grid like, for example, (bio-)
medical imaging data or numerically simulated timedependent hydrodynamics data. A powerful tool for
visualization of three-dimensional data is a slicer
that renders planes, which cut the volumetric data
domain in arbitrary direction. The position and
orientation of the cutting plane can be modified
interactively to explore the whole data set.
We developed a progressive arbitrary slicing tool
that is capable of visualizing cutting planes through
large-scale volumetric data sets with interactive
frame rates. To achieve interactivity, the algorithms
are based on a three-dimensional hierarchical data
representation. Exploiting the hierarchy, a
progressive visualization tool starts with displaying
an arbitrary slice at a coarsest resolution and refines
the resolution when more data is available. Since we
are dealing with large-scale data that does not fit into
the main memory, out-of-core techniques have to be
applied and the data loading from external storage
media becomes the main bottle neck in terms of
computation time.
Out-of-core computations require a redesign of
the data storage scheme to enable fast data access.
Reordering the data according to a threedimensional Lebesgue-space-filling-curve scheme
can speed up data traversal. The z-order of the
space-filling curve ensures spatial locality of data on
disk. Since we want to render slices progressively, we
use a hierarchy of space-filling curves.
An additional major speed-up can be achieved by
using distributed computing, i.e., by running the
algorithms in parallel on a low-cost Linux PC cluster.
Considering the original data to be stored on some
data servers and the slices to be rendered by one or
multiple image-generating servers, called view
servers, we use a homogeneous cluster of PCs to get
the data from the data servers, explore the data,
extract the desired portion of a slice, and send the
relevant data to the view servers. The view and data
servers are embedded into a client/serverarchitecture.
To exploit computational resources as much as
possible, all the computers of the cluster should be
kept equally busy, i.e., a request should be split up
among and distributed to all available computers
such that all of them finish their computations in
about the same amount of time. To ensure this, we
use a simple and fast load-balancing scheme for
homogeneous clusters.
SECTION 5.5.4 HCC
Multi-resolution visualization of
time-dependent three-dimensional data
Participating Faculty:
B. Hamann, UC Davis, CS
Web site: graphics.cs.ucdavis.edu
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: HCC row
Synergies with Societal Impact in: Health,
Environment
Due to the improvements in performance in
computer power and storage capacity achieved over
the last decade, today’s data-intensive scientific
applications and simulations are capable of
generating massive amounts of data. Sensor
networks will soon consist of thousands of (possibly
moving) sensors, distributed in a three-dimensional
(3D) environment and recording multiple
parameters. Standard visualization techniques are
not capable to render the huge data sets at interactive
frame rates. “Multi-resolution methods” provide a
means for representing data at multiple levels of
detail. In general, interactive data exploration and
visualization can be performed better for “structured
rectilinear grids,” i.e., grids where space is
represented by a collection of the same type of
bricks. Different types of grids cannot be used
straightforward for real-time data visualization
purposes.
We have developed two multi-resolution methods
for structured grids. The first approach is based on
octree refinement and uses a special storage scheme
for fast data loading from external storage media. A
novel hierarchical 3D storage schemes ensures that
data points that are close to each other in 3D space
are also stored close to each other on disk.
The second approach is based on a new
“subdivision scheme.” This scheme starts from a
coarse representation of 3D space, using cubes, and
then refines the representation. In each subdivision
step, the total number of points is only doubled. We
can take advantage of special filter schemes to avoid
aliasing in our visualizations and obtain higherquality visualizations at coarser levels of resolution.
For dealing with data varying over time, we have
generalized this approach to 4D data. Our approach
provides scalability in spatial and temporal
dimensions.
We have applied our hierarchical data
representation scheme for visualization, and we have
tested it for standard methods including iso surface
visualization, volume rendering, and cutting planes.
131
132
SECTION 5.5.4 HCC
Next Generation Internet
Participating Faculty:
B. Barsky, UC Berkeley, EECS
J.Canny, UC Berkeley, EECS
M. Clancy, UC Berkeley, EECS
D. Culler, UC Berkeley, EECS
D. Garcia, UC Berkeley, EECS
A. Joseph, UC Berkeley, EECS
J. Mankoff, UC Berkeley, EECS
L. Rowe, UC Berkeley, EECS
W. Sack, UC Berkeley, SIMS
I. Stoica, UC Berkeley, EECS
Web site: net.berkeley.edu
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: HCC row
Synergies with Social Impacts in: Social Sciences
The State’s Northern California Center, Net21, is
hosted by the University of California, Berkeley,
under the auspices of CITRIS. In FY –,
Net21 will focus on new applications that leverage
the power of Next-Generation Internet (NGI). It will
be based in Berkeley’s new Institute of Design (BID)
and the Fisher Center for Information Technology
and Marketplace Transformation (CITM) at the
Haas School of Business. BID’s emphasis is on the
design of information-rich environments, including
office environments, mobile environments, and
educational environments. Many new applications
are enabled by NGI capabilities, which fall into two
broad categories: performance improvements in
speed and latency; and availability improvements
through broadband to the home, wireless LAN in
many workplaces, and wireless WAN (which may
include user-created ad-hoc networks built on LAN
technology). Some applications require both. CITM’s
emphasis is on integrative business and technology
issues related to enabling eBusiness Transformation.
Relevant research areas include new NGI-enabled
business process models for B2B and B2C
applications, data management, and collaborative
systems. It is proposed that CITM’s work under
Net21 will focus on design-centric environments as
explained below. See http://haas.berkeley.edu/citm
for information on NGI and eBusiness research and
outreach activities of CITM. The following seven
research themes comprise the center’s initial focus:
» Enabling Next Generation eBusiness Applications
» An Immersive Low-Resolution Lenticular Display
over Gigabit Links
» Large-Scale Peer-to-Peer Collaboration
» Ambient and Context-Aware Displays
» Small-Team Collaborative Learning
» Damask: A Tool for Designing Ubiquitous User
Interfaces
» Ubiquitous Computing, the Internet and Green
Chemistry
SECTION 5.5.4 HCC
Segmentation of High-Resolution Human
Brain Cryosections
Participating Faculty:
K. Joy, UC Davis, CIPIC/CS
B. Hamann, UC Davis, CIPIC/CS
Web site: www.cipic.ucdavis.edu/
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: HCC row
Synergies with Societal Impact in: Health
We developed a semi-automatic technique for
segmenting a large cryo-sliced human brain data set
that contains  high-resolution RGB color images.
This human brain data set presents a number of
unique challenges to segmentation and visualization
due to its size (over  GB) as well as the fact that
each image not only shows the current slice of the
brain but also unsliced “deeper layers” of the brain.
These challenges are not present in traditional MRI
and CT data sets. We have found that segmenting
this data set can be made easier by using YIQ color
model and morphology. We have used a hardwareassisted interactive volume renderer to evaluate our
segmentation results.
The segmentation is performed by two steps.
First, we explore the color cues by converting the
RGB encoded color information to the YIQ color
model. Second, a filtering pipeline is applied using
YIQ thresholding, median filter, region size
thresholding, morphological operations, and RGB
thresholding. The pictures below show the single
steps of the filtering pipeline from an original slice to
the segmented slice.
Finally, we use volume rendering for threedimensional visualization of the whole segmented
data set..
Reference:
Ikuko Takanashi, Eric Lum, Kwan-Liu Ma, Joerg
Meyer, Bernd Hamann, Arthur J. Olson,
Segmentation and 3D Visualization of HighResolution Human Brain Cryosections, Proceedings
of Visualization and Data Analysis , part of
IS&T/SPIE’s Conference, January .
133
134
SECTION 5.5.4 HCC
Web Accessibility for Low Bandwidth Input
Participating Faculty:
J. Mankoff, UC Berkeley, EECS/CS
Web site: www.cs.berkeley.edu/~jmankoff
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: HCC row
Synergies with Societal Impact in: Energy, Education,
Emergencies, Health, Transportation
The goal of universal access is to make applications
accessible to everyone. One of the first, most
common, and most useful tasks done by today’s
computer users is World Wide Web (web) browsing.
Because of this, much research in accessibility has
focused on developing guidelines and tools in
support of universal Web access. Examples include
the W3C accessibility guidelines and numerous
services for vision-impaired users, the people most
obviously needing support to deal with graphics and
text in Web pages.
However, only a few of these tools address the
needs of motor-impaired users. A motor-impaired
user often has limited mobility, and access to the
services and resources on the Web can give him or
her increased independence. In this work, we focus
on a particular subset of motor-impaired users, those
who can only produce a few signals when
communicating with a computer.
The low bandwidth input these users produce may
not match the number of interface elements the user
wants to control. A single switch is appropriate to
control a single light in a room, but not well suited
to controlling a house full of lights. An interface
must multiplex a small number of input signals onto
a large number of controls to support low
bandwidth input. Unfortunately, most graphical user
interfaces are designed to do the opposite: They
expect a user to be able to select any of the x
(or more) pixels on the screen, and then narrow this
down to a smaller set of functions with the use of
menus, buttons, etc.
Although our target population is small, it is not
easy to design for. The capabilities of users with these
types of motor impairments vary wildly. The
addition of one new signal may double the available
control signals, with a correspondingly large impact
on the optimal interface. The frequency of errors has
an equally large impact on interface design. Finally,
the issue of fatigue may require an interface that
adjusts to the user over time. From a Computer
Science perspective, this represents a challenging
problem.
We propose to create a tool that can model users
with severe motor impairments and automatically
make the adjustment necessary to provide access to
the Web. For example, a Web page may be modified
to show preview information about a selected link to
the user to avoid the cost of following a wrong link
and then backing out again. We have identified seven
requirements for such a tool, ranging from
navigation support to dealing with forms, and we
expect to add to and refine these requirements as this
work progresses. We will build two complementary
systems that meet these requirements. One is a
dynamic browser interface and leaves the actual
HTML unchanged. The other is a proxy server that
modifies HTML to be more accessible. Neither
requires the authors of Web pages to make changes.
SECTION 5.5.5 IMPLICATIONS
Section 5.5.5 Implications
Combinatorial Market Processes for Multilateral
Coordination
Participating Faculty:
P. Varaiya, UC Berkeley, EECS
Web site: www.path.berkeley.edu/~varaiya
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Implications and
Algorithms row
Synergies with Societal Impact in: Third World,
Transportation, Social Sciences
Management processes rely on in-depth planning
functions that need to coordinate interactions
among multiple entities and tasks. Multilateral
coordination is key to both internal control and
market-based efforts. Combinatorial processes
facilitate multilateral coordination, which motivates
examining their use in logistics and procurement for
the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD), and other
applications.
A combinatorial market determines transactions
by finding mutually acceptable overlaps among
pattern orders submitted by market participants.
Pattern orders allow participants to express their
acceptable tradeoffs among the numerous separate
pieces that would fulfill their goals. Networks of
transactions result in which the individual exchanges
among parties aggregate to fulfill the interests of all
parties. Conventional item-by-item markets require
that orders disaggregate patterns. The resulting
trades are independent of tradeoff concerns, and can
be much inferior to combinatorial market trades.
Markets provide a means to coordinate selfinterest. Markets are superior to command and
control techniques of coordination when selfinterested parties can choose whether to participate
or not in some endeavor. Markets also offer superior
coordination even when self-interested parties are
compelled to participate yet may condition such
participation to their benefit based on asymmetric
information. The ability of markets to aggregate
information and synthesize meaningful indications
of system-wide trends (e.g., prices) from diverse
participants, each of which holds partial
information, adds to the valuable roles markets
could play in DoD undertakings. But all of these
uses and potential benefits come with a caveat –
there are many types of markets and for a market to
provide best value (or, indeed, any value at all) to
those who use it, the market must be designed to
service the intended use.
Conventional markets separate commerce into
buying and selling activity for individual goods or
services. Parties that execute their multi-item and
multi-period plans through such markets
disassemble those plans into the item-by-item pieces
required by the markets. When market liquidity is
insufficient for the piecemeal execution of a plan,
parties choose to negotiate structured deals with one
or more partners. Structured deals subject commerce
to the maneuvers that naturally accompany
asymmetric information, slow down commerce, tend
to fragment commerce by restricting deals to
established partners, and are too cumbersome to be
efficiently modified over the term of the deal. But
notice that the insufficient market liquidity that
motivates structured deals is defined relative to the
market used, an endogenous restriction on
commerce that can be ameliorated by designing a
better market.
135
136 SECTION 5.5.5 IMPLICATIONS
Cyberspace Technological Standardization:
An Institutional Theory Retrospective on the
Generation Edge
Participating Faculty:
P. Samuelson, UC Berkeley, Law/SIMS
Web site:
www.law.berkeley.edu/cenpro/samuelson/index.html
CITRIS Matrix Location: Implications row
Synergies with Societal Impacts in: Energy, Emergencies,
Education, Environment, Health, Transportation,
Third World, Social Sciences
Standard setting was rarely practiced so extensively
as it has been in cyberspace so far. Acknowledging
this unique regulative technique, the Clinton
administration originally had made ‘industry selfregulation’ its guiding principle for standardizing the
net. So far, this principle has not been changed by
the succeeding administration. This paper is a
historical and conceptual critical assessment of that
standardzation policy, examined through the prism
of comparative institutional theory.
Historical analysis of the last two decades shows
that ‘industry self-regulation’ was not always a
coherent policy but partly a rhetorical device used to
legitimize the government’s own agendas, i.e.,
cyberspace’s architecture and its infrastructuremandated design. Thus far, there are still far too
many inconsistencies in its formal standardization
policies. The intentions, actions, and declarations
aimed at further privatizing the net’s funding and
governance, on the one hand, can be seen in the
quasi-privatization of the Internet Corporation for
Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) case study;
and on the other hand, the practice of offstage
centralization of early infrastructure standardization
policies.
Consideration of cyberspace’s unique multilayered architecture, will then attempt to answer the
comparative institutional question of ‘who should
standardize the net?’ This question would be subject
to the distinctive production process of cyber
standards,thus, distinguishing between early
infrastructure standardization on the one hand and
complementing application standardization on the
other. This is in reference to the FCC’s incomplete
legal category definitions.
This study will conclude with a set of
comprehensive policy rules backed by a caveat; as
with analogous IT standardization regimes, unless
distinctive standardization categories and policies
will be maintained en bloc and thus sequentially and
context-based-cyberspace’s present relatively
successful institutional regulative reality may not
always be preserved prospectively, as well.
SECTION 5.5.6 ALGORITHMS
Section 5.5.6 Algorithms
ACCLIMATE – Adaptive Coordinated
Control of Intelligent Multi-agent Teams
Participating Faculty:
S. Sastry, UC Berkeley, EECS
Web site: robotics.eecs.berkeley.edu/~sastry
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Algorithms row
Synergies with Societal Impacts in: Emergencies
We are being called upon to protect our national
security interests in progressively more complex and
hostile environments. Major threats arise from
asymmetric threats such as terrorism, guerilla attack,
and other unconventional methods of warfare. The
technology challenge for dealing with these
asymmetric and extremely rapidly adapting
adversaries in the battlefield are many, and of course,
the battlefield itself is in a wide variety of terrains, in
urban environments and in some cases also the
homeland. These in turn require that we develop
adaptive, intelligent, multi-agent cooperative control
technologies over reliable, robust, and fault tolerant
complex systems, with the capability of interacting
with hard real-time constraints and the ability to
reconfigure after failure.
On the program, we design and evaluate the
adaptive hierarchical control of mixed autonomous
and human operated semi-autonomous teams that
deliver high levels of mission reliability despite
uncertainty arising from rapidly evolving
environments and malicious interference from an
intelligent adversary. The design of architectures
combining both hierarchical and heterarchical
elements, the analytical foundations of interacting
hybrid systems, the design of controllers for such
systems that are robust against uncertainty, the
management of rich sensory information from
networked sensors among distributed and mobile
teams; and the incorporation of human intervention
in a mixed-initiative system are all key areas of our
work. Our approach builds on the following research
thrusts:
» Architecture design and analysis for dynamic,
adaptive planning
» Integration of rich multi-sensor information into
virtual environments for incorporating human
intervention in mission planning and execution
» Handling uncertainty and adversarial intent in
adaptive planning
In order to motivate the research agenda, we are
developing three different scenarios that involve
teams of autonomous and semi-autonomous multivehicle unmanned air vehicles (UAV) and unmanned
ground vehicles. These scenarios will illustrate our
vision and define experiments, technical
demonstrations, and milestones over the course of
the project. In each case, it is important to note that
we will be planning in the face of an unknown
environment and a hostile and intelligent adversary.
The three scenarios are: reconnaissance and
intelligence (a robotic ranger force); mixed initiative
engagement; and, recognition and tracking of
unfriendlies. We will integrate rich multi-sensor
information over an unreliable network by
developing new classes of algorithms combining our
recent work in omni-directional vision, the
extraction of graphical models from video
sequences, and the joint rendering of simulated
(synthetic) environments with multi-sensor (real)
data. The primary function of robotic UAVs and
UGVs is to operate autonomously on specific tasks
until a requested intervention arrives. Assessments of
the effectiveness of our methods will be performed
using cognitive models of the decision making
process as well as real-time performance in
experimental games. A key mathematical framework
for the modeling of adversarial actions comes from
the theory of games, and partially observable
Markov decision processes. An engagement can be
preceded by a learning phase when a number of
scout UAVs and UGVs are sent out to prove and
learn about an adversary’s reactions for use in an
engagement, using new graphical learning
techniques.
137
138 SECTION 5.5.6 ALGORITHMS
An Integrated Approach to Multiple-vehicle
Sensing, Coordination and Control
Participating Faculty:
S. Sastry, UC Berkeley, EECS
Web site: www.eecs.berkeley.edu/~sastry
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Algorithms row
Synergies with Societal Impact in: Transportation
Controlling collections of unmanned or unmanned
aerial and ground vehicles so as to accomplish their
assigned mission remains a challenging task, with
unsolved issues in the treatment of environment
uncertainty, rapidly changing conditions, high
dimensional state spaces, and information overload
from sensor data. Control and sensing in such
systems must be distributed in order to allow
effective and scalable solutions, yet must be
coordinated to attain global objectives. We propose
to develop new computational methods for
designing multi-vehicle sensing and control systems
and for their on-line verification. Our project, called
CoMotion (for Computational Methods for
Collaborative Motion), aims at designs that will lead
to the deployment of high performance, safety
critical, and scalable military and civilian systems.
Our underlying principle is that, while the physical
systems we are interested in exist in a world in which
time and state evolve continuously, it is easier, both
phenomenologically and computationally, to reason
about discrete objects and data. It is difficult to
analyze and control a system of  aircraft, for
example, yet it is much easier if the system were
represented by discrete data, such as flight modes
and rules for transitioning between modes, the near
neighbors of each aircraft in the system, and the
clusters formed by groups of aircraft. In our
research, we will develop and exploit dimensionality
reduction techniques, and coarse-to-fine
approximations. Our research develops three main
themes:
Distributed Hybrid Control. We have proposed a
new paradigm for distributed control, which
distributes the control systems in a way that avoids
the high communication and computation costs of
central control, at the same time limiting complexity.
The distributed control must, nevertheless, permit
centralized authority over those aspects of the system
progress that are necessary to achieve high
performance goals. Such a challenge can be met by
organizing the distributed control in a hierarchical
architecture that permits autonomy and thus the use
of all the tools of central control, while introducing
enough coordination and supervision to ensure the
harmony of the distributed controllers necessary for
high performance.
Task-Driven Sensing. We envisage systems of
vehicles distributed throughout space, each equipped
with suites of sensors; sensed information has an
associated value towards the task at hand, and
information from other vehicles may be necessary to
perform the task. If all information were broadcast
and processed at every timestep, a massive
information glut would result. We propose that the
act of sensing and storing information may be made
more efficient if it is directed by control algorithms:
the control may ask the sensors discrete questions, or
task the sensors to determine if elementary
relationships between objects in the environment
hold.
Online/Offline Verification. We are developing novel
techniques for online and offline verification which
will be designed to provide coarse results
immediately, and then will gradually refine results as
new data is received.
SECTION 5.5.6 ALGORITHMS
Animating Viscoplastic Materials with
Dynamically Changing Meshes
Participating Faculty:
J. Shewchuk, UC Berkeley, EECS;
J. O’Brien, UC Berkeley, EECS/CS
Web site: www.cs.berkeley.edu/~job
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Algorithms row
Synergies with Societal Impacts in: Emergencies, Health
We intend to develop fast, versatile, and accurate
computational models for viscoplastic materials
ranging from stiff, non-compliant solids to low
viscosity fluids. We are designing these models for
applications where visual realism, computation
speed, and robustness are the predominant
requirements (with numerical accuracy being
subordinate). Examples of such applications include
real-time interactive training simulations (e.g.
surgical simulation or hazardous duty simulations)
and offline generation of visualizations (e.g.
cinematic effects or accident reenactment).
To achieve this goal, we must develop fast,
guaranteed-quality methods for generating and
incrementally updating unstructured (irregular)
triangular and tetrahedral meshes. Dynamically
changing meshes are a necessity to model the
complete range of viscoplastic materials, especially
where large deformations and mixing may occur.
Thus, the actions of the numerical simulation and
the remeshing algorithms must be tightly integrated,
especially if we wish to minimize errors due to
interpolation and reinterpolation. To ensure that our
dynamic meshing algorithms and implementations
are useful for other applications as well, we will
develop a general methodology for communicating
information between the numerical simulation and
the mesh generator.
Our educational objectives complement our
research objectives. The PIs will develop and teach
courses on physically based modeling and mesh
generation. The materials covered in these courses
will be closely related to current research topics. Both
graduate and undergraduate students will participate
in research activities. More advanced graduate
student researchers will have the opportunity, and be
encouraged to mentor undergraduate and junior
graduate students. The second PI is authoring a
textbook on Delaunay mesh generation. The text will
include the fundamentals of dynamic mesh
generation that we learn during the course of the
proposed research.
The figure above shows prior results from
rendering an image from a simulation of a
suspended particle explosion under an immobile
arch.
139
140
SECTION 5.5.6 ALGORITHMS
Automatic Performance Tuning of
Numerical Kernels
Participating Faculty:
K. Yelick, UC Berkeley, EECS/CS;
J. Demmel, UC Berkeley, EECS/Math
Web site: bebop.cs.berkeley.edu
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Algorithms row
Synergies with Societal Impacts in: Emergencies
Large-scale simulations in computational
engineering and science often spend a great deal of
time in a few computational methods kernels, such
as dense or sparse matrix-vector products, relaxation
on a structured or unstructured mesh, or the
computation of forces between pairs of attracting or
repelling particles. There has been a great deal of
work in generating high performance libraries for
these applications, including dense and sparse linear
algebra, multigrid methods, and n-body techniques.
One idea established in these application-level
libraries is to organize the computations around a set
of numerical kernels, with the assumption that these
kernels will be highly optimized on each of the
hardware platforms of interest. The best known
example of this approach is the BLAS (the Basic
Linear Algebra routines), which are used in building
LAPACK, ScaLAPACK, and other libraries; the BLAS
are implemented by hardware vendors and are highly
tuned to the memory hierarchy of each machine.
However, this approach is limited by the growing
number of kernels, the large number of machines,
the increasing depth of memory hierarchies and
complexity of processors, and by the difficulty of
performance tuning each kernel on each machine.
For linear algebra alone, the latest BLAS standard
proposal contains hundreds of numerical kernels,
and there are many other kernels arising from
multigrid and particle methods that are not covered
by that proposal. The great majority of these are
susceptible to large speedups when machine-specific
tuning is performed. However, the hand tuning takes
weeks or months of a skilled engineer’s time, and
this work must be repeated for each micro-
architecture, i.e., each time the memory system or
functional unit organization changes, even if the
instruction set is unchanged. Some vendors produce
their kernels in C or Fortran, so the tuning may have
to be redone with new compiler releases.
We propose to automate the process of
architecture-dependent tuning of numerical kernels,
replacing the current hand tuning process with a
semi-automated search procedure. Prototypes of this
approach exist for dense matrix-multiplication (Atlas
and our own PHiPAC), FFTs (FFTW), and sparse
matrix-vector multiplication (our own Spacity).
These results show that we can frequently do as well
as or even better than hand-tuned vendor code on
the kernels attempted. These systems use a handwritten “search directed code generator (SDCG)” to
produce many different implementations of a single
kernel, which are all run on each architecture, and
the fastest one selected. We will extend this approach
to a much wider range of numerical kernels by
combing compiler technology with algorithmspecific transformation rules to automate the
production of these SDCGs.
Ultimately, we expect our technology to be useful
in conventional compilers, provided that appropriate
abstract data types or annotations are used to sidestep very difficult or “impossible” dependencyanalysis needed to justify the desired code
transformations. We also believe that this work will
stimulate research into new high-level numerical
methods and architectures, both of which are limited
by the lack of highly tuned kernels for new kernels
and new machine organizations.
SECTION 5.5.6 ALGORITHMS
Bayesian Methods for Spatio-Temporal,
Inverse, and Multi-Resolution Problems
Participating Faculty:
H. Lee, UC Santa Cruz, AMS
Web site: www.soe.ucsc.edu/~herbie
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Algorithms row
Synergies with Societal Impact in: Environment
The proposed research looks at a new class of spatial
models derived from the convolution representation
of Gaussian process models. By expanding the class
of distributions for the underlying process being
convolved, a range of flexible spatial models results.
These models are especially useful for inverse
problems and spatial processes over time. The
research is motivated by an inverse problem from
hydrology and a space-time problem from
meteorology. The research will address both
theoretical and methodological aspects within a
Bayesian framework. In terms of flexible
convolution models, this research will specifically
examine convolutions of Markov random fields and
convolutions of temporally evolving processes, and
will put these into a general framework of
convolutions of normally-distributed processes.
In the areas of both hydrology and meteorology,
physical processes and available data exist at multiple
scales, so multi-resolution versions of these models
are needed. From an implementation standpoint,
new computational methods are necessary.
Particularly for inverse problems such as the
hydrology example, evaluating the likelihood is
computationally expensive, thus requiring efficient
methods. The proposed research also addresses these
computational needs, exploring the use of coupled
chains, parallel computing, and surrogate modeling.
141
142
SECTION 5.5.6 ALGORITHMS
BRAND – Berkeley Realtime-Application
Network Demonstration
Participating Faculty:
S. Sastry, UC Berkeley, EECS
Web site: robotics.eecs.berkeley.edu/~sastry
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Algorithms row
Synergies with Societal Impacts in: Emergencies
The BRAND program is a development and
demonstration of two network applications that
require the capacity and/or low latency of an open
testbed communications network such as that
provided by the Next Generation Internet (NGI)
system program at DARPA. The resulting
demonstrations created by this effort (sensor Web
and networked MEMS CAD) will demonstrate the
benefits of an open research network capability
based on an optical transport system and associated
high performance/high capacity networks and
management systems that are ultimately necessary to
enable these new stressing applications. As high
performance networks continue to evolve, the
difficulties of providing guaranteed performance,
low-latency connectivity service have grown in
importance on the networking research agenda. For
military applications in particular, a growing
emphasis on reachback makes sub-second latencies
increasingly important in achieving high quality
real-time interpretation of sensor feeds from various
sources. With ever-increasing sensor sophistication
and bandwidth requirements this requirement is
expected to place increasingly taxing demands on
existing network infrastructure.
Deployed ground sensors hold out the promise of
affording analysts wide area monitoring and
reconnaissance of personnel movements within
specified critical areas. While the information flow
from each individual sensor begins as a trickle, an
immediate demand for deployment of tens of
thousands of these sensors immediately leads to the
need to distribute a composite real time operational
picture with sizable network requirements. In
addition, it is anticipated that next generation based
sensors are likely to include a video or imaging
component, so networks must be engineered to scale
to meet these demands as well. This work entails a
range of activities including routing algorithm
development to bring data to an exfiltration node,
engineering of communications network interfaces
to preserve the low latency connections, network
engineering to ensure appropriate resources are in
place, and human interface development to ensure
the human users are not misled by the vagaries of
network transmissions.
Real time visualization on the microscale is also
an important future application of high performance
networks. This work addresses the potential use of
high performance networks as a tool in the design
and manufacture of microsystems. The rising
investments required to build foundries that support
successive advances in sophistication bring networks
into play, with their ability to allow operators to
remotely share scarce facilities. Our goal is to close
the design loop by enabling design, simulation,
fabrication, comparison of measurement with
simulation or other data, diagnostics, and then redesign. The model is that a user would be able to use
all the facilities (simulation, measurement, and data
repositories) remotely at high speed. Speed is
important because of the enormous measurement
files produced and the ability to control and observe
the devices being measured in real time. In addition
to simulating and measuring devices from our own
local users, we will identify and support outside users
to make sure that the system supports their needs.
SECTION 5.5.6 ALGORITHMS
Communication over Wireless
Fading Channels
Participating Faculty:
D. Tse, UC Berkeley, EECS
Web site: www.eecs.berkeley.edu/wireless
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Algorithms row
Synergies with Societal Impact in: Energy, Emergencies,
Environment, Health, Third World, Transportation
The most fundamental and unique characteristic of
wireless channels is the random time-variation of the
channel strengths. Communication over fading
channels has been a topic of study since the ’s. A
very different view of the problem, however, emerges
from recent research. The traditional view of fading
is that it is a source of unreliability that has to be
compensated for by various diversity and power
control techniques. The modern view considers
fading as a source of randomization that can be
exploited to get significant capacity boost, even
beyond that of a non-faded channel. Two prime
examples are:
and delayed feedback. The main question is how best
to perform opportunistic communication in face of
such channel uncertainty. Building on the experience
of implementing these ideas in Qualcomm’s HDR
system, some specific problems we propose
are:Analysis of the capacity of multi-user fading
channels with noisy delayed feedback
Opportunistic Communication. Dynamic rate and
power allocation can be performed over the
dimensions of time, frequency, antennas, and users
in a wireless system. In a fading environment, the
channel will be strong sometime, somewhere, and
opportunistic schemes can choose to transmit in
only those channel states.
