Page 1 of 8
Original Research
Availability of audiological equipment and protocols
for paediatric assessment and hearing aid fitting in
Gauteng, South Africa
Authors:
Leanne Teixeira1
Karin Joubert2
Affiliations:
1
Chris Hani Baragwanath
Hospital, Johannesburg,
South Africa
Department of Speech
Pathology and Audiology,
University of the
Witwatersrand, South Africa
2
Correspondence to:
Karin Joubert
Email:
karin.joubert@wits.ac.za
Postal address:
PO Box 420, Bromhof 2154,
South Africa
Dates:
Received: 07 Apr. 2013
Accepted: 02 May 2013
Published: 27 Aug. 2014
Republished: 02 Dec. 2014
How to cite this article:
Teixeira, L., & Joubert,
K. (2014). Availability of
audiological equipment
and protocols for paediatric
assessment and hearing aid
fitting in Gauteng, South
Africa. South African Journal
of Communication Disorders,
61(1), Art. #58, 8 pages.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/
sajcd.v61i1.58
Note:
Article republished with
corrected Journal name.
Copyright:
© 2014. The Authors.
Licensee: AOSIS
OpenJournals. This work
is licensed under the
Creative Commons
Attribution License.
Background: Accurate diagnosis and management of hearing loss (HL) is based on valid and
accurate ear-specific and frequency-specific information. This is especially relevant as nonoptimal hearing amplification as part of early hearing detection and intervention programmes
may result in further delays in the speech and language development of children with HL.
Audiological measures utilised may vary according to the age, cognitive ability and physical
ability of the infant or child. It is therefore important to compare and critically evaluate current
clinical practice in order to recommend guidelines for paediatric audiology in South Africa.
Objectives: To determine the availability of audiological equipment and clinical protocols
used by audiologists in Gauteng for paediatric audiological assessment and hearing aid (HA)
fitting.
Method: A descriptive, cross-sectional survey research design was utilised to describe the
availability of clinical audiological equipment and protocols used by audiologists in Gauteng,
South Africa for paediatric assessment and HA fitting. Eighteen audiology departments,
eleven public hospitals and seven private practices were included in the study.
Results: Results revealed the limited availability of departmental protocols within departments
for paediatric assessment and HA fitting. Although there appeared to be a wide variety of
equipment available to audiologists in public sector hospitals and private practice, a lack of
high-frequency tympanometers and equipment for real ear measurements was revealed.
Conclusion: These findings highlight the need for the development and use of current,
evidence-based practice guidelines for paediatric audiological assessment and HA fitting
in South Africa. These guidelines should include a list of essential equipment required
for paediatric assessment and HA fitting. Current, evidence-based practice guidelines
for paediatric HA fitting are important in ensuring that secondary developmental delays
associated with a delay in early intervention for children with HL are reduced.
Introduction
The transformation of the South African health system has been hindered by insufficient numbers
and inequitable distribution of health workers and resources across private and public health
care sectors (Lloyd, Sanders & Lehmann, 2010). The inequitable distribution of resources is
evident: 55.6% of health finances are utilised in the South African private health care sector
(Blecher & Harrison, 2006). This whilst only 16% of the South African population have access
to the private health care system through medical aid schemes, whilst the remaining 84% of the
population access public health care (Lloyd et al., 2010). Public health care funding in South Africa
has recently focused on funding allocation to primary health care, HIV and AIDS and related
illnesses, infrastructure and emergency medical services (Blecher & Harrison, 2006). Despite
this, various other challenges still need to be addressed, including the early identification and
appropriate management of paediatric hearing loss (HL).
Based on birth estimates (Statistics South Africa [SSA], 2011) and estimated HL incidence for
sub-Saharan Africa (Olusanya, 2008), it is estimated that in South Africa, 6357 children are born
annually with permanent HL or acquire it at an early age. The majority of these children are born
in the public health sector. In South Africa, children with HL are diagnosed at a later age than
international recommended norms (Strauss, 2006; Van der Spuy & Pottas, 2008). This may be due
to the fact that neonatal hearing screening in South Africa is not yet implemented universally.
