Contents Features ...........................................................1 Applications......................................................1 Block Diagram..................................................1 Pin Assignment ................................................2 Absolute Maximum Ratings .............................2 Electrical Characteristics..................................2 UC T Test Circuits .....................................................3 Operation .........................................................4 Selection of External Parts...............................6 OD Standard Circuits..............................................9 Application Circuit ............................................9 Notes on Design.............................................10 DI SC ON TI NU E D Dimensions, Taping .......................................14 PR Characteristics ...............................................11 Rev.2.0 S-8437/8438 Series INVERTING SWITCHING REGULATORS UC T The S-8437/8438 Series is a CMOS inverting switching regulator that consists of a reference voltage source, a CR oscillation circuit, a power MOS FET and an error amplifier. For the S-8437AF, the output voltage is fixed internally and it easily forms an inverting switching regulator with shutdown function; using an external coil, a diode and a capacitor. For the S-8438AF, any output voltage can be set under the condition of VIN≤20-|-VOUT| by mounting two external resistors in addition to the external coil, diode, and capacitor. Both are suitable for use as power sources for portable devices because of their small 5-pin package (SOT-89-5), low current consumption and few external parts. • • • n Block Diagrams 1. S-8437AF −VOUT ON TI CONT VIN PR • D • • Power supply for portable equipment, such as pagers, electronic calculators, and remote controllers • Constant voltage power for LCDs and analog circuits • Power supply for communications equipment, such as cordless phone and portable telephone Low current consumption: (S-8437AF) Operation : 13 µA typ. Shutdown : 0.1 µA max. High-precision output voltage: -5 V±3.5%(S-8437AF) Any voltage can be set by mounting two external resistors (S-8438AF). Built-in CR oscillation circuit: Oscillation frequency: 50 kHz typ. Built-in power MOS FET 5-pin SOT-89-5 small package NU E • n Applications OD n Features 2. S-8438AF CONT VIN M1 M1 R1 Control circuit Control circuit + − Oscillation circuit Reference voltage circuit Reference voltage circuit VFB VREF VSS VSS DI ON/OFF SC R2 Oscillation circuit + − Figure 1 Seiko Instruments Inc. 1 INVERTING SWITCHING REGULATORS S-8437/8438 Series n Pin Assignment Table 1 Top view 4 Terminal name 1 2 S-8437 S-8438 CONT VSS ON/OFF VFB 3 -VOUT VREF 4 1 2 3 5 VIN Description Power MOS FET drain terminal Ground terminal ON/OFF : Shutdown input terminal VFB : Feedback voltage input terminal -VOUT : Negative output voltage terminal VREF : Reference voltage output terminal Positive power input voltage terminal UC T 5 Figure 2 Table 2 OD n Absolute Maximum Ratings (Unless otherwise specified : Ta=25°C) Unit 13 VSS-0.3 to VIN+0.3 VIN ≤20-|-VOUT| 700 500 -40 to+85 -40 to+125 V V V mA mW °C °C PR VIN Vterm -VOUT ICONT PD Topr Tstg Rating VFB, ON/OFF NU E Input power voltage Input terminal voltage Output terminal voltage CONT output current Power dissipation Operating temperature Storage temperature Applicable terminal Symbol D Parameter n Electrical Characteristics 1. S-8437AF-ZA-X Parameter Symbol Min. (Unless otherwise specified : Ta=25°C) Typ. Max. Unit Test cir. -5.000 35 20 ±0.38 10 -5.175 160 100 VIN=5 V, VOUT=-7 V VIN=5 V, ON/OFF=L