» TDD (time-division duplex) versus FDD
(frequency-division duplex) systems in the role of
reducing noise and delay in the feedback
Multi-antenna Communication. In systems with
multiple transmit and multiple receive antennas,
random fading increases the number of degrees of
freedom available for communication by ensuring
that the channel matrix is well conditioned. The
phenomenon is also called spatial multiplexing.
We propose to look at two sets of problems in the
context of this modern view of fading:
Channel Uncertainty in Opportunistic
Communication. The fundamental bottleneck
limiting performance of opportunistic
communication schemes is the channel uncertainty
at the transmitter due to variations in the channel
» The problem of optimal channel probing for the
strong channel states using a limited amount of
power
» Performance scaling of opportunistic schemes in
wideband systems with many users
Diversity versus Spatial Multiplexing in MultiAntenna Systems. While fading provides the
potential for spatial multiplexing gain, many of the
existing coding schemes are designed instead to
maximize the diversity advantage, a traditional
notion framework. We put forth the viewpoint that
there is a fundamental tradeoff between diversity
advantage and spatial multiplex gain. We propose to
analyze this tradeoff and design schemes that can
perform close to this optimal tradeoff over a wide
range. One also can view this tradeoff as that
between the traditional use and the modern use of
multiple antennas.
143
144
SECTION 5.5.6 ALGORITHMS
Computational Tools for Reduced-Order
Modeling of Very Large Dynamical Systems
Participating Faculty:
Z. Bai, UC Davis, CS
Laub, UC Davis, CS/AS
Web site: www.cs.ucdavis.edu/~bai
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Algorithms row
Synergies with Technologies in: Microsystems
The continual and compelling need for accurately
and efficiently simulating dynamical behavior of
physical systems arising from a wide variety of
applications has led to increasingly large and
complex models. Reduced-order modeling (ROM)
techniques, also called model reduction or macromodeling, play an indispensable role in providing
efficient computational prototyping tools to replace
such large-scale models by approximate smaller
models, which are capable of capturing critical
dynamical behavior and faithfully preserving
essential properties of the larger models. An accurate
and effective reduced-order model can be applied for
steady-state analysis, transient analysis, or sensitivity
analysis of large-scale models and the physical
systems they emulate. Consequently, scientists and
engineers can significantly reduce design time and
pursue more aggressive design strategies. Designers
can try “what-if ’’ experiments in hours instead of
days.
In this project, we have conducted a broad range
of synergistic research activities on reduced-order
modeling of very large dynamical systems relating to
these interlinking strands: theory, reliable
algorithms, high-performance software, and
applications. In particular, we have promoted and
supported the applications of ROM techniques in
single and multi-port network reductions for the
simulation of large high-speed interconnect
networks, and Computed-Aided Engineering (CAE)
tools for structural dynamics analysis, and reducedorder dynamic macro models of MEMS.
This project also supports the SUGAR project,
which is developing an efficient system-level tool for
the simulation and design of complex MEMS.
SECTION 5.5.6 ALGORITHMS
Discrete Models and Algorithms
in the Sciences
Participating Faculty:
A. Sinclair, UC Berkeley, EECS/CS;
U.Vazirani, UC Berkeley, EECS/CS;
C. Papadimitriou, UC Berkeley, EECS/CS;
R. Karp, UC Berkeley, EECS/CS;
B. Whaley, UC Berkeley, Chem;
Y. Peres, UC Berkeley, Statistics;
A. Arkin, UC Berkeley, Bioengineering/Chem
Web site: www.cs.berkeley.edu/~sinclair
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Algorithms row
Synergies with Societal Impact in: Social Sciences
(Economics)
The proposal contains four major computational
themes, which are linked in various ways.
Quantum Computation: a study of novel quantum
algorithms, of entanglement as a computational
resource, and of connections to fundamental issues
in quantum physics, such as the transition from
classical to quantum.
Modeling the Regulatory Processes of the Cell: in
the post-genomic era, the computational modeling
of the operation of an entire cell at the level of
interactions among genes, proteins and
environmental conditions.
Statistical Physics and Computational Complexity: a
study of central concepts of statistical physics, such
as phase transitions and critical exponents, with
emphasis on their computational manifestations and
their relevance to the analysis of large systems with
local interactions.
Mathematical Economics and the Internet: a study
of the Internet as a novel computational artifact and
a complex economic arena, as well as of the
algorithmic adaptations of Game Theory and
Mechanism Design necessary for such a study.
Each of the four PIs (Richard Karp, Christos
Papadimitriou, Alistair Sinclair, and Umesh Vazirani
) has a track record of research in at least one of the
above areas, and a substantial interest in at least one
other. The project also includes one senior scientist
from each of the four areas: Birgitta Whaley
(Quantum Physics), Adam Arkin (Quantitative
Biology), Yuval Peres (Probability and Statistical
Physics), and Scott Shenker (Economics and the
Internet).
The project recognizes that a computational
perspective is becoming increasingly important in
the Natural and Mathematical Sciences, and
conversely that the Sciences are posing new
challenges for the theory of computation. It aims to
foster this connection within a dedicated program of
research and graduate education.
145
146
SECTION 5.5.6 ALGORITHMS
Energy Efficiency and Reliability in
Dense Sensor Networks
Participating Faculty:
K Ramchandran, UC Berkeley, EECS
Web site: www.eecs.berkeley.edu/wireless
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Algorithms row
Synergy with Societal Impacts: Energy, Emergencies,
Environment, Health, Transportation
This research addresses some important components
in the theoretical and algorithmic signal processing
machinery needed to make low-power, ubiquitous
sensor networks a reality. The physical and hardware
attributes as well as the computing and
communication capabilities of these low-power, lowcost sensors, particularly those based on high-density
low-cost MEMS devices, have the potential to
revolutionize next-generation information
technology. Next-generation MEMS sensors are
expected to be very cheap and very small (of the
order of one millimeter cube) with a communication
range of several hundred meters and a bandwidth of
tens to hundreds of kilobits per second. The
challenge is to build a pervasive, reliable, massively
distributed, dynamically self-configuring dense
sensor network system out of these low-cost,
ubiquitous devices.
The challenges presented by these networks are far
beyond existing theories and algorithms, and in
many cases require a fundamental paradigm shift
from centralized to distributed architectures. Reliable
centralized high-performance computing platforms
need to give way to a bank of distributed
miniaturized, inexpensive, easily deployable, and
individually unreliable component nodes which, as a
group, however, are required to be robust, energyefficient, and capable of far more complex tasks. This
research program will develop some important
components of signal processing and
communication system machinery to realize these
networks. The focus is on the important components
of bandwidth- and energy-efficient, reliable, and
robust compression and transmission of sensor
network data in a fully distributed fashion. It
explores both the theoretical foundation of the
relevant multi-terminal settings of this paradigm, as
well as computationally efficient distributed
processing algorithms aimed at narrowing the gap
between theory and practice. Strategies will be
developed for optimal compression/transmission for
sensor networks where the key abstraction is the use
of cooperation but not communication among the
sensors to maximize energy-efficiency.
SECTION 5.5.6 ALGORITHMS
Find and Track People in
Real Video Imagery
Participating Faculty:
J. Malik, UC Berkeley, EECS
Web site: www.cs.berkeley.edu/~malik
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Algorithms row
Synergies with Societal Impact in: Emergencies,
Transportation
We are engaged in designing, implementing, and
testing a system that can detect and track humans
automatically. Our system will recognize the
activities of individuals and patterns of activities
within and between groups. This information could
be used to provide alerts of potential threats to
facilities and personnel.
Successfully representing human activities
requires a representation of human motion at the
kinematic level. This proposal requests funds to
support an effort that will refine our tracking
algorithms and improve the kinematic
representations that they produce. In particular, we
request support for our efforts to build reliable, selfstarting kinematic trackers.We will build selfinitializing kinematic trackers that use known
coherence in the structure and movement of people
to detect people and track them. Our process
involves a series of steps going from coarse to fine:
Finding segments. Human body segments are
identified by the fact that they are coherent in color,
texture and motion; that they have a predictable
shape; and that they appear in a series of images.
Forming kinematic assemblies. Segments in each
frame are assembled into groups that could be a view
of a person.
Exploiting motion coherence. Possible tracks (i.e.,
those that could be people) are constructed from
segments that move coherently from frame to frame
and form assemblies in multiple frames; these
assemblies must have reasonable frame-frame
motions.
Kinematic and dynamic refinement. Tracks are fed
to a kinematic tracker that refines the estimates of
configuration and compares these detailed estimates
of motion with possible human movements.
147
148 SECTION 5.5.6 ALGORITHMS
Multi-resolution visualization of
time-dependent three-dimensional data
Participating Faculty:
B. Hamann, UC Davis, CS
K. I. Joy, UC Davis, CS
Web site: cipic.ucdavis.edu
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Algorithms row
Synergies with Societal Impact in: Energy, Emergencies,
Education, Environment, Health
Due to the improvements in performance in
computer power and storage capacity achieved over
the last decade, today’s data-intensive scientific
applications and simulations are capable of
generating massive amounts of data. Sensor
networks will soon consist of thousands of (possibly
moving) sensors, distributed in a three-dimensional
(3D) environment and recording multiple
parameters. Standard visualization techniques are
not capable to render the huge data sets at interactive
frame rates. “Multi-resolution methods” provide a
means for representing data at multiple levels of
detail. In general, interactive data exploration and
visualization can be performed better for
“structured rectilinear grids,” i.e., grids where space
is represented by a collection of the same type of
bricks. Different types of grids cannot be used
straightforward for real-time data visualization
purposes.
We have developed two multi-resolution methods
for structured grids. The first approach is based on
octree refinement and uses a special storage scheme
for fast data loading from external storage media. A
novel hierarchical 3D storage scheme ensures that
data points that are close to each other in 3D space
are also stored close to each other on disk. The
second approach is based on a new “subdivision
scheme.” This scheme starts from a coarse
representation of 3D space, using cubes, and then
refines the representation. In each subdivision step,
the total number of points is only doubled. We can
take advantage of special filter schemes to avoid
aliasing in our visualizations and obtain higherquality visualizations at coarser levels of resolution.
For dealing with data varying over time, we have
generalized this approach to 4D data. Our approach
provides scalability in spatial and temporal
dimensions. We have applied our hierarchical data
representation scheme for visualization, and we have
tested it for standard methods including iso surface
visualization, volume rendering, and cutting planes.
SECTION 5.5.6 ALGORITHMS
NVR – Supporting Networked Virtual
Reality over Wide Area Networks
Participating Faculty:
C. Chuah, UC Davis, ECE
O. Staadt UC Davis, CS
B. Yoo, UC Davis, ECE
Web site: sierra.ece.ucdavis.edu
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Algorithms row
Synergies with Societal Impact in: Energy, Emergencies,
Education, Environment, Health, Transportation,
Social Sciences
A networked virtual reality (NVR) is a software
plane where multiple users can interact with each
other in real time, even though these users may be
distributed around the whole network. This project
focuses on the design of an efficient
transport/network layer service to provide QoS
guarantees to an NVR system. We propose to model
the NVR source characteristics, the communication
patterns between remote sites, and its bandwidth,
latency, and reliability requirements of the
underlying network layer. Based on this
characterization, we will jointly optimize the
source/channel coding as well as transmission
scheme to support NVR over wide-area networks
with real-time human interactions.
149
150 SECTION 5.5.6 ALGORITHMS
Probabilistic Framework for
Multiple Video Streams
Participating Faculty:
J. Malik, UC Berkeley, EECS/CS
J. Canny, UC Berkeley, EECS/CS
D. Forsyth, UC Berkeley, EECS/CS
M. Jordan, UC Berkeley, EECS/CS
S. Russell, UC Berkeley, EECS
Web site: www.cs.berkeley.edu/~malik
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Algorithms row
Synergies with Societal Impact in: Emergencies,
Transportation
We propose to design, implement, and test a system
that can detect and track humans automatically. Our
system will recognize the activities of individuals and
patterns of activities within and between groups.
This information could be used to provide alerts of
potential threats to facilities and personnel.
Our system will be composed of a hierarchy of
stages:
» Take as input video streams from a network of
cameras, which collectively monitor a site
» Detect and track humans at the “kinematic chain”
level (treat the body as articulated and determine the
position and velocities of individual links such as left
upper arm, torso, head) using probabilistic models
and particle-filtering techniques
»Analyze the movement of each individual in terms
of “movemes”, brief packets of human motion that
can be used as a vocabulary to characterize general
human movements
» Recognize actions and activities, and where
possible hostile intent, from a library of models
»Provide situation awareness by categorizing the
activities or patterns of activity
A system this complicated must be built in a
principled way. Probabilistic reasoning supplies an
appropriate framework of principle in which to
combine different sources of (uncertain) evidence –
bottom-up and top-down, from multiple cameras,
and over varying spaciotemporal scales. Learning
models for prototypical movemes and activities can
then be posed as the problem of estimating
appropriate generative and discriminative models.
We will build four testbeds to test both the
components as well as the entire system. Our
research will be enriched by a major collaboration
with the U.C. Police Department, who use video
surveillance extensively and have an established need
for automatic methods to support various police
activities. Their needs are similar to defense related
needs.
We have assembled a team of researchers from
U.C. Berkeley (J. Malik, J. Canny, D. Forsyth, M.
Jordan, S. Russell), Stanford University (C. Bregler),
California Institute of Technology (P. Perona), and
University of Southern California (M. Mataric) to
accomplish this task. This team has proven excellence
both in the principles and the applications of
machine vision, human-machine interfaces, and
machine learning. Furthermore, it has a history of
established collaborations and a track record of
successful delivery of working systems.
SECTION 5.5.6 ALGORITHMS
Randomized Invariant Features for Shape
Classification
Participating Faculty:
R. Manduchi, UC Santa Cruz, CE
Web site: www.cse.ucsc.edu/~manduchi
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Algorithms row
Synergies with Societal Impact in: Emergency,
Transportation
Our new notion of a continuous coding for a
probability density starts from a general
mathematical intuition: if densities are matched,
rather than evaluated (as in classical learning
theory), then they need not be represented explicitly,
but merely need to be coded. The two criteria of
uniqueness and continuity that a coding must satisfy
are not very restrictive.
Indeed, this is exactly why a coding is easier than
an explicit representation. Given a density to be
coded, is it possible to characterize a minimal
coding? More realistically, a useful coding, in order
to be small, is likely to satisfy uniqueness and
continuity only approximately. Can the quality of a
coding be measured, in this sense? To address this
question, we can invoke basic principles of the
theory of classification: suppose that ideal decision
surfaces can be defined for the original (noninvariant) feature vector f. Mapping f to its
trajectory under a given set of transformations will
perturb these surfaces, because a trajectory that
happens to cross a decision surface (that is, a
trajectory that contains features that map to different
classes) must be relocated in only one class. This
perturbation comes with a price, that is, a
misclassification rate. An additional price of the
same nature is paid when the trajectories (or rather
the randomized-feature densities defined over them)
are coded. We plan to study misclassification rates
for simple families of features and transformations.
Theoretical analysis will give insights in elementary
cases, and empirical studies will provide data for
more realistic scenarios.
Next, reversible imaging transformations can be
naturally defined for three-dimensional images, as
our example in section . shows in detail. For twodimensional images, the set of reversible
transformations is more limited. How can
irreversible transformations be approximated by
reversible ones for two-dimensional images? For
instance, a translation along the optical axis of the
camera is an irreversible transformation, because
scene details can appear and disappear as the
viewpoint changes. However, within relatively wide
limits, a simple scaling approximates the effects of
translation along the optical axis (or, more
rigorously, scaling and translation are exactly
equivalent under orthographic projection). Similar
considerations hold for rotations outside the image
plane.
151
152 SECTION 5.5.6 ALGORITHMS
Real-Time Image-based Rendering Using
Sparsely Placed Video Cameras
Participating Faculty:
H. Tao, UC Santa Cruz, CE
Web site: www.cse.ucsc.edu/~tao
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Algorithms row
Synergies with Societal Impact in: Emergency,
Transportation
In the recently five years, image-based rendering
(IBR) has been an active research area and
considered as a potential approach for photorealistic
rendering of complex scenes that are difficult to
model and render using the traditional polygonbased graphics pipeline. The basic idea of IBR is to
combine images of the scene collected from different
but fixed viewpoints to create new views. Early work
in image-based rendering was based on the
assumptions that a large number of cameras are
densely placed around the scene or the geometry of
the scene is known in advance. However, it remains
unclear how to deal with the configuration that has
the most potential commercial applications, i.e. IBR
based on a small set of cameras and unknown scene
geometry. In addition, even if the knowledge of the
scene geometry is perfectly known, the quality of the
output images of current IBR techniques is usually
limited by the resolution of the input images or
videos.
The objectives of the proposed research are to
advance the understanding of these problems and
develop novel geometric representations and the
associated estimation and resolution enhanced
rendering algorithms for sparse image-based new
view synthesis. The technology will enable many real
world applications such as Immersive virtual
tourism, 3D teleconferencing, IBR-based gaming and
movie special effects, 3D immersive surveillance and
monitoring. The proposed research approach
consists of the following three related components:
() Novel explicit scene representations for sparse
IBR and the associate estimation and rendering
algorithms.
() Novel efficient direct sparse IBR techniques.
()Resolution enhanced image-based rendering
technique for rendering image with higher resolution
than the original input images.
The proposed research activities will be an integral
part of the long-term effort to build a vigorous
research and education program in computer vision
and human computer interaction at the University of
California, Santa Cruz.
SECTION 5.5.6 ALGORITHMS
SCIDAC – TOPS Terascale Optimal
PDE Simulations
Participating Faculty:
J. Demmel, UC Berkeley, EECS/Math
Web site: bebop.cs.berkeley.edu
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Algorithms row
Synergies with Societal Impact in: Emergencies
Large-scale simulations often involve the solution of
partial differential equations (PDEs). In such
simulations, continuous (infinite-dimensional)
mathematical models are approximated with finitedimensional models. To obtain the required
accuracy, the finite-dimensional models must often
be extremely large, thus requiring terascale
computers. Fortunately, continuous problems
provide a natural way to generate a hierarchy of
approximate models, through which the required
solution may be obtained efficiently by various
forms of “bootstrapping.” The most dramatic
examples are multigrid methods, but we also exploit
other hierarchical representations.
We propose an Enabling Technology Center
(ETC) that focuses on developing and implementing
optimal or near optimal schemes for PDE
simulations and closely related tasks, including
optimization of PDE-constrained systems,
eigenanalysis, and adaptive time integration. The
Terascale Optimal PDE Simulations (TOPS) Center
will research, develop, and deploy an integrated
toolkit of open source, (nearly) optimal complexity
solvers for the nonlinear partial differential
equations that arise in many Office of Science
application areas, including fusion, accelerator
design, global climate change, and reactive chemistry.
These algorithms – primarily multilevel methods –
aim to reduce computational bottlenecks by one of
three orders of magnitude on terascale computers,
enabling scientific simulation on a scale heretofore
impossible.
Along with usability, robustness, and algorithmic
efficiency, an important goal of this ETC will be to
attain the highest possible computational
performance in its implementations by
accommodating to the memory bandwidth
limitations of hierarchical memory architectures.
The work at U.C. Berkeley in particular will involve
automatic performance tuning of sparse matrix
kernels that typically form the bottleneck of these
large scale computations.
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154 SECTION 5.5.6 ALGORITHMS
Software Enabled Control Program
Participating Faculty:
S. S. Sastry, UC Berkeley, EECS
Web site: robotics.eecs.berkeley.edu/~sastry
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Algorithms row
Synergies with Societal Impact in: Emergencies,
Transportation
In support of DARPA’s Software-enabled Control
project lead by Northrop Grumman (NG)
Corporation, U.C. Berkeley is developing practical
applications of a new control paradigm of hybrid
systems for multi-vehicle, multi-modal control. The
control design for hybrid systems needs to provide
guarantees on safety, performance, fault tolerance,
and mission completion in order to deliver high
levels of mission reliability. Specifically, we will
develop techniques for modeling, synthesis, and
verification of control designs and their
computational realization. We are working with
Northrop Grumman to expand the hybrid control
technology to meet design challenges provided in
motivating scenarios for control of teams of
autonomous unmanned air vehicles (UAVs). The
outcome of this joint work will contribute to
consolidation of the design specifications for the
DARPA Open Control Platform (OCP). The areas of
research are:
Multi-vehicle Architecture Integration. Our
approach in this project is to develop control design
and implementation methodologies for both single
vehicle and multiple vehicle control systems. We will
be guided from the outset by our collaboration with
NG to identify flight specifications for control UAVs,
utilizing our group’s experience designing control
laws for the autonomous rotorcraft UAVs fabricated
at Berkeley. We will address mode switching in the
UAV control laws, degraded modes of operation, and
multi-UAV coordination.
Multi-Modal Control Derivation and Analysis. This
task forms the mathematical and control theoretical
foundation of the hybrid systems-based approach. It
will be driven by and fed back into the simulation
results of the previous task. Key issues to be
addressed in hybrid control design are numerical
methods for optimal hybrid control, hierarchical
hybrid control design, and designing for mission
completion.
Safety and Performance Evaluation of Hybrid
Control Designs. A control law evaluation
environment and the underlying methodologies to
cope with nonlinear scenarios, such as those which
arise in a “swarm-of-UAVs,” will be developed along
the following lines: algorithmic analysis of nonlinear
hybrid models, modular techniques for hybrid
system validation, and model reduction and
conservative approximation for hybrid models.
Hybrid System Simulation and Open Control
Platform (OCP) Integration. This is aimed at taking
the control design outcomes of the control system
design tools that are developed in other thrusts and
simulate and analyze them at a level closer to their
software and hardware implementation. Our goal
here is to estimate performance and validate safety of
hybrid control designs (for flight applications and
other safety critical operations) at the design level
under consideration of implementation constraints
such as hardware architecture, sensor fusion,
resource sharing, and real time.
SECTION 5.5.6 ALGORITHMS
SUGAR – A Computer Aided Design Tool for
MEMS (MicroElectroMechanical Systems)
Participating Faculty:
J. Demmel, UC Berkeley, EECS/Math
A. Agogino, UC Berkeley, ME
S. Govindjee, UC Berkeley, CEE
K. Pister, UC Berkeley, EECS
Z. Bai, UC Davis, CS
Web site: bsac.berkeley.edu/cadtools/sugar/sugar/
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Algorithms row
MEMS form the technological core of the Sensor
Web application, as well as a – billion dollar and
rapidly growing commercial industry. The continued
rapid development of new devices and their
applications depends on having adequate CAD tools
for the design, simulation, measurement, and
evaluation of MEMS devices. Current practice (back
of the envelope calculations, or very detailed finite
element models of small parts of large systems) is
inadequate for current and future needs. There is no
robust and widely available system as there is in the
integrated circuit world with SPICE.
SUGAR is our system level solution to this
problem. Our goal is to close the design loop by
enabling design, simulation, fabrication, comparison
of measurement with simulation or other data,
diagnostics, and then re-design. We are also
developing design synthesis tools built on SUGAR to
design MEMS devices with optimized
configurations, designed to meet one or more
performance objectives. All our software will be
freely available. Measurements will be done by a
variety of devices at Berkeley and eventually other
sites, all connected by the Internet, and supporting a
variety of outside users. The measurement devices
are capable of producing nanometer resolution realtime 3D images of operating MEMS devices, as well
as simpler measurements. The model is that a user
would be able to use all the facilities (simulation,
measurement, and data repositories) remotely at
high speed. Speed is important because of the
enormous measurement files produced and the
ability to control and observe the devices being
measured in real-time.
Generate Parameters
Refine Parameters
Sense Data
Extract Features
Correspond
Extract Features
Simulate
These figures illustrate “closing the design loop”, where a simulated resonator (left) is compared with a
measured simulator being actuated by a probe tip (right), and simulation and measured data being compared
(center) to extract and refine simulation parameters.
155
156
SECTION 5.5.6 ALGORITHMS
Visualization Methods for
Point Data in Space
Participating Faculty:
B. Hamann, UC Davis , CS
K. I. Joy, UC Davis, CS
Web site: cipic.ucdavis.edu
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Algorithms row
Synergies with Societal Impact in: Energy, Emergencies,
Environment, Health, Transportation
“Point-cloud” or “scattered-data” visualization is
becoming increasingly important in new emerging
applications, especially in sensor network data
analysis. Advances in wireless sensor networks are
producing more and more data at random points in
space and time that must be processed to make
possible meaningful three-dimensional visualization,
possibly changing with time depending on the
specific phenomenon being monitored. Typical
variables that can be monitored with sensor
networks are temperature, humidity, and light
intensity. One goal is to produce visualizations of the
monitored variables – but rendered as smoothly
varying variables over the particular region of
interest.
Most scientific visualization techniques require
data to include connectivity information, which is
not provided by a scattered data set. Techniques used
to deal with such unconnected data include the use
of field reconstruction methods producing an
analytical definition that is then resampled to a
standard grid format supported by standard
visualization methods, such as volume rendering and
iso surfacing. While these methods work well for off-
line analysis, they are less practical for real-time
visualization and become even less effective as data
size increases. Highly efficient schemes operating
directly on raw scattered data are necessary.
We are developing methods for the direct
rendering of scattered data, which involves using
different building blocks to construct high-quality
data visualizations. For instance, the construction of
iso surfaces typically is done by extracting isotriangles from some spatial grid structure. Iso
surfaces can also be constructed directly by merely
using point primitives, given in space with associated
function value but no connectivity information. We
are developing prototypes for the rendering of
scattered data sets using point primitives directly,
without performing any meshing steps. Our method
is called “iso-splatting,” and it is a powerful
alternative to traditional extraction-based iso surface
visualization. We plan to generalize other
visualization techniques as well, so we can use them
directly for scattered data, especially massive
amounts of sensor data.
SECTION 5.5.6 ALGORITHMS
Wavelet-Based Hierarchical Time-Varying
Volume Representation With 4th-Root-Of-2
Subdivision
Participating Faculty:
B. Hamann, UC Davis, CS/CIPIC
K. Joy, UC Davis, CS
N. Max, UC Davis, AS
Web site: graphics.cs.ucdavis.edu
CITRIS Project Matrix Location: Algorithms row
Synergies with Societal Impact in: Health
Due to the improvements in the performance of
computing power and storage capacity achieved over
the last decade, today’s data-intensive scientific
applications are capable of quickly generating and
storing huge amounts of data. Down sampling can
be used to reduce the data to a manageable amount.
The reduced data can be examined by scientists to
spot regions of interest, for which more detailed
examinations can be performed. Today, visualization
applications have to deal with large-scale data in the
spatial as well as temporal dimensions and their
representation at multiple levels of detail.
Multi-resolution methods for representing data at
multiple levels of detail are widely used for largescale two- and three-dimensional data sets.
Furthermore, for time-varying data sets techniques
have been developed that make use of temporal
coherence of, for example, numerically simulated
data. We developed a four-dimensional multiresolution approach, where time is treated as fourth
dimension. We deal with large scales in spatial and
temporal dimensions in a single hierarchical
framework.
For large-scale volume representation, one should
use regular rather than irregular data formats, since
grid connectivity should be implicit and data should
be easily and quickly accessible. To overcome regular
data structures’ disadvantage of coarse granularity,
we have developed a 4th-root-of-2-subdivision
scheme. Every nth-root-of-2-subdivision step only
doubles the number of vertices, which is a factor of
nth-root-of-2 in each of the n dimensions. The
figure below shows four subdivision steps of the 4throot-of-2-subdivision scheme, starting with one
hypercube (illustration stretched in temporal
direction, not depicting the temporal connections)
and leading to  hypercubes.
Another drawback of regular data structures is
that down sampling is based purely on grid structure
and without considering data values. Therefore,
some scientifically interesting details in a data set can
get lost and be overseen for further examinations. To
avoid this, we use a linear B-spline wavelet scheme:
The data value at a vertex is updated when changing
the level of detail, i.e., the value varies with varying
level of detail. On a coarse level, the value represents
the value at the vertex itself as well as an average
value of a certain region around the vertex. This
approach leads to better approximations on coarser
levels.
Quadrilinear B-spline wavelets have the property
that the computation of the wavelet coefficient at a
vertex p is not only based on the neighbors of p but
also on vertices that are farther away in the spatial
and temporal dimensions. Thus, when using out-ofcore techniques to operate on or visualize large-scale
data, substantial amounts of data must be loaded
from external memory, with low I/O-performance.
We developed lifting schemes with narrow filters to
overcome this problem.
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SECTION 5.6 CITRIS-AFFILIATED RESEARCH CENTER REPORTS
SECTION 5.6 CITRIS-AFFILIATED
RESEARCH CENTER REPORTS
This section contains brief descriptions of the
CITRIS-affiliated research laboratories and centers
whose work intersects the mission of CITRIS and
whose research faculty are affiliated with CITRIS. In
all cases, extensive descriptions and rich
informational resources may be found at the centers’
Web pages, which are listed with the descriptions. An
important CITRIS goal is to encourage cooperation
and technology transfer among these centers the
better to achieve our overall goal of using IT to
benefit society. We are encouraged that there are
examples of this beginning to happen: a joint effort
among BSAC, BWRC, EETD, and CBE (see list below
for full names corresponding to these acronyms) has
led to a $.M grant from the California Energy
Commission to study energy-efficient building
design. And BSAC and PEER have joined forces to
implement shaking table experiments for studying
earthquakes’ impacts on buildings. We expect many
more of these collaborations to emerge as CITRIS
evolves.
We have arranged the center summaries here
roughly according to how their work aligns with the
columns and rows of the CITRIS Project Matrix
shown in Section .. However, the work of most of
these units is quite diverse, impacting core
technologies as well as driving applications, making
this division somewhat arbitrary.