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Audiological protocols based on evidence-based practice assist in achieving care for
patients with proven quality and effectiveness (Moodie et al., 2011). There are various
international gold standards regarding early detection and intervention for children with HL
(Baldwin, Sutton, Gravel & Low, 2008; British Columbia Early Hearing Programme [BCEP],
http://www.sajcd.org.za
doi:10.4102/sajcd.v61i1.58
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2008; Joint Committee on Infant Hearing [JCIH], 2007). These
guidelines highlight the importance of using appropriate
audiological equipment and age-appropriate measures
during early HL detection and intervention (EHDI), to ensure
the appropriate diagnosis and management of paediatric
HL. In South Africa, the Health Professions Council of South
Africa’s (HPCSA) position statement on EHDI (HPCSA, 2007)
describes the age at which intervention should be initiated, as
well as what early intervention should involve. The position
statement recommends that, in a hospital-based setting, HL
should be identified by 3 months of age and intervention
provided by 6 months of age, whilst in a clinic-based setting,
HL should be identified by 4 months of age and intervention
provided by 8 months of age. This guideline, however, only
includes limited information on how audiological results
should be used for HA fitting.
The goal of paediatric audiological assessment is to determine
whether permanent HL is present and, if required, to initiate
a management plan as directed by the child’s family (BCEP,
2008). This process involves the application of a test-battery
approach to determine the exact nature of the HL, as well as
evaluating the integrity of the auditory pathway (Diefendorf,
2009). This ensures that an accurate diagnosis is made, based
on valid and accurate ear-specific and frequency-specific
hearing information (BCEP, 2008).
The audiological measures utilised may vary according to
the age, cognitive ability and physical ability of the infant or
child (Diefendorf, 2009). Case history and clinical observation
are important components of the audiological assessment
of children of all ages. Both these components provide
the clinician with an understanding of a child’s overall
development, which will guide audiological procedures
used during assessment (Diefendorf, 2009).
A test battery for audiological assessment of children from
birth to 6 months may, in addition, include a family report
and observations; high-frequency (1000 Hz) tympanometry
and acoustic reflexes; oto-acoustic emissions (OAEs);
auditory brainstem response (ABR) (Gravel, 2000); cochlear
microphonic (CM); and auditory steady-state response
(ASSR) (Stevens, Sutton, Wood & Mason, 2007). Behavioural
testing can usually be included as part of the test battery
from 5 to 6 months of age (Madell, 2008), as well as using a
low-frequency immittance probe tube from 6 months of age
(Baldwin et al., 2008).
Research exploring EHDI services in South Africa found
that only 2% of the hospitals surveyed conducted universal
hearing screening (Theunissen & Swanepoel, 2008). The
reasons provided for the lack of universal screening included
the lack of staff and equipment. The researchers further
reported that only 34% of hospitals had access to screening
equipment (such as an OAE screener and/or automated ABR)
(Theunissen & Swanepoel, 2008). However, there is limited
information on the availability of equipment and protocols
used for diagnostic paediatric audiological assessment and
http://www.sajcd.org.za
Original Research
management in South Africa. Together with the necessary
resources (equipment and staff), a sustainable programme
for EHDI should be based on evidence-based protocols. Hyde
(2010) clearly states the importance of clinical protocols:
Good protocols are absolutely and unquestionably essential for
all major components of a high quality EHDI program. Without
them, high effectiveness, equity and efficiency of services are
virtually impossible to achieve, sustain or improve. (p. 64)
Despite this, Strauss (2006) found that only 35% of individual
audiology departments surveyed in South Africa reported
following a protocol for EHDI.