VIN=5 V VIN=5 V, CONT=4 V VIN=5 V, ON/OFF=H 30 2.4 13 50 150 28 0.1 70 VSL VIN=5 V, ON/OFF=L VOUTOF VIN=5 V, ON/OFF=L RL=100 Ω DI Output voltage during shutdown Conditions 2 -4.825 VIN -VOUT ∆VOUT1 ∆VOUT2 ∆VOUT ∆Ta ISS IST fOSC ISW VSH SC Input power voltage* Output voltage** Line regulation Load regulation Output voltage temperature coefficient Current consumption Current during power-off Oscillation frequency Switching current Shutdown input terminal input voltage ON TI Table 3 VIN=5 V, IOUT=10 mA VIN=3 to 10 V, IOUT=10 mA VIN=5 V, IOUT=10 µA to 15 mA Ta=-40°C to+85 C * The following equation shall be met: VIN ≤20- |-VOUT| ** External parts: Coil: RCH654-101K (100µH) manufactured by Sumida Electronics, or equivalent Diode: DINS4 manufactured by Shindengen, or equivalent If you need output voltages other than above, contact our Sales Department. 2 Seiko Instruments Inc. V V mV mV mV /°C µA µA kHz mA V 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 0.4 0.1 V V 2 1 INVERTING SWITCHING REGULATORS S-8437/8438 Series 2. S-8438AF-ZB-X Table 4 (Unless otherwise specified : Ta=25°C) Parameter Symbol VIN ∆VOUT1 VIN=3 to 10 V, VOUT=-5 V IOUT=10 mA ∆VOUT2 VIN=5 V, VOUT=-5 V IOUT=10 µA to 15 mA VREF VIN=5 V ∆VREF Ta=-40°C to+85°C ∆Ta ISS VIN=5 V, VFB=-0.3 V fOSC VIN=5 V ISW VIN=5 V, CONT=4 V Load regulation Reference voltage Reference voltage temperature coefficient Current consumption Oscillation frequency Switching current Min. Typ. Max. Unit Test cir. 2 35 10 160 V mV 3 3 20 100 mV 3 1.176 1.200 ±0.07 1.224 4 4 30 9 50 150 19 70 V mV / °C µA kHz mA UC T Input power voltage* Line regulation Conditions OD * The following equation shall be met: VIN≤20- |-VOUT| 4 1. 22µF CONT S-8437AF ON/OFF VSS + 22µF 100µF V 2. VIN NU E D - -VOUT VIN + PR n Test Circuits -VOUT S-8437AF A -7 V (Do NOT apply -7 V when measuring ISSS) VSS ON TI ON/OFF SC 3. + R2 VREF S-8438AF 22µF R1 VFB VIN 220 pF CONT R1=417 kΩ, R2=100 kΩ - VSS + 100 µF DI - * Do NOT connect a capacitor to the input side. 22µF V 4. VIN A VFB S-8438AF -0.3 V VREF VSS V * Do NOT connect a capacitor to the input side. Figure 3 Seiko Instruments Inc. 3 INVERTING SWITCHING REGULATORS S-8437/8438 Series n Operation The S-8437/8438 Series consists of a power MOS FET (M1) and a CR oscillation circuit. M1 is turned on and off by the CR oscillation circuit. When M1 is on (tON), energy is accumulated in the inductor (L). When M1 is off (tOFF), the accumulated energy is transferred to the -VOUT capacitor (COUT) through the diode. CR oscillation circuit : Oscillator by a capacitor and a resistor. The oscillating frequency is 50 kHz typ. Reference voltage circuit : Can obtain the reference voltage output of 1.2 V ±2%. In the S-8437/8438 Series, the switching transistor consists of a large Pch power MOS FET. The MOS FET enables much higher-speed switching than a bipolar transistor. The MOS FET can be driven with gate charge and discharge currents. Thus a high-efficient DC-DC converter with few switching losses and low power consumption can be made. UC T Power MOS FET M1 : Shutdown terminal (S-8437AF only) : The reference voltage circuit and CR oscillation circuit can be stopped or started by turning the shutdown terminal to L or H. The input voltage level can meet the TTL level (L:0.4 V max., H:2.4 V min.). Table 5 Description OD ON/OFF All circuit currents are disconnected when oscillation stops (0.1 µA max.). Reversal booster operation. “L” “H” PR NOTE: Do NOT use the shutdown terminal in the floating status. Voltage at A when M1 is on (current IL flowing in L is zero): VA=VIN−VS .................................................................