Societal Impact / Driving Applications:
» Berkeley Center for the Information Society (BCIS)
» Berkeley Institute of Design (BID)
» Berkeley Seismological Laboratory (BSL)
» Center for the Built Environment (CBE)
» Center for Computational Science and
Engineering (CCSE)
» Center for Environmental and Water Resources
Engineering (CEWRE)
» The Center for Geotechnical Modeling (CGM)
» Electronic Cultural Atlas Initiative (ECAI)
» Environmental Energy Technologies Division
(EETD) of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
» Experimental Social Sciences Laboratory (X-LAB)
» Institute for Transportation Studies (ITS)
» Nanomaterials in the Environment, Agriculture,
and Technology (NEAT)
» National Center of Excellence for Aviation
Operational Research (NEXTOR)
» Partners for Advanced Transit and
Highways (PATH)
» Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research
Center (PEER)
Engineering Technologies and Foundations:
» Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center (BSAC)
» Berkeley Wireless Research Center (BWRC)
» The Biosensor Group (BSG)
» The Center for Biophotonics, Science, and
Technology (CBST)
» Center for Hybrid Embedded Software
Systems (CHESS)
» The Center for Image Processing and Integrated
Computing (CIPIC)
» Center for Intelligent Systems (CIS)
» Computer Security Laboratory (CSL)
» The Gigascale Silicon Research Center (GSRC)
» Microelectronics Laboratory at UC Berkeley
» National Energy Research Computing
Center (NERSC) of Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory.
» Optical Switching and Communications
Laboratory
SECTION 5.6 CITRIS-AFFILIATED RESEARCH CENTER REPORTS
Societal Impact / Driving Applications:
Berkeley Center for the Information Society
(BCIS)
www.icsi.berkeley.edu/BCIS/
The Berkeley Center for the Information Society is a
research center focused on the social impact of the
information technology revolution. Housed at ICSI
(The International Computer Science Institute), the
Center is directed by Dr. Pekka Himanen and its
research board is chaired by Prof. Manuel Castells.
Key areas of research include challenges of the global
information society and different models of
responding to it; the use of IT in social movements;
and, enhancing equal opportunities within IT.
Among the current projects in the above areas are
the comparison of the Silicon Valley, Finnish, and
Singapore information society models by Pekka
Himanen, Manuel Castells, and their group; research
on the application of the open-source model to
social movements by Steve Weber and Jerry Feldman
and a Ghana pilot project led by Gregg Zachary; and,
the digital opportunities program called Berkeley
Foundation for Opportunities in Information
Technology (BFOIT), led by Orpheus Crutchfield.
Understanding these impacts of information on
technology is a key CITRIS goal.
Himanen’s book, translated into 15 languages,
describes “Hackers [as] the warriors, explorers,
guerrillas, and joyous adventurers of the Digital
Age, and the true architects of the new economy.”
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SECTION 5.6 CITRIS-AFFILIATED RESEARCH CENTER REPORTS
Berkeley Institute of Design (BID)
bid.berkeley.edu
The Berkeley Institute of Design incubates a new
design discipline spanning computer science,
architecture, and industrial and mechanical
engineering. We are establishing an interdisciplinary
research center and graduate program in design
affiliated with CITRIS, located in the Hearst
Memorial Mining Building. We are creating a new
design institute because the world around us is being
reshaped by information technology. We are
witnessing the evolution of the built environment
into the interactive environment, whose design
requires a new kind of designer. The challenge is to
design complex behaviors for artifacts, and to
integrate them into systems that provide a coherent
experience for the individual.
BID is a human-centered design program
emphasizing human-centered practices: contextual
inquiry, needs analysis, etc. These methodologies
provide the core of BID s introductory sequence.
BID will also emphasize the broader social
implications of design. This “social pull” is
completely compatible with leading-edge
technology; in fact, this pull guides BID’s research to
some of the most exciting and forward-looking
technologies on the horizon: rapid iterative
prototyping techniques based on 3D printing and
polymer electronics, visualization,
manufacturability-aware design tools, and new
methods for evaluation at all phases of design.
BID research was strongly featured at the recent
ACM CHI (Computer-Human Interaction)
Conference. This is the premier conference for HCI
work, with an acceptance of % or less. Berkeley
had the largest number of papers () at the
conference, and the largest number of participants
from a single university. Almost all the Berkeley
participants were BID members. Two papers were
course projects from one of BID’s Masters degree
core courses, “Design Realization.” The course was
taught in fall ’, by Maribeth Back and Steve
Harrison, two advisory board members. The BID
group received a good level of research support in its
first year. CITRIS contributed $k for setup and
remodeling of the space. Apart from individual PI
grants, two major grants supported groups of PIs.
The first of these is a medium-size NSF ITR for
“Context-Aware Computing.” The second is the
Northern California NGI (Next Generation Internet)
application center, “Net21,” which is housed in BID
and supported by Cenic (Corporation for Education
Network Initiatives in California).
In , UC Berkeley began a competition for new
teaching/research initiatives. Ten themes were
announced, and  total FTE are to be allocated
through the process. BID participated in two of these
themes, and one of them, New Media, is through to
the second round of five finalists. The three
initiatives to be supported will be announced in
summer . If supported, New Media could receive
six new faculty positions, to be distributed among
computer science, mechanical engineering,
architecture, SIMS, Art Practice, and several
humanities departments.
Some specific activities within BID this past year
include:
» Earthquake response. Prof. Landay’s group has
done some of the most in-depth analysis of firefighting information needs and field system design
anywhere.
» Energy. Prof. Ed Arens and Prof. John Canny, UC
Berkeley, and Steve Selkovitz (Lawrence Berkeley
Laboratory) have won a UCEI (UC Energy Institute)
grant for lighting-efficient design.
» Distance Learning and Education. Prof. Paul
Wright, UC Berkeley has received $, worth of
Tablet-PCs from Microsoft to support the
“Livenotes” project, a promising educational
application of wireless technology.
SECTION 5.6 CITRIS-AFFILIATED RESEARCH CENTER REPORTS
» Earthquake Engineering and NEES. Profs. Bruce
Kutter and Boris Jeremic, UC Davis, and Prof. Canny
are co-PIs in NEES (Network for Earthquake
Engineering Simulation) at Berkeley and are running
a telepresence system at the Richmond Field station
site.
» Disabilities. Four BID faculty have active projects
on technology for the disabled and work with
disabled students or postdocs.
» Education. Along with Livenotes, we are working
on a joint project with Prof. Marcia Linn of the
School of Education at UC Berkeley for authoring of
inquiry-based content (the canonical bottleneck with
inquiry-based learning). Prof. Linn’s UCWISE group
will be fully housed in the BID space.
» Women and Technology. We are a “VDC” under
the Institute for Women and Technology, supported
by HP, and have run two classes on technology
design involving women (the first in fact on women
with disabilities).
There are  affiliated faculty, from Computer
Science, Mechanical Engineering, School of
Information Management and Systems, Industrial
Engineering and Operations Research, Art Practice,
Film Studies, Center for Design Visualization, the
College of Environmental Design, Architecture,
Cognitive Science, and Music. The four BID faculty
members in Computer Science funded 
undergraduate research projects last year, and
supervised another  without support.
Prototype of “heads-up display” to be worn by
firefighters to tell them where they are, where
the victims are, and the fire is in an unfamiliar
building.
Berkeley Seismological Laboratory (BSL)
www.seismo.berkeley.edu
The Berkeley Seismological Laboratory has a long
history in the fields of earthquake science and
earthquake information. Since , the
Seismological Laboratory has been involved in
operating seismic sensor networks in central and
northern California, with the mission to:
» Conduct and promote research to further our
understanding of earthquake processes and of earth
structure at the regional and global scale;
» Provide timely and accurate earthquake
information, particularly concerning central and
northern California earthquakes, to a variety of
public and private agencies including emergency
response operators and the press; and
» Assist in the education and training of students
and the public in earthquake science.
Research at the BSL spans a broad range of topics,
from the study of microseismicity at the local scale
to global deep earth structure, and includes
seismological, geodetic, and remote sensing (InSAR)
techniques. Three major projects of the BSL deserve
attention in –: CISN, “Mini-PBO,” and the
ocean bottom observatory MOBB.
A focus of the past year has been the planning and
initial implementation of the BSL component of the
CISN (California Integrated Seismic Network), with
support in FY ’ (received in April ) from the
State of California through the Office of Emergency
Services (OES). In anticipation of the pending
funding, BSL staff conducted searches and surveys to
identify potential sites for new broadband stations,
two of which have been selected and permitted, and
will be installed as soon as the equipment becomes
available. BSL purchased equipment for five BDSN
sites, and focused efforts on the development of
software to re-design the USGS/UCB joint
earthquake notification system and move towards
merging the systems now in operation at each of the
two institutions. Initial steps have been taken
towards exchanging data in real-time with southern
California, involving  stations in each sub-region.
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162 SECTION 5.6 CITRIS-AFFILIATED RESEARCH CENTER REPORTS
This past year has been marked by a climax in the
installation efforts towards the “Mini-PBO” project,
a project supported partly by a grant from the
NSF/MRI program, in collaboration with CIW,
UCSD, and USGS/Menlo Park, with matching from
UCB and these other institutions as well as Caltrans
(www.seismo.berkeley.edu/seismo/bdsn/
mpbo_overview.html).
Other activities include The MOBB (Monterey
Ocean bottom Broad Band observatory), a
collaborative project between BSL and MBARI that
builds upon the experience gained in  through
the MOISE project, which involved the temporary
deployment of a broadband ocean bottom system in
Monterey Bay. In the past year, BSL has been closely
involved in the coordination of site characterization
for the SAFOD drilling project in the Parkfield area
and the collaboration with USGS/Menlo Park in the
generation of ShakeMap for northern California.
ShakeMap is calculated routinely for magnitude .
and larger events in northern California. Any
magnitude . or larger will now also trigger the
finite-fault processing.
Map of Bay Area earthquakes in 2003 from BSL Web page
SECTION 5.6 CITRIS-AFFILIATED RESEARCH CENTER REPORTS
Center for the Built Environment (CBE)
www.cbe.berkeley.edu
The Center for the Built Environment is a
collaborative place to share ideas for improving the
design and operation of commercial buildings. New
technologies mean that today’s buildings can be
more energy efficient, more attractive, and more
responsive to their occupants’ needs than before. The
challenge to building owners, operators, and tenants
is understanding the opportunities offered by these
technologies, and learning how best to apply them.
In May , a group of industry and government
leaders teamed up with faculty and researchers at UC
Berkeley to address this challenge, forming CBE as a
National Science Foundation Industry/University
Cooperative Research Program. There are 
affiliated faculty and research staff from
Architecture, College of Environmental Design, Civil
and Environmental Engineering, Computer Science,
and Business School.
The wireless sensing project within CBE is
intimately linked to work in several other centers
within CITRIS. The purpose of this project is to
investigate the potential for applying microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) sensor
technology and wireless communication technology
to the control of buildings. We are collaborating with
the Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center (BSAC) and
the Berkeley Wireless Research Center (BWRC).
The cost of running wire for sensors in buildings
is –% of the cost of the sensor. Wireless
communications could eliminate that cost.
Combining wireless technology with MEMS
technology could reduce the cost further, allow
sensors to be embedded in products such as ceiling
tiles and furniture, and enable improved control of
the indoor environment. Recent technological
advances in micro-electromechanical systems
(MEMS) and integrated wireless sensing and
communication are enabling the realization of dense
wireless sensor networks. This technology enables
functions that traditionally were localized in a single
point to be taken apart and to be distributed over a
wider space, leading to potentially more optimal
systems. First-order estimations indicate that such
technology could reduce source energy consumption
by  quads (quadrillion British Thermal Units or
BTUs) in the U.S. alone. This translates to $ billion
per year, and  million metric tons of reduced
carbon emissions.
Our goal is an integrated sensor/wireless
communication/ energy source node, which
supports multiple sensing of temperature, light,
sound, flow, and localization; a seamless wireless
network interface; an integrated energy source that
allows the node to be self-contained and to operate
independently for at least ten years; and building
control applications software.
Current research development is sponsored
through the NSF program, “XYZ on a Chip:
Integrated Wireless Sensor Networks for the Control
of the Indoor Environment in Buildings.” This
collaborative research project includes the
development of control algorithms that will optimize
occupant comfort and energy performance by using
multiple sensing points for the control of both
conventional and UFAD buildings. We are also
developing wireless air speed measurement
technology (a wireless anemometer) that will have
the ability to chart airflow throughout a building in
order to optimize building performance.
Prototype Demand-Responsive Home Energy
Control System
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SECTION 5.6 CITRIS-AFFILIATED RESEARCH CENTER REPORTS
Center for Computational Science and
Engineering (CSE)
yclept.ucdavis.edu/CSE/
Computational Science and Engineering is an
emerging method of discovery in science and
engineering that is distinct from, and
complementary to, the two more traditional
methods of experiment/observation and theory. The
emphasis in this method is upon using the computer
as a numerical laboratory to perform computational
simulations to gain insight into the behavior of
complex dynamical systems, to visualize complex
and voluminous data sets, to perform data mining to
discover hidden information within large data sets,
and to assimilate data into computational
simulations.
The University of California at Davis is
implementing a major investment in this emerging
field of discovery with the inauguration of the new
Center for Computational Science and Engineering.
Formal commencement of the center was completed
with the recent hiring of the first Director, Professor
John Rundle. After an initial period of growth, it is
anticipated that the Center will transform into an
academic department.
SECTION 5.6 CITRIS-AFFILIATED RESEARCH CENTER REPORTS
Center for Environmental and Water
Resources Engineering (CEWRE)
cewre.engr.ucdavis.edu/
The Center for Environmental and Water Resources
Engineering at UC Davis and the Office of Water
Programs at California State University, Sacramento,
have announced a major new research initiative to
focus on the problems of urban pollution from both
point and non-point sources. Non-point source
pollution arises from activities and events that
cannot be identified with a specific location. It is
considered by the U.S. EPA to be the greatest threat
to the nation’s surface and ground water quality.
Membership in the Urban Watershed Research
Institute is open to agencies, communities,
organizations, and industries that are concerned
about management of urban pollution. Members
have an insider’s access to a wide range of activities,
from policy evaluations to information on the latest
pollution control technology. CITRIS sensor
technology will be part of our environmental
monitoring activities.
As one example, researchers at UC Davis are
studying microorganisms in water from storm
drains. The primary objectives of the project are to
determine what human pathogens occur in the
storm drain water, and how those pathogens affect
the health of people using the water near the
discharge. The researchers are developing new
methods for measuring specific pathogens,
comparing the pathogen measurements to bacterial
indicators, and conducting epidemiological studies
near the beach discharge. San Diego County and the
California Department of Transportation are
sponsoring the project.
There are  affiliated faculty from Civil and
Environmental Engineering, Atmospheric Science,
Land, Air & Water Resources, Chemical Engineering,
Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Chemistry,
and Mechanical Engineering.
CEWRE researchers are studying microorganisms
from storm drains like these.
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SECTION 5.6 CITRIS-AFFILIATED RESEARCH CENTER REPORTS
The Center for Geotechnical Modeling
(CGM)
cgm.engr.ucdavis.edu/
The Center for Geotechnical Modeling at the
University of California, Davis is a Host Facility in
the Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation
(NEES) funded by the National Science Foundation.
Geotechnical modeling researchers are invited to
take advantage of the centrifuge facilities and
centrifuge test data available at UC Davis. The
centrifuge facilities are intended for use by
researchers from academia, industry, from the U.S.,
and abroad. Fundamental centrifuge modeling
research is well suited for teams of experimental
modelers, constitutive modelers, and numerical
modelers. The centrifuge is also an excellent tool for
testing practical engineering design concepts and
discovering likely mechanisms of failure of
geotechnical structures.
In the past two years, the UC Davis CGM has
produced several data sets regarding:
» Seismic soil-pile-structure interaction in clay and
liquefiable sand
» Liquefaction and lateral spreading
» Ground improvement for liquefaction remediation
» Seismic performance of reinforced soil walls
» Seismic performance of seawalls
Interested researchers may take advantage of our
facilities in one of the following ways:
» There are about  complete data reports available
from existing centrifuge data sets. The reports
consist of a brief description of the model
configurations, a complete set of data plots, and a
CD or zip disk containing calibrated records of up to
 channels of data. Each model is subject to several
shaking events. Data include vertical and horizontal
arrays of acceleration, displacement, pore pressure,
and strain gauges. The data reports and the
electronic data (CD or zip disks) are available at a
nominal cost of reproduction. To obtain a
complimentary copy of an available data report on
one of the above topics, please contact
cgm@ucdavis.edu.
» One could design and conduct one’s own series of
experiments while spending a sabbatical or by
sending a student to work at Davis. We would work
to help in planning the tests and preparation of a
proposal. A research project typically involves
construction and testing of two to  large-scale
models, at a rate of one test every two to eight weeks.
» We could work out a collaborative project between
other institutions and UC Davis. For example, one
may need centrifuge data to validate a new design
concept or a numerical model. While collaborating
in analysis and testing, UC Davis could have primary
responsibility for the testing while the remote site
retains primary responsibility for the analysis.
SECTION 5.6 CITRIS-AFFILIATED RESEARCH CENTER REPORTS
Electronic Cultural Atlas Initiative (ECAI)
www.ecai.org
The Electronic Cultural Atlas Initiative is a part of
International and Area Studies. It is a an
international association of scholars, librarians, and
technicians who are researching ways to create,
preserve, and use digital data relating to cultural
studies. The focus of research is on the ways of
making use of time and place in digital library
environments and in individual scholarly projects.
This research agenda includes working with the
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software,
especially that produced by ESRI Corporation in
Redlands, California. ECAI has the added dimension
of dealing with time as well as space in the
construction of cultural data. The current list of
affiliates around the world who are engaged in the
work has grown to nearly  individuals as well as
major institutions such as the British Library, Arts
and Humanities Data Service of Great Britain,
Academia Sinica, and the National Museum of
Ethnology of Japan.
During the last year, ECAI has held conferences in
Osaka, Japan ( delegates) and Vienna, Austria
( delegates). The next international conference
will be held in Bangkok in association with NECTEC
and the Pacific Neighborhood Consortium.
As a part of the ECAI program, ways of helping
scholars to make use of digital material in the
classroom are being explored. On the Berkeley
campus, during the past semester, ECAI staff helped
to create classroom presentations on ancient Chinese
history, Silk Road Culture of Central Asia, and digital
material for Chinese language courses. Future use of
digital materials is being given consideration by a
number of faculty and assistance is offered for help
in georegistration of material as well as use of the
ECAI software TimeMap for display. Plans are being
made to work with educational issues at future ECAI
conferences being planned for – at Berkeley,
London, and Japan. The workshop in Rome will have
one session dedicated to the use of Virtual Reality
constructions of archaeological sites in classrooms.
Meetings are being held with the staff of the ESRI
Corporation to determine the nature of tools that
scholars need for presentation of digital maps in the
classroom. The recent meeting in Vienna was
partially funded by Autodesk Ges.m.b.H. of Austria
dealing with use of the software for creation of
images that can be used for research and teaching.
ECAI is working within the UC system by:
» Providing an avenue for publication of electronic
data with the California Digital Library (Office of
the President).
» Working with the Center for Virtual Reality at
UCLA and joining with them in the NSF proposal,
“Library Testbed for Archiving, Accessing, Vetting,
Distributing, and Sustaining Diverse Multidimensional Digital Reconstruction Models of
Cultural Heritage Sites World-wide.”
» Discussing with the Center for Image Processing
and Integrated Computing at UC Davis, the
possibility of devising software for classical text
analysis and imaging.
» Working with the Social Sciences and Humanities
Library at the San Diego campus to develop the use
of GIS in classroom material.
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SECTION 5.6 CITRIS-AFFILIATED RESEARCH CENTER REPORTS
Environmental Energy Technologies
Division (EETD) of Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory
eetd.lbl.gov
The mission of the Environmental Energy
Technologies Division is to perform research and
development leading to better energy technologies
and reduction of adverse energy-related
environmental impacts. EETD is collaborating with
CBE and CITRIS on demand-response technologies
to save energy. The vision is that sensors and
actuators in residential and commercial buildings
will automatically respond to real-time changes in
electricity prices to conserve and use power at the
cheapest time of day. We describe some related
EETD activities below.
EETD and Carrier Aeroseal Inc. joined forces
recently to demonstrate to Congress the fruits of
their public/private partnership, an aerosol-based
sealing process that can reduce the energy leakage of
a home’s ducts by % or more.
An International Energy Agency project to reduce
the waste of standby electrical power by common
household appliances has won an Energy Globe 
award. Alan Meier, a scientist in the Environmental
Energy Technologies Division proposed the -Watt
Initiative as a way to reduce wasted electricity when
his research on standby power loss showed that it
accounts for as much as %of a typical household
electricity bill.
To mention just one of many highlights from this
past year, EnergyPlus software – a building energysimulation program – has been integral to the design
of a new federal office building to be built in San
Francisco. The simulation program allows designers
to calculate the impacts of different heating, cooling,
and ventilating systems, as well as the impacts of
various types of lighting systems and windows.
EnergyPlus contributed to nearly $M in energy
savings projected over  years, according to the
project manager of the lead design firm, Morphosis.
The modeling tool was also used to simplify the
building’s façade, saving taxpayers an additional
$.M in construction costs.
An EETD-developed website, The 20% Solution
(savepower.lbl.gov), advises Californians how to
reduce energy use by 20% or more.
SECTION 5.6 CITRIS-AFFILIATED RESEARCH CENTER REPORTS
Experimental Social Sciences Laboratory
(X-LAB)
iber.berkeley.edu/Xlab
This Experimental Social Sciences Laboratory plays
the primary role of studying individual and group
behavior. The main intellectual merit of the lab is
that it will facilitate efforts to synthesize models of
behavior that cut across traditional disciplinary lines
– that is, the mission of the lab is to foster
interdisciplinary experiments drawn from across the
social sciences. G. Akerlof is the founding director.
CITRIS-related investigations include the
structure of electricity markets, the structure of
auctions such as for telecommunications bandwidth
or for the positions of advertisements on Google’s
Web page, or belief aggregation markets used within
companies to predict marketing trends.
The design of the lab emphasizes maximum
flexibility at minimum hassle so as to accommodate
highly varied approaches to conducting experiments.
The physical configuration of the lab stations will be
highly mobile, and the computing environment will
make it a lab without wires. The lab will be staffed
with a full-time lab manager and part-time
programmer so that the creativity of the researcher,
and not administrative tasks, is the binding
constraint to research productivity. Together, this
design approach provides a highly customizable
setting for researchers across disciplines.
Similarly, the lab will develop Web-based and
highly flexible software for the implementation of
experiments without the need for programming
expertise on the part of researchers. This software
development effort, which is already underway, will
be done in collaboration with experts at HP labs.
In addition to research, the broader impact of the
lab will occur in the areas of education and
application. The lab would contribute to the
education of graduate and undergraduate students
by augmenting discussion of important findings
relating to behavior with hands-on experience; thus
enriching their educational experience and giving
them an additional tool when entering the labor
force upon graduation. The results and findings of
the lab are likely to have important market and
policy implications, which might come to be
incorporated in practice.
The proposal has sparked strong interest from
researchers at UC Berkeley in Economics,
Psychology, Political Science, as well as in fields as
far-reaching as Computer Science, Engineering,
Information Systems, and Business. Finally, the lab is
in a position to exploit Berkeley’s large and diverse
student population, making it particularly amenable
to studies involving gender and historically
underrepresented minorities.
“Saddam Futures Market” run by an online sports betting service, used to measure
public opinion on likelihood of Saddam being President of Iraq at different points
in time.
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170 SECTION 5.6 CITRIS-AFFILIATED RESEARCH CENTER REPORTS
Institute for Transportation Studies (ITS)
www.its.ucdavis.edu/
Since its founding in , ITS-Davis has evolved into
a multifaceted internationally recognized program
with  affiliated faculty members and more than 
graduate students. The Institute conducts crossdisciplinary inquiries into emerging transportation
issues with great societal significance. It draws upon
campus researchers and graduate students from a
variety of disciplines, and also upon other
universities and research centers around the world.
Most commonly, the Institute mounts initiatives on
its own; however, it increasingly supports efforts
elsewhere on campus,including the air quality
partnership between Civil and Environmental
Engineering and the California Department of
Transportation, and the Hybrid Electric Vehicle and
Advanced Highway Maintenance and Construction
Technology Centers of the Mechanical and
Aeronautical Engineering Department. It also is a
catalyst and supporter of initiatives elsewhere, such
as the London taxi fuel cell vehicle demonstration
program. Research encompasses design,
demonstration, analysis, and evaluation – frequently
all in a single large project. Research at ITS provides
significant impact to the society. Optimizing the
traffic flow in California can save at least  minutes
per commuter per day on the average, reclaiming $
billion each year in lost wages.
ITS-Davis maintains close relations with ITS
affiliates at the University of California campuses in
Berkeley, Irvine, and Los Angeles, and is a founding
member of the federally funded University of
California Transportation Center (UCTC). ITS-Davis
also participates in the statewide UC Partners for
Advanced Transit and Highways (UC PATH). UC
PATH provides major support for traffic congestion
management research and the New Mobility Center
based at ITS-Davis.
By partnering with these research centers and
various government and industry groups, ITS-Davis
provides a well-rounded educational experience for
its students. Students interact with a broad range of
researchers and leaders from industry, government,
public interest groups, and academia through
seminars and workshops, internships, visiting
lectures, fellowships, and grants. ITS-Davis continues
to support this comprehensive approach to
education by promoting partnerships with
government, industry, and other research groups.
SECTION 5.6 CITRIS-AFFILIATED RESEARCH CENTER REPORTS
Nanomaterials in the Environment,
Agriculture, and Technology (NEAT)
neat.ucdavis.edu/
Nanomaterials in the Environment, Agriculture, and
Technology is a multidisciplinary research and
education center that links the fundamental physics,
chemistry, and engineering of small particles and
nanomaterials to several challenging areas of
investigation:
» Applications in ceramic, chemical, electronic,
environmental, and agricultural technology
» Environmental transport and transformation and
resulting roles in environmental pollution and
remediation
» Interactions with the biosphere, especially
microorganisms
» Effects on health
NEAT supports interdisciplinary research,
education, and training at the interface of materials
science and environmental science. Nanophases –
small particles with very high surface areas – occur
ubiquitously and interact strongly with living matter.
The underlying characterization and fundamental
science of nanomaterials is similar wherever such
particles occur.
This IGERT (Integrative Graduate Education,
Research, and Training) will educate students in four
interrelated areas: the fundamental science and
technology of nanomaterials; the transport and
transformation of nanophases in the environment;
the interaction of nanophases with the biosphere;
and, the policy issues raised by nanoparticles in the
environment. Students will come from backgrounds
as diverse as solid state physics, geology, and
microbiology. A set of courses, lab rotations,
internships, and research opportunities will educate
these students broadly in more than one discipline.
With the California State College system, the
community colleges, and other educational
institutions, we recruit students from a wide range of
cultural and economic backgrounds. The
demographics of the State of California, and of the
Central Valley agricultural area in particular, provide
a rich pool of potential applicants from
underrepresented groups. We are building strong
interactions with Livermore and Sandia National
Laboratories, the U. S. Geological Survey, and
industrial partners.
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172 SECTION 5.6 CITRIS-AFFILIATED RESEARCH CENTER REPORTS
National Center of Excellence for Aviation
Operations Research (NEXTOR)
www.nextor.org/index.html
The formation of the National Center of Excellence
for Aviation Operations Research by the Federal
Aviation Administration on June ,, established
a unique mechanism to support collaborative
research in aviation. The Center of Excellence
comprises a consortium of the University of
California at Berkeley, the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, the University of Maryland at College
Park, and the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University, Blacksburg. The resources of these four
universities are complemented by those of over 
public and private sector organizations that have
agreed to participate in the Center as Industry
Partners.
The Center of Excellence offers an opportunity to
break out of the arms-length relationships typical of
most government-industry-academic transactions.
Aviation research is enhanced through mutual
collaboration between the FAA, universities, airlines,
and the aviation industry. Universities increase their
technical strength and provide greater academic
potential to their students. Airlines gain insights to
improve their operational efficiency and profitability.
The public sector benefits from the opportunity to
participate in projects that enhance their
effectiveness, through the sharing of information.
Private industry benefits by participating in the
development of the rapid technological advances
sweeping through the aviation community.
The research agenda of the Center emphasizes
advancing the state of the art in modeling advanced
airport and air traffic management systems, and
developing better databases, metrics, and techniques
for monitoring and assessing the national airspace
system performance. NEXTOR works with the FAA
and its industry partners to understand how national
airspace system (NAS) service providers and users
will respond to alternative system architectures,
operatives, concepts, investment strategies, and
finance mechanisms. The knowledge and capabilities
gained from this research will assist decision makers
in dealing with a host of issues, from near-term
investment choices to long-term strategies for system
renewal.
SECTION 5.6 CITRIS-AFFILIATED RESEARCH CENTER REPORTS
Within this general framework, the research
agenda of the Center is divided into nine functional
areas:
» Air Traffic Control. Research projects address
modernization of procedures and equipment to
improve the performance of the national airspace
system (NAS) and enable the system to
accommodate future growth in traffic.
» Human-in-the-Loop System. NEXTOR researchers
are investigating information systems and decision
aids for advanced systems that are simultaneously
driven by technical considerations and human
capabilities.
» System Performance and Assessment Measures.
This area is concerned with enhancing the abilities of
the FAA to evaluate and document the value of the
NAS and of improvements to it.
» Flow Control, Scheduling, and Workload
Distribution. NEXTOR research addresses the
integration of operations-related factors in the
design of advanced air traffic control systems. The
goal is to develop quantitative performance models
to guide system modernization.
» Operations Research and Simulation Tools.
NEXTOR develops modeling and problem-solving
techniques to address aviation problems. The Center
provides modeling expertise to groups within the
FAA and industry.
» Inter- and Intra-Government Communications
and Communications among FAA and Airspace
Users. NEXTOR researchers are assisting the FAA
and industry in designing communications
mechanisms that allow efficient and equitable
allocation of scarce capacity among users, and
efficient intermodal and civil-military coordination.