Without adequate resources (such as equipment and skilled
paediatric audiologists) and evidence-based protocols the
implementation of a sustainable EHDI programme will
remain a challenge in South Africa. It is thus important to
compare and critically evaluate current clinical practice in
order to recommend guidelines for paediatric audiology
in South Africa. This is especially relevant as non-optimal
HA fitting as part of EHDI may result in further delays in
the speech and language development of children with HL
(Yoshinago-Itano, Sedey, Coulter & Mehl, 1998). Due to the
dearth of information on the current clinical practice, this
study addressed the following question: What is the clinical
practice of South African audiologists, with specific reference
to the availability of audiological equipment and protocols
for paediatric audiological assessment?
Method
Aim
The study aimed to:
• determine the availability of clinical audiological
equipment used by audiologists in Gauteng for paediatric
audiological assessment and HA fitting
• determine the availability of clinical protocols used
by audiologists in Gauteng for paediatric audiological
assessment and HA fitting.
Research design
A non-experimental, descriptive, cross-sectional survey
research design was utilised for the purposes of the study.
A questionnaire was developed by consulting current
evidence-based practice protocols, and refined after a pilot
study was completed. The self-developed questionnaire
administered through face-to-face interviews assisted in
ensuring high response rates and allowed the researchers
to describe the current clinical practice of audiologists
employed in Gauteng.
Participants
Sampling strategy
A non-probability, purposive sampling strategy was
employed to recruit as many participants as possible who met
the participant selection criteria (Cresswell, 2003). Participants
in this study were required to be audiologists working in
doi:10.4102/sajcd.v61i1.58
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departments that render paediatric audiological services in
either the private or public health care sector in Gauteng.
Participant description
Of the 23 potential audiology departments and practices in
Gauteng, a total of 18 audiology departments (N = 18) agreed
to participate in this study. Participants had to be performing
paediatric ABR or ASSR testing and/or be fitting hearing
aids to children based on such results. A total of 34 interviews
were conducted: 27 within the public health sector and 7
within the private health sector. Public sector audiology
departments comprised 61% of the sample (n1 = 11), whilst
private audiology practices comprised the remaining 39%
(n2 = 7). More than one participant from each department
was interviewed if they were willing to participate in
the study. This allowed for comparison of participants’
responses to the same questions. In some cases, more than
one participant from public health sector departments were
interviewed. This was not the case in private audiology
practices, where often only one clinician was employed or
available due to smaller departmental staff size. If more than
one participant was interviewed per department, between
two and four participants were interviewed, depending on
their availability and departmental staff size.
The majority of participants (82%; n = 28) included in the
study were qualified as both speech-language pathologists
and audiologists, whilst 18% (n = 6) of participants were
qualified as audiologists only. Since qualifying, 26%
(n = 9) of the dually qualified therapists were now practicing
as audiologists only. Participants’ years of experience ranged
from < 1 year to > 15 years. The majority of participants
(68%; n = 23) had 4 or less years’ experience. Private practice
participants had the most years of experience. Fifty-seven
percent of the private practice participants had 10 or more
years’ experience, whilst only 7% of the public sector
participants had 10 or more year’s clinical experience.
Materials
A self-developed structured questionnaire with predominantly close-ended questions was used during the face-toface interviews. The questionnaire included eight sections,
but for the purposes of this article only the sections related
to current clinical practice will be reported on. These
sections included the availability of audiological equipment
and departmental protocols for paediatric assessment and
management (see Appendix 1).
Procedures
Ethical considerations
Various ethical considerations were implemented throughout
the research study. The researcher obtained ethical clearance
from the University of the Witwatersrand Research Ethics
Committee and written permission from the Gauteng
Department of Health to conduct this study. All participants
in the study were fully informed of the nature of the study
and were assured of confidentiality. Each participant was
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Original Research
required to sign a consent form, providing proof of their
willingness to participate in the study. They further had the
right to withdraw from the study at any time, without any
negative consequences. Only participants who signed the
consent forms were included in the study.
