External Examination 2014
2014 GEOGRAPHY
FOR OFFICE
USE ONLY
SUPERVISOR
CHECK
ATTACH SACE REGISTRATION NUMBER LABEL
TO THIS BOX
RE-MARKED
Wednesday 19 November: 9 a.m.
Time: 2 hours
Pages: 24
Questions: 28
Core Topic: Population, Resources, and Development
Examination material: one 24-page question booklet
one two-sided sheet of additional material
one SACE registration number label
Approved dictionaries and calculators may be used.
Instructions to Students
1.
You will have 10 minutes to read the paper. You must not write in your question booklet or use a calculator during
this reading time but you may make notes on the scribbling paper provided.
2.
This paper consists of twenty-eight short-answer and extended-answer questions.
Answer all questions in the spaces provided in this booklet.
Remove the tear-out sheet on pages 11 and 12. Refer to page 11 when answering Questions 15 to 19 on
page 13. Refer to page 12 when answering Question 22 on pages 15 to 17.
3.
The total mark is 60.
4.
Attach your SACE registration number label to the box at the top of this page.
STUDENT’S DECLARATION ON THE USE OF
CALCULATORS
By signing the examination attendance roll I declare that:
• my calculators have been cleared of all memory
• no external storage media are in use on these calculators.
I understand that if I do not comply with the above conditions
for the use of calculators I will:
• be in breach of the rules
• have my results for the examination cancelled or amended
• be liable to such further penalty, whether by exclusion from
future examinations or otherwise, as the SACE Board of
South Australia determines.
2
Answer all the questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided after each question.
Refer to the topographic map EAST LACHLAN RIVER, scale 1:250 000, on Side 1 of the separate
sheet of additional material, where appropriate, when answering Questions 1 to 12.
1.
Give the straight-line distance, to the nearest kilometre, between the railway station at
Forbes (area reference 9990) and the railway station (now abandoned) at Geradon (area
reference 0388)?
kilometres
2.
The grid bearing of Eugowra (area reference 0290) from Cargo (area reference 0690) is
closest to which one of the following values? Tick the appropriate box.
0°
3.
90°
180°
270°
(1 mark)
The area of the Back Yamma State Forest (area reference 0191) is closest to which one of
the following values? Tick the appropriate box.
10 sq. km
4.
(1 mark)
50 sq. km
500 sq. km
1000 sq. km
(1 mark)
Prior to European settlement, the area shown on the map was inhabited solely by Indigenous
people known as the Wiradjuri.
Choose one resource that can be found in this area and suggest how the Wiradjuri may have
perceived this resource.
Compare their perception of this resource with that of the current inhabitants.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________ (2
3
marks)
PLEASE TURN OVER
5.
Refer to the following sketch map, which shows selected roads in the area between point X
(area reference 0785) and point Y (area reference 0782) on the topographic map:
X
A
Y
E WA
STON
HAIL
REG
YS
DARB
OA
FALLS R D
B
bridge
C
D
Y
Which one of the sections of road labelled A, B, C, and D most closely follows a watershed?
Tick the appropriate box.
A
B
C
4
D
(1 mark)
6.
Refer to Box P on Side 1 of the separate sheet.
Within Box P, the distribution of buildings has which one of the following associations?
Tick the appropriate box.
A weak positive association with the distribution of forest/scrubland
A strong negative association with the distribution of gilgai (clay soil)
A perfect positive association with the distribution of watercourses
A perfect negative association with the distribution of roads
7.
(1 mark)
Which two of the following terms describe the commodity being transported between the
points labelled L (area reference 9783 ) and M (area reference 9982) on the topographic
map? Tick two appropriate boxes.
Gas
Water
Electricity
Recyclable resource
Renewable resource
Non-renewable resource
8.
