Fuel Cell Workshop
Wasserstoff und Brennstoffzellen
E.V.A. / bmvit Workshop
Wien,31.3.-1.4.2004
„Stand Alone
Photovoltaic Fuel Cell Hybrid Systems“
Ewald Wahlmüller, Fronius International GmbH
Heinrich Wilk, Energie AG Oberösterreich
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Photovoltaic/Fuel Cell
Hybrid Remote Power System
HELIOS, NASA
62.120 solar cells
35 kWp, eta=18,4 %
PEM FC, H2 storage
14 engines, 2 hp each
vmax=23 mph
wing span 247 ft, 63 m
mass: 1600 pounds
Alt.max = 96.863 ft
August 2001
WILK, EU, 24.7.2003 Foto: www.dfrc.nasa.gov/gallery/photo/helios
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Photovoltaic/Fuel Cell
Hybrid Remote Power System
Polar Observer
a technological
igloo drifting on the
ice
Jean Louis Etienne
10 PV modules 75
Wp each
Axane PEM FC
operated with H2
WILK, 12.3.2004 Foto: www.jeanlouisetienne.com
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Photovoltaic/Fuel Cell
Hybrid Remote Power System
Redwood National Park, CA
Radio-telephone repeater
PV:780Wp, 24V Battery 1200Ah
FC: 100 W PEM/H2 (32 cells)
WILK
ÿþýüûú12.3.2004 Foto: Schatz Energy Research Centre, California
Photovoltaic/Fuel Cell
Hybrid Remote Power System
PV Hybrid system
with fuel cell back up,
hydrogen powered PEM fuel cell
Applications:
- telecommunications
- power supply for autonomous
GSM repeater station
- Data logger
WILK
ÿþýüûú12.3.2004 Foto: T-Mobile, PV Hybrid (Gasgenererator) für GSM Repeater
Electricity Cost
Grid extension with 0,4 kV - cable
Cost [EURO/kWh] -->
ÿ
50 m
100 m
200 m
500 m
1000 m
2000 m
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿÿ
ÿÿ
average load [W] -->
WILK 12.3.2004
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ÿÿ
ÿÿ
Stand alone
Photovoltaic Systems
105
availability [ % ] -->
100
95
90
85
80
2,5 days
75
5 days
70
10 days
65
20 days
60
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
P PV-Array / P load-->
WILK,
ÿþýüûú12.3.2004 Data: TRY 9, Munich, simulation for a complete year
35
40
45
Auxilliary Generators
for Hybrid Applications
Options for back up:
Fuel Cell, h el. = 45 %
Motor Generator
operated with
- Gasoline
- Diesel
- Propane
h el. = 10 to 20 %
WILK
ÿþýüûú12.3.2004
Photovoltaic/Fuel Cell
Hybrid Remote Power System
Energy management system
PV
PV-charge controller
FC-controller
FC Temperature management
Alarm, Datalogger
Load control
Battery storage
E-manager
Load
DC/DC-Converter
DC
DC
Step down converter
FC->Battery
FC
H2
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WILK 12.3.2004
Solar Data Linz, 300m alt.
Global Solar / Month, 45° tilted, South
200
kWh/m2
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
ÿþýüûú 12.3.2004 Data: PV HTL Leonding/Linz (solar sensor: c-Si cell)
WILK
Dez
Nov
Okt
Sep
Aug
Jun
Mai
Apr
Mar
Feb
Jan
Jul
Data: 1990-2002
20
0
Photovoltaic/Fuel Cell
Hybrid Remote Power System
Energy Balance: PV - FC - Battery - Load
5000
PV-Surplus
FC to Load
PV to Load
4500
4000
3500
Ah -->
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Jan
WILK
ÿþýüûú12.3.2004
Feb
März
April
Mai
Juni
Juli
Aug
P Load=100 W, P PV=1300 Wp, Battery 24 V, Weatherdata Linz
Sep
Okt
Nov
Dez
Photovoltaic/Fuel Cell
Hybrid Remote Power System
FC-Operation [h/a]
FC-Operation hours as f(PPV) Load=100 W
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
FC Operating Hours/Year
0
500
1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Solargenerator PPV [Wp] -->
ÿþýüûú 12.3.2004 FC: Nexa 1,2 kW, 26 V, 46 A, Weatherdata: Linz
WILK
Photovoltaic/Fuel Cell
Hybrid Remote Power System
Solar fraction [%]
Solar fraction of load current , Load=100 W
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Solar Fraction %
0
500
1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Solargenerator PPV [Wp] -->
ÿþýüûú 12.3.2004 FC: Nexa 1,2 kW, 26 V, 46 A, Weatherdata: Linz
WILK
Photovoltaic/Fuel Cell
Hybrid Remote Power System
Cost of electricity as f(PPV), Load = 100 W