Data collection
Data was collected during November and December 2010.
Once possible participants were identified, they were
contacted telephonically, informed of the nature of the study
and invited to participate. Appointments were made at times
that were convenient for participants. Participants received
a written information sheet detailing the information
discussed telephonically and once participant consent was
obtained the self-developed questionnaire was administered
via individual personal interviews. Data was documented
on the measuring instrument. Participants were thanked for
their participation.
Reliability and validity
Various measures were adopted to improve the validity and
reliability of this study. Content validity was achieved by
consulting current literature and experienced professionals
in the field whilst developing the questionnaire. In addition,
a pilot study was conducted to finalise the measuring
instrument and data collection procedures.
In an attempt to minimise the Hawthorne effect, it was made
clear to participants that there were no correct or incorrect
answers to the questions. Interviews were not electronically
recorded, but participants were provided opportunity to
discuss or elaborate on their responses to questions. Faceto-face interviews assisted in ensuring that participants
could not consult one another regarding their responses
to questions, improving reliability of responses, as well as
allowing for comparison of participants’ responses to the
same questions, in order to analyse participants’ awareness
of resources such as protocols and equipment.
As this study was only conducted in the Gauteng province,
generalisation of results to clinical practice and availability
of resources across the whole of South Africa could not be
assumed (Cresswell, 2003).
Data analysis
Data was documented on all relevant measuring instruments
and encoded for data analysis. All data was computerised
for statistical analysis with Microsoft Excel and SigmaXL
6.11 software packages. Results were analysed utilising
descriptive statistics (such as measures of central tendency
and variability) that assisted in the summary and organisation
of the collected data.
Results
Availability of audiological equipment
Participants were provided with a list of audiological
equipment and requested to indicate which of these were
doi:10.4102/sajcd.v61i1.58
Public
%
n
27
3
9
1
9
1
18
2
18
2
9
1
9
1
n
1
%
6
-
Total
Private
%
n
Public
%
n
64
7
64
7
55
6
9
1
36
4
36.5
4
82
9
45.5
5
36
4
64
7
27
3
Public
%
n
36
4
36
4
100
11
18
2
82
9
100
11
55
5
45.5
5
100
11
100
11
36.5
4
55
6
36
4
73
8
-
%
44
61
100
50
6
72
100
50
50
100
100
11
44
50
39
78
6
ASSR
Diagnostic ABR
Diagnostic audiometer
Diagnostic OAEs
ECochG
Noisemakers
Otoscope
Screening ABR
Screening audiometer
Screening OAE
Sound-treated booth
Sound level meter
HF & LF tympanometry
LF tympanometry only
REMs
VRA
VNG (1 specified)
Private
%
n
57
4
100
7
100
7
100
7
14
1
57
4
100
7
43
3
57
4
100
7
100
7
29
2
57
4
43
3
43
3
86
6
14
1
Total
n
8
11
18
9
1
13
18
9
9
18
18
2
8
9
7
14
1
Private
%
n
43
3
43
3
57
4
43
3
71
5
43
3
57
4
57
4
14
1
-
Not available
Available
%
56
39
33
22
44
39
78
44
44
61
22
-
Total
n
10
7
6
4
8
7
14
8
8
11
4
-
Departments
Equipment
TABLE 1: Equipment available at private and public sector audiology departments (N =18).
ASSR, Auditory steady-state response; ABR, auditory brainstem response; OAEs; oto-acoustic emissions; ECochG, electrocochleography; HF, high-frequency; LF, low-frequency; REMs, real ear measures; VRA, visual reinforcement audiometry; VNG, videonystagmography.
†Varied responses (that is, participants from the same public audiology department provided differing responses regarding whether equipment was available or not).
Varied responses†
Public
%
n
9
1
-
Private
%
n
Unsure
%
17
6
6
11
11
6
6
-
Total
n
3
1
1
2
2
1
1
-
Page 4 of 8
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Original Research
available in their department or practice. The results are
presented in Table 1.