» Navigation, Communication, and Data Transfer.
NEXTOR’s research agenda focuses on the design
and analysis of next generation systems in these
three areas.
» Software Certification and Reliability. NEXTOR
researchers develop protocols for ensuring that
safety-critical software performs reliably and
predictably under a wide range of conditions.
» Safety. Research in this area emphasizes the
development and analysis of databases in order to
assess past performance and identify opportunities
for improvement of safety-critical equipment and
procedures.
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174 SECTION 5.6 CITRIS-AFFILIATED RESEARCH CENTER REPORTS
Partners for Advanced Transit and
Highways (PATH)
www.path.berkeley.edu
The California PATH Program, a collaboration
between Caltrans and the University of California, is
a unique multidisciplinary research program that
seeks advanced technological solutions to our
worsening transportation problems. In the coming
decade, the population of California is expected to
increase by %( million) with a corresponding
%increase in vehicle miles of travel. In order to
accommodate this increasing population and
demand for mobility, California’s transportation
system (both private and public modes) will need to
operate at optimum efficiency, using advanced
information technologies in traditional formats and
in creative applications that will change the face of
transportation.
Using sensors to measure the location and paths
of cars, and using this information to control or
advise highway on-ramp meters, public
transportation dispatchers, and individual drivers
can save significant amounts of time for commuters,
which translates into recovery of lost wages, lower
pollution levels, and lower trucking costs. This is a
key CITRIS goal.
PATH’s demonstration of an eight-car fully
automated platoon was the highlight of
the most successful demonstration of vehicle
automation technology ever held. Caltrans and
PATH are currently planning for a major
demonstration in August  that will showcase
automation technology for heavy trucks and buses.
PATH’s research activities in the area of Advanced
Transportation Management and
Information Systems (ATMIS) have greatly expanded
in the last few years. The development of advanced
traveler information systems and innovative bundles
of technology will enable travelers to take a proactive
role in their mobility choices each day. An exciting
new Center for Commercialization of ITS
Technologies (CCIT) opened in  near the
Berkeley campus. CCIT is teaming University faculty
and graduate students, private sector companies, and
government transportation agencies in a new facility
with the mission of facilitating the commercial
deployment of intelligent transportation system
technologies.
Freeway Performance Measurement System (PeMS)
showing speed of traffic and known accidents on
highways in San Diego and Imperial counties.
SECTION 5.6 CITRIS-AFFILIATED RESEARCH CENTER REPORTS
Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research
Center (PEER)
peer.berkeley.edu
The Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center
is an Earthquake Engineering Research Center
administered under the National Science Foundation
Engineering Research Center program. The PEER
mission is to develop and disseminate technologies
to support performance-based earthquake
engineering (PBEE). The approach is aimed at
improving decision-making about seismic risk by
making the choice of performance goals and the
tradeoffs that they entail apparent to facility owners
and society at large. The approach has gained
worldwide attention in the past  years with the
realization that urban earthquakes in developed
countries – Loma Prieta, Northridge, and Kobe –
impose substantial economic and societal risks above
and beyond potential loss of life and injuries. By
providing quantitative tools for characterizing and
managing these risks, performance-based earthquake
engineering serves to address diverse economic and
safety needs.
The Center comprises about  faculty researchers
located at nine different university campuses, five of
which are in the UC system (Berkeley, Davis, Irvine,
Los Angeles, and San Diego). The director of the
Center is Prof. Jack Moehle from UC Berkeley. The
mission of PEER is to develop and disseminate
technology for design and construction of buildings
and infrastructure to meet the diverse seismic
performance needs of owners and society. Current
approaches to seismic design are indirect in their use
of information on earthquakes, system response to
earthquakes, and owner and societal needs. These
current approaches produce buildings and
infrastructure whose performance is highly variable
and may not meet the needs of owners and society.
The PEER program aims to develop a performancebased earthquake engineering approach that can be
used to produce systems of predictable and
appropriate seismic performance.
To accomplish its mission, PEER has organized a
program built around research, education, and
technology transfer. The research program merges
seismology, engineering, and socio-economic
considerations in coordinated studies to develop
fundamental information and enabling technologies
that are tested and refined using testbeds. Primary
emphases of the research program at this time are on
older existing concrete buildings, and bridges and
highways.
During the last year, several key accomplishments
have taken place in knowledge and technology
advancement in PEER. A new geotechnical seismic
site classification procedure has been developed to
capture the pronounced effects of local ground
conditions on earthquake shaking. Field test data
have been gathered and simulations of pier
foundations have been extensively carried out.
Regional damage from near-fault earthquakes has
been modeled. And OpenSees (Open System for
Earthquake Engineering Simulation), a new open
source software framework, has emerged as the most
advanced and appropriate tool for seismic response
simulation of structural and geotechnical systems.
OpenSees is used to simulate the nonlinear response
of simple structures located at 25,000 points on a
10x10 km region subjected to a M-6 strike-slip fault.
The contour plots show the maximum displacement
of structures with a 1 second vibration period and
different ductility levels.
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176 SECTION 5.6 CITRIS-AFFILIATED RESEARCH CENTER REPORTS
Two other projects link directly to the extensive
work being done on sensor networks elsewhere in
CITRIS. One involves the dramatic cost reduction
(from $, to $) in wiring large shake tables
(like the one shown in the accompanying
photograph) for measuring building response to
ground shaking (Prof. S. Glaser). The tiny “mote
sensors” are a central part of the CITRIS research
agenda and are mentioned elsewhere in this report
(see Section ..).
A second experiment (Prof. S. Glaser) was carried
out in Tokachi Port near Hokkaido, Japan. In this
experiment, ground liquefaction from a simulated
earthquake caused by dynamite was measured and
studied with a sensor array.
SECTION 5.6 CITRIS-AFFILIATED RESEARCH CENTER REPORTS
Engineering Technologies and Foundations
Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center (BSAC)
bsac.eecs.berkeley.edu
BSAC is the National Science Foundation
Industry/University Cooperative Research Center on
Microsensors and Actuators, which is a core
technology for the CITRIS work in sensor nets.
BSAC is jointly operated by UC Berkeley and UC
Davis. Founded in , BSAC has, under its NSF
charter, provided Industrial Member companies
early pre-commercial and pre-publication access to
research results on a leveraged basis. Industrial
Member relationships with faculty, graduates, and
students create unique opportunities for furtherance
of our technology transfer goals. Few corporations
could manage simultaneous research investments in
this breadth of technology without the Universitybased research consortium model.
BSAC includes a multi-disciplinary research team
of  graduate students and post-doctoral
researchers led by  BSAC Directors from the
engineering faculties of electrical, mechanical, and
bioengineering at UC Berkeley and UC Davis. BSAC
directors oversee more than  projects with
cooperation, collaboration, and guidance of 
industrial member companies and government
laboratories and  additional Affiliated Faculty from
UC Berkeley and Davis. BSAC utilizes research
laboratories throughout the engineering campuses at
UC Berkeley and UC Davis, including intensive use
of the UCB micro fabrication facility (MicroLab)
and the BioNanotechnology Center Lab.
Some current Major BSAC Multi-Project
Programs include the following:
» Rotary engine and microbial power systems,
» MEMS-based steered free-air laser communication
system
» Miniaturized Nano Mechanically Regulated
Rubidium atomic clock
» Monolithic self-propelled microbotics
» Silicon Germanium MEMS on CMOS process
» Silicon Carbide harsh environment MEMS
processing
» Polymer micromachining process
» CAD for MEMS
Closeup of 3mm by 8mm "Walking Chip"
» Smart Dust
» Integrated wireless microwatt transceiver
» Wireless communicating microsensors
» Tunable micro capacitors and inductors
» Biosensors and biomanipulators
» Fluidic microvalves, mixers, and micropumps
» Adaptive optical micromirror arrays
Prototype of Smart Dust Sensor with Radio
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SECTION 5.6 CITRIS-AFFILIATED RESEARCH CENTER REPORTS
Berkeley Wireless Research Center (BWRC)
bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu
The goal of BWRC is to provide an environment for
research into the design of next generation wireless
communication systems, and to expand the graduate
research program in this area. The research focus is
on highly integrated CMOS implementations, which
have the lowest possible energy consumption while
using advanced communication algorithms. The
evaluation of these components will be made in a
realistic test environment. BWRC has  affiliated
faculty and over  graduate students. An important
goal is miniaturizing radios to the point that
batteries are no longer necessary for their operation,
relying instead on tiny solar cells or piezoelectric
generators. Battery-free operation is essential for the
widespread environmentally-friendly deployment of
sensor nets for CITRIS applications. We report on
progress towards this goal below.
The BWRC research focus is on the design of
single chip CMOS wireless transceivers. Research
activities span the design of analog RF front ends,
A/D/A interface circuitry, and the digital backend
with particular focus on how these different areas
inter-relate. These radios will transport a wide
variety of data types ranging from low bandwidth
control, voice, and text messaging, up to full rate
video in a variety of environments. For this reason,
multi-modal capabilities based on software
programmability and hardware reconfigurability are
critical. The very high levels of integration of
heterogeneous components are common to the
issues of “System on a Chip” design, but this activity
will be focused on a specific application domain.
It is clear that a single chip radio solution will
require much more than circuit design for an
optimized final realization. We must understand how
to apply modulation, advanced communication
algorithms, and associated protocols to meet the
performance specifications in an energy efficient
manner. Careful modeling will be required of the
underlying analog RF elements including both active
and passive devices and associated interconnect as
well as a design methodology which will support this
heterogeneous design task.
The following is a brief summary of the
achievements in one critical area over the last year,
the PicoRadio Project. Our design techniques enable
the integration of all the communications and
computation functions required between the
antenna and the sensor for a distributed sensor
network in a single chip, called a PicoNode. A system
design approach, which jointly optimizes the
algorithmic research, the node architecture and
hardware, and the software environment, is being
used. This process exploits the close industry
interactions of BWRC, which provide access to stateof-the-art design tools, methodologies, and
fabrication technologies. During this past year, three
generations of PicoNode radio systems have been
built and tested. Sixty PicoNode I units are
operational and in active use, dissipating an average
of  milliWatts. The power dissipation of the latest
(PicoNode III) wireless transceiver node has been
reduced to below  milliWatt, making battery-free
operation possible with solar cells and piezoelectric
generators.
PicoRadio Prototype
SECTION 5.6 CITRIS-AFFILIATED RESEARCH CENTER REPORTS
The Biosensor Group (BSG)
fanon.engr.ucdavis.edu/Biosensors/Research.html
The Biosensor Group at UC Davis is funded by the
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
to undertake research into the development of
miniaturized, fast, sensitive biosensors for use in
environmental research and monitoring. The
Superfund Basic Research Program within NIEHS
supports research related to environmental health
problems associated with hazardous waste sites. The
Davis Biosensor Group works closely with colleagues
in biology to apply new methodologies in
immunoassays and other techniques. The
collaboration between groups is an essential feature
of the UC Davis Superfund Basic Research Program
that supports this work.
The faculty in the group is drawn from a range of
sub-disciplines within Engineering.
» Scott Collins – Electrical and Computer
Engineering
» Ian Kennedy – Mechanical and Aeronautical
Engineering
» Rosemary Smith – Electrical and Computer
Engineering
» Amy Wang – Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory and Department of Applied Science,
UC Davis
Dr. Kennedy has an interest in the application of
advanced laser-based detection schemes for
biosensors.
Drs. Collins and Smith work in the area of micro
mechanical electrical systems (MEMS) and their
application to miniaturized “lab-on-a-chip” systems.
They supervise the MicroInstruments and Systems
Laboratory. They are also core faculty users of the
Class I clean room facility in the College of
Engineering that is used for microfabrication.
Dr. Wang is interested in the use of ultrasonic
acoustic mixing to enhance the transport limited
processes in biosensors. This limitation results from
the very small Reynolds numbers in microchannels
and the reliance on relatively slow diffusion for
transport. She also has access to the first-class
microfabrication facilities at LLNL.
Photo of the modular fluidic microinstrument –
Microchannel modules are fabricated by deep reactive
ion etching (DRIE) and silicon-to-glass bonding. The
port modules allow fluid access to cells plated in the
microchannels.
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SECTION 5.6 CITRIS-AFFILIATED RESEARCH CENTER REPORTS
The Center for Biophotonics Science and
Technology (CBST)
Examples of biophotonics in biology and
medicine include:
biophotonics.ucdavis.edu/
» New laser microscopes that allow measurement of
single molecules and tissues at unprecedented
resolutions
The Center for Biophotonics Science and Technology
was formed with a key goal in mind: to improve the
quality of life by dramatically expanding the use of
photons in, and the development of, technology for
the life sciences, bioengineering, and health care.
Knowledge transfer and public outreach are vital
ingredients towards achieving this goal. We define
Knowledge Transfer and Public Outreach as a twoway exchange of information. We anticipate
collaboration not only within CBST, but among
CBST, industry, funding sources, other research
institutes, other NSF Centers, and ancillary service
providers. This collaborative atmosphere will be
fostered through vehicles such as the CBST’s
TeleScience Network, the CBST’s Web Site/Portal, the
CBST Newsletter, the CBST Industry Partners
Annual Conference, and segments of the PULSE UC
Davis Medical School T.V. series.
Biophotonics is an emerging area of scientific
research that uses light and other forms of radiant
energy to understand the inner workings of cells and
tissues in living organisms. The approach allows
researchers to see, measure, analyze, and manipulate
living tissues in ways that have not been possible
before.
Biophotonics is used in biology to study the
structure and function of proteins, DNA, and other
important molecules. In medicine, biophotonics
allows the more detailed study of tissue and blood,
both at the macro and micro level, for the purpose of
diagnosing and treating diseases from cancer to
stroke in less invasive ways.
» New light-activated chemicals that can be used to
weld tissues for surgical applications
» Widely tunable ultra fast laser sources, which
provide access to molecular dynamics and structure
» Optical coherence tomography, which allows
visualization of tissue and organs
CBST is the only center in the country funded by
the National Science Foundation devoted to the
study of light and radiant energy in biology and
medicine. The center brings together scientists,
industry, educators, and the community to research
and develop applications for biophotonics. Member
institutions include:
» Research. UC Davis, Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory, UC Berkeley, UC San Francisco,
Alabama A&M University, Stanford University,
University of Texas at San Antonio, Hampton
University, Fisk University, and Louisiana State
University
» Education. Mills College, Oakland; D&Q
University, Davis; Las Positas Community College,
Livermore; Los Rios Community College,
Sacramento; and local and regional schools including
Oakridge High School, Sacramento High School,
Carson Middle School, Keith B. Kenny Elementary
School, Marion Anderson Elementary School, and
the Tahoe Marian Healthy Start Family
SECTION 5.6 CITRIS-AFFILIATED RESEARCH CENTER REPORTS
Center for Hybrid Embedded Software
Systems (CHESS)
chess.eecs.berkeley.edu
The goal of the Center for Hybrid Embedded
Software Systems is to provide an environment for
graduate research on the design issues necessary for
supporting next-generation embedded software
systems. The research focus is on developing modelbased and tool-supported design methodologies for
real-time fault tolerant software on heterogeneous
distributed platforms.
The science of computation has systematically
abstracted away the physical world. The science of
physical systems has systematically ignored
computational limitations. Embedded software
systems, however, engage the physical world in a
computational manner. We believe that it is time to
construct a Modern Systems Science (MSS) that is
simultaneously computational and physical. Time,
concurrency, robustness, continuums, and resource
management must be remarried to computation.
At UC Berkeley, CHESS was founded with the
explicit mission to build and disseminate MSS. At
Vanderbilt University (VU), the Institute for
Software Integrated Systems (ISIS) is the leading
proponent of model-integrated computing, a
paradigm that is central to MSS. At the University of
Memphis (UM), the Mathematical Sciences
Department conducts groundbreaking research on
phase transitions in computational complexity,
which has fundamental importance in dynamic,
embedded computing applications.
The program – partially funded by a $M (over
five years) grant from the National Science
Foundation – includes the long-term, high-risk,
high-reward, basic scientific research necessary to
build the foundations of MSS, and a sustained effort
to create a new generation of engineers that is
comfortable with the juncture of computation and
physical phenomena. The research will be carried out
by UCB-CHESS, VU-ISIS, and UM. Educational
outreach programs will include the California
community college system, which feeds many of the
engineering students to UCB and other State
Universities, and HBCUs and universities with high
minority populations in the South. The proposal to
the NSF-ITR has the potential of high leverage from
other activities of the participating organizations
paid for by other means, such as university and state
investment and industry funding. There are 
affiliated faculty at UC Berkeley, from Electrical
Engineering and Computer Science and
Mathematics.
Illustration of the Softwalls project, where on-board
flight control system combined with GPS prevents
planes from flying into “no-fly” zones.
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182 SECTION 5.6 CITRIS-AFFILIATED RESEARCH CENTER REPORTS
The Center for Image Processing and
Integrated Computing (CIPIC)
www.cipic.ucdavis.edu
The Center for Image Processing and Integrated
Computing focuses on data analysis, visualization,
computer graphics, optimization, and electronic
investigation of techniques for the study of largescale, multi-dimensional data sets. Applications for
these techniques include the analysis and
visualization of environmental, geophysical,
astrophysical, biological, fluid flow, and satellite data.
CIPIC’s mission is the solution of complex data
analysis and visualization problems, in a crossdisciplinary environment, working with researchers
in academia, national research laboratories, and
industry. Founded in , CIPIC is an Organized
Research Unit of the University of California, Davis.
The Visualization and Graphics Group of the
Center consists of six faculty members (Nina
Amenta, Bernd Hamann, Ken Joy, Kwan-Liu Ma,
Nelson Max, and Oliver Staadt) and about –
researchers, all working on problems in visualization,
geometric modeling, computer graphics, and
immersive technologies. The research efforts of the
Visualization and Graphics Group are focused in the
fields of visualization, geometric modeling,
computer graphics, and immersive environments.
The Bioinformatics and Data Analysis research
group in CIPIC is focused in large part on statistical
and bio-informatic analysis of high-throughput
biological assay data. We are interested in:
» Gene expression arrays, including cDNA arrays and
oligonucleotide arrays such as those by Affymetrix
and Agilent
» Gene expession by PCR, RT-PCR, and real-time
PCR
» Proteomics by mass spectrometry including
MALDI-TOF and ES-TOF, as well as tandem mass
spec
» Analysis of other biological compounds by mass
spectrometry such as oligosaccharides and
glycoproteins
» Metabolomics by LC/MS
» Metabolomics by NMR spectroscop
» Lipid metabolomics
In all cases, we are interested in experimental
design, quality control, analysis of error structures,
data transformation and normalization, supervised
classification using methods such as partial least
squares, support vector machines, and linear and
quadratic discriminate analysis. We are interested in
detection and accommodation of outlier using
robust estimation methods, and in robust cluster
analysis.
One of the grand challenges in computational
biology is the prediction of the three-dimensional
structure of a protein from its chemical makeup
alone. Our work focuses on providing an interactive,
visual tool to rapidly create many initial
configurations for a given amino acid sequence,
which are then used as input for subsequent
optimization.
SECTION 5.6 CITRIS-AFFILIATED RESEARCH CENTER REPORTS
“The blue-c,” a new generation immersive projection and 3D video acquisition environment
for virtual design and collaboration.
“Immersive environments” is an emerging
technology that provides engineers and scientists
with a means for interacting with massive and
complex three-dimensional data, in a virtual
interaction space. Current research includes:
» Hierarchical a parallel and distributed visualization
» Approximation volume visualization n and
visualization virtual environments for design and
visualization
» Topological data analysis and visualization
» Curve, surface, and volume/solid modeling
» User interface design and interaction techniques to
main remote visualization
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SECTION 5.6 CITRIS-AFFILIATED RESEARCH CENTER REPORTS
Center for Intelligent Systems (CIS)
www.eecs.berkeley.edu/CIS/
The aim of the Center for Intelligent Systems is to
re-launch the science of intelligent systems as an
integrated scientific discipline with solid foundations
and ambitious, interdisciplinary applications. The
Center brings together researchers from artificial
intelligence, computer vision, speech recognition,
robotics, control theory, operations research,
neuroscience, adaptive systems, information
retrieval, data mining, computational statistics, and
game theory. The Center is focusing on developing a
unified theoretical foundation for intelligent systems,
building on the tremendous advances made in
various individual disciplines in the last decade. New
computational tools will be built and disseminated,
and a new generation of researchers will be trained
to solve large-scale problems – problems whose
solution will benefit the economy and society.
The focus of the research is on developing
integrated agent designs that are capable of
performing simple tasks reliably in unstructured
environments and generating purposive activity over
an unbounded period. Project testbeds include mobile
assistive robotics in unstructured environments
(wheelchair+manipulator systems and “guide dogs”);
autonomous flying robots for exploration and
remote sensing; and software agents for exploration
and information extractionfrom the World Wide
Web. Each agent is implemented using a set of
common tools, thereby ensuring that the theoretical
foundation is fully self-consistent and complete.
CIS held its kickoff meeting on August  and ,
, with approximately  attendees from industry
and federal agencies, keynoted by Ron Brachman,
director of DARPA IPTO office.
A $M pre-proposal has been submitted to
DARPA IPTO, and has been approved. The full
proposal is pending. A $M pre-proposal has been
submitted to NSF’s large ITR program (joint with
UPenn, Rice, and Mississippi State); that preproposal has been approved and the full proposal is
pending. There are  affiliated faculty from
Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,
Statistics, Integrative Biology, School for Information
Management and Systems, and Mathematics.
CIS researchers are working on the flight
control system for this robotic fly under
construction in BSAC. The fly will be used
to deploy sensors in hard-to-reach places.
SECTION 5.6 CITRIS-AFFILIATED RESEARCH CENTER REPORTS
Computer Security Laboratory
seclab.cs.ucdavis.edu/
The Security Lab is currently conducting multifaceted research in securing data and applications
that include the Ariel Project, whose goal is to
develop novel language and runtime system
mechanisms for supporting safe and secure
executions of distributed programs; Truthsayer,
involving research in database security systems;
Mobile Code Security which entails dynamic
recomposition involving modifying the composition
of a program at runtime; and Intrusion Detection
Analysis Project that is developing a model of data
sanitization which describes the relationship between
the requirements of security analysis and privacy;
and to study the features of attacks launched over a
network in an academic environment.
Computers on the Internet are subjected to attacks
with increasing frequency. Many of the separate
attacks are manifestations of a single attack tool,
such as a worm, that spreads throughout the Internet
and attacks systems from many platforms. The Linux
Slapper Worm is the latest of these; previous ones
include worms targeted at Sun and Microsoft
Windows systems.
Part of the reason these distributed attacks are so
successful is that response information is usually not
available, or is not followed, until the attack is well
under way. For example, consider two companies
that do business over the Internet. If the first
company is attacked, and the attack succeeds, the
second company cannot benefit from the first
company’s experience unless someone in the first
company calls a contact in the second company. Our
research proposes an alternative – cooperating
firewalls – to ameliorate this problem. Our approach
is in two parts. The first part involves developing cooperating firewalls. The second part develops the
supporting vulnerability information.
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SECTION 5.6 CITRIS-AFFILIATED RESEARCH CENTER REPORTS
The Gigascale Silicon Research Center
(GSRC)
www.gigascale.org
The GSRC was primarily formed to meet the
challenges presented by the growing design
productivity gap, as described by SEMATECH some
years ago. That is, while Moore’s Law continues to
grow at an average compounded annual growth rate,
as measured in terms of our ability to manufacture
logic transistors, of around %, the productivity of
designers, as measured in terms of their ability to
design and implement correct and testable
transistors per staff-month seems to be growing at
an under % compounded annual rate. This leads
to a major gap in our ability to utilize effectively the
potential of the silicon manufacturing process. The
challenges presented by this growing design
productivity gap involve all aspects of the design,
verification, and test of silicon integrated circuits –
from the problems of the small, motivated primarily
by the decrease in minimum feature size and its
implications, to problems of the large, motivated
primarily by the rapid increase in the potential
complexity of future integrated circuits, and
including problems of the diverse, where the modern
System-on-a-Chip (SOC) will include a wide variety
of design styles (e.g. analog, RF) and technologies.
The GSRC comprises  universities throughout
the United States, five of which are in the U.C.
system (Berkeley, Los Angeles, Santa Barbara, Santa
Cruz, and San Diego). This MARCO Focus Research
Center (www.fcrp.org) comprises a total of about 
faculty and more than  graduate student
researchers and post-docs in the Center.
We have put a number of the elements of a
comprehensive design methodology change in place.
These consist of an emphasis on:
» Platform-based design, articulated at the
architecture-micro-architecture boundary.
» A component-based approach to the design and
assembly of systems. The emphasis in the
methodology is then placed on the ways components
are composed, and the ways they interact (a
communication-based emphasis).
» The predictable and efficient implementation of
such components, as well as their assembly, from the
micro-architectural level of design. This is based on a
rigorous approach to the analysis and modeling of
deep-submicron effects in the silicon.
» Pushing the limits of programmability in such
systems, with emphasis on the reliable exploitation
of concurrency in the silicon implementation: at the
bit level, the instruction level, and the process level.
» The validation of highly concurrent, componentbased designs, with emphasis on the interfaces and
composition of components – the communication
mechanisms in the design – both at the hardware
and software levels.
» The self-testing of complex, programmable
systems, with initial emphasis on the self testing and
diagnosis of mixed-signal systems.
» The implementation of a community-based
approach to the fundamentals of design and test.
This includes an integrated and dynamic approach
to the modeling of technology, one outcome of
which is the concept of a living roadmap.
In this last year, we have defined and improved the
concept of the Platform-Based Design, a
breakthrough in the way that designers think about
and organize silicon system and chip designs, as well
as the foundation for the application of design at the
highest level of abstraction and at each boundary
layer in a design. We have developed and published
disciplined approaches to retargetable microarchitectural simulation, integration of peripherals
in “Systems on a Chip”, analytical models for design
space exploration and matching application
concurrency to architectural concurrency using a
formal mapping process. Among other consequences
of these developments, our techniques substantially
reduce dynamic (active) and static (leakage) power
and energy in platform-based designs. Through
example designs of novel circuit and interconnect
fabrics, we have demonstrated ways to minimize
energy and power by trading-off other parameters
(e.g., reliability and/or performance).
SECTION 5.6 CITRIS-AFFILIATED RESEARCH CENTER REPORTS
Microelectronics Laboratory at
UC Berkeley
microlab.berkeley.edu
The MicroLab has an established nanofabrication
facility (, ft); extensive experience providing
service to external academic and non-academic
users; atomic layer deposition and nanocharacterization laboratory ( ft); and
biochemical processing, characterization, and
integration capabilities. The main CMOS baseline
process is characterized by the following: mm
wafers, protein lithography, DUV lithography, mask
making, MBE with in-situ characterization, /
access, provider of over  process modules to
MEMS Exchange network, specific experience
developing non-standard processes and making
available via MEMS Exchange, anaerobic and aerobic
cultivation of microorganisms, labeling, and
visualization of microbial populations, baseline
process for an all-printed organic TFT fabrication
available to all users.
The MicroLab is a critical facility in the design
and manufacture of sensors for CITRIS.
Disciplinary Coverage, Facility Focus, and
Research Programs:
Berkeley research programs emphasize new materials
and process development for IC (Profs. King, Hu,
Cheung, Bokor), MEMS (Howe, Pisano,
Maboudian), optoelectronic (Chang-Hassnian), and
superconducting devices (vanDuzer); biochemical
(Healy, Leipmann, Majumdar) and polymer (Lee,
Subramanian) integration technologies; nanoscale
physical, electrical, and material characterization
(Banfield); and, thin film (Weber) particle
(Alvisatos) and controlled geometry (Yang, Zettl)
atomic scale synthesis and integration. There are
over  affiliated faculty from  departments on five
UC campuses, LBNL, and the Space Sciences Lab.
The MicroLab is proposing to become part of the
National Nanotechnology Infrastructure Network
(NNIN), an NSF-sponsored network that will
provide experts and access to world class faculty
research, not just equipment and facilities (see
www.eng.nsf.gov/nnin/). The labs will expand their
staff to include specialized process consultants in the
areas of nanofabrication, biochemical integration,
specialized characterization, and atomic scale
synthesis. These positions will develop new process
modules, direct junior staff in delivery of services,
and provide critical on-call consulting for new user
process understanding and feasibility analysis. Users
may become trained and perform processes or
submit requests for processing by lab staff. Existing
nanofabrication processes will be delivered through
partnership and cost sharing with the MEMS
Exchange Program.
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SECTION 5.6 CITRIS-AFFILIATED RESEARCH CENTER REPORTS
In the areas of Education and Outreach, the
laboratories will expand existing programs that
sponsor high school and undergraduate student
laboratory internships. The lab will also sponsor
summer research programs enabling high school and
community college teachers to work in the lab and
develop curriculum components for their classes.
Under the coordination of the site-wide
education/outreach director, the lab will partner with
the Lawrence Hall of Science, a UC affiliated science
museum, to develop and network interactive
biographical sketches and research distillations of
NNIN-affiliated Principal Investigators; these
summaries will be targeted to the K– grade level.
The same team will develop NNIN labeled activity
modules (one to two modules across the network per
year) for use by high school science teachers. These
modules will consist of two- to four-hour classroom
discussion guides followed by a one- to two-hour
network accessible nanotechnology demonstration.
Ph.D. students and faculty from the Haas School
of Business will participate in the NNIN to examine
intellectual property, technology management, and
technical standards issues related to nanotechnology
development and commercialization. In addition,
faculty in environmental chemistry will explore the
potential environmental health consequences of a
large-scale nanotechnology industry. The evaluation
will seek to identify the most important potential
problems and devise anticipatory mitigation
strategies to prevent their occurrence.