(1 mark)
The township of Canowindra (area reference 0588) is how many degrees and minutes east of
the prime meridian (Greenwich meridian)?
degrees
minutes
5
(1 mark)
PLEASE TURN OVER
Refer to Side 1 of the separate sheet and to the following satellite image, where appropriate,
when answering Questions 9 and 10 opposite:
Satellite image of Canowindra township (area reference 0588) and surrounding area
F
Site 1
Site 2
Source: NSW Government, NSW Natural Resource Atlas, SPOT 5 satellite image © CNES 2004–05,
viewed 27 May 2014, <http://www.nratlas.nsw.gov.au>
6
9.
(a) According to the topographic map, what is the name of the feature labelled F on the
satellite image?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
(1 mark)
(b) Explain why an oblique aerial photograph is not as useful as a satellite image for
calculating the area (in square kilometres) of a township.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
(1 mark)
10. (a) Assuming the ground is not already saturated, describe and explain the difference in
the amount of infiltration to be expected at Site 1 compared with Site 2 on the satellite
image, for the same rain event.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
(1 mark)
(b) Refer to the following diagrams, which show what happens to water after a rain event:
Diagram A
Diagram B
Diagram C
Diagram D
Evapotranspiration 40%
Evapotranspiration 20%
Evapotranspiration 1%
Evapotranspiration 1%
Run-off 10%
Infiltration 50%
Run-off 50%
Run-off 98%
Infiltration 30%
Infiltration 1%
Run-off 24%
Infiltration 75%
Assuming the ground was not already saturated, which one of the diagrams best
describes what is likely to happen to water after a rain event at Site 1 on the satellite
image? Tick the appropriate box.
Diagram A
Diagram B
Diagram C
7
Diagram D
(1 mark)
PLEASE TURN OVER
11. Refer to Side 1 of the separate sheet and to the following information:
During times of high flow in the Lachlan River, water levels may rise approximately
1 to 2 metres, causing flooding as shown in the photograph.
Aerial view of flooded Forbes August 1960
A 1.46-metre flood
Source: NSW Water Resources Commission 1977, ‘Aerial view of flood, Forbes,
August 1960’, Flood inundation map: Lachlan River at Forbes, National Library of Australia,
viewed 27 May 2014, <http://www.nla.gov.au/nla.map-vn201510>
(a) Explain why the topographic map would not be useful in determining precisely which
areas of Forbes (area reference 9990) are likely to flood.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
(1 mark)
(b) From Cowra (area reference 0585), the Lachlan River flows north-west towards Forbes.
Explain how one of the features of the area along the river between Cowra and Forbes
helps to reduce flooding at Forbes.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
8
(1 mark)
12. Refer to the location map on Side 1 of the separate sheet and to the following information:
The highest ever recorded flood at Forbes occurred on 18 June 1952 following two
days of heavy rainstorms in the Lachlan River catchment upstream from Forbes.
Weather map for 17 June 1952
This weather map cannot be reproduced here for copyright
reasons.
Source: Adapted from The Sydney Morning Herald, (NSW: 1842-1954), ‘“Herald” Weather Map’,
Tuesday 17 June 1952, page 7, Trove, National Library of Australia, viewed 27 May 2014,
<http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18269230>
Explain how the weather on 17 June 1952 was favourable to producing high rainfall in the
Lachlan River catchment. Refer to processes that occur within the water cycle in your answer.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________ (2
marks)
No further questions refer to Side 1 of the separate sheet of additional material.
9
PLEASE TURN OVER
13. (a) Techniques used to gather attribute data for geographic information systems (GIS), such
as satellite imagery and aerial photography, are collectively known by which one of the
following terms? Tick the appropriate box.
Layer technology
Remote sensing
Geographical positioning
Numerical modelling
(1 mark)
(b) Give one advantage of GIS over traditional mapping when analysing data.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________________________________________
(1 mark)
14. Refer to the following diagram, which shows a hypothetical cross-section with a vertical
exaggeration of 10:
metres
0
0
5
10
15
20
kilometres
Complete the scale on the vertical axis by writing the correct number of metres in the two
boxes provided.