All departments (N = 18) reported having access to soundtreated booths, otoscopes, diagnostic audiometers and
screening OAEs. Only 44% (n = 8) of departments had
access to ASSR, whilst slightly more departments (61%,
n = 11) had access to diagnostic ABR equipment. All
private sector departments (n2 = 7) reported having access
to diagnostic OAE equipment, whilst only 18% (n1 = 2) of
public sector departments reported having access to such
equipment. Seventy-two percent (n = 13) of departments
had access to noisemakers, of which 82% (n1 = 9) were
public sector departments and 57% (n2 = 4) were private
sector departments. With regard to other screening
equipment, 50% (n = 9) of departments reported having
access to both screening ABR and screening audiometers.
Only two audiology departments (11%), which were
within the private sector, reported having access to sound
level meters (SLMs).
There was limited availability of real ear measure (REM)
equipment for verification of HA fitting, as only 39% (n = 7)
of departments reported having access to such equipment.
This was for both private and public audiology departments.
Availability of REM equipment was similar for both private
(43%, n2 = 3) and public (36%, n1 = 4) sector departments.
All departments (N = 18) reported having access to some
form of tympanometry. Fifty percent (n = 9) of departments
reported having access to low-frequency tympanometry,
whilst 44% (n = 8) of departments reported having access to
high-frequency probe tone tympanometry. The remaining
department (6%) was unsure whether their immittance
equipment had both high-frequency and low-frequency
probe tone options or not. Only 57% (n2 = 4) of the 7
private sector departments reported having high-frequency
tympanometry, but all reported seeing babies of less than 6
months of age. All but one public sector department (91%,
n1 = 10) reported seeing infants from birth to 6 months of
age. Despite this, only 36.5% (n1 = 4) of the 11 public sector
departments interviewed reported having access to highfrequency tympanometry.
Some public sector departments further reported that
certain equipment was not functioning and that their
hospital employer had not provided funding for the timely
repair of equipment.
As seen in Table 1, some public health sector participants
from the same department gave varied responses regarding
the availability of equipment in their department. Varied
responses regarding the presence of equipment per
public sector audiology department were given regarding
diagnostic OAEs, noisemakers, screening ABR and
screening audiometers, SLMs as well as high-frequency and
low-frequency probe tone tympanometers.
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Departmental protocols for paediatric
assessment and HA fitting
It is vital that audiological practice is evidence-based in order
to ensure that patients’ audiological needs are appropriately
met, whilst being of a high standard, as well as assisting
with continuity of care with staff turn-over. The presence
of protocols for paediatric assessment (including ABR and
ASSR) and HA fitting within departments was probed.
Results indicate that only 28% of departments (n = 5)
reported having a paediatric HA fitting protocol. In some
departments, more than one audiologist was interviewed.
Nine percent (n = 3) of the 34 individual participants in
the study were unsure whether their department had a
paediatric HA fitting protocol or not. Furthermore, although
44% (n = 15) of participants reported having a paediatric
HA fitting protocol, when comparing the response to this
question across participants at the same department, not all
(n = 4) responded with the same answer. Seven public sector
departments had more than one participant.
Eleven of the 18 participating departments reported that
they perform ABR and/or ASSR testing. Only three (27%)
of these departments had protocols for paediatric ABR and/
or ASSR assessment. At one public sector department (9%),
responses regarding the presence of a protocol varied across
participants. Participants were asked for copies of their
ABR and/or ASSR assessment protocol, if available. The
protocols reviewed appeared to be mainly procedural with
limited direct reference to current evidence-based practice or
comprehensive reference lists.