Cost [Euro/kWh]
16
14
FC
12
10
PV-Solar
H2-Version: Linde special price
8
6
Solargenerator PPV [Wp] -->
ÿþýüûú 12.3. 2004 FC: Nexa 1,2 kW, 26 V, 46 A, Weatherdata: Linz
WILK
4000
3800
3600
3400
3200
3000
2800
2600
2400
2200
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
2
0
0
4
The Fronius Group
Employees Worldwide 1365
Active Patents
180
Turnover 2002
116 Mio
Representation
75 Countries
R&D Expenditure
8.1%
Production sites
6
Export share
80.1%
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Fronius: Focussing on Energy
Welding Technology
Solarelectronics
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Battery Charging Systems
Synergy: PV-Fuel Cell Hybrid
Photovoltaics
Application Potential
+
Environmentally Friendly
+
Scalability
+
integrability
+
Energy Density
Generation on demand
Service/Safety
+
Operating Environment
+
Cost
- (+)
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Fuel Cell
+
+
+
+
+
+
- (+)
- (+)
- (+)
Ballard NEXA
Fuel Cell Power Module
Ballard PEM Fuel Cell:
Foto: Ballard
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Fuel type: Hydrogen 5.0
H2 Consumption: <0,018 Nm3/min
Fuel Composition: 99,99 % H2
Pel = 1,2 kW net max.
at V=26 V, I=46 A
Vmin = 22 V
Ptherm = 1,65 kW max.
Operating life: 1500 h
MTBF: 1000 h
Cycle life: 500 max.
Operating-temp. Stack: 65 °C
Ambient temp: +3 bis 30 °C
Freeze/thaw cycles: 50 max.
Weight: 13 kg
Stand-Alone
PV-Fuel Cell Hybrid System
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Integration Aspects
Fuel Cell
- Maximise fuel cell efficiency
- Minimise number of fuel cell start-ups
- Fuel cell operation under freezing ambient
- Completion of safety features (monitoring of cooling air current
and redundant hydrogen sensor)
Battery
- Continuous monitoring of battery state of charge and prevention
of total discharge of battery
- Automated battery charging along definded characteristic
General
- Data logging and communication
- Minimisation of parasitic loads !!!
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Hard- & Software Development
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Optimum Fuel Cell Load
100
90
80
Efficiency [-]
70
ηMax @ PStack ~ 700W
60
50
40
30
ηDC/DC CF2440
h-Fronius
CF2440
20
ηFuel Cell Back-up
h-Backup
10
0
0
200
400
600
Power Input [W]
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800
1000
1200
Implementation Site
HTL Steyr, Implementation Site of PV-Fuel Cell Hybrid System
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R&D Project:
5 kW Direct-Hydrogen APU „fCDT“
Project Duration: 11/02 – 08/04
Project Partners: Bitter GmbH (Co), Fronius
International GmbH, OÖ. TMG/CDT,
ECHEM, JKU Linz, KTM Kühler GmbH,
Kirstein GmbH
Financing: private, governmental subsidy
(A3 program, bmvit)
Objectives:
- cascadable unit for mobile and stationary
applications in the 5 – 20 kW Range
- Integration of (automotive) components
appropriate for large quantity manufacturing
- Integration lightweigt 350 bar cartouche
System
- Improvement of system lifetime
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Prototype 5 kW APU „fCDT “
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Potential of Automotive Components
Solenoid Valve G1/2
Bürkert Type 0223B, 24V, PN
0-1 bar,
Power Consumption 9 W,
1,567 kg
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Control Valve G1/2
Bürkert Type 6024A, 24V, PN
0-0,2 bar,
Power Consumption 18 W,
0,984 kg
Thermostat
Behr-Thomson T=65°C,
Power Consumption: 0 W (!),
0,128 kg
Early Markets
Stand-Alone Applications:
- Camping, Yachting &
Leisure
- Telecom, Telematics
- National Parks
- Rural Electrification
- UPS
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Exploitation Plans
Know-How, Infrastructur,
Prototying
Pilotprojects,
Marketing Strategy
Pilot Production,
Product Launch
Production & Sale
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