(1 mark)
10
Remove this page from the question booklet by tearing along the perforations.
Refer to the information below, where appropriate, when answering Questions 15 to 19 on page 13.
Figure 1: Lachlan River flood-plain communities and ecosystems
precipitation
main channel
billabong
alluvial soil
X
groundwater
River levels
Plants
floodwaters following prolonged rainfall over catchment
rushes, sedges
temporary flows from brief intensive rainfall
river red gum
(roots shown for
one tree only)
normal river flow
۷
Source: Adapted from Riverina Environmental Education Centre 2014, River Red Gum Study Study notes,
page 7, <http://www.riverina-e.schools.nsw.edu.au/worksheets/river-red-gum-study>
© State of New South Wales through the Department of Education and Training
Figure 2: Food webs for communities and ecosystems shown in Figure 1 — selected species
River red gum ecosystem food web
Billabong ecosystem food web
long-eared bat
Some species are more active during flooding.
boobook
owl
leaves
brush-tailed
possum
straw-necked
ibis (nomadic)
christmas
beetle
leaves
fox
frog
antechinus
worms, slaters,
cockroaches
dead leaves
and animals
squirrel
glider
algae
mouse
seeds
royal spoonbill
(nomadic)
tadpole
juvenile fish
aquatic insects
detritus
yabby
billabong
۷
Source: Adapted from Riverina Environmental Education Centre 2014, River Red Gum Study Study notes,
pages 20, 21, <http://www.riverina-e.schools.nsw.edu.au/worksheets/river-red-gum-study>
© State of New South Wales through the Department of Education and Training
11
PLEASE TURN OVER
Refer to the information below, where appropriate, when answering Question 22 on pages 15 to 17:
SOURCE A — Estimated total fertility rates in China 1950–2030
no. of children/woman
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
20
30
20
25
20
20
20
15
20
10
20
05
20
00
19
95
19
90
19
85
19
80
19
75
19
70
19
65
19
60
19
55
19
50
0
year
Source: Gu, B. & Dai, Y. 2009, ‘Fertility Prospects in China’, United Nations Expert Group Meeting
on Recent and Future Trends in Fertility, New York, 2–4 December, p. 18 (figures for 1950–2005);
Geoba.se 2014, ‘The World: Total Fertility Rate – Top 100+ Rankings’, China from 2010 to 2030
SOURCE B — China: Estimated total population 1950–2050
1 400 000 000
population
1 200 000 000
1 000 000 000
800 000 000
600 000 000
400 000 000
20
50
20
40
20
30
20
20
20
10
20
00
19
90
19
80
19
70
19
60
19
50
0
year
Source: Adapted from www.data360.org 2006, ‘Population China’ graph; data from US Census Bureau,
International Data Base, <http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idbsprd.html>
SOURCE C — Estimated percentage of China’s population aged over 65 years
This bar graph cannot be reproduced here for copyright reasons.
Source: Adapted from Chan, C. 2013, ‘China’s one-child policy and population estimates — graphic of the day’,
The Knowledge Effect, Thomson Reuters, viewed 12 August 2014, <http://blog.thomsonreuters.com/index.php>
12
Refer to Figure 1 and Figure 2 on the tear-out sheet (page 11), where appropriate, when answering
Questions 15 to 19.
15. What term is used to refer to the boundary labelled X in Figure 1?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
(1 mark)
16. Refer to the following diagram, which shows four trophic levels:
level 4: consumer
level 3: consumer
level 2: consumer
level 1: producer
biomass
Squirrel gliders belong to which one of the trophic levels shown in the diagram? Give a
reason for your choice.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
(1 mark)
17. Why it is rare for food chains to have more than four or five steps?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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(1 mark)
18. In the river red gum ecosystem, worms are prey. Identify one other role of worms in this
ecosystem.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
(1 mark)
19. Identify one benefit of floods for flood-plain ecosystems, apart from replenishment of water for
plant growth.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
13
(1 mark)
PLEASE TURN OVER
20. Refer to the following map:
Selected land uses of the Lachlan River catchment
Willandra Creek
Hillston
downstream
an
hl
c
La
Lake
Cargelligo
Lake
Brewster
R.