Sample MEMS device fabricated in the MicroLab
SECTION 5.6 CITRIS-AFFILIATED RESEARCH CENTER REPORTS
National Energy Research Computing
Center (NERSC) of the Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory
www.nersc.gov
The National Energy Research Computing Center is
the principal provider of high performance
computing services to laboratory and university
researchers whose work advances the mission of
DOE’s Office of Science (DOE SC). NERSC’s
mission is to accelerate the pace of scientific
discovery by providing high performance computing
tools to tackle science’s biggest and most challenging
problems, and to play a major role in advancing
large-scale computational science and computing
and networking technology.
CITRIS researchers use NERSC facilities for
designing and using large-scale simulation tools
needed for the design of CITRIS systems.
The year  has brought significant changes in
high performance computing whose impact will be
felt for years to come. At NERSC the biggest visible
change was the decision to upgrade our current
Seaborg platform from five to  teraflop/s peak
performance. This will create one of the largest
systems in the U.S. dedicated to basic computational
science. It will give NERSC users routine access to an
unprecedented , processors, coupled with one of
the largest memory systems anywhere. DOEsupported computational scientists again will have
access to one of best possible resources to further the
DOE mission in basic sciences.
Wintertime precipitation in the U.S. as observed and as simulated by a numerical
climate model running at NERSC at three different resolutions: 3 km, 75 km, and
5 km. As the model resolution becomes finer, the esults converge towards the
actual observations shown at the lower right.
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SECTION 5.6 CITRIS-AFFILIATED RESEARCH CENTER REPORTS
Optical Switching and Communications
Laboratory
sierra.ece.ucdavis.edu/
Exciting developments in CITRIS research are
underway. In the Davis Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering, Prof. S. J. Ben Yoo is
planning CITRIS-NET, a high-speed fiber-optic
network that will connect the Sacramento area with
the Bay Area and the Central Valley. The network
will use fibers in cable already in the ground, but will
vastly increase capacity by using an all-optical router
developed by Prof. Yoo’s lab.
Routers are computers that “direct the traffic” at
the crossroads of networks. They turn light from
fiber-optic cables into electronic signals, decide what
to do with the signals produced, and then send them
on their way. Switching takes time and can cause
signals to jitter and break up. The all-optical routers
avoid this bottleneck by dealing with only light. Prof.
Yoo’s router is not only fast; it also crams more data
into a cable by using different colors for different
signals. The all-optical network could transfer data at
speeds of terabits (a million, million bits) per
second. That’s over , times faster than the baseT cable in the back of a typical desktop
computer.
Prof. Yoo’s lab already has conducted one
experiment, successfully using optical routers to send
signals on a -mile round-trip between Livermore
and Burlingame and they hope to hook up CITRIS
researchers at UC Davis through a high-speed
optical network on campus.
In Engineering Unit II, where the Next Generation
Internet testbed resides, the Intelligent Optical
Routers will interconnect a number of application
sites on campus to demonstrate the collaborative
NGI applications. The advanced features of the NGI
networking techniques will be fully utilized in the
collaborative NGI application demonstration.
Further, this campus network will connect to UC
Davis Medical Center in Sacramento and to
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in
Livermore, California. Such connections leverage the
National Transparent Optical Networking (NTON)
infrastructure and will include the San Francisco Bay
Area, with extensions to San Diego and Seattle. The
field demonstration linking to UCDMC and others
will involve a number of collaborators to include
important NGI applications such as telemedicine,
visualization, data mining, and distance learning.
Educational and Academic Activities
“UC Merced will be a test ground for CITRIS research
that will help us leverage technology to bring innovative,
quality courses to UC Merced’s centers in Fresno,
Bakersfield and Modesto... The ‘smart classrooms’ will
expand accessibility to otherwise impacted courses, such
as those offered through UC Berkeley's computer science
program, which is considered to be one of the best in the
nation. We're excited about making such courses available
to UC Merced students when the campus opens in 2004.”
KAREN MERRITT,
DIRECTOR OF ACADEMIC PLANNING, UC MERCED
6
SECTION 6.1 NEW FACULTY IN CITRIS-RELATED AREAS
Educational and Academic Activities
SECTION 6.1 NEW FACULTY IN CITRISRELATED AREAS
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY
/
/
Ruzena Bajcsy – EECS/CS
Anant Sahai – EECS/CS
Ali Niknejad – EECS/CS
Jennifer Mankoff – EECS/CS
Teck Ho – Haas School of Business
Peter Bartlett – EECS/CS (.5 FTE; joint with Statistics)
Gene Myers – EECS/CS
Michael Gastpar – EECS/CS
Ras Bodik – EECS/CS
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS
/
Chen-Nee Chuah – ECE
Joerg Loeffler – CHEMS
/
Nina Amenta – CS
Bevan Baas – ECE
Nigel Browning – CHEMS
Paul Erickson – MAE
Roland Faller – CHEMS
Vladimir Filkov – CS
Julie Sutcliffe-Goulden – BME
John Harvey – CEE
Angelique Louie – BME
John Owens – ECE
Anh-Vu Pham – ECE
Uriel Rosa – BAE
John Rundle – CEE
Julie Schoenung – CHEMS
Oliver Staadt – CS
Zendong Su – CS
/
Michael Savageau – BME
Cormac Flanagan – CS
193
194
SECTION 6.1 NEW FACULTY IN CITRIS-RELATED AREAS
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SANTA CRUZ
/
/
David Draper – AMS
Raquel Prado – AMS
Bruno Sanso – AMS
Luca de Alfaro – CE
Todd Lowe – CE
Roberto Manduchi – CE
Hai Tao – CE
Martin Abadi – CS
Hamid Sadjadpour – EE
Holger Schmidt – EE
Herbert Lee III – AMS
Athanasios Kottas – AMS
Marc Mangel – AMS
Raymie Stata – CS
Wang Chiew Tan – CS
Michael Isaacson – EE
Wentai Liu – EE
Key to abbreviations:
AMS
Applied Mathematics & Statistics
BAE
Biological and Agricultural Engineering
BME
Biomedical Engineering
CE
Computer Engineering
CEE
Civil and Environmental Engineering
CHEMS Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
CS
Computer Sciences
CSE
Computational Science and Engineering
ECE
Electrical and Computer Engineering
EE
Electrical Engineering
EECS Electrical Engineering & Computer Sciences
MAE
Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering
/
Gabriel Elkaim – CE
Cormac Flanagan – CS
SECTION 6.2 AWARDS AND HONORS CONFERRED ON CITRIS FACULTY
SECTION 6.2 AWARDS AND HONORS CONFERRED ON CITRIS FACULTY
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY
American Academy of Arts and Sciences Fellow

Randy Katz, EECS
National Academy of Engineering

Eugene W. Myers, EECS

Adib K. Kanafani, CEE
Christos Papadimitriou, EECS
» Eighteen additional CITRIS researchers were admitted to the National Academy of Engineering prior to .
Endowed Chairs and Professorships
(note: some chair and professorship names are abbreviated here)
Alice Agogino, ME – Hughes Chair in ME
Robert K. Brayton, EECS – Cadence Distinguished Professorship
Robert W. Brodersen, EECS – Whinnery Chair in EECS
Thomas F. Budinger, BioE/EECS – Miller Professor, LBNL
James Demmel, EECS/Math – Dehmel Distinguished Professorship
Gregory L. Fenves, CEE – Lin Chair in Engineering
Susan Graham, EECS – Chen Distinguished Professorship
Paul R. Gray, EECS – Grove Distinguished Professorship
Chenming Hu, EECS – Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Distinguished Professorship
William E. Kastenberg, NE – Tellep Distinguished Professorship
Randy Katz, EECS – United Microelectronics Corporation Distinguished Professorship
Dorian Liepmann, BioE/ME – Lloyd Distinguished Professorship
A. Richard Newton, EECS – Roy W. Carlson Chair in Engineering
William G. Oldham, EECS – Pepper Distinguished Professorship
Christos Papadimitriou, EECS – Hogan Chair in EECS
David A. Patterson, EECS – Pardee Chair
Albert P. Pisano, ME/EECS – FANUC Chair in Mechanical Systems
Jan Rabaey, EECS – Pederson Distinguished Professorship
Stuart J. Russell, EECS – Smith and Zadeh Chair in Engineering
Alberto Sangiovanni-Vincentelli, EECS – Buttner Chair in EE
Pravin Varaiya, EECS – Nortel Networks Distinguished Professorship
Paul Wright, ME – Berlin Chair in ME
195
196 SECTION 6.2 AWARDS AND HONORS CONFERRED ON CITRIS FACULTY
Other Awards

» Ruzena Bajcsy, CITRIS director, awarded the 3
Computing Research Association (CRA)
Distinguished Service Award. This award recognizes
service in the areas of government affairs,
professional societies, publications, or conferences,
and leadership that has a major impact on
computing research.
» Luke Lee, BioE, chosen by Small Times magazine
as “researcher of the year finalist,” for developing a
miniaturized microscope that allows physicians and
biologists to observe living cells and their
components.

» Ruzena Bajcsy, CITRIS director, named by Discover
magazine as one of the  most important women in
science.
» Ruzena Bajcsy, CITRIS director, elected to the
European Academy of Sciences, one of the highest
honors accorded a scientist and engineer.
» John Canny, EECS, honored for contributions to
the fields of robotics and machine perception at the
conference of the American Association for Artificial
Intelligence. Canny received the Classic Paper Award,
given to the most influential paper from the Third
National Conference, held in .
» David Culler, EECS, selected as an Association for
Computing Machinery (ACM) Fellow. This honor is
given to ACM members who have distinguished
themselves by outstanding technical and professional
achievement in the field of information technology.
» Mike Jordan, EECS, elected Fellow of the American
Association for Artificial Intelligence, for
contributions to reasoning under uncertainty,
machine learning, and human motor control.
» Richard Karp, EECS/BioE/Mathematics, elected to
France’s Academy of Sciences as a Foreign Associate.
» John Kubiatowicz, CS, listed by Scientific American
as one of the “Scientific American ,” for designing
a highly distributed data storage system that could be
shared by millions of users simultaneously. The SA
 is a list of individuals and organizations whose
accomplishments demonstrate a “clear, progressive
view of the technological future.”
» Christos Papadimitriou, CS, given the Donald E.
Knuth prize for outstanding contributions to the
foundations of computer science, awarded every 
months by the ACM Special Interest Group on
Algorithms and Computing Theory and the IEEE
Technical Committee on the Mathematical
Foundations of Computing.
» Karl S. Pister, CEE, awarded the  Award for
Policy by the World Technology Network.
» Shankar Sastry, EECS, appointed to the NEC
Distinguished Professorship, administered by the
College of Engineering and the Haas School of
Business in recognition of Shankar’s achievements in
research, instruction, and leadership.
» David Wagner, EECS, chosen by Popular Science
magazine as one of “’s Brilliant ,” an index of
the  most up-and-coming researchers across all
science disciplines of the year .

» George Necula, EECS, awarded the Association for
Computing Machinery’s  Grace Murray Hopper
award, which grants $, to an outstanding young
computer professional (under  years old) on the
basis of a single recent major technical or service
contribution. Necula was recognized for his “seminal
work on the concept and implementation of Proof
Carrying Code, which has had a great impact on the
field of programming languages and compilers.”
» Alberto Sangiovanni-Vincentelli, EECS, named the
 recipient of the Electronics Design Automation
Consortium’s prestigious Phil Kaufman Award,
which honors individuals “who have made a
substantial sustainable contribution to the success
and advancement of the electronic design industry.”
SECTION 6.2 AWARDS AND HONORS CONFERRED ON CITRIS FACULTY
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS

» Ben Yoo, ECE, appointed co-chair of the  Asia
Pacific Optical Conference (APOC).

» Jay Lund, CEE, awarded chair from the
International Water Academy, Oslo, Norway, Chair.
» Debbie Niemeier, CEE, awarded Chancellor’s
Fellow –.
» Anh-Vu Pham, ECE, awarded Clemson University
Board of Trustees Award for Faculty Excellence.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SANTA CRUZ
National Science Foundation Career Awards

Holger Schmidt, EE
James Whitehead, CS

Luca de Alfaro, CE
Tara Madhyastha, CS
Key to abbreviations:
BioE
CEE
CS
ECE
EE
EECS
ME
NE
Bioengineering
Civil and Environmental Engineering
Computer Sciences
Electrical and Computer Engineering
Electrical Engineering
Electrical Engineering & Computer Sciences
Mechanical Engineering
Nuclear Engineering
» Susan Shaheen, Institute of Transportation Studies,
named the first Honda Distinguished Scholar in
Transportation.
» Charles Walker, History Department, recognized by
the American Council of Learned Societies/Social
Sciences Research Council.
197
198 SECTION 6.3 CITRIS-SPONSORED FELLOWSHIPS
SECTION 6.3 CITRIS-SPONSORED
SOCIAL SCIENCE FELLOWSHIPS
The Center for Information Technology Research in
the Interest of Society (CITRIS) organized a
fellowship competition to support graduate student
research in the social sciences and related disciplines
(e.g., Education, Law, Public Policy, Business, School
of Information Management and Systems, City and
Regional Planning) that is relevant to CITRIS.
Members of CITRIS believe that social scientists can
and should play an important role in this research
initiative. Below are a few examples of the kinds of
research topics where involvement of social scientists
is critical:
» What are some of the risks associated with the
technologies that CITRIS is developing, and how
might they be mitigated?
» What are the public policies and economic, legal,
social, and cultural factors that may either slow or
accelerate the deployment of CITRIS technologies?
» How can the design of CITRIS technologies be
enhanced by methodologies such as ethnography?
» What other application areas should CITRIS
consider, such as the use of IT to help empower and
educate low-income individuals and communities?
» What can we learn about the economic and social
impact of technology from historical and
comparative (e.g., other advanced industrial
countries) case studies?
» How should CITRIS technologies be evaluated?
In the first round, CITRIS supported four master’s
level fellowships and four Ph.D. fellowships. Below is
a brief description of the exciting research that the
four Ph.D. students are conducting.
Standard Setting Organizations for Societal-Scale
Technologies:
Technical standards play a key role in ensuring that
information and communications technologies
provided by different vendors are “interoperable” –
which is critical to the realization of societal-scale
systems. Tim Simcoe (Haas Business School) is
exploring three broad research questions about the
technical standards development process: What is the
impact of increased economic stakes on cooperation
within a voluntary standard setting organization?;
How do voluntary standard setting organizations
promote participation and compliance by their
members?; and, How do characteristics of the
technical and economic environment shape standard
setting organizations? Some of Simcoe’s empirical
research has focused on the activities of Internet
Engineering Task Force (IETF). His preliminary
results suggest that the commercialization of the
Internet during the s caused a slowdown in
standards production at the IETF. Simcoe is also
adapting a formal economic model called the “War
of Attrition,” to examine the sources and costs of
delay in standard setting organizations and the
trade-offs between market and non-market
standardization.
SECTION 6.3 CITRIS-SPONSORED FELLOWSHIPS
The Politics and Consequences of Personal
Information Regulation in the United States and
Europe:
Technical Information, Political Struggle, and
Social Inequalities: Understanding Activism in
Louisiana’s “Cancer Alley:”
Privacy is a very important issue for CITRIS, given
the privacy implications of the technology (e.g.,
“smart dust” and wireless sensor networks) being
developed as part of CITRIS. Abraham Newman
(Political Science) is studying privacy regulations
from a comparative perspective, focusing on two
questions. First, what are the political sources of
private sector privacy regulation in the US and
Europe? Second, what affect do differing crossnational privacy regulations have on business
behavior and technological development? Newman’s
fieldwork (expert interviews and archival research)
has revealed several important findings. First, privacy
legislation passed in Germany in the s has
created a network of “data protection officers,” who
have become an important force for stronger privacy
rules at both the national and European level.
Second, privacy regulations affect firm behavior and
technological development. For example, privacy
regulators have created a market for “privacy
enhancing technologies” by lobbying state
governments to provide a preference for these
technologies in the procurement of public sector
information systems. Further research in Britain will
provide an opportunity to study the extensive
deployment of first-generation ambient sensing
technologies, e.g., closed circuit televisions.
CITRIS is actively encouraging research in
technology for environmental monitoring. Gwen
Ottinger (Energy and Resources Group) seeks to
understand how low-income communities in
Southeastern Louisiana access and use technical
information as they confront the environmental,
health, and quality of life problems caused by large
petrochemical companies in their neighborhoods.
Ottinger has been a “participant-observer” in the
work of nonprofit organizations such as the
Louisiana Bucket Brigade, which uses low-cost
technologies to gather and analyze local
environmental information. She also organized a
“Monitoring Fair” in the community of New Sarpy,
Louisiana. This process generated valuable insights
about the views of community members, academics,
environmentalists, industry representatives, and
environmental agency scientists
Opportunities for Distributed Environmental
Protection: Development and Diffusion of
Environmental Information Infrastructure:
Chad White (Energy and Resources Group) is
investigating the shift from “command and control”
environmental regulations of the s to current
approaches that are flexible, adaptable, and rely to a
greater extent on industry-led improvements in
environmental performance. White is developing
case studies built on leading Silicon Valley
companies, who are using innovative management
practices and IT solutions to drive () environmental
data tracking; and () improvements in
environmental performance. White is conducting indepth interviews of company officials
(environmental managers, public affairs officers,
health and safety engineers) and members of Silicon
Valley environmental organizations. Further research
will explore the relationship between IT and
environmental management, with an emphasis on
current and potential applications of IT to improve
environmental management.
199
200 SECTION 6.4 UC WISE AND MERCED
SECTION 6.4 UC WISE AND MERCED
Web-based Instruction for Science and
Engineering: UC-WISE
Participating Faculty:
M. Clancy, UC Berkeley, EECS
D. Garcia, UC Berkelely, EECS
M. Linn, UC Berkeley, Graduate School of Education
K. Yelick, UC Berkeley, EECS
www.ucwise.org, www.ucwise.org/about,
wise.berkeley.edu
New Model for Computer Science Instruction
The goal of this work is to develop a system for webbased science and engineering instruction, and use it
to develop innovative curricula. Initially we are
targeting introductory programming courses in
EECS at UC Berkeley, which will in turn be made
available to UC Merced and as part of a new
common freshman engineering curriculum being
developed at UC Berkeley.
Two years ago, the UC-WISE group was formed to
create an innovative approach to computer science
instruction that leveraged the strengths of
information technology and current research in
education. Building on the existing WISE research
program from the Graduate School of Education, we
sought to address the needs of higher education in
science and engineering. The UC-WISE team
included educational researchers, computer science
instructors, and technology specialists. Funded by
the CITRIS project, we have developed a system that
delivers content and functionality via the Internet,
supporting instructors to interact in new ways with
their students.
The University of California Web-based
Instruction for Science and Engineering (UCWISE)
system provides a powerful alternative to
conventional instruction (i.e., lectures and
homework) in the form of a Web-based system that
enables students to come to class every day and use
computers productively in computer science courses.
This system provides new functionality for computer
programming activities, collaborative design
activities, peer review and discussions,
brainstorming, and many other new ways to learn.
Students follow a clear curriculum and syllabus
provided through a conventional learning
management system. Instructors interact with their
students in a tutorial style, allowing them to monitor
student understanding in the classroom and help
students learn during class activities.
UC-WISE includes four major software
components: () the Course Builder, which enables
curriculum development; () the Course Portal,
which serves as a conventional learning management
system; () the student learning environment, which
provides all the new information technology
features; and () the Curriculum Customizer, to
enable remote instructors to adopt and adapt UCWISE for their own courses.
The UC-WISE system has now been successfully
deployed in the CS 3 introductory programming
course at UC Berkeley. Piloted in summer ’, and
again in fall ’, it is currently (spring ’) being used
for a large class with eight sections of
undergraduates. The sections below review our
implementation of CS 3, including some evaluations
which reveal that students are covering material
more quickly than in traditional courses, and
learning from that material as well as or better than
in traditional courses.
SECTION 6.4 UC WISE AND MERCED
New Roles for Students, Instructors, and
Computers in a Lab-based Introductory
Programming Course
Sponsored by CITRIS, our goal was to develop a
technology platform that would enable students and
instructors to utilize computer technology effectively
in all stages of an undergraduate course. Instead of
listening to lectures, students would be participating
in computer-based activities (e.g., programming
exercises) and instructors would be freed up to
interact more closely with students as they worked in
pairs or small groups. This technology platform
ensured that each day students would show up at the
lab and go directly to a set of activities that had been
developed by their instructor. Activities included
online discussions, programming exercises, reading
of Web-delivered text, reflection notes, journal
entries, and “Gated Collaborations” where students
critiqued their peers’ responses to a seed topic. WISE
permits instructors to view student work (e.g., quiz
responses and collaboration activities) in real time.
We began by converting CS 3 (“Introduction to
Symbolic Programming”), our Scheme-based
introductory course for nonmajors, into a structured
laboratory format that would provide the first test of
this system and help us research the best designs for
such a novel instructional format. CS 3 covers
functional (side-effect free) programming, recursion,
and use of higher-order functions for mapping,
accumulating, and filtering a list. Traditionally, this
-week course includes two hours of faculty-led
lecture, two hours of TA-supervised closed lab, and
one hour of discussion section (also led by a TA)
each week. We sought a structured laboratory format
to address the following shortcomings of the
traditionally run course:
» lectures that led to “learning” by watching and
listening rather than doing
» attrition, especially among underrepresented
minorities and women
» student-reported “disconnects” between lecture
topics, homework activities, and lab exercises
» laboratories that did not adequately support
teamwork
» text materials that did not sufficiently engage
students
Cognitive research suggested several approaches to
the design of instruction that would leverage the
strengths of the technology as well as laboratory
format. These include the use of case studies
modeling the evaluation of programming code, and
designing exercises that target challenges commonly
faced by students.
201
202 SECTION 6.4 UC WISE AND MERCED
Transition to a Lab-based Format
Evaluation of a Student-responsive Approach
While enrollment in CS 3 each semester varies
between  and , our first run of this course was
during the summer of , with  students
initially enrolled in three sections. Restructuring of
CS 3 began with the decision to run an experimental
section in summer  with no scheduled lecture or
discussion section-only seven hours per week of lab
meetings. In the eight-week summer session, this
figure doubled, so students were scheduled for 
hours per week of lab. This decision maximized the
amount of supervised student activity, and would
allow us to explore the richest possible
implementation of our new technology platform in a
lab-based format.
Enrollment in the summer course started at .
There were three lab sections. Each section had two
or three lab assistants. Quizzes and collaborative
questions proved to be invaluable aids in detecting
student confusion and addressing it immediately. As
noted, the instructor could observe student answers
to these questions. When most of the answers were
inaccurate or incorrect, we interrupted students with
a brief lecture; when only a few individuals seemed
confused, we engaged these students in one-on-one
tutoring sessions.
Pacing was flexible. There were occasional “catchup” days in which not all students needed to attend
class. Both the flexible pacing and the targeted
tutoring served to force students to keep up; through
most of the semester, the worst among students who
attended class regularly were comparable to the
average student in the regular academic year class.
Collaboration and discussion activities had not
previously been a part of CS 3. Students generally
seemed to think these kinds of activities helpful for
learning. For some activities, careful reading of the
text or case studies was necessary. We noticed a
marked decrease in programming errors that we had
attributed in the past to superficial reading of the
case studies. Students took a final exam that
overlapped significantly with and was comparable in
length to an exam from . The fall  students
averaged . out of ; the summer students
averaged ..
SECTION 6.4 UC WISE AND MERCED
Observations, Outcomes, and Implications
for the Future
Not only was student performance from the summer
course high, but students also found the course quite
enjoyable. We initially worried that students would
not have the patience to work at the computer for
three consecutive hours. This worry was unfounded.
In fact, it was often difficult to get students to leave.
Another promising finding concerns equity:
Students who were likely to have performed poorly
in a CS 3 course did reasonably well in this summer’s
offering. Many students commented that the course
was quite difficult, but most of these did reasonably
well.
It became clear during this course that the role of
the instructor had changed fundamentally, compared
to traditionally formatted courses. Instead of being
primarily a lecturer, the instructor becomes a tutor,
spending most of his time engaging the students
one-on-one. Cognitive research has shown that
tutoring is the most effective way of enhancing
student learning. With collaboration and quiz tools
that allow the instructor to continuously monitor
students’ understanding, s/he can more efficiently
target the tutoring attention where it is necessary.
Consequently, staff training, especially on tutoring
strategies for lab assistants, becomes a much more
important role for the instructor in courses with this
pedagogical format.
Our findings from this summer have many
implications, and we have future research plans to
investigate many of them. It is clear that technology
can enable new forms of interaction between
instructor and student, and enhance the learning
experience for students. It is also clear that
introductory programming courses benefit from this
approach, and it is likely that a wide spread of the
computer science spectrum can do so as well.
There are clear implications for distance learning,
although having students engage concurrently is
important. We have plans for extending our
pedagogical approach to community colleges and
other four-year colleges, with labs running
synchronously across remote settings. Future
research is necessary: the summer students may be
different, qualitatively, than regular semester
students. Finally, our software and pedagogical
approach should allow better CS education research,
making it easy to modify curricular segments across
sections or individuals. The on-line collaboration
and quizzing tools allow results to be quickly
measured and inspected.
203
204 SECTION 6.4 UC WISE AND MERCED
Supporting UC Merced
Future plans.
We are working in partnership with UC Merced to
develop a lower-division computer science
curriculum using UC-WISE. It will be ready in time
for the campus opening in academic year –.
UC Merced-based funding has been secured for a
position to support and extend our tools and
curriculum. This position was funded, in part, in
effort to match the resources that CITRIS has put
towards supporting UC Merced through this project.
By researching effective methods of instruction in
our own classrooms, as described above, we will
develop a model for sharing course content at a
distance. This spring (’) we took the first steps
toward supporting a distance implementation of a
UC Berkeley course by jointly enrolling students at
Merced Community College, which is affiliated with
UC Merced. The Merced Community (MCC)
students are taking the course concurrently with the
UC Berkeley students, enabling UC-WISE to treat
the MCC students as a distinct “section” of the
course. MCC students thus receive the same welldesigned and coordinated activities and materials
concurrently with their UC Berkeley counterparts.
This enables brainstorming activities and online
discussions to be conducted across the two sites,
leading to an enriched experience for the MCC
students. So far this semester, the MCC students
have been delighted with the course format, which is
supported by an instructor on site at MCC. They
have performed well on exams and report
enthusiasm about taking future courses in computer
science. This bodes well for the future collaboration
between UC-WISE and UC Merced, and has been an
important proof-of-concept for our system.
UC Berkeley College of Engineering faculty recently
voted to design a new introductory programming
course, to be called CS 4, as part of a move toward a
common first-year curriculum for all engineering
students. This course will exploit the UC-WISE
system and be made available to UC Merced. We also
plan to transition the second semester programming
course, CS 61B, to UC-WISE format.
SECTION 6.5 DISTANCE LEARNING
SECTION 6.5 DISTANCE LEARNING
Participating Faculty:
Paul Wright, UC Berkeley, ME, in collaboration with:
Pam Atkinson, UC Berkeley, Cal VIEW
Ruzena Bajcsy, UC Berkeley, EECS
Gary Baldwin, UC Berkeley, Industrial Relations
John Canny, UC Berkeley, CS
Mike Clancy, UC Berkeley, CS
Alex Cuthbert, UC Berkeley, Education In
Mathematics, Science, & Technology
Jim Demmel, UC Berkeley, Mathematics and CS
Ken Goldberg, UC Berkeley, IEOR and EECS
Diane Harley, UC Berkeley, Center for Studies in
Higher Education
Marcia Linn, UC Berkeley, Graduate School of
Education
Pat Mantey, UC Santa Cruz, Engineering
Harry Matthews, UC Davis, Biological Chemistry
Jim Slotta, UC Berkeley, Graduate School of
Education
Nate Titterton, UC Berkeley, Instructional
Technology Program
Dean Jeff Wright, UC Merced, Engineering
When CITRIS researcher Paul Wright last taught his
popular High Tech Product Design and Rapid
Manufacturing course, many of the students were
from Tec de Monterrey in Mexico and Japan’s
Kagoshima University. That doesn’t seem so unusual
given Berkeley’s reputation as a global melting pot.
The interesting thing is that the Mexican and
Japanese students were attending class,
brainstorming new devices, conducting marketing
studies, and even building parts using Berkeley’s
state-of-the-art 3D printer from thousands of miles
away. The remote students sent digital files of their
designs to the CITRIS-Berkeley laboratory where the
parts were fabricated and sent via Federal Express
back to them. (See kingkong.me.berkeley.edu/html/
ME/Me_.html for more information.)
This was a demonstration of a “tele-laboratory,”
where students from another university (such as the
emerging UC Merced campus) can access Berkeley’s
state-of-the-art equipment using information
technology. These ongoing demonstrations are laying
the groundwork for the rapid ramp-up of the sister
campus. CITRIS is thus a key vehicle in the
education of Merced students in the early days of
their campus life. Using Information Technology, the
CITRIS program will provide access to exciting
laboratory equipment and services that cannot easily
be duplicated anywhere in the United States.
As the College of Engineering’s Associate Dean of
Distance and Instructional Technology, Wright is
spearheading the CITRIS education efforts. Most of
this research involves developing programs and
infrastructure that enable students from all over the
Web, as well as our corporate supporters, to take
advantage of the University’s educational resources,
including its top talent.
205
206
SECTION 6.5 DISTANCE LEARNING
CalVIEW (Video Instruction for the
Engineering World)
Another key ingredient in this multifaceted endeavor
is CalVIEW. Through the CalVIEW facility,
numerous televised courses are offered each semester
for engineering students and corporate employees to
study the hottest technology while earning credit
with the National Technological University, a
consortium of more than  universities and colleges
around the U.S. CITRIS/CalVIEW is a goldmine that
hasn’t been tapped nearly to its potential. The very
best Berkeley faculty in Electrical Engineering and
Computer Sciences teach these courses. If someone
wants to get the latest and greatest in circuit design
or MEMS (micro electro-mechanical systems), this is
the place to go. (See www.coe.berkeley.edu/calview for
more information.)