Discussion
Overall, there appeared to be a wide variety of equipment
available to both the private and public sector departments
included in this study. However, this equipment was not
always adequate in terms of meeting the audiological
needs of all paediatric patients. Public sector departments
were more limited than private sector departments
in terms of access to certain types of equipment and
experienced particular challenges regarding the timely
repair of equipment by hospital management. The lack
of functioning, well-maintained audiological equipment
may affect a clinician’s ability to undertake appropriate
evidence-based audiological practices. The varied responses
of some public sector participants regarding the availability
of equipment suggest a lack of awareness of resources
available. This may be due to high staff turn-over and lack
of carry-over, including information regarding availability
of equipment. This lack of awareness of available resources
results in the underutilisation of equipment as well as
delivering services that may not be appropriate or meet a
child’s audiological needs.
Of particular concern is the limited availability of highfrequency probe tone tympanometry. The importance of
using an appropriate immittance probe tone to accurately
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Original Research
determine the middle-ear status of a child cannot be
underestimated. Recommended practice stipulates the use of
a 1000-Hz rather than a 226-Hz probe tone for immittance
assessment of infants less than 6 months corrected age
(Baldwin et al., 2008). Appropriate evaluation of middleear status is of particular importance in South Africa, where
HIV and AIDS are major health challenges prioritised in the
public health care sector (Open Society Foundation for South
Africa, 2007). Children with HIV or AIDS may have recurrent
bacterial infections, neurologic disease or developmental
problems (Muma, Lyons, Borucki & Pollard, 1997). Due
to recurrent infections, these children may require more
frequent monitoring of their middle-ear status and hearing. It
is therefore important to accurately undertake tympanometry
measures utilising the appropriate probe tone.
According to Valente and Valente (2009, p. 858), ‘[t]he most
reliable and efficient method for assessing the performance
provided by amplification is real ear measures’. Despite
this, the majority of participants indicated that REMs
are not routinely conducted to verify paediatric HA
fittings. The majority of participants reported lack of
equipment as the main reason. Other reasons provided
included malfunctioning equipment; unfamiliarity with
the equipment; infrequent fittings not justifying the cost
of the equipment; and REMs being too time consuming or
unreliable. In addition, it was reported that REMs were only
completed if the child was making insufficient progress, or if
they were older than 6 years. Some participants also reported
that they rely on other measures such as aided testing,
parental report and checklists. This feedback is disconcerting
as objective verification ensures that target gain, compression
ratio and threshold as well as output levels are met, resulting
in optimal HA fitting (Beauchaine, 2001).
The use of current, evidence-based practice for paediatric
HA fitting is important in ensuring that secondary
developmental delays associated with a delay in early
intervention for children with HL are reduced. However,
the current study established that departments have limited
protocols for paediatric assessment and HA fitting. The lack
of departmental protocols is concerning, as it makes meeting
the needs of patients and families, development of services,
consistent clinical practice, as well as adherence to current,
evidence-based practice challenging.
The approach to paediatric HA fitting is unique and differs
from adult HA fitting due to various factors, such as smaller
ear canals and different listening needs. As an infant’s ear
canal is smaller, higher sound pressure levels (SPLs) will be
produced in the ear canal than in an adult’s (BCEP, 2008). The
listening needs of a child also differ from those of an adult. For
children, the goal of amplification is to promote oral speech
and language development. For adults, however, acquired
HL is usually post-lingual. Language, cognitive and world
knowledge can thus be utilised to facilitate understanding of
acoustic information (Stelmachowicz & Hoover, 2009). For
equivalent speech recognition ability, young children require
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Original Research
greater SPLs than adults (Stelmachowicz, Hoover, Lewis,
Kortekaas & Pittman, 2000).
Acknowledgements
Protocols should be utilised within all areas of paediatric
audiology, including ABR and ASSR assessment and HA
fitting. It is vital to ensure that protocols are as focused as
possible and encompass all relevant areas to ensure that
clinical practice is evidence-based. An evidence-based
approach assists in putting research into clinical practice,
improves patient care and promotes standardisation of care
(Moodie et al., 2011).