Forbes
Belubula R.
Lake
Cowal
Cowra
Brewster Weir
Wyangala
Dam
upstream
Key
town
direction of flow
weir
native vegetation
irrigation
N
dryland cropping, horticulture, grazing
site of major River Red Gum or wetland ecosystem
0
100
200
kilometres
Source: Adapted from CSIRO 2008, Water availability in the Lachlan. A report to the Australian Government
from the CSIRO Murray-Darling Basin Sustainable Yields Project, CSIRO, Australia, p. 16
<http://www.clw.csiro.au/publications/waterforahealthycountry/mdbsy/pdf/Lachlan-Report.pdf>
(a) Long-term changes have occurred on the Lachlan River system due to human
intervention. Which one of the following phrases describes the most likely effect of
irrigation and related infrastructure on the Lachlan River system downstream from
Brewster Weir? Tick the appropriate box.
Increased annual volume of flow
Less variability in river levels
Increased duration of floods
Increased sedimentation
(1 mark)
(b) Irrigation can change the amount of water available and the time when water is available
to communities downstream. Suggest one other negative effect of irrigated agriculture, or
other forms of agriculture, on Lachlan River flood-plain communities downstream.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
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14
(1 mark)
21. Which one of the following formulas can be used to calculate population change? Tick the
appropriate box.
(births  deaths) (in-migration  out-migration)population change
(births deaths)  ( in-migration out-migration)population change
(births deaths) ( in-migration out-migration)population change
(births  deaths)  ( in-migration out-migration)population change
(1 mark)
22. Refer to the sources on the tear-out sheet (page 12), where appropriate, and to the following
information:
Between 1979 and 2013 the One-Child Policy in China restricted parents who
live in urban areas to one child. In 2007, these rules affected approximately
35% of the population.
In 2013 the rules were relaxed, allowing parents to have two children if either
parent is an only child.
(a) Refer to Source A on the tear-out sheet (page 12).
Which one of the following time periods had the largest rate of decline in China’s fertility
rate? Tick the appropriate box.
1950–55
1965–70
1970–75
1985–90
(1 mark)
(b) Suggest one reason why the population of China is expected to grow between 2001 and
2030, as shown in Source B, even though the total fertility rate is forecast to stay below
replacement rates.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
15
(1 mark)
PLEASE TURN OVER
Refer to Sources A, B, and C on the tear-out sheet (page 12) and Sources D and E below when
answering question (c):
SOURCE D — China: Estimated dependency ratio, 1950–2050
90
dependents per 100 workers
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
20
50
20
40
20
30
20
20
20
10
20
00
19
90
19
80
19
70
19
60
19
50
0
year
Source: Adapted from Weinschenk, M. 2010, ‘The Dependency Ratio: Use this number to find the best international
investments’, Investment U, viewed 12 August 2014, <http://www.investmentu.com/article/detail/13044/the-dependency-ratio>
SOURCE E — China: Population structures 1980 and 2030 (projected)
1980
Population: 984 million
Male
2030
Population: 1450 million
Female
Age (years)
Male
Female
100+
9599
9094
8589
8084
7579
7074
6569
6064
5559
5054
4549
4044
3539
3034
2529
2024
1519
1014
59
04
7.5%
5%
2.5%
0%
2.5%
5%
7.5%
7.5%
5%
2.5%
0%
2.5%
5%
7.5%
Source: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division 2013, ‘Population by five-year
age group and sex, On-line Database: Detailed Indicators’, World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision,
<http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm>
16
(c) Describe the likely social and economic effects of the population trends shown in
Sources A to E.
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17
marks)
PLEASE TURN OVER
23. Refer to the following information about the City of Orange in New South Wales:
City of Orange fact file
Total population: 40 108.