(1) Change by time of IL: dIL dt = VL L VIN−VS = L ON TI VIN−VS • t ..................................... (3) L M1 A VIN L ............................ (2) Integral (IL) of the above equation: IL= NU E (VS : M1 non-saturation voltage) D The basic equations of the inverting switching regulators are shown below. Di − + −VOUT COUT OSC Figure 4 Inverting switching regulator This IL flows at tON. This time is determined by the OSC oscillation frequency. SC Peak current (IPK) in tON: VIN−VS IPK= • tON ........................................(4) DI L In this case, the energy accumulated in L is indicated by 1/2L • (IPK)2. Then, when M1 is off, the energy accumulated in L is transferred to the ground, capacitor, and diode (Di), and a reverse voltage (VL) is generated. VL is as follows: VL=−(VOUT+VD)............................................ (5) (VD : Forward voltage of diode Di) 4 Seiko Instruments Inc. INVERTING SWITCHING REGULATORS S-8437/8438 Series Change by the time of IL that flows to−VOUT through the capacitor at tOFF: dIL dt = VL VOUT+VD = L ................................(6) L Integral of the above equation: IL=IPK − VOUT+VD • t............................(7) L In tON, energy is accumulated in L and is not transferred to VOUT. Capacitor (COUT) energy is used for a load current (IOUT) from−VOUT. UC T As a result, COUT terminal voltage decreases, and this voltage becomes a minimum in tON. If M1 is off, the energy accumulated in L is transferred to COUT through the diode, and COUT terminal voltage increases rapidly. VOUT voltage indicates a maximum value (ripple voltage: VPP) when the current that flows to VOUT through the diode matches the constant load current IOUT. Then this ripple voltage is derived. OD IOUT when t1 is the time period until VOUT reaches the maximum value after tON: VOUT+VD • t1................................................................................... (8) L L ........................................................................... (9) ∴ t1= (IPK−IOUT) • VOUT+VD PR IOUT = IPK − Considering IL=0 occurs (all inductor energy is transferred) in tOFF, equation (7) becomes: L VOUT+VD tOFF ............................. (10) IPK D = IOUT IPK t1=tOFF− NU E Substituting (10) into (9) : • tOFF ............................... (11) The amount of charge Q1 charged in COUT at t1: ∆Q1 = ∫ t1 I OUTdt=IPK 0 L VOUT+VD L • • ∫ t1 tdt 0 1 t12 ...................... (12) 2 ON TI =IPK•t1 − Substituting (12) into (9): ∆Q1=IPK− VOUT+VD • t1 − 1 (IPK−IOUT) • t1= 2 IPK+IOUT • t1 ................ (13) 2 VPP = SC The voltage (VPP) that is raised by ∆Q1: ∆Q1 COUT = 1 COUT • IPK+IOUT 2 • t1 ............... (14) IPK+IOUT 2 • t1− DI When IOUT consumed for t1 is considered: VPP = ∆Q1 COUT = 1 COUT • • tOFF COUT IOUT • t1 ........ (15) COUT Substituting (11) into (15): VPP = (IPK−IOUT)2 2IPK .......................... (16) Seiko Instruments Inc. 5 INVERTING SWITCHING REGULATORS S-8437/8438 Series n Selection of External Parts 1. Inductor To reduce the loss due to the DC resistance, select an inductor with as small a DC resistance as possible (less than 1 Ω). Select the best inductance for the application. To make the average value of the output voltage (−VOUT) constant, the inductor must supply energy equivalent to the output current (IOUT). The amount of charge required for IOUT is IOUT × (tON+tOFF). The inductor can supply energy only during tOFF, thus the amount of charge is obtained as IPK/2 × tOFF by integrating equation (7) by 0→tOFF. Therefore: UC T IPK • t =I × (t +t ) ..........................................................