The authors declare that they have no financial or personal
relationship(s) that may have inappropriately influenced
them in writing this article.
Conclusion
Despite the fact that this study was limited to the Gauteng
province, which restricted the generalisability of the results,
it is representative of the typical distribution of audiology
departments and private practices in Gauteng. The study
provides specific information regarding the availability of
clinical audiological equipment and protocols currently used
by audiologists in Gauteng. The findings from this study
suggest several recommendations for paediatric audiology
in South Africa that would promote development of this area
in this country.
Firstly, it is recommended that national, evidence-based
guidelines or standards that include levels of service delivery
and the minimum equipment required are developed for both
paediatric assessment and HA fitting. In recent years, draft
national guidelines have been in circulation for review and
development, but these guidelines have yet to be finalised.
Once final guidelines have been released, departments
should develop their own internal guidelines by referring to
national guidelines and provide clinic-specific procedures, if
appropriate. This will assist with standardisation of care and
sustainability of services. In the interim, it is recommended
that departments develop their own guidelines based on
evidence-based practice.
Secondly, it is imperative that clinicians have access to
well-maintained audiological equipment that is relevant
for use in the paediatric population. Adequate funding for
the procurement and maintenance of equipment should
be a priority, as without fully functioning equipment,
audiologists cannot effectively meet the needs of children
with HL as outlined in the HPCSA (2007) position statement
on EHDI. For universal newborn hearing screening to be
a viable project, it should be supported by the National
Department of Health, with dedicated funding for human
and equipment resources.
Given the dearth of information regarding the South African
audiological clinical practice, this study provided the
groundwork for future, more in-depth, research. This may
include refinement and expansion of the current study in
various ways that would allow for generalisation of results
beyond this specific population. It may be useful to replicate
the study once appropriate equipment has been procured
and protocols have been implemented in order to monitor
changes in clinical practice.
http://www.sajcd.org.za
Competing interests
Authors’ contributions
L.T. (Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital) acted as researcher
and K.J. (University of the Witwatersrand) as research
supervisor; both contributed equally to writing the
manuscript.
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Appendix 1
• Low-frequency probe (226 Hz) only
• Visual reinforcement audiometry (VRA)
• Other: ______________________________________________________
Protocol or guidelines
1. Does your department have a paediatric hearing aid fitting
protocol or guideline (that is, the assessments or techniques
that should be undertaken prior and during hearing aid fitting)?
If yes, please provide a copy of the protocol or guideline
available.
_ ____________________________________________________________
_ ____________________________________________________________
3. Do you complete real ear measures (REMs) with EVERY
paediatric fitting to verify the fitting? (Yes, no or sometimes)
4. If NO, please provide a reason for not completing REMs:
Availability of equipment
2. What assessment equipment does your hospital, clinic or
practice have?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Original Research
Auditory steady-state response (ASSR)
Diagnostic auditory brainstem response (ABR)
Diagnostic audiometer
Diagnostic oto-acoustic emissions (OAEs)
Noisemakers
Otoscope
Screening automated auditory brainstem response (AABR)
Screening audiometer
Screening OAE
Sound-treated booth
Sound level meter
Tympanometry
High-frequency (1000-Hz and 678-Hz) and low-frequency
(226-Hz) probe
http://www.sajcd.org.za
• Lack of equipment
• I do not see the need for REMs to be completed
• I rely on other measures such as____________________________
_ ____________________________________________________________
• Other: ______________________________________________________
_ ____________________________________________________________
_ ____________________________________________________________
5. If SOMETIMES, please provide a reason for your answer:
• Only if there is time
• Only if the child is not making as much progress with his or
her hearing aids as expected
• Only if requested by another professional or family
• I rely on other measures such as____________________________
_ ____________________________________________________________
• Other: ______________________________________________________
_ ____________________________________________________________
_ ____________________________________________________________
doi:10.4102/sajcd.v61i1.58