Management of Technology Program
CITRIS is also pushing hard to create a new Master’s
program in Management of Technology (MOT) at
Berkeley based on distance learning and telelaboratories. Currently, the College of Engineering,
the Haas School of Business, and the School of
Information Management and Systems jointly offer a
Management of Technology certificate. The program
is designed to immerse students in the business of
technology to prime them for success in industry.
The MOT Master’s is a cross between an MBA and
advanced engineering degree. CITRIS hopes to
launch the Master’s program in approximately three
years with nearly all of the  students in the first
graduating class learning remotely. (See
mot.berkeley.edu/intro.html for more information.)
Remote Access to Unique Facilities
The power of distance learning in CITRIS can now
be expand to other courses tied to UC Berkeley’s
Robotics Laboratories, Earthquake Engineering
Testbed at the Richmond Field Station, and the chipmaking Microfabrication Laboratory (the Microlab).
At the K- level, Professor Goldberg has already
made the links between CITRIS and the Berkeley
CUES project (for underrepresented students) to
create “virtual tours” of this Microlab (see
www.coe.berkeley.edu/cues/). In well-orchestrated
settings, K- students identify different machines on
Web sites that guide tele-actors through laboratories,
museums, and other spaces that students would not
otherwise be able to experience. (See
www.coe.berkeley.edu/forefront/fall/telerobot.html
for more information.)
Information Technology through CITRIS can
radically change the typical blackboard course UC
professors used to teach, into one where people are
engaged in real design problems, idea sharing, and
hands-on experiments.
SECTION 6.6 NEW CURRICULUM
SECTION 6.6 NEW CURRICULUM
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY
IT (Information Technology) Goes to War!
CS 39K
Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
David A. Forsyth and Randy H. Katz
www.cs.berkeley.edu/~randy/Courses/CSK.S/CS
KS.html
Necessity drives invention. In this freshman seminar,
we will examine the intertwined historical
development of information technology, broadly
defined as computing, communications, and signal
processing, in the th Century within the context of
modern warfare and national defense. Topics include
cryptography/cryptanalysis and the development of
the computer, command and control systems and the
development of the Internet, the war of attrition and
the development of the mathematics of operations
research, military communications and the
development of the cellular telephone system, and
precision munitions and the development of the
Global Positioning System. While we will endeavor
to explain these developments in technical terms at a
tutorial level, our main focus is to engage students in
the historical sweep of technical development and
innovation as driven by national needs, and to
explore whether this represents a continuing
framework for the st Century.
“It is well that war is so terrible; we should
grow too fond of it.” – Robert E. Lee
“You may not be interested in war, but war is
interested in you.” – Trotsky
“He who does not remember history is
condemned to repeat it.” – Santayana
Strategic Computing and Communications
Technology
MBA 290C; EECS 201; Infosys 224
Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
David G. Messerschmitt and Hal Varian
www.sims.berkeley.edu/academics/courses/is/f/
This course will enumerate and discuss factors
relevant to the successful deployment and
assimilation of new computing (equipment and
software) and communications (telecommunications
and networking) products and services in
commercial applications. Factors covered include
technological trends and limits, economics, legal and
intellectual property, government regulation,
standardization, and relevant industrial
organizational issues. The objectives are to
understand the impact of these factors on the
commercial success of products and services, and on
business strategies for designing and marketing
products and services, all with the goal of enhancing
their commercial success.
Introduction to Networked Applications and
Computing
Eng 111; IS 106
Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
David G. Messerschmitt
www.sims.berkeley.edu/academics/courses/is/s/
This introduction to applications of networked
computers – especially social, educational, and
information management – provides students with
an understanding of the networking, computing, and
software infrastructures enabling and constraining
these networked applications. The goal is to
empower students to use these technologies
effectively in their personal and professional life.
Related policy, legal, economic, and industry issues
are addressed.
207
208
SECTION 6.6 NEW CURRICULUM
Reinforcement Learning
Introduction to Communication Networks
CS 294-7 (temporary number)
Computer Science
Stuart Russell
www.cs.berkeley.edu/~russell/classes/cs/s/
EE 122
Electrical Engineering
Jean C. Walrand
This new graduate course explores methods for
solving very large decision problems, particularly in
complex systems with substantial uncertainty
concerning system state and system dynamics.
Solution methods combine techniques from
operations research, control theory, artificial
intelligence, and statistics. The course covers both
theoretical aspects (optimality and convergence for
single-agent and multi-agent problems) and practical
issues (problem representation, algorithmic
efficiency, scaling, etc.). This is one of several new
courses that are part of the emerging curriculum
associated with the Center for Intelligent Systems at
Berkeley.
This course is an introductory survey of the design
and implementation of computer networks and
internetworks. The course focuses on the concepts
and fundamental design principles that have
contributed to the global Internet’s scalability and
robustness, and will survey the underlying
techonlogies – e.g., ATM and Ethernet – that have
led to the Internet’s phenomenal success. Topics
include congestion/flow/error control, routing,
addressing, multicast, packet scheduling, switching,
internetworking, network security, and
networking/programming interfaces. Newly added
CITRIS-related topics to be covered include sensor
networks, overlay networks, distributed applications,
and mechanisms for QoS.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS
Computational Geomechanics: Inelastic Finite
Elements for Pressure Sensitive Materials
EC 1289E
Civil and Environmental Engineering
Boris Jeremic
sokocalo.engr.ucdavis.edu/~jeremic/CG/
This course is intended to provide students with
state-of-the-art computational tools for analyzing
complex problems in Geomechanics (mechanics of
pressure-sensitive materials like soils, rocks, concrete,
powders, etc.). The course will enable students to use
modern information technology tools in developing
model-based simulations for geomaterial solids and
structures including bridges, buildings, and port
facilities.
Parallel Computing for Engineers
ECI 119B
Civil and Environmental Engineering
Boris Jeremic and Michael Kleeman
sokocalo.engr.ucdavis.edu/~jeremic/ECIB/
This course is intended to provide students with
state-of-the-art parallel computational tools and
introduce parallel computing concepts related to
practical civil engineering problems. The course
focuses on distributed memory parallel
computational models and explores tightly-coupled
parallel (clusters) computing and loosely-coupled
grid computing.
SECTION 6.6 NEW CURRICULUM
Ethics and the Information Age
Introduction to Computers
ECS 188
Computer Science
Staff
www.cs.ucdavis.edu/courses/exp_course_desc/
.html
ECS 15
Computer Science
Richard F. Walters
www.cs.ucdavis.edu/courses/exp_course_desc/
.html
This course examines ethics and professional
responsibility issues as they are influenced by the
growth of computer usage and networks in today’s
society. The course primarily aims to encourage
students to think critically about the ethical
implications of what computer scientists do, and
secondarily, to promote improved communication
skills which are central to effectively practicing ethics
in society. The course also presents the historical
background and skills from other disciplines
necessary to understand the social context and
implications of various alternative technical
development trajectories.
This course addresses computer uses in modern
society, particularly in non-scientific disciplines.
Topics include word processing, other applications,
elementary programming concepts, and an overview
of current and projected computer uses. The course
aims to prepare non-science majors to take
advantage of computers in their respective majors by
understanding their uses, limitations, and potentials.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SANTA CRUZ
Hypermedia and the Web
CS 183
Computer Science
Jim Whitehead
www.cse.ucsc.edu/classes/cmps/Spring/
This new course provides a background in
hypermedia technology and Web engineering. Teams
of four to five students will develop a significant,
database-backed Web application for use by several
nonprofit organizations needing assistance with their
Web site development. One such organization, Santa
Cruz Neighborhoods, represents approximately 
other neighborhood organizations in their
interactions with the Santa Cruz city government. In
addition to making textual materials available, the
centerpiece of the site will be a GIS capability
enabling Santa Cruz crime statistics to be overlaid on
top of a map of the city, thereby providing greater
citizen visibility into the types and patterns of crime
in the city. Women Welcoming Women Worldwide
(5W), is a women’s travel organization that connects
members with other members who are traveling to
their locale. Currently, 5W’s membership lists are not
organized geographically so that, for example, a
search for members living in Frankfurt would not
identify 5W members in Frankfurt’s nearby suburbs.
One goal of this project is to create a GIS capability
where members can quickly find other members in
the surrounding area of a specifically named point.
Modern Electronic Technology and How It Works
EE 80T
Electrical Engineering
Ken Pedrotti
www.cse.ucsc.edu/classes/eet/Spring/
This course, while accessible to the non-specialist,
should be of great interest to engineering students as
well, giving an introduction to the background of the
profession and topics relevant to being an inventor.
Topics covered include how electronic devices and
systems such as lasers, fiberoptics, cellphones,
telegraph (the Internet of the Victorian Age), radio,
radar, television, computers, semiconductor
microchips, CD players, and the Internet work and
have changed our lives forever. The material will be
presented by lecture, demonstration, and video.
209
210 SECTION 6.7 NEW ACADEMIC PROGRAMS
SECTION 6.7 NEW ACADEMIC PROGRAMS
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY
Berkeley Institute of Design (BID)
bid.berkeley.edu/
The Berkeley Institute of Design (BID) defines a new
design discipline that spans computer science,
architecture, and industrial and mechanical
engineering. It is an interdisciplinary research center
and graduate program in design, affiliated with
CITRIS and located in the Hearst Memorial Mining
Building. We are creating a new design institute
because the world around us is being reshaped by
information technology. We are witnessing the
evolution of the built environment into the
interactive environment, whose design requires a
new kind of designer. The challenge is to design
complex behaviors for artifacts, and to integrate
them into systems that provide a coherent experience
for the individual.
BID is a human-centered design program
emphasizing human-centered practices: contextual
inquiry, needs analysis, etc. These methodologies
provide the core of BID’s introductory sequence.
BID will also emphasize the broader social
implications of design. This “social pull” is
completely compatible with leading-edge technology.
In fact, this pull guides BID’s research to some of the
most exciting and forward-looking technologies on
the horizon: rapid iterative prototyping techniques
based on 3D printing and polymer electronics,
visualization, manufacturability-aware design tools,
and new methods for evaluation at all phases of
design.
BID’s academic program, subject to future
approval, is expected to be a two-year Master’s
degree. In addition to core courses, BID MS students
will take a selection of optional classes. There will be
a significant studio work component. Students will
receive mentoring from an in-residence designer.
Additional mentoring will come from BID’s Ph.D.
partner program. BID MS students will partner with
a Ph.D. student, with whom they will work on
ongoing research. This allows MS students a window
into design research, and the larger context from
which our MS curriculum is drawn, and enables
allows them to work on a more long-term and
substantive project.
BID will include a Ph.D. program in
interdisciplinary design. To provide Master’s students
with a taste of research and to engage them in
projects with a longer-term horizon, we will institute
a Ph.D. mentoring program in which Master’s
students will be paired with a Ph.D. student with
complementary interests for the duration of their
program. For example, an MS student with a
concentration in ethnography and qualitative work
could be encouraged to pair with a Ph.D. student
with an engineering focus to assist with evaluation of
the latter student’s thesis work. In this way, Ph.D.
students will gain experience as both independent
researchers and as mentors.
The Berkeley program will draw on the excellence
of many participating departments, and will be
distinguished by the depth of its program. Rigor is a
distinguishing characteristic of these departments.
The program includes formal design methods,
algorithm analysis, and comprehensive testing in the
engineering disciplines. It also includes critical
theory, historical development, intimate knowledge
of media in the arts, and quantitative and
interpretive analysis in the social sciences.
SECTION 6.7 NEW ACADEMIC PROGRAMS
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS
Optical Science and Engineering Degree Program
The Department of Applied Science is offering a new
Optical Science and Engineering degree program,
leading to a Bachelor of Science degree in Optical
Science and Engineering.
Optical Science and Engineering encompasses the
physical phenomena and technologies associated
with the generation, transmission, manipulation,
detection, and applications of light. The Optical
Science and Engineering curriculum prepares
students to design, analyze, and fabricate effective
optical systems. Much of the nation’s hightechnology infrastructure is based upon optics and
its applications, the most prominent being optical
digital information transmission. Optical systems
play a central role in nearly all aspects of modern
life, including health care and the life sciences,
remote optical sensing, lighting, cameras, space, and
national defense.
The mission of the Department of Applied Science
is to foster the use of fundamental mathematical and
scientific knowledge to improve the quality of life.
We provide the profession and academia with
outstanding Optical Science and Engineering
graduates who advance both engineering practice
and fundamental knowledge.
The program’s primary objective is to educate
students in the basics required for optical science
and engineering: mathematics, sciences, and
engineering. We educate students in the
fundamentals of the analysis and design of optical
systems. We challenge students to develop attributes
that lead to professional growth throughout their
careers: a sense of community, ethical responsibility,
an expectation for lifelong learning and continuing
education, the abilities to think independently and
perform creatively and effectively in teams; and the
ability to communicate effectively both orally and in
written media.
Upon graduation, we challenge our students to
understand the fundamentals and the application of
mathematics and sciences; and to have an ability to
design and conduct experiments, as well as to
analyze and interpret data; a proficiency in the
design of components and systems to meet desired
performance specifications; an ability to function
effectively on multi-disciplinary teams; proficiency in
the use of techniques, skills, and modern engineering
tools to identify, formulate, and solve engineering
problems; an understanding of professional and
ethical responsibility; a proficiency in oral and
written communication; the broad education
necessary to understand the impact of engineering
solutions in a global and societal context; an ability
to engage in graduate education and lifelong
learning; and a knowledge of contemporary issues
impacting society and the profession.
211
212
SECTION 6.8 CITRIS-AFFILIATED ACADEMIC SEMINARS
SECTION 6.8 CITRIS-AFFILIATED
ACADEMIC SEMINARS
Another important way that CITRIS contributes to
the academic community is through its sponsorship
of, or involvement in regularly-scheduled, academic
seminars. Many, if not all, of these seminars are for
academic credit, with most of them at the upper
division and/or graduate level. We list here the
seminars that took place during the academic
semesters covered during the period of this report.
Digital Defense: Issues in Security, Privacy, and
Critical Infrastructure Protection
Organized by Prof. Shankar Sastry, EECS, UC
Berkeley
Spring 
Sensorwebs Seminar Series
Organized by Dr. Slobodan Simic, EECS, UC
Berkeley
Fall 
Undergraduate Research Workshop Series
Organized by Dr. Sheila Humphries, EECS, UC
Berkeley
Fall and spring semesters, –
Energy and Resources Group Colloquium Series
Organized by Energy and Resources Group (ERG),
a UC Berkeley Research Group
Spring 
EECS Distinguished Lecture Series
Organized by the Department of EECS, UC Berkeley
Occurs every semester
CITRIS Outreach and Communications
“CITRIS is unprecedented in its scale and scope... This new
NSF grant will allow our faculty and students to design
and build the underlying technologies for the Internet of
the 21st century, now sometimes referred to as the
‘Evernet’ – a dependable, reliable and secure information
technology infrastructure that will connect trillions of
devices, not just millions of computers. This infrastructure
is a key component of the CITRIS research agenda; it will
be used to tackle and solve tough problems that will
improve the quality of life and safety for Californians and
people throughout the world.”
RICHARD NEWTON,
DEAN OF THE UC BERKELEY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
7
SECTION 7.1 CITRIS WEB SITE DEVELOPMENT
CITRIS Outreach and Communications
SECTION 7.1 CITRIS WEB SITE
DEVELOPMENT
The CITRIS Web site is one of the most important
means by which the Institute serves society. Though
still evolving, the Web site offers a full-featured, vital
information portal, serving a broad community of
industry, faculty, and student researchers,
government agencies, and the general public. Its use
has expanded dramatically since the site’s initial
launch in the fall of  (see plot in the figure
below), with new regions of the state, nation, and
globe showing interest each week.
A major upgrade in the Web site occurred in June
, and www.citris.berkeley.edu was re-launched
with the new front page illustrated below. We
attribute the significant jump in Web site requests in
July  to the launch of this new site. However, the
richness of the site can only be experienced by
logging on and probing it for information, which we
encourage all readers of this report to do.
Citris Website
200,000
180,000
160,000
140,000
Requests
120,000
100,000
80,000
60,000
40,000
20,000
0
May-02
Jun-02
Jul-02
Aug-02
Sep-02
Oct-02
Nov-02
Dec-02
Jan-03
Feb-03
Mar-03
215
216 SECTION 7.1 CITRIS WEB SITE DEVELOPMENT
The CITRIS Web site was recently renamed and is
now www.citris-uc.org, a change made to reflect the
truly multi-campus nature of the Institute. This site
presently offers the following features:
» Interviews with key members of CITRIS and the
CITRIS research community
» Access to a wealth of information about CITRIS
Projects and Investigators
» Links to the CITRIS Web sites at other CITRIS
campuses
» CITRIS news and events
» Information on industrial partners (links to their
corporate Web sites)
» Multimedia presentations – The CITRIS media
server is currently serving the videos of the
presentations made at the 2nd CITRIS Founding
Corporate Member (FCM) Day, as well as several
individual corporate days (see www.citrisuc.org/events/event_archive.html)
» Conference student posters – Posters from some of
the CITRIS research days are available (see, for
example, www.citris-uc.org/events/spotlight/
index.html, “Review Submitted Posters”)
» Press releases and interviews
» Visions of the future of CITRIS
» The CITRIS Corporate Sponsor Portal –
Individualized information portals for the CITRIS
Corporate Members, including the following:
» A content management system
» Private areas for secure communications with
our corporate partners
» Focused listings of projects of special interest to
specific aspects of industry
SECTION 7.1 CITRIS WEB SITE DEVELOPMENT
Example of a CITRIS Corporate Sponsor Portal to its website for the
Hewlett-Packard Corporation
The last feature listed above is an important
benefit to CITRIS Corporate Sponsors. It provides
Founding, Platinum, Associate, and Collaborating
Corporate Members a unique entry point into the
CITRIS Web site and shows, for example, a list of
projects currently
The last feature listed above is an important
benefit to CITRIS Corporate Sponsors. It provides
Founding, Platinum, Associate, and Collaborating
Corporate Members a unique entry point into the
CITRIS Web site and shows, for example, a list of
projects currently supported by any given member. It
provides a ready link to those projects and access to
the faculty and student researchers conducting the
research. It allows any member of the corporate
sponsor's organization to view technical
presentations from that sponsor’s “day with CITRIS,”
as well as all other corporate sponsor days that have
been made openly available. Our plan going forward
is to actively maintain, in conjunction with
representatives from each corporate member, several
databases that show project investments, progress
reports, and similar information. In some cases, this
information will be password protected to provide
access only to those with a need to know. However,
according to a decision made by the CITRIS
Industrial Advisory Board, most of the information
on these corporate portals will be openly available to
the public, thus promoting and in keeping with a
CITRIS goal to provide the rapid and open
dissemination of information.
Future plans for the CITRIS Web site include
more complex methods of searching for and finding
exact information and custom, dynamicallygenerated views of that data. The plans include the
addition of educational components to the site, for
those who wish to use that information as a learning
tool. Researchers will find the site to be a more
effective host for information that they wish to share
about their projects, their latest research results,
software that is available for trial, etc. For this last
application, we will include pointers to software
releases, of which there are many during any given
academic year. In short, we plan to make the CITRIS
Web site a continually growing, evolving tool to
make information technology serve society.
217
218 SECTION 7.2 CITRIS NEWSLETTER
SECTION 7.2 CITRIS NEWSLETTER
The CITRIS Newsletter is a bi-monthly electronic
summary of the news, activities, and selected
research progress of the Institute. It is sent
electronically to the entire CITRIS community,
which embraces press contacts, faculty, government
officers, students, CITRIS academic participants,
industrial partners, UC campus and system-wide
administration, and many friends and supporters of
the various colleges affiliated with CITRIS.
The present version of the CITRIS Newsletter is
text-based with embedded links to the CITRIS Web
site and other relevant sources of information. Part
of the CITRIS communications plan for the future is
to place this newsletter online at the CITRIS Web
site. Included here is an abbreviated example of the
February  newsletter.
CITRIS NEWSLETTER
Volume , No. 
February 
Read more about CITRIS research on the Web at:
http://citris.berkeley.edu
In this issue:
» The Future of Oral History
» An Interview with CITRIS Investigator Clifford C.
Federspiel
» Upcoming CITRIS events and seminars
» CITRIS Staff News
THE FUTURE OF ORAL HISTORY
There is an odd inconsistency in the way today’s oral
historians work. For those who study recorded
interviews of personal experiences and recollections,
the essential artifact is, of course, the recording of
their subject. Why then do these audiotapes and
video clips gather dust in the tombs of research
libraries while the oral historians toil over reams of
paper transcripts?
It’s all in the interfaces, says Scott Klemmer, a
computer science graduate student in the College of
Engineering’s Group for User Interface.
“The interface with paper is far better than the
interface with time-based media like videotapes,”
says Klemmer. It’s much more efficient, he says, to
scan through pages of text than fast-forward through
a videotape, or piles of tapes.
It was this realization that inspired Klemmer, with
collaborators Jamey Graham and Gregory Wolff
from Ricoh Innovations, to spend the summer
developing Books with Voices.
For full story visit:
http://citris.berkeley.edu/applications/education/
oralhistory.html
SECTION 7.2 CITRIS NEWSLETTER
AN INTERVIEW WITH CITRIS INVESTIGATOR
CLIFFORD C. FEDERSPIEL
Clifford Federspiel is a research specialist whose
work focuses on energy efficiency and its impacts on
building maintenance, building control, operation,
and human performance in the work environment.
A CITRIS researcher, Dr. Federspiel works at the
Center for Environmental Design Research, is
appointed to the Electronics Research Laboratory at
UC Berkeley, and is also involved with the Center for
the Built Environment.
From  to , Dr. Federspiel was a member of
the controls group research department at Johnson
Controls. In , he received the Ralph G. Nevins
physiology and human environment award from the
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and AirConditioning Engineers.
His contributions to research at CITRIS include
involvement with the human-centered computing
group and the smart buildings group. Building on
the smart dust motes, and using the Tiny OS
operating system developed by fellow UCB
researchers Kristofer Pister and David Culler, Dr.
Federspiel is developing applications for low-power
wireless building sensors.
How does your work fit in with the CITRIS mandate
of helping manage communal resources?
Federspiel: There are people working on core
technology ¾wireless sensors, and we’re working on
applications for it. In some cases we’re developing
application-specific technology to help understand
things that are now not understood very well, like
the velocity of wind in heating and cooling systems
in an indoor environment. What we ultimately hope
to do is help buildings use less energy and make the
environment more comfortable.
For full story visit:
http://citris.berkeley.edu/ applications/energy/
buildingsensors.html
CITRIS EVENTS AND SEMINARS
February , : EECS Colloquium
Distinguished Lecture Series
Time:  p.m. to  p.m.
Location:  Soda Hall, Hewlett-Packard
Auditorium
Details: CITRIS is hosting this EECS Colloquium.
Dr. Luke Hughes, Director of Research at Accenture
Technology Labs, will present a talk titled Reality
Online, which focuses on how the advent of
increasingly cheap networked sensors create the
potential to bring a high resolution, real-time digital
copy of the world online.
February , : Hewlett-Packard Day
Time: : a.m. to  p.m.
Location: UC Berkeley, Wozniak Lounge in
Soda Hall
Details: Students and faculty interested in learning
more about Hewlett-Packard’s CITRIS research are
encouraged to attend. To view agenda visit:
http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/IRO/HP/agenda.html
February , : CITRIS 2nd Annual Founding
Corporate Members’ Meeting
Time:  a.m. to  p.m. ( p.m. reception &  p.m.
dinner)
Location: UC Davis, Engineering II Building,
room to be announced.
Details: Main sessions open only to participating
CITRIS investigators and industry representatives.
Students and general public are invited to attend 
p.m. poster session. For the full calendar of CITRIS
events, visit: http://citris.berkeley.edu/events/
219
220 SECTION 7.2 CITRIS NEWSLETTER
March –, : Mirage Conference
CITRIS STAFF NEWS
Time: TBD
Location: INRIA Rocquencourt, France
Details: Mirage is an international conference
focused on the collaboration between computer
vision and computer graphics. CITRIS Director
Ruzena Bajcsy will be one of the conference speakers.
For more information visit:
http://telin.rug.ac.be/mirage/
CITRIS is excited to announce the addition of
systems engineer Tao Starbow to its UC Berkeley
staff. A UC Santa Cruz graduate with a degree in
Computer and Information Science, Toa brings to
CITRIS over  years experience in the areas of
computer programming, 3D animation,
computational biology, and Web systems. Tao’s email
address is starbow@eecs.berkeley.edu.
Also joining the CITRIS UC Berkeley staff is
communications manager Tamara Spence. A
communications specialist with public relations, Web
site management, and copywriting experience,
Tamara will be responsible for managing CITRIS’
online, community, and printed communication
needs. Tamara’s email is tspence@eecs.berkeley.edu
March , : Distinguished Lecture Series
Time:  p.m.
Location: INRIA Rocquencourt, France
Details: CITRIS Director Ruzena Bajcsy will present
a talk titled The Center for Information Technology
Research in the Interest of Society: Accomplishments,
New Opportunities and Challenges. The talk will
detail the genesis of CITRIS, its scientific goals, and
its most recent technical accomplishments.
Save the Date: May , 
Time:  p.m. to  p.m.
Location: Orlando, Florida
Details: CITRIS Director Ruzena Bajcsy will present
a talk, Stepping up to the Challenges of Real World
Problems in Virtual Worlds, at the  Virtual
Worlds and Simulation Conference in Orlando, FL.
SECTION 7.3 COMMUNITY OUTREACH SEMINARS
SECTION 7.3 COMMUNITY OUTREACH
SEMINARS
One of the most effective roles that CITRIS plays in
community outreach is in the establishment and
organization of a series of seminars in which the
speakers address the impact of information
technology on various portions of the global society.
These seminars are open to the public, are often held
in conjunction with other academic departments or
schools, and are heavily advertised. Unlike academic
seminars offered for credit, these talks are one-of-akind and do not occur at regularly-scheduled times.
The feedback that we have received from these
seminars has been uniformly positive and
enthusiastic. An excellent example is the talk given by
Professor Muhammad Yunus, the great Bangladeshi
economist and founder of the Grameen Bank
(www.grameen-info.org/). His talk on Information
Technology, Supported by Micro-credit, Can Help
Create a Poverty-Free World, given at the Berkeley
campus in April , was widely considered one of
the most inspirational applications of information
technology to a world-wide challenge. (See
www.coe.berkeley.edu/forefront/fall/grameen.html
for a more detailed summary of Prof. Yunus’ talk.)
Other examples in this series include:
» Engineering Ethics and the Impact of Technology on
Society, Bill Kastenberg, Professor of Engineering,
UC Berkeley, October 
» NorCal High-speed Research Networking
Workshop, organized by S.J. Ben Yoo, UC Davis,
February 
Muhammad Yunus
» National Policy and Critical Infrastructure
Protection, Richard Clark, Special Advisor to the
President for Cyberspace Security, February 
» Beyond Computer-assisted Surveys, Norman
Bradburn, Assistant Director for Social, Behavioral,
and Economic Sciences, National Science
Foundation, March 
» To Light a Spark for the Digital Age – A Historical
Perspective, Lawrence Grossman, Former President of
NBC News, May 
» Ecological Economics in Historical Context, Richard
B. Norgaard, Past President of the International
Society for Ecological Economics, January 
221
222 SECTION 7.4 EXTERNAL COMMUNITY RELATIONS
SECTION 7.4 EXTERNAL COMMUNITY
RELATIONS
CITRIS outreach to portions of the community
where information technology’s impact may not be
considered “traditional” is an important element of
the Institute’s service to society. These areas of
impact continue to emerge as new relationships
bridge the gaps to academic disciplines outside the
engineering domain.
One excellent example of this element of CITRIS
outreach is taking place in the Digital Library
project. The collections at the Digital Library Project
were assembled originally to provide a test bed for
computer science research in image analysis, digital
documents, and information retrieval. During the
course of the project, a variety of institutional and
private individuals have provided images,
documents, databases, and other kinds of data to be
made available online by the Digital Library Project.
All of these data are accessible in online searchable
databases. For example, the Fine Arts Museums of
San Francisco have digitized enlargements of ,
photos of the museums’ holdings, available in
GridPix format as a “ZooM” feature on the
museums’ The Thinker ImageBase.
There is also a collection of about , pages
of environmental reports and plans that were
provided by California state agencies. The UCB
Museum of Vertebrate Zoology database provides
access to , complete specimen records of
amphibians, birds, mammals, and reptiles as well as
some photos of the collection. AmphibiaWeb is a
database of information relating to amphibian
biology and conservation and includes species
accounts, range maps, photos, and many other
resources for worldwide amphibian species. The UC
Museum of Paleontology database includes ,
fossil records and some photos. The CalPhotos
collection contains many natural science
photographs including photos of specimens from
some of these collections.
SECTION 7.4 EXTERNAL COMMUNITY RELATIONS
Much of the geographical data in our collection is
being used to develop our Web-based GIS Viewer.
There is an Index of Examples of the GIS Viewer as
well as links for downloading the source. California
Dams is a database of information about the 
dams under state jurisdiction. An additional  GB of
geographical data represents maps and imagery that
have been processed for inclusion as layers in our
GIS Viewer. This includes Digital Ortho Quads and
DRG maps for the San Francisco Bay Area.
223
224 SECTION 7.4 EXTERNAL COMMUNITY RELATIONS
Net21, Summer 
With support from the State of California, CITRIS
established one of California’s two “Next Generation
Internet Applications Centers,” known as Net21.
During the first year of the program, Net21
supported  Berkeley undergraduates interested in
developing NGI applications. Examples of projects
include: “Video 911” – which allows mobile phone
users to deter physical attacks or other crimes by
recording them and storing the file remotely;
software for scalable, distributed file storage;
curriculum design for lower division CS courses on
data structures; and a system for sharing locallyrelevant information and stories using mobile
phones. Funding for Net21 has been renewed. As
part of the Berkeley Institute of Design, a team led
by John Canny will pursue innovative applications
such as immersive, lenticular displays over gigabit
links; large-scale peer-to-peer collaboration; ambient
and context-aware displays; and small-team
collaborative learning. Researchers from the Haas
School of Business will explore the potential of NGI
for e-business applications such as real-time supply
chains.