(17) OFF OUT ON OFF 2 tON+tOFF ∴ IPK=2 • • IOUT ............................................................................. (18) tOFF Since the oscillation duty ratio of the OSC is 50% and IPK equals 4 × IOUT if tON=tOFF, the IPK current flowing in the transistor must be four times of IOUT. IPK is limited due to the characteristics of the M1 transistor (700 mA max.). OD In the S-8437/8438 Series, 39 to 820 µH of inductance is recommended. Using an inductor with a small L value increases IPK and IOUT. Accordingly, the minimum operating voltage is lowered, but efficiency decreases. This state is shown in Figures 5 to 7. D PR Using an inductor with a large L value decreases IPK and IOUT. Since the energy accumulated in the inductor is (½)•L(IPK)2, IPK decreases in steps of squares offsetting the increase of L, and the energy decreases overall. Accordingly, stepping up at low voltages is difficult and the minimum operating voltage must be specified as a high value. However, the DC resistance loss in L and the M1 transistor becomes small because of the reduced IPK, and the efficiency is improved overall. As indicated in the equation (16), the ripple voltage can be reduced by decreasing IPK. Figures 8 to 10 show the output voltage waveforms when the L value and COUT value are changed. VIN=10 V ON TI VIN=5 V Conditions : S-8437AF −VOUT=−5 V Coil :RCH654 (Sumida Electronic) Diode :DINS4 (Shindengen) VIN=3 V SC 100 90 80 70 60 IOUT (max) 50 (mA) 40 30 20 10 0 10 NU E Note Too large an IPK causes magnetic saturation depending on the core material, resulting in destruction of the IC chip. Always keep Isat higher than IPK (Isat: level of current that causes magnetic saturation). 100 Inductor value (µH) 1000 DI Figure 5 Inductor value − maximum output current * 6 Seiko Instruments Inc. INVERTING SWITCHING REGULATORS S-8437/8438 Series 70 20 Conditions : S-8438AF VIN=5 V R2=100 kΩ fixed R1=0.6 to 1.5 MΩ variable Coil :RCH654 (Sumida Electronic) Diode : DINS4 (Shindengen) 10 L=100 µH 60 L=47 µH 50 40 30 0 −5 L=470 µH −6 −7 −8 −9 −10 −11 −12 −13 −14 −15 −VOUT (V) UC T IOUT (max) (mA) PR Conditions : S-8437AF VIN=5 V IOUT=10 mA Coil: RCH654 (Sumida Electronic) Diode : DINS4 (Shindengen) D NU E Power coefficiency (%) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 10 OD Figure 6 Output voltage − maximum output current * 100 Inductor value (µH) 1000 Figure 7 Inductor value − power efficiency 2. Diode ON TI * The maximum output current (IOUT(MAX)) is defined as the output current (IOUT) when an output voltage (−VOUT2) can be obtained that is 325 mV lower than the output voltage (−VOUT1) when the output current (IOUT) is 10µA. SC Use the external diode that meets the following conditions : • Low forward voltage (VF<0.3 V) • Fast switching rate (500 ns max.) • Backward voltage of VIN +|− VOUT| or more • Current rating of IPK or more DI 3. Capacitors (CIN and COUT) The input capacitor (CIN) reduces power source impedance and stabilizes the input current to improve the efficiency. Select a CIN value depending on the impedance of the power source used. The capacitor value is 10 µF min. Select a large output capacitor (COUT) with small Equivalent series resistance (ESR) for reducing ripple voltage. As indicated in the equation (16), if the capacitor value is increased, the ripple voltage can be reduced (see the next page). Its capacitor value is 22 µF min. A tantalum electrolytic capacitor or an organic semiconductor capacitor is recommended to be used because of their excellent low temperature and leakage current characteristics. Seiko Instruments Inc. 7 INVERTING SWITCHING REGULATORS S-8437/8438 Series (a) COUT=22 µF, L=100 µH Ta=25°C Conditions: VIN=5V IOUT=10 mA Coil : RCH654-101K (100 µH) UC T Output 50 mV/div −5 V t (500 µs/div) Figure 8 OD (b) COUT=47 µF, L=100 µH Ta=25°C PR Conditions: VIN=5 V IOUT=10 mA Coil : RCH654-101K (100 µH) NU E D Output 50 mV/div −5 V t (500 µs/div) Figure 9 Ta=25°C Conditions: VIN=5 V IOUT=10 mA Coil : RCH654-471K (470 µH) DI SC Output 50 mV/div −5 V ON TI (c) COUT=22 µF, L=470 µH 8 t (100 µs/div) Figure 10 Seiko Instruments Inc. INVERTING SWITCHING REGULATORS S-8437/8438 Series n Standard Circuits 1. S-8437AF −VOUT VIN + 22 µF ON − S-8437AF ON/OFF −VOUT CONT − 22 µF + VSS OFF 100 µH 2. S-8438AF R2 UC T Figure 11 R1 100 kΩ VREF + 22 µF VFB OD VIN 417 kΩ 220 pF S-8438AF CONT − PR VSS + −VOUT 22 µF 100 µH −VOUT=− R1 ×1.2 V R2 D Figure 12 − NU E n Application Circuit CONT VIN + Voltage detection circuit ON TI − VOUT S-8437AF LCD power − + ON/OFF VSS CE Figure 13 When the current consumption is decreased DI SC microcomputer Seiko Instruments Inc. 9 INVERTING SWITCHING REGULATORS S-8437/8438 Series n Notes on Design 1. Common for S-8437/8438AF 600 • Mount the external capacitor, diode, and coil as close to the ICs as possible to reduce the DC resistance. • Take short-circuiting and overheating into consideration during design because no short-circuit or overheat protection circuits and loaded in the S-8437/8438AF. As reference, Figure 14 shows the package power dissipaiton when unmounting at an ambient temperature. 400 Power dissipation PD 200 (mW) UC T 0 150 VIN S-8437AF 0 50 100 Ambient temperature Ta (°C) Figure 14 Package power dissipation (when not mounted) OD 2. S-8437AF NU E D PR • If the ON/OFF terminal is connected to the VIN terminal, confirm that the fluctuation of the VIN terminal voltage is higher than the VSL level of the ON/OFF terminal. If the voltage fluctuation is lower than the VSL level, the power is turned off and the output voltage is decreased. In this case, insert a filter circuit into the ON/OFF terminal, as shown in Figure 15. 3. S-8438AF + − ON/OFF VSS Figure 15 DI SC n ON TI • If two external resistors are used, keep them as far away as possible from the coil and CONT terminal to prevent noise. In particular, if noise enters the VFB terminal, the line regulation will deteriorate. • Set the resistance values as follows: R1 : 2 MΩ or less R2 : 10 to 500 kΩ • The line regulation may be improved by adding the capacitor in parallel with the R1 resistor (in particular, IOUT≥20 mA application at VIN≥7 V). The capacitor value (CC) shall be R1 • CC≅4µs. 10 Seiko Instruments Inc. INVERTING SWITCHING REGULATORS S-8437/8438 Series n n Characteristics 2. Shutdown terminal input voltage (VSH, VSL) − ambient temperature (Ta) 1. Operating current consumption (ISS) − ambient temperature (Ta) VIN=5 V, VFB=−0.1 V 20 15 VSH, VSL (V) ISS 10 (µA) 0 −50 0 50 70 60 50 fOSC 40 (kHz) 30 20 10 0 −50 VSL 0.5 4 6 VIN (V) 8 10 0 50 100 D Ta (°C) NU E 5. Oscillation frequency duty − ambient temperature (Ta) VIN=5 V 70 60 ON TI 20 −50 PR VSH 30 100 VIN=5 V OD 1.5 VSH, VSL 1.0 (V) Duty 50 (%) 40 50 4. Oscillation frequency (fOSC) − ambient temperature (Ta) Ta=25°C 2.0 2 0 Ta (°C) 3. Shutdown terminal input voltage (VSH, VSL) − input voltage (VIN) 0 VSL −50 100 Ta (°C) 0 VSH UC T 5 VIN=5 V 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0 50 100 6. Oscillation frequency (fOSC) − input voltage (VIN) 55 50 45 fOSC 40 (kHz) 35 30 25 20 Ta (°C) Ta=25°C 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 VIN (V) Ta=25°C DI Duty (%) 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 SC 7. Oscillation frequency duty − input voltage (VIN) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 VIN (V) Seiko Instruments Inc. 