Summit on Innovative Information Technologies
for Homeland Security, June 
CITRIS organized a conference on homeland
security research in Palo Alto, attended by over 
leaders in industry, government, the venture
community, and academia. (See
www.eecs.berkeley.edu/~layney/
Security/ for further information.)
Cybersecurity & Critical Infrastructure Protection
Workshops, September 
CITRIS held two NSF/OSTP-sponsored technical
workshops addressing Cybersecurity & Critical
Infrastructure Protection. These meetings coincided
with the release of the National Cybersecurity Plan
released September , , and provided a forum
for review by the research community.
U.S. Technical Workshop on Information
Technology for Critical Infrastructure Protection,
September –, 
This workshop identified fundamental information
technology challenges that must be answered to
make the critical infrastructure of the nation safer
against potential attacks and to explore the
international aspect of proposed research plans and
policies
U.S.-E.U. Workshop on R&D Strategy for
Sustaining an Information Society, September
–, 
This U.S.-E.U. collaboration focused on the
information technology research emerging in the
control of critical infrastructure systems, including
developing approaches to ensure protection and
understanding of these systems and controlling
system interdependencies. Over the course of the
workshop, over  participated from academia, U.S.
and E.U. government and funding agencies, and
leading policy organizations. The final product of the
workshop will be a report, which will be available for
federal program managers to plan and coordinate
their activities. (See www.eecs.berkeley.edu/CIP/ for
further information.
SECTION 7.4 EXTERNAL COMMUNITY RELATIONS
The Art of Engineering/The Engineering of Art,
February 
On February , , avant-garde artists, innovative
engineers and forward-thinking administrators from
UC Berkeley, CITRIS, the Pacific Film Archive, and
the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art met for a
daylong event designed to ignite communication and
cross-disciplinary collaboration among the campus’
most creative minds. Plans were made to keep the
dialogue alive through future meetings and informal
collaborations with the hope of a public event before
the sequel in March of next year.
“It is very clear that Berkeley and CITRIS are now
an international focal point for ideas that cross
disciplinary boundaries,” says professor Ken
Goldberg, who holds a joint faculty position in the
departments of Industrial Engineering and
Operations Research and Electrical Engineering and
Computer Sciences (EECS).
Networking Day, March , 
CITRIS invited representatives from Northern
California research and educational institutions, such
as UC Santa Cruz, Stanford University, and the
NASA Research Center and National Laboratories, to
discuss the needs for the community at large for
broadband networking. This was in conjunction
with a similar effort in Southern California led by
CAL IT2 for the same purpose of surveying the needs
for broadband networking there.
Courtesy of the artist
EECS Professor Carlo H. Séquin studies the
intricate mathematics of abstract sculpture and
then uses his own software to design new works.
The sculptures are then brought from the screen
into the real world with state-of-the-art rapid
prototyping technology, essentially a 3D printer
that uses plastic as its ink.
225
226 SECTION 7.4 EXTERNAL COMMUNITY RELATIONS
CITRIS Social Issues Workshop, March , 
Deploying CITRIS technology in Education
This workshop addressed some critical issues related
to IT research in the interests of society. The goals of
the workshop were to incubate focused
collaborations between CITRIS researchers and
social scientists on these topics. There were
approximately  attendees comprising  Berkeley
faculty,  students, and several industry
representatives and representatives of private
policy/research groups. The faculty represented
Engineering, Law, the School for Information
Management and Systems (SIMS), Architecture,
Psychology, the Center for Higher Education, Art
Practice, and Film Studies. The four panel topics
were CITRIS and privacy; values-based design;
beyond the digital divide toward digital opportunity;
and technology support for the social sciences. A
number of working groups were proposed and will
begin detailed research on these topics.
The CITRIS-supported WISE, or Web-based
Inquiry Science Environment, is a free and widely
used science learning environment for students in
grades –. It is the basis of an effort to make UC
Berkeley’s lower division computer science
curriculum available to students at UC Merced. The
system was used at UCB to teach introductory
programming in summer and fall , and is being
used at Merced Community College in spring .
California Energy Commission Workshop, January
,  and subsequently
CITRIS researchers held a workshop with members
of the California Energy Commission (CEC) and the
Environmental Energy Group of Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory to educate them about CITRIS
technologies related to energy and to determine the
most fruitful research and collaboration directions.
This has led to a sequence of further meetings and
ultimately to a large proposal being submitted to the
CEC to support the development of smart power
meters to support real-time pricing of electricity.
SECTION 7.5 COLLABORATION AMONG THE CITRIS CAMPUSES
SECTION 7.5 COLLABORATION AMONG
THE CITRIS CAMPUSES
As CITRIS approaches the completion of its second
full year of operation, it is gratifying to see research
collaborations emerging among the four CITRIS
campuses. The Distance Learning Program between
UC Berkeley and UC Merced is an obvious example,
and the networking infrastructure (see Section .)
is growing and will add significantly to the Institute’s
research community’s ability to communicate among
it members.
A key attribute of the collaboration among
CITRIS campuses is the growing importance of the
Institute’s operation through periodic meetings of
the CITRIS Executive Committee (highlighted in the
organization chart shown in Section .). These
meetings have focused on internal operational,
communications, and research coordination issues.
The plan is to make the impact of this committee felt
even more going forward.
In the research arena, the Berkeley Sensor and
Actuator Center is a joint effort between the Berkeley
and Davis campuses. There are numerous other joint
grants, as mentioned in Section  in conjunction
with the research projects summarized there.
227
228 SECTION 7.6 COOPERATION WITH OTHER CISIS
SECTION 7.6 COOPERATION WITH
OTHER CISIS
To date, the interaction between CITRIS and the
other California Institutes for Science and
Innovation has been informal and infrequent. One of
the principal ways that all the CISI directors interact
on a formal basis is through meetings held perhaps
every two months during the convening of the
Advisory Industrial and Technical Committee that
serves UC President Richard Atkinson.
Prof. Bajcsy and Prof. Shankar, chair of EECS at
UC Berkeley, have attended some QB3 seminars,
which alternate between UCB and Stanford.
Prof. Larry Smarr, the Director of Cal IT2, visited
and gave a distinguished lecture at both UC Berkeley
and UC Santa Cruz.
Discussions are being held between CITRIS and
QB3 San Francisco concerning the establishment of
a video conferencing link; both institutes have
purchased the same video system, which will soon
undergo testing. It is hoped that this system will
serve for joint seminars starting in fall .
SECTION 7.7 OUTSIDE MEETINGS, COMMUNICATIONS, AND INTERACTIONS WITH THE PRESS
SECTION 7.7 OUTSIDE MEETINGS,
COMMUNICATIONS, AND
INTERACTIONS WITH THE PRESS
It would be difficult to catalog here the numerous
interactions between CITRIS faculty and the many
groups and individuals outside the immediate
academic and industrial circles of CITRIS that have
taken place during this reporting period. A few are
worthy of mention in this report to illustrate the
breadth of CITRIS’ outreach and the potential for
collaborations and impact in the future. At each of
these meetings, CITRIS was the principal topic of
conversation or the topic of the scientific talk
delivered.
The following list summarizes a selection of those
interactions for CITRIS Berkeley leadership only.
The list speaks for itself and will not be expanded
upon further here; for more information, please use
the links to the World Wide Web.
Prof. Ruzena Bajcsy, Director of CITRIS:
Event/purpose: visit by Stephane Raud, French
Attaché for Science and Technology
Group/location: French Consulate, meeting at
Berkeley
Date: March 
Event/purpose: visit by Sharima Rasanayagan & Kim
Shilling
Group/location: British Consulate for Science and
Technology, meeting at Berkeley
Date: April 
Event/purpose: keynote talk at the Institute for
Genomic Research
Group/location: Distinguished Lecture Series,
Rockville, MD
Date: April 
Event/purpose: talk at California Government
Technology Conference
Group/location: Sacramento, CA
Date: May 
Event/purpose: talk at Meeting on Education and
Training Technologies
Group/location: U.S. Department of Commerce,
Washington, D.C.
Date: September 
Event/purpose: keynote at ER  Conference
Group/location: Tempere, Finland
Date: October 
Event/purpose: plenary talk at Army Research Office
Workshop
Group/location: University of North Carolina, Chapel
Hill
Date: October 
Event/purpose: visit by Christophe Lerouge, French
Scientific Attaché
Group/location: French Consulate, meeting at
Berkeley
Date: October 
Event/purpose: visit by Thomas Ostros, Swedish
Ministry of Education
Group/location: Swedish Ministry of Education,
meeting at Berkeley
Date: October 
Event/purpose: talk at Virtual Worlds and Simulation
Conference, 
Group/location: Orlando, FL
Date: January 
Event/purpose: visit by Anouschka Versleijen, Science
and Technology Attaché for the Department of
Commerce of the Netherlands
Group/location: meeting in Berkeley
Date: January 
229
230
SECTION 7.7 OUTSIDE MEETINGS, COMMUNICATIONS, AND INTERACTIONS WITH THE PRESS
Event/purpose: keynote at Computer Vision and
Computer Graphics Conference
(Mirage )
Group/location: Rocquencourt, France
Date: March 
Event/purpose: talk at INRIA Colloquium
Group/location: Paris, France
Date: March 
Event/purpose: visit from Kimmo Ahola of the
National Technology Agency of Finland
Group/location: TEKES, meeting at Berkeley
Date: March 
Prof. James Demmel, CITRIS Chief Scientist:
Event/purpose: TEKES technical director’s
meeting/collaboration with foreign researchers
Group/location: TEKES – Finnish National
Technology Agency
Date: January 
Event/purpose: brief to Science Advisor to Pres. Bush,
Dr. Bamberger, on CITRIS-related Cyber
security/infrastructure protection
Group/location: Dr. Bamberger, UC Berkeley
Date: February 
Event/purpose: UK House of Lords Seminar –
Innovations in Computer Processors
Group/location: Stanford University
Date: June 
Event/purpose: visit to China; collaboration on
education and research
Group/location: Fudan University, Shanghai
Date: August 
Event/purpose: review/discussion of possible
collaboration of CITRIS and People’s Republic of
China in education with Dr. Zhou Ji, China’s Vice
Minister for the Ministry of Education
Group/location: UCB Chancellor’s office
Date: October 
Event/purpose: Demand Response Enabling
Technology Development, Ron Hoffman gives
introduction/Art Rosenfeld: speaker
Group/location: California Energy Commission
sponsored workshop in collaboration with PIER and
UC Berkeley, Wozniak Lounge
Date: October 
Event/purpose: present CITRIS research results
Group/location: First Lady of California, Sharon
Davis, UC Berkeley
Date: October 
Event/purpose: present CITRIS research agenda
Group/location: meeting with California State
Assemblyman Russ Bogh, R district 
Date: January 
Event/purpose: present CITRIS research agenda
Group/location: meeting with California State
Assemblywoman Sharon Runner,
R district 
Date: February 
Several quotes from the press have been
distributed throughout this report to highlight some
of the relevant research activities and the exposure
that CITRIS has enjoyed in the public sector. These
quotes serve only to illustrate numerous other
interactions with the press.
CITRIS Interaction with Industrial Partners
“We are extremely pleased to support CITRIS and jointly
seek solutions to social and commercial problems
through information technology… As a company
dedicated to simplifying and enhancing technology
at work, home and school, Microsoft shares CITRIS
Institute’s commitment to produce useful technology
that can strengthen the economy, improve quality of life,
and ensure the success of California’s society.”
DAN LING,
VICE PRESIDENT, MICROSOFT RESEARCH
8
SECTION 8.1 MEETINGS WITH INDUSTRY
CITRIS Interaction with Industrial Partners
SECTION 8.1 MEETINGS WITH
INDUSTRY
The interaction between CITRIS and its industrial
affiliates, sponsors, and partners is critical to the
success of the Institute. The richness of that
interaction extends to the international community
and embraces industry far beyond the level of detail
and amount of space that this report would permit.
Each faculty member within the CITRIS community
typically has numerous technical relationships with
colleagues and research groups throughout the
world. What is summarized here are the more
institutional interactions between CITRIS and
industry at an organizational level, with reference to
a few individual highlights and with pointers to
places on the Web where more details may be found.
During the past year two new categories of
corporate membership were approved: CITRIS
Platinum Corporate Membership, with a level of
commitment and set of benefits equivalent to those
of FCMs; and CITRIS Collaborating Corporate
Membership, companies who support the research
program of faculty at any level, including Affiliates,
who are not able to contribute additional funds for
the direct support of the CITRIS project seed
research fund (e.g., small companies with very
limited budgets). The “Principles and Guidelines for
Industrial Relations with CITRIS” outline all of the
benefits and costs for corporate membership in
CITRIS; these guidelines may be found on the
CITRIS Web site at www.citris.berkeley.edu/
about_citris/partnerships/principles/html.
CITRIS Founding Corporate Members
Broadvision
Ericsson Corp.
Hewlett-Packard Corp.
IBM Corp.
Infineon Corp.
Intel Corp.
Marvell
Microsoft Corp.
Nortel Networks
ST Microelectronics Corp.
Sun Microsystems
(www.broadvision.com)
(www.ericsson.com)
(www.hp.com)
(www.ibm.com)
(www.infineon.com)
(www.intel.com)
(www.marvell.com)
(www.microsoft.com)
(www.nortelnetworks.com)
(www.st.com)
(www.sun.com)
CITRIS Associate Corporate Members
Agilent Technologies
Conexant Systems
Texas Instruments
(www.agilent.com)
(www.conexant.com)
(www.ti.com)
233
234
SECTION 8.1 MEETINGS WITH INDUSTRY
One of the key benefits of membership in CITRIS
at the Founding and Platinum Corporate Member
levels is an invitation to place visiting researchers on
campus at CITRIS facilities. Currently, the Berkeley
campus enjoys two such visitors: Dr. Rick McGeer of
Hewlett-Packard and Dr. Christian Sauer of
Infineon. While the principal focus of CITRIS
industrial interactions is at the level of individual
researchers, the several key meetings held with
industry throughout the year are good ways to
summarize the interactions, focus on topics of
particular interest to a particular company, and to
report on research funded by individual corporate
sponsors. There are two varieties, at least, of these
kinds of meetings: the CITRIS Founding Corporate
Members’ (FCM) Day, held approximately twice per
year, to which all CITRIS FCMs are invited for a
thorough review of selected topics from the research
accomplishments of the Institute over the previous
six months; and individual corporate member days,
held once per year (nominally) per FCM, at which
projects of particular interest to a given company are
reviewed and discussed in a more informal setting.
All of these meetings are held in an open forum, and
the FCMs have been open to attendance by other
members of the CITRIS FCM community.
The FCM Days are also an occasion on which the
CITRIS Industrial Advisory Board meets. This board,
currently chaired by Dr. Patrick Scaglia of HewlettPackard Laboratories, comprises one senior
representative from each of the Founding Corporate
Members and offers guidance on the research agenda
and strategic direction of the Institute. Two meetings
were held during this reporting period: June , ,
at UC Berkeley, and February , , at UC Davis.
FCM Day : June , , UC Berkeley, Soda Hall,
Wozniak Lounge
The first FCM Day was attended by over 
representatives from industry and academia,
including CITRIS faculty and students. The practice
was established that these meetings would rotate
among the four CITRIS campuses, starting with UC
Berkeley. The focus of the meeting was on technical
presentations from the CITRIS faculty, with
representatives from selected research areas. The full
agenda for this meeting and all of the talks and slides
from the technical presentations at this meeting may
be found on the CITRIS Web site at
www.citris.berkeley.edu/events/event_archive.html.
FCM Day : February , , UC Davis,
Engineering II Meeting Rooms
This FCM Day was hosted by the School of
Engineering at UC Davis. The meeting was wellattended, with over  representatives from CITRIS
FCMs, and over  faculty from the four CITRIS
campuses. The full agenda for this meeting and all of
the talks and slides from the technical presentations
at this meeting may be found on the CITRIS Web
site at www.citris.berkeley.edu/events/spotlight/
index.html. Student posters from this FCM day were
captured in digital form and, through the services of
the CITRIS-affiliated Digital Library Project, may be
accessed through the same Web site as listed for this
day (see “Review Submitted Posters”).
SECTION 8.1 MEETINGS WITH INDUSTRY
Individual Corporate Member Days:
As corporate members of CITRIS, each company is
encouraged to participate in one day per year in
which projects of particular interest to that company
are reviewed in detail and to which a significant
number of corporate representatives are invited to
attend. The agendas for these days are often
populated with numerous talks from the particular
company involved (see, for example,
www.eecs.berkeley.edu/industry/conferences.html),
thus promoting a high degree of technical exchange
with CITRIS faculty and students. Owing to
significant overlap with interests of other academic
organizations (e.g., the Department of Electrical
Engineering and Computer Science at UC Berkeley),
these days are occasionally jointly sponsored.
In addition to “FCM Days,” numerous meetings
are held between CITRIS laboratories (BWRC,
BSAC, GSRC, CHESS, etc.) and their corporate
affiliates. CITRIS has a presence at each of these
meetings, thereby getting exposure to far more
industrial affiliates than are mentioned in this
report.
Listed below are some of the individual corporate
member days and CITRIS co-sponsored meetings
held during this reporting period:
» EECS IAB Day, May , (jointly with EECS, UCB)
» HP Day , May , 
» IBM Day , May , 
» Berkeley-Finland Day, October ,  (jointly
with EECS, UCB)
» HP Day , February , 
» Meet the Companies Day (recruiting event for our
member companies), March ,  (jointly with
EECS, UCB)
» Microsoft Day, March , 
» Intel Day, April , 
» IBM Day , April ,  (jointly with EECS, UCB)
» Center for the Built Environment Industrial
Advisory Board, April , 
» Cisco Global Educational Forum, May , 
(Talks by Profs. Paul Wright and Marcia Linn)
235
236 SECTION 8.2 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
SECTION 8.2 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
A comprehensive set of guidelines for executing
intellectual property agreements between corporate
sponsors and CITRIS was developed during this
reporting period. These guidelines attempt to cover
many of the sponsor/CITRIS relationships that could
be envisioned; nonetheless, they are meant to be
“living” documents that may be revised from time to
time during the life of the Institute as new situations
arise. The development of these documents was
based on a desire to have a single, master agreement
that would cover all research projects sponsored by
an individual company. These agreements are in
complete compliance with University of California
policy and were developed jointly with the
University’s Office of Technology Transfer and the
UC Berkeley campus Sponsored Projects Office.
Copies of the relevant documents may be found on
the CITRIS Web site at www.citris.berkeley.edu/
about_citris/partnerships/, under “For Industrial
Partners.”
SECTION 8.3 COMMERCIALIZING CITRIS TECHNOLOGY
SECTION 8.3 COMMERCIALIZING
CITRIS TECHNOLOGY
A principal goal in the establishment of the
California Institutes for Science and Innovation is
the commercialization of technology from UC
researchers, to keep the pipeline of technology
transfer full in order to continue fueling the
historically strong growth in the high-tech industries
in the state of California.
CITRIS has already begun this process with the
enormous success of microscopic sensors: completely
self-contained, wirelessly-connected, self-networking
“dust motes” that are so low in cost that they may be
distributed in thousands of locations and used for
sensing everything from the temperature and light
levels in buildings, to the humidity on a vine in a
vineyard, to the vibrations from an earthquake or
passing vehicle. One completely new startup
company, Dust, Inc., www.dust-inc.com/, has begun
as a result of this process.
Other companies are beginning to commercialize
related portions of this research. Please see the
Crossbow, Inc. Web site at www.xbow.com/ for more
details of their commercialization of wireless sensors.
Intel has also begun commercializing this
technology; please see the following Web site:
www.svbizink.com/headlines/article.asp?aid=&iid
=&naviid=. This technology transfer process
is one that we expect to grow exponentially over the
next few years, as more results of CITRIS research
become ready for commercialization.
237
238 SECTION 8.4 CITRIS-AFFILIATED LABORATORIES
SECTION 8.4 CITRIS-AFFILIATED
LABORATORIES
Another form of interaction with industry has been
the establishment of off-campus corporate research
laboratories, sponsored by individual companies,
located near UC campuses, housing UC and
industrial researchers in the same facility. These
laboratories provide excellent venues for close
collaboration of research topics that are of particular
interest to the sponsoring company but are done
with the full cooperation and blessing of the
University.
Interior of Intel “Lab-let” in Berkeley
One such example is the Intel Research “Lab-let”
located near UC in Berkeley. The founding director
of this laboratory was Prof. David Culler while on
leave from EECS at UC Berkeley. The focus of this
lab is extremely networked systems – the very large,
the very small, and the very numerous. For more
details about the research projects in this laboratory,
please consult the laboratory’s Web site at
www.intel-research.net/berkeley/features/
trade_show.asp.
CITRIS Space, Building Plans, and Construction
“As information technology becomes more powerful and
pervasive, CITRIS will advance technology and improve
our day-to-day lives. CITRIS will exploit the potential
for technology to strengthen our public infrastructure,
with a clear emphasis on addressing the many
challenges our society faces and will face in the future.”
DION ARONER,
ASSEMBLYWOMAN (D-BERKELEY)
9
SECTION 9.1 CITRIS SPACE
CITRIS Space, Building Plans, and Construction
SECTION 9.1 CITRIS SPACE
An important element in the establishment of
CITRIS and a primary purpose for substantial and
generous State funding has been the construction of
new building space designed to promote
interdisciplinary, collaborative research and teaching
in topics that relate to information technologies,
with special emphasis on the use of those
technologies in the service of society. New structures
will serve as Institute-wide as well as local campus
focal points to achieve these goals. There are two
major elements of that space plan. The first is a new
building at UC Berkeley, with the interim name of
CITRIS-II, to be constructed on the site of the
existing Davis Hall North (Davis Hall North
Replacement Building). The second is new office and
laboratory space at UC Santa Cruz, to be housed
within the new Engineering Building. This section
summarizes progress on the planning and
construction of those spaces, plus the development
of CITRIS space that is being used presently while
new structures are under construction.
241
242
SECTION 9.1.1 SPACE AT UC BERKELEY
Section 9.1.1 Space at UC Berkeley
In January , the CITRIS Director and her staff at
UC Berkeley consolidated operations in the newlyrenovated Hearst Memorial Mining Building
(HMMB). (See www.berkeley.edu/news/berkeleyan/
//_hrst.html.) CITRIS occupies six offices
and six new laboratories in HMMB. The laboratories
are devoted to nanoscale imaging and
characterization experiments (T. Kalil), a nanointerface laboratory (Prof. L. Lee), the Berkeley
Institute of Design (Prof. J. Canny), a computing
laboratory (Prof. U. Vazirani), an earthquake sensing
laboratory (Prof. S. Glaser), and a tele-immersion
laboratory (Prof. R. Bajcsy) (see more details below
under Infrastructure). The duration of the stay in
those spaces is expected to last until the new
CITRIS-II is completed at which time some of these
facilities will move to the new building.
Modifications to CITRIS space in Cory Hall, and the
construction of a new building adjacent to Soda
Hall, have been deferred owing to funding
limitations.
Existing Naval
Architecture
Architecture
Building
Hearst
Hearst Ave.
Ave.
The CITRIS-II building will comprise almost
, assignable square feet (ASF) for research
laboratories, including the following: a new ,
ASF Microelectronics / Nanofabrication facility; a
Distance Learning Facility; space for the new
Millennium Project; laboratories for collaborative
research (for instance, between EECS and the School
of Architecture in the design of sensor networks for
energy management); offices (for faculty researchers,
visitors, students, and staff); and general-use areas
(auditorium and conference rooms). The main
building will contain seven floors of offices, research
areas, and common space. The Nanofabrication
Facility proper will be built in three stories, one of
which will be used for air and equipment
management.
“CITRIS II”
Existing
Davis
Davis Hall
Hall South
The
The view
view from
from the
the west
west
The accompanying architect’s rendering shows the CITRIS-II building viewed from the west, near the
North Gate entrance to the Berkeley campus.
SECTION 9.1.1 SPACE AT UC BERKELEY
CITRIS Distance Learning Center
Auditorium
CITRIS Distance Learning Center
Floorplan for Second Floor of CITRIS at UCB
This report does not allow space for a fullydetailed description of plans for CITRIS-II.
Nonetheless, owing to the tremendous significance
of this new structure and the research it will house,
included below are the details for two representative
floors in CITRIS-II. The first illustration shows the
plan for the second floor.
This floor houses a -seat auditorium that will
be the CITRIS Distance Learning Center’s main
venue at Berkeley. The Learning Center will also
embrace a -seat classroom and two -seat
class/seminar rooms. A high priority will be given to
linking these facilities to UC Merced and to making
presentations that are available to CITRIS corporate
sponsors and funding agencies. To that end, specific
A/V and networking hardware will be installed.
Active academic partners in the use of this floor
include the College of Engineering, the Berkeley
School of Education, the Haas School of Business,
and of course, the UC Merced School of
Engineering.
The plan for the th floor shows typical research
work area, offices, and laboratory space as well as
one floor of the new CITRIS Nanofabrication
Facility. The laboratory space will remain flexible in
the sense that its usage will vary over time as projects
are started, conducted, and completed. After
completion, new projects will take their place, as
detailed in Section ... This floor also shows a
planned bridge to Cory Hall to promote
collaboration, interactivity, and continuity with the
people and the work taking place in EECS.
243
244
SECTION 9.1.1 SPACE AT UC BERKELEY
CITRIS Nanofabrication Facility
(shown here without equipment in place)
Floorplan for sixth floor of CITRIS-II at UCB.
Laboratory and office space for interdisciplinary, collaborative projects.
A critical component of CITRIS-II is the
construction of a new world-class nanofabrication
facility – the CITRIS Nanofabrication Center (CNC),
one floor of which is shown in the drawing above.
(A more detailed layout of this floor is shown
below.) The CNC will replace and significantly
expand the capabilities of the present Berkeley
Microfabrication Laboratory by providing over
, ASF of laboratory space. The laboratory will
be a unique facility with two floors of processing
area with an elevator and stairwell within the clean
envelope. The laboratory will fulfill all requirements
for certification as an H6 hazardous occupancy
facility and will have an independent H2 gas and
chemical storage area. By assuring such certification,
the laboratory ensures its ability to welcome any new
research direction and all new material requests.
SECTION 9.1.1 SPACE AT UC BERKELEY
Floorplan for top floor of CITRIS Nanofabrication Facility UCB.
The laboratory will continue to be one of the few
fabrication laboratories at any university that
maintain a CMOS baseline monitoring process for
verification of process integration. The lab will
expand its electroplating and chemical mechanical
polish processing capability to include copper, thus
enabling a dual damascene baseline process. The lab
will also continue to maintain its in-house mask
making capabilities and will extend its DUV
lithography limit to sub-nm by adding an e-beam
lithography system. While silicon device research will
be primarily on " substrates, laboratory areas that
can accommodate independent " process modules
will be available.
245
246
SECTION 9.1.2 SPACE AT UC SANTA CRUZ
The CNC will continue to support users far
beyond the electronic device community by
maintaining full " substrate processing for MEMS
fabrication and complete manual lithography
capability for processing new materials with unique
handling requirements and geometries. The Berkeley
Microlab has been a leader in developing
technologies that enable integration of electronic
and MEMS devices on a monolithic substrate. The
CNC will expand that integration to include
optoelectronic devices by including MOCVD
capabilities within the lab. To enable the greatest
degree of nanotechnology integration, areas of the
lab and the planned tool set have been specifically
designed to ensure the ability to transfer substrates
to and from the Bio-Nanotechnology Center of the
Bioengineering Department and the materials
synthesis and characterization laboratory of the
EECS and Materials Science Departments (IML).
Construction of CITRIS-II is scheduled to begin
in the first few months of , and completion is
scheduled for spring .
SECTION 9.1.2 SPACE AT UC SANTA
CRUZ
The CITRIS space at UC Santa Cruz will be located
on two floors in the new Engineering Building. The
Level  – West facility, whose floor plan is shown
below, will comprise twelve research laboratories for
Societal-scale Information Systems design and
engineering. It will also house  researcher offices,
nine administrative and technical staff offices,
interactive spaces, a conference room, and a
machine/instrument room. In all, there are about
, ASF. The space on Level  – East (not shown)
includes a large, -seat research laboratory for
experimenting with technology and teaching
techniques that use the Web.
Interactive Spaces
Conference Rooms
Machine/Instrument Room
Level 5 – West Engineering Building, UC Santa Cruz
SECTION 9.2 SPACE SELECTION CRITERIA
SECTION 9.2 SPACE SELECTION
CRITERIA
We are currently refining our criteria for selecting
which research programs and personnel will occupy
these new CITRIS facilities. There are at least three
key, broad criteria for consideration in selecting
research programs that can be stated at this time:
relevance of the research topic, space needs, and level
of interdisciplinary collaboration.
The subjects and research agenda proposed should
conform to the CITRIS research agenda and fall
within four broad CITRIS areas of interest:
We are proposing that space is to be assigned
based on a set of needs and uniqueness of
requirements, an initial list of which includes the
following:
» To invent, explore, analyze, and understand highly
interconnected societal-scale systems at the extremes
of the computing and networking spectrum – the
very large, the very small, the very diverse, and the
very numerous
» Who are the partners in the collaboration? Will
they need to occupy space in CITRIS and/or do they
have any special space requirements?
» Extreme systems that are likely to spur wholly new
kinds of applications, demand new technology,
require novel design approaches, and present
previously unseen phenomena;
» Leading-edge electrical engineering and computer
science involving problems of scale, cutting across
traditional areas of architecture, operating systems,
networks, and languages to enable a wide range of
explorations in ubiquitous computing, both
embedded in the environment and carried easily on
moving objects and people, as well as at extreme
global scale
» The application of such computer science and
information technology to societal and quality-oflife problems, as defined and, from time to time
refined, under the CITRIS research agenda
» Does the space satisfy a unique need or uniquely
promote collaboration and/or interaction?