11 INVERTING SWITCHING REGULATORS S-8437/8438 Series 8. Output voltage (−VOUT) − output current (IOUT) Coil : RCH654-101K (100µH) (Sumida Electronic) (b) Ta=25°C (a) Ta=−40°C −5.5 −5.5 −VOUT (V) VIN=10 V −4.5 0.1 VIN=3 V 1 −5.0 VIN=3 V VIN=5 V 10 VIN=10 V −4.5 0.1 100 (c) Ta=85°C −VOUT (V) −5.0 100 VIN=3 V VIN=5 V 10 100 IOUT (mA) 9. Maximum output current (IOUT(max)) − ambient temperature (Ta) PR VIN=10 V NU E D Coil : RCH654 (Sumida Electronic) −VOUT=−5 V 100 VIN=5V IOUT (max) (mA) A L=47 µH 50 ON TI VIN=3V 0 −50 10 OD −5.5 1 1 IOUT (mA) IOUT (mA) −4.5 0.1 VIN=5 V UC T −VOUT (V) −5.0 0 50 B L=100 µH 100 Ta (°C) Maximum output current (IOUT(max)) − output voltage (−VOUT) (S-8438 only) 11. Temperature characteristics in 10 SC 10. DI R2=100 kΩ, R1=0.6 to 1.5 MΩ VIN=20 V−|−VOUT | 100 L=47, 100µH (RCH654), Ta=25 °C IOUT (max) (mA) R2=100 kΩ, R1=0.6 to 1.5 MΩ VIN=20 V−|−VOUT | L=47µH (RCH654) 100 Ta=•|40 (°C)Ta=25 (°C) Ta=85 (°C) IOUT (max) (mA) 50 L=47µH 50 L=100µH 0 −5 −10 −15 −20 −VOUT (V) 12 0 −5 −10 −15 −VOUT (V) Seiko Instruments Inc. −20 INVERTING SWITCHING REGULATORS S-8437/8438 Series 12. Maximum output current * (IOUT(max)) − inductor value (L) (S-8438AF) 12-1. Sumida Denki RCH654 series R2=100 kΩ, R1=417 kΩ VIN=3, 5, 10 V −VOUT=−5 V, Ta=25°C VIN=5V 100 IOUT (max) (mA) 50 VIN=10V 50 VIN=3V 0 10 100 0 10 1000 VIN=10V 100 1000 L (µH) OD 13. Transient response characteristics 13-2. IOUT=10 mA COUT=22 µF, Ta=25°C Coil : RCH654-101K Diode : D1NS4 PR VIN step response characteristics (VIN=0↔5 V) VIN step response characteristics (VIN=0↔10 V) IOUT=10 mA COUT=22 µF, Ta=25°C Coil : RCH654-101K Diode : D1NS4 Input 5 V/div GND GND Output 2 V/div ON TI t (10 ms/div) NU E D Input 5 V/div GND VIN=5V VIN=3V L (µH) 13-1. R2=100 kΩ, R1=417 kΩ VIN=3, 5, 10 V −VOUT=−5 V, Ta=25°C UC T 100 IOUT (max) (mA) 12-2. TDK chip coil NLC453232 series 13-3. Shutdown terminal step response characteristics (ON/OFF=0↔5 V) t (10 ms/div) 13-4. Load current fluctuation response characteristics (IOUT=10µA↔15 mA) VIN=5 V, COUT=22 µF Ta=25°C Coil : RCH654-101K Diode : D1NS4 IOUT=10 mA, VIN=5 V COUT=22 µF, Ta=25°C Coil : RCH654-101K Diode : D1NS4 SC ON/OFF input 5 V/div GND GND Output 2 V/div DI GND Output 2 V/div 10 µA Load current 15 mA GND Output 2 V/div t (10 ms/div) t (10 ms/div) Seiko Instruments Inc. 13 UP005-A 990531 SOT-89-5 Unit mm Dimensions 4.5±0.1 1.5±0.1 1 2 UC T 1.6±0.2 3 1.5±0.1 1.5±0.1 ON TI 0.45±0.1 Taping Specifications ø1.5 +0.1 -0 4.0±0.1(10 pitches 40±0.2) ø1.5 +0.1 -0 8.0±0.1 DI 5 max. SC 2.0±0.05 0.3 45 NU E 0.4±0.1 0.4±0.1 D PR OD 0.4±0.05 Reel Specifications 1 reel holds 1000 ICs. 3 max. 0.3±0.05 2.0±0.1 4.75±0.1 ø21±0.5 ø13±0.2 2±0.2 Feed direction 8437 Markings SOT-89-5 4 OD UC T 5 2 DI SC ON TI NU E D PR 1 3 990603 UC T OD PR D NU E ON TI SC • • DI • • The information herein is subject to change without notice. Seiko Instruments Inc. is not responsible for any problems caused by circuits or other diagrams described herein whose industrial properties, patents or other rights belong to third parties. The application circuit examples explain typical applications of the products, and do not guarantee any mass-production design. When the products described herein include Strategic Products (or Service) subject to regulations, they should not be exported without authorization from the appropriate governmental authorities. The products described herein cannot be used as part of any device or equipment which influences the human body, such as physical exercise equipment, medical equipment, security system, gas equipment, vehicle or airplane, without prior written permission of Seiko Instruments Inc.