» Does the proposed project for occupying this
building require access to unique facilities housed
therein?
» Does the project leverage the presence of industry
scientists/engineers? How much and what kind of
space will they need?
» As projects and programs mature and evolve, with
new projects replacing mature ones over the life of
the Institute, office space may be assigned for limited
periods. Are there any special requirements for
which this would be an issue?
Programs within CITRIS are designed to bring
together a critical mass of researchers from academia
and industry, forming a set of interdisciplinary teams
that are appropriate for the societal-scale problems
being addressed in CITRIS. Therefore, the level of
interdisciplinary collaboration exhibited by a project
could play a role in influencing space assignment.
247
CITRIS Testbeds and Infrastructure
“The CITRIS research agenda addresses the high-priority
needs in education, transportation, safety, health care,
industry and several other areas crucial to the future
of the state and its citizens. Developing technological
solutions to these issues will help improve the quality
of life, the economy and the overall success of
California in the coming years.”
CAROL WHITESIDE,
PRESIDENT, GREAT VALLEY CENTER, MODESTO
10
SECTION 10.1.1 THE MILLENNIUM PROJECT
CITRIS Testbeds and Infrastructure
SECTION 10.1 CITRIS TESTBED
DEVELOPMENT
Section 10.1.1 The Millennium Project
www.millennium.berkeley.edu
The Millennium Project is developing a powerful,
networked computational testbed, distributed across
the UC Berkeley campus to enable interdisciplinary
research spanning computational science, computer
science, and information management. We see
computer simulation and modeling becoming
established as the third pillar of science and
engineering, complementing the traditional activities
of theory and experimentation, and expanding to
encompass information processing activities, such as
database indexing and financial modeling. These
activities demand not only tremendous
computational and I/O capacity that is easily
accessible, but also new methods of interacting with
data, with ongoing simulations, and with research
colleagues. In addition, the increasing level of
computer integration requires that design principles
be developed for large-scale “systems of systems,”
where the individual components are complete
systems with complex behaviors that must operate
together in a coherent fashion. Soon, large
organizations will be dealing with systems on the
scale of millions of processors. As the scale of the
system increases, as the individual components
become more complex, and as the range of
application demands broaden, the system can no
longer be viewed as a set of rigid, closely interlocking
components like a mechanical system; nor can it be
decomposed into simple client-server hierarchies.
Such systems function more like an economy, where
many complex components take local actions that
influence one another and implicitly shape the
behavior of the system as a whole. In addition, the
behavior of these systems is strongly influenced by
how they are used, so the research in design
principles cannot be conducted in isolation from its
application and user context.
The testbed contains nearly a thousand
computers, granted by Intel as part of its Technology
 program. On May , , we will have
celebrated a contribution from Hewlett-Packard and
Intel known as the CITRIS cluster, comprising 
Dual Itanium-II boxes. We should have total of 
of these processors by the end of the year as well as
an additional  .GHz Madison processors.
The hardware organization of the proposed
“system-of-systems” consists of a federation of
systems at five levels that mirror the organizational
structure of the institution. The entire collection of
clusters will be interconnected across campus with
high-bandwidth gigabit Ethernet links to form a
large cluster of clusters of SMPs, called an intercluster. The base system software is provided by
Microsoft Inc. and Sun Microcomputer Corp. The
networking is provided through an NSF CISE
Research Infrastructure Grant complementing a
large donation from Nortel Networks. Staff support,
network management, and facilities are provided by
the University and NSF. Several externally funded
research projects are developing experimental
software for the testbed, including new
programming environments for scalable, available
services, new parallel numerical methods to new
programming languages to support irregular
computations, and novel mechanisms for resource
allocation.
Millennium Cluster Load on April 21, 2003
251
252 SECTION 10.1.2 THE PLANETLAB PROJECT
Section 10.1.2 The PlanetLab Project
PlanetLab is a global overlay network for developing
and accessing new planetary-scale network services.
There are currently more than  machines at 
sites worldwide available to support both short-term
experiments and long-running network services.
Since the beginning of , more than  research
projects at top academic institutions including MIT,
Stanford, UC Berkeley, Princeton, and the University
of Washington have used PlanetLab to experiment
with such diverse topics as distributed storage,
network mapping, peer-to-peer systems, distributed
hash tables, and distributed query processing. Many
of the results from these experiments are now
appearing in such internationally prestigious
conferences as ACMs SIGCOMM and OSDI.
The goal is to grow to  geographically
distributed nodes, connected by a diverse collection
of links. Toward this end, we are putting PlanetLab
nodes into edge sites, co-location and routing
centers, and homes (i.e., at the end of DSL lines and
cable modems). PlanetLab is designed to support
both short-term experiments and long-running
services. Currently running services include network
weather maps, network-embedded storage, peer-topeer networks, and content distribution networks.
Visit www.planet-lab.org/php/overview.php for an
overview of PlanetLab, and its design goals.
The project is being seeded by Intel Research,
which is providing hardware for the first set of nodes,
and operational and development support for
PlanetLab in the short to medium term.
The map on the PlanetLab Web front page is generated dynamically from the PlanetLab database, which
includes longitude and latitude for all the institutions currently participating in PlanetLab by hosting
machines. The color of the nodes reflects the average number of bytes sent from hosting machines at the
site during the last five minutes.
SECTION 10.1.3 ETCHNET
Section 10.1.3 Etchnet
A network called “Etchnet” has been installed on the
second floor of Etcheverry Hall at UC Berkeley to
determine certain building environmental
characteristics, such as temperature and illumination
levels. This site was chosen for a number of reasons,
including its similarity to that of an industrial
setting, both in structure and contents. Most relevant
is the presence of large operational machinery, such
as machine tools. There are two main corridors as
shown in Figure  below. The network initially
consists of the minimal number of motes to fully
connect the main corridors, as shown in the floor
plan diagram below. This creates a serial type
connection between nodes such that only one
possible route between two nodes exists.
Figure 1: Floor plan of Etcheverry Hall at UC Berkeley
(distances between nodes are not to scale)
253
254 SECTION 10.1.3 ETCHNET
A small extension network to Etchnet was
implemented to record the thermal distribution
within a room. A thermistor-based circuit was
designed specifically for the temperature fluctuations
expected in the room. An additional environmentalspecific package was designed to attach to the cubical
walls in the room (Figure ). The package was
created using a Fused Deposition Modeling rapid
prototyping process and utilizes snap fits to attach
the two halves.
A Visual Basic program was created to display the
wireless node temperature data (Figure ). The
program allows a remote computer to connect to the
host computer and receive the network data. The
results of an experimental run are displayed
graphically in Figure  (red coloring is correlated to
warmer temperatures) and show that large
temperature gradients exist within the room, and
moreover, that cold spots (blue areas) are a result of
inefficient HVAC cooling and thus, inefficient energy
usage. Non-uniform temperatures are also good
predictors for low occupant comfort levels.
Figure 1: Mote, Sensor Board, and Packaging
Figure 2: Floor Plan of 2111 Etcheverry Hall
with Temperatures
Figure 3: Floor Plan with Temperature
Distribution
Intelligent Wattmeter Application
The “Intelligent Wattmeter” measures energy
consumption of any appliance being plugged into it.
The physical design of the “Intelligent Wattmeter”
mimics a regular extension cord so that any
appliance can be plugged into the receptor. Inside
the plastic enclosure, a circuit measures the energy
consumption of the appliance. The sensor
information is transmitted to the base station
wirelessly through a mica mote. The “Intelligent
Wattmeter” utilizes the same modified actuationbased TinyOS as Etchnet with which it seamlessly
interacts. When appropriate, the base station
computer sends a wireless signal back to the
“Intelligent Wattmeter” to switch off the appliance
via a power relay.
SECTION 10.2 CITRIS COMPUTER NETWORKING INFRASTRUCTURE
SECTION 10.2 CITRIS COMPUTER
NETWORKING INFRASTRUCTURE
The CITRIS computer infrastructure largely
comprises computer networking systems that are
used to enhance communications among researchers
and educators within CITRIS and between CITRIS
and its sponsors. This infrastructure is clearly built
upon the backbone of existing networking facilities
that exist within the various campuses and
departments. But, as illustrated with the Millennium
laboratory testbed above, there are some special
portions of the infrastructure that are dedicated to
specific CITRIS tasks and that have experienced
significant upgrades during the last year. These are
outlined briefly below.
UC Davis currently is in the process of setting up
an optical-Internet testbed on campus. This testbed
will also link with another testbed, the opticalCDMA testbed for the DARPA-sponsored project.
CIPIC at UC Davis (see detailed description in
Section .) has a new remote collaborative teleimmersive virtual reality facility being set up.
ConferenceXP, as part of the Microsoft Learning
Sciences Technologies initiatives, has been
implemented in the UC Berkeley EECS department
since February . EECS has collaborated with the
Microsoft Research CXP team continuously as one of
the five main beta sites and has sponsored several
Industrial Advisory Board meetings using this
technology.
CXP is also being planned and deployed within
CITRIS as one of the distance learning/collaborative
classroom environments. A node in the Hearst
Memorial Mining Building was deployed in the
office of CITRIS Director, Dr. Bajcsy, as of January
, . Along with the Dean’s node in Cory Hall
and three other staff test nodes, EECS/CITRIS now
has a total of  production CXP nodes. Our server
sits in EECS Soda Hall and hosts the local UCB
EECS/CITRIS venue. All of our nodes are managed,
kept up to date with version and bug fixes, and can
optionally join either the Microsoft venue service or
our local venue server. A trial -way nodes demo was
conducted for Microsoft Research CXP project leads
on February , .
During the last Microsoft FCM day (March ,
), CITRIS hosted a CITRIS CXP demonstration
for Microsoft. All EECS nodes, as well as one UC
Davis node, came alive. Features of CXP were
demonstrated, such as teleconferencing, remote
collaborations, document sharing, etc. The UCSC
node will come up at a later time.
255
CITRIS Organization, Operations, and Finances
11
“CITRIS and the other CISI institutes will keep California
at the cutting-edge of advanced technologies – fostering
economic growth and creating high-tech, high-wage jobs.
CITRIS will also ensure that these new technologies serve
the public interest by cutting our energy bill, protecting
the environment, expanding access to educational
opportunity through distance learning, and saving lives
and property in disasters.”
GRAY DAVIS,
CALIFORNIA GOVERNOR
ucb chancellor
Robert M. Berdahl
institute governing board
executive director
Gary Baldwin
education coordination
council
Paul Wright, Chair UCB
Pat Mantey* UCSC
Jeff Wright* UCM
Harry Matthews UCD
linkage to uc
extension
industrial
representatives
linkage to
citris research
projects
institute advisory board
director
Ruzena Bajcsy
See Detail Listing in Table Attached
facilities
design
inter-campus
relations
industrial
relations/tech
transfer/ip
communications:
web & public
relations
linkage to
regents & state
See Detail Listing in Table Attached
chief scientist & associate director
James Demmel
director
finance &
admin
Vicki Lucas
budget/finance,
grants tracking
& matching
administrative
staff
links to merced,
davis & santa
cruz offices,
vcr, and op
facilities
management
research coordination council
G. Fenves†
UCB
D. Culler*
UCB
Driving
Applications
Engineering
Systems
Technologies
Distributed System
Architectures
R. Katz
D. Long
Smart
Buildings
E. Arens
Microelectronics
& Microelectromechanics
R. Howe, B. Yoo,
C. Gu, T.J. King
Disaster Risk
Reduction
S. Glaser
Environmental
Monitoring
G. Fenves
Medical Alert
Networks
T. Budinger
Shaded sections make up the CITRIS Executive Committee.
Infrastructure
Smart
Classrooms
L. Rowe,
P. Mantey
Transportation
Networks
P. Varaiya
* CITRIS Affiliate Campus Directors
† Co-Chairs appointed from faculty below
serve on rotating basis.
S.J.B. Yoo*† D.Patterson†
UCD
UCB
Humanities
and Social
Sciences
L. Lancaster
Human - Centered
Computing
J. Canny
B. Hamann
Foundations
System Reliability
T Henzinger
System Availability
& Maintainability
D. Patterson
Security, Privacy
& Policy
H. Varian
S. Sastry
Algorithmic
Foundations
C. Papdimitriou
J. Demmel
SECTION 11.1 CITRIS ORGANIZATION
CITRIS Organization, Operations, and Finances
11.1 CITRIS ORGANIZATION
The way that CITRIS has organized its advisory
groups, its research projects, its leadership, and its
staff has remained essentially unchanged from the
model suggested in the original  proposal. A
copy of that organizational chart is reproduced here.
What has changed in this chart is that several staff
positions have been filled; the Institute now has an
executive director, a communications coordinator, a
Web site programmer, a new Administrative
Assistant for the CITRIS at Davis office, and a
testbed engineer (% time), all hired to help create
and enhance the smooth operation of the Institute.
259
260
SECTION 11.1 CITRIS ORGANIZATION
The Institute Advisory Board (IAB), whose
constituency is shown in the list below, meets at least
as often as there is a CITRIS FCM Day. Informal
phone conferences and interaction on a one-on-one
basis also occurred throughout the year. This board
has provided CITRIS leadership with guidance on
coupling the research agenda and CITRIS researchers
to industry, primarily in order to enhance
collaborations and strengthen interactions.
(See Section 9 of this report.)
The IAB is currently chaired by Dr. Patrick Scaglia
of Hewlett-Packard Laboratories. The Board is
highly interactive with the leadership of CITRIS,
attends CITRIS FCM Days, and holds sessions
among its members on those days to consider the
impact and directions of the research and offer
guidance on some aspects of CITRIS operations. For
example, the Board decided at its February , ,
meeting to open all CITRIS Corporate Sponsor
portals on the CITRIS Web site to public scrutiny,
except for limited, private, financial aspects of those
pages.
CITRIS Institute Advisory Board
Technical Founding Corporate Member Representatives:
» Pehong Chen, President and Chief Executive Officer, Broadvision Inc.
» Phil Edholm, CTO and Vice-President of Optical Network Architecture, Nortel Networks Ltd.
» Karl Joachim Ebeling, Senior Vice-President and Director of Corporate Research,
Infineon Technologies AG, (Ulrich Ramacher, Professor and Senior Director, alternate)
» Hakan Eriksson, Vice-President of Research, Ericsson AB
» Dan T. Ling, Vice-President of Research, Microsoft Corporation
(Jim Gray, Microsoft Fellow and Manager, Microsoft Bay Area Research Center, alternate)
» Joel Monnier, Corporate Vice-President and Director of Central R&D, ST Microelectronics
Corporation (Bhusan Gupta, STM Berkeley Laboratory Research Manager, alternate)
» Robert T.J. Morris, Vice-President of Personal Systems, IBM Almaden Research Center,
IBM Corporation
» Patrick Scaglia (Chair), Vice-President and Director of Internet and Computing Platforms,
Hewlett-Packard Corporation
» Greg Papadopoulos, Senior Vice-President and CTO, Sun Microsystems Inc.,
(Heinz Joerg Schwarz, Senior Group Manager, Global Education and Research, alternate)
» Pantas Sutardja, Chief Technology Officer, Marvell Technology Group Ltd.
» David Tennenhouse, Vice-President and Director of Research, Intel Corporation
SECTION 11.1 CITRIS ORGANIZATION
Similarly, the Institute Governing Board was
constituted to provide academic and strategic
guidance, with an obviously strong coupling to the
University administration and to the other California
Institutes for Science and Innovation. The
constituency of the CITRIS Governing Board is
shown in the table below. This Board will meet for
the first time on May , .
CITRIS Institute Governing Board
Robert Berdahl (Chairman), Chancellor, UC Berkeley
George Breslauer, Prof. and Dean of the Social Sciences Division, UC Berkeley
Beth Burnside, Vice-Chancellor for Research, UC Berkeley
Lawrence Coleman, Vice-Provost for Research, UC Office of the President
Tom Campbell, Dean of the Haas Business School, UC Berkeley
David Culler, Prof. EECS, UC Berkeley; Director of Intel Research Lab, Berkeley
James Demmel, Prof. EECS, UC Berkeley and CITRIS Chief Scientist
Harrison Fraker, Dean of the College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley
Paul Gray, Executive Vice-Chancellor and Provost, UC Berkeley
Suzanne Huttner, Associate Vice-Provost for Research, UC Office of the President
Adib Kanafani, Prof. Civil and Environmental Engineering, UC Berkeley
Steven Kang, Dean of the School of Engineering, UC Santa Cruz
Randy Katz, Prof. EECS, UC Berkeley
Enrique Lavernia, Dean of the School of Engineering, UC Davis
Marcia Linn, Prof. School of Education, UC Berkeley
Patrick Mantey, Prof. School of Engineering, UC Santa Cruz, and Affiliate Director of CITRIS
Richard Newton, Dean of the College of Engineering, UC Berkeley
David Patterson, Prof. EECS, UC Berkeley
Albert Pisano, Prof. ME and Director, Electronics Research Laboratory, UC Berkeley
Mark Richards, Dean, Division of Physical Sciences, UC Berkeley
Pamela Samuelson, Prof. Boalt School of Law, and at SIMS, UC Berkeley
Shankar Sastry, Chair EECS, UC Berkeley
Annalee Saxenian, Prof. Dept. City and Regional Planning, and at SIMS, UC Berkeley
Hal Varian, Dean of SIMS, UC Berkeley
Steven Weber, Prof. Political Science, UC Berkeley
Jeffrey Wright, Dean of the School of Engineering, UC Merced, and Affiliate Director of CITRIS
Paul Wright, Prof. ME and Associate Dean, College of Engineering, UC Berkeley
S.J. Ben Yoo, Prof. ECE, UC Davis, and CITRIS Affiliate Director
261
262 SECTION 11.2 CITRIS FINANCIAL REPORT
SECTION 11.2 CITRIS FINANCIAL
REPORT
CITRIS’ revenue is composed of state funds,
industrial gifts, and UCB campus funds. CITRIS
spends approximately % of its budget on
operations and % on research. CITRIS received
$M in State, capital-to-operating conversion funds
in years  and  and anticipates that it will receive a
total of $.M in these funds by year  of operation.
CITRIS uses the state funds to cover the operating
costs of the Institute and also to seed evolving
research projects. Institute operating costs include
salaries and benefits for the CITRIS staff, public
relations, events and meetings, operating supplies
and equipment, and technical support. CITRIS has
provided funding for research in the areas of
distance learning, digital libraries and data mining,
an experimental social sciences laboratory, nutrition,
video conferencing, and deployment of sensors.
CITRIS has greatly benefited from the generous
donations, both cash and in-kind, from its Founding
Corporate Members, Associate Corporate Members,
other industry partners, and private donors. CITRIS
and its industry partners have jointly provided funds
that support a broad range of research projects and
student activities. Some of these projects include
distance learning (see Section . of this report),
development of a telemersive laboratory (see Section
.), information management systems
(sims.berkeley.edu/), SAGE Scholar’s Program
(students.berkeley.edu/sagescholars/), Center for
Underrepresented Engineering Students
(www.coe.berkeley.edu/cues/index.html), the
International Computer Science Institute
(www.icsi.berkeley.edu/), and various academic
and industrial conferences.
CITRIS has received $, in UCB campus
funds in each of years  and . CITRIS used
$, of this amount to provide competitive
awards and fellowships for four masters and four
doctoral students in the departments of Energy and
Resources, Information Management & Systems,
Business Administration, and Political Science. The
Master’s awards are for one year; the doctoral
fellowships are for two years. CITRIS anticipates
continuing its awards program as part of its
complete interdisciplinary, inter-campus research
agenda. CITRIS is also using a portion of campus
funds to employ a temporary Special Assistant to the
Director in Network Security who will assist Director
Bajcsy in evaluating current network security testbed
experiments, and propose new research in response
to CITRIS’ mission. In total, CITRIS is slightly
behind budget in spending through March , 
(the most recent date for which financial
information is available), % actual vs. %
budgeted.
CITRIS will be petitioning the State to become
part of the University’s permanent budget and to
receive ongoing funding to support the
infrastructure of the Institute. These anticipated state
funds along with continued growth in industry gifts
will be used to fund CITRIS’ ongoing operations and
research mission.
The following tables summarize CITRIS’ financial
history and status over the period  July  to
(projected)  June .
SECTION 11.2 CITRIS FINANCIAL REPORT
CITRIS CONSOLIDATED INCOME STATEMENT
Year 2: July 1, 2002 - June 30, 2003
@ March 31, 2003
BUDGET
7/1/02 - 6/30/03
REVENUE - Operations & Research
4,237,000 1
EXPENSE - Operations
1,102,000
ACTUAL
7/1/02 - 6/30/03
@ 3/31/03
3,277,000 1
28%
646,000
24%
72%
93,000
1,803,000
160,000
2,056,000
76%
EXPENSE - Research
Research Personnel
Research Projects
Fellowships
Total Research Expense
Expense - Total Operations & Res.
Net Surplus / <Deficit>
1
2
Year 1 carryforward is included
Includes 235,000 in Director's Discretionary Fund
161,000
2,489,000
160,000
2,810,000
3,912,000
325,000 2
2,702,000
575,000
263
264
SECTION 11.2 CITRIS FINANCIAL REPORT
CITRIS COMPARATIVE INCOME STATEMENT - ACTUAL
Year 2
7/1/02 @ 3/31/03
REVENUE - Operations &
EXPENSE - Operations
Year 1
7/1/01 - 6/30/02
1
3,277,000
646,000
2,742,000
24%
641,000
39%
76%
1,000
1,017,000
0
1,018,000
61%
EXPENSE - Research
Research Personnel
Research Projects
Fellowships
Total Research Expense
Expense - Total
Net Surplus / <Deficit>
1
Year 1 carryforw ard is included
93,000
1,803,000
160,000
2,056,000
2,702,000
1,659,000
575,000
1,083,000
Appendix: CITRIS Primary Investigators
APPENDIX: CITRIS PRIMARY INVESTIGATORS
Appendix: CITRIS Primary Investigators
BERKELEY CAMPUS
PI Name ()
Department ()
Agogino, A.
Aiken, A.
Alivisatos, A.
Anantharam, V.
Arens, E.
Arkin, A.
Auslander, D.
Bajcsy, R.
Barsky, B.
Bartlett, P.
Bodik, R.
Bokor, J.
Boser, B. E.
Brayton, R.
Brewer, E.
Brimhall, G.
Brodersen, R.W.
Canny, J.
Castells, M.
Chang-Hasnain, C.
Clancy, M.
Clarke, J.
Cole, Robert E.
Crommie, M.
Culler, D.
Davis, S. J. C.
Demmel, J. W.
Dey, A.
Dreger, D.
El Ghaoui, L.
Fearing, R.
Feldman, J.
Fenves, G. L.
Fernandez-Pello, C.
Forsyth, D.
Frechet, A.
Glaser, S.
ME
EECS/CS
Chemistry
EECS
Arch./CEDR
Bioeng./Chem.
ME
EECS/CS
CS/Optometry
Chemistry
EECS
EECS
EECS
EECS
EECS
Earth & Plan. Sci.
EECS
EECS/CS
Sociology/BCIS
EECS
EECS/CS
Physics
Haas
Physics
EECS/CS
Physics
EECS/CS
Earth & Plan. Sci.
EECS
EECS
ICSI/BCIS
Civil/CEE
ME
EECS/CS
Chemistry
CEE
Goldberg, K. Y.
Graham, S. L.
Harley, D.
Hellerstein, J. M.
Henzinger, T.
Howe, R. T.
Hu, C.
Jordan, M.
Karp, R.
Katz, R.
Keutzer, K. W.
King, T.
Kubiatowicz, J.
Kubinec, M.
Lancaster, L.
Landay, J.
Lee, E.
Lee, L. P.
Liepmann, D.
Lin, L.
Linn, M.
Lyman, P.
Maboudian, R.
Majumdar, A.
Malik, J.
Mankoff, J.
Muller, R. S.
Necula, G.
Nemeth, C. J.
Neureuther, B.
Newton, A. R.
Nikolic, A.
O’Brien, J.
O’Reilly, O.
Oldham, W. G.
Papadimitriou, C.
Peres, Y.
Pisano, A.
Pister, K.
IE & OR
EECS/CS
BMRC
EECS/CS
EECS
EECS
EECS
EECS/CS
EECS/CS
EECS/CS
EECS
EECS
EECS/CS
Chemistry
ECAI
EECS/CS
EECS
Bioeng.
Bioeng.
ME
Education
SIMS
Chem. Eng.
ME
EECS/CS
EECS/CS
EECS
EECS
Psych.
EECS
Dean
EECS
EECS/CS
ME
EECS
EECS/CS
Statistics
EECS
EECS
267
268 APPENDIX: CITRIS PRIMARY INVESTIGATORS
Rabaey, J. M.
Radke, J.
EECS
Landscape Arch. &
Environ. Planning
Ramchandran, K.
EECS
Rowe, L.
EECS/CS
Russell, S.
EECS/CS
Sack, W.
IMS
Sahai, A.
EECS
Sanders, S.
EECS
Sangiovanni-Vicentelli, A. EECS
Sastry, S. S.
EECS
Sengupta, R.
ITS/PATH
Sequin, C.
EECS/CS
Shelanski, H.
Law
Shenker, S.
EECS/ICSI
Shewchuk, J.
EECS
Sinclair, A.
EECS/CS
Sitar, N.
CEE
Stamper-Kurn, D.
Physics
Stoica, I.
EECS/CS
Subramanian, V.
Teece, D.
Tse, D.
Tygar, D.
Varaiya, P. P.
Varian, H . R.
Vazirani, U.
Wagner, D.
Walrand, J.
Weber, S.
Whaley, B.
Wilensky, R.
Wright, P.
Yelick, K.
Zakhor, A.
Zettl, A.
EECS
IMIO (Haas)
EECS
IMS/EECS
EECS
IMS
EECS/CS
EECS/CS
EECS
Pol. Sci.
Chemistry
EECS/CS
ME
EECS/CS
EECS
Physics
DAVIS CAMPUS
PI Name ()
Department ()
Balasubramanyam, P.
Bishop, M.
Boulanger, R.
Castori, P.
Chai, Y. H.
Chalupa, L.
Chen-Nee, C.
Dong, Z.
Freeman, R.
Gertz, M.
Ghosal, D.
Gorin, F.
Guo, T.
Hamann, B.
Hammock, B.
Heritage, J.
Hurst, P. E
Jeremic, B.
Jones, E.
Joy, K.
CS
CS
CEE
EES
CEE
Neuroscience
ECE
AS
CS
CS
Neurology
Chemistry
CIPIC
Entomology
ECE
CE
Civil/Env. Eng.
Neuroscience
CS
Karten, H.
Kolner, B.
Kunnath, S.
Kutter, B.
Laub, A.
Levitt, K.
Lewis, S.
Lin, S.
Lowry, M.
Luhmann, N.
Lund, J.
Ma, K.
Maher, M.
Matthews, H.
Max, N.
Mohapatra, P.
Mount, J.
Mukherjee, B.
Niemeier, D.
Olshausen, B.
Pandey, R.
Paw, U. K. T.
Applied Science
CEE
CEE
AS
CS
ECE
Cancer Ctr./Basic Sci.
Linquistics
AS
CEE
CS
Grad. Sch-Mgmt.
BioChemistry
AS
CS
Geology
CS
CEE
Psychology
CS
Land, Water, and
Air Resources
APPENDIX: CITRIS PRIMARY INVESTIGATORS
Rocke, D.
Rowe, J.
Schladow, G.
Shackelford, J.
Spencer, R.
Tien, N.
Velinsky, S.
Walters, R.
Wexler, A.
*
AS
CS
CEE
ChE/MS
ECE
ECE
MAE
CS
MAE
Williams, S.
Wilson, D.
Wu, F.
Wuertz, S.
Yoo, B.*
Zhu, X.
ES&P
CEE
CS
CEE
ECE
Physics
PI Name ()
Department ()
Abadi, M.
Balmforth, M.
Brandwajn, A.
Brandt, S.
Chan, P.
Dai, W.
De Alfaro, L.
DiBlas
Draper, D.
Fang, J.
Flegal, R.
Friedlander, B.
Garcia-Luna, J.J.
Griggs, G.
Gu, C.
Helmbold, D.
Hughey, R.
Jagota,
Kang, S.
Kolaitis, P.
Langdon, G.
Larrabee, T.
Lee, H.
Lodha, S.
CS
AMS
CE
CS
CE
CE
CE
CASFS
AMS
EE
ETOX
EE
CE
Earth Science
EE
CS
CE
CS
Dean - Engineering
CS
CE
CE
AMS
CS
Long, D
McDowell, C.
Madhyastha, T.
Manduchi, R.
Mantey, P.1
Milanfar, P.
Miller, E.
Moylan, C.
Obraszka, K.
Pang, A.
Pedrotti, K.
Prado, R.
Sadjapour, H.
Sanso,
Schmidt, H.
Shakouri, A.
Tan, W.
Tao, H.
Van Gelder, A.
Varma, A.
Vesecky, J.
Warmuth, M.
Whitehead, J.
Wilhelms, J.
CS
CS
CE
CE
CE/CS
EE
CS
EE
CE
CS
EE
AMS
EE
AMS
EE
EE
CE
CE
CS
CE
EE
CS
CS
CS
CITRIS Affiliate Director
SANTA CRUZ CAMPUS
269
270 APPENDIX: CITRIS PRIMARY INVESTIGATORS
MERCED CAMPUS
Wright, J.*
*
Dean-Engineering
CITRIS Affiliate Director
NON UC CAMPUSES
Bond, S.
Han, I.
Holmen, B.
Laskar, J.
Weiss, D.
unidentified
LLNL
LLNL
Univ. of Connecticut
Georgia Tech.
Penn State Univ.
Univ. of Michigan
SUBAWARDING INSTITUTIONS
Carnegie-Mellon
JPL
Mississippi State University
MIT
Stanford University
Tampere University of Technology
USC