Mild climate with four distinct seasons and rainfall of 895 millimetres
per year.
Only 260 km by road (3.5 hours by car) from Sydney.
Home prices are approximately 56% lower than Sydney.
Average age is 35 years (2 years less than the Australian average).
Education facilities include twelve primary schools and seven high
schools alongside a university campus and TAFE.
Facilities include three major shopping centres, twelve hotels, thirty-four
restaurants, and four hospitals.
Range of job vacancies from unskilled to postgraduate level.
Source: ‘Orange Facts’, Evocities, viewed 16 June 2014, <http://www.evocities.com.au/locations/orange/>
City of Orange population pyramids 1996 and 2011
Age (years)
Males
Male 1996
Male 2011
4
3
Females
85
8084
7579
7074
6569
6064
5559
5054
4549
4044
3539
3034
2529
2024
1519
1014
59
04
2
1
0
0
Percentage
Female 1996
Female 2011
1
2
3
4
Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics 1996 Census of Population and Housing, Orange (C), NSW (SLA),
Basic Community Profile, B03 Age by Sex; 2011 Census of Population and Housing, Orange, NSW (SA2),
Basic Community Profile, B04 Age by Sex; <www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/censushome.nsf/home/data>
18
(a) Identify two ways in which the population structure for the City of Orange has changed
between 1996 and 2011.
(i)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
(ii)
(1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
(1 mark)
(b) The City of Orange has become a popular destination for migrants from Sydney. Use the
fact file on page 18 to identify one push factor and one pull factor for this migration.
Push factor: _________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Pull factor:
(1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
(1 mark)
24. Refer to Sources 1 to 4 on Side 2 of the separate sheet of additional material and to the
following information:
A range of alternative water sources, including rainwater tanks, water restrictions, and
stormwater recycling are currently used in the City of Orange. A pipeline from the
Macquarie River catchment to the City of Orange is also under construction.
(a) Why is a water pipeline the preferred option for the City of Orange? Refer to specific
data from Source 4 in your answer.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
19
(1 mark)
PLEASE TURN OVER
(b) Stormwater recycling and water restrictions are two possible responses to water
shortages in the City of Orange.
Explain the potential environmental, social, and economic effects of each of these
responses. Support your answer with evidence from Sources 1 to 4 and your own
knowledge.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
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____________________________________________________________________________________________ (6
20
marks)
25. Refer to the following maps of mobile phone subscriptions in Africa in 2004 and 2009:
Number of mobile phone subscriptions per 100 people in Africa
2004
2009
A
N
B
N
C
Key
>100
60 – 80
< 40
80 – 100
40 – 60
No data
Source: Adapted from StatSilk: Interactive Maps and Visualisations, StateWorld, Africa, ‘Mobile cellular subscriptions per
100 inhabitants’, 2004, 2009, StatPlanet, viewed 16 June 2014, <www.statsilk.com/maps/world-stats-open-data>
(a) Which country — A, B, or C — had the largest increase in the number of mobile phone
subscriptions from 2004 to 2009? Tick the appropriate box.
A
B
C
(1 mark)
(b) Which two of the following statements are possible effects of the increase in mobile
phone usage in less economically developed countries? Tick two appropriate boxes.
There will be a decrease in the amount of waste generated.
There will be an increase in the amount of waste generated.
The demand for energy in the form of electricity will rise.
The demand for energy will fall.
(1 mark)
21
PLEASE TURN OVER
26. The distribution of the world’s population is uneven.
Explain the effect of any three specific factors on this distribution. Support your answer with
examples.
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_________________________________________________________________________________________________ (5
22
marks)
27. Refer to the following diagram:
Global Energy Consumption in 2012
Crude oil 37%
Nuclear 6%
Coal 25%
Solar heat 0.5%
Wind 0.3%
Biomass 4%
Geothermal 0.2%
Natural gas 23%
Hydro-electricity 3%
Biofuels 0.2%
Solar photovoltaic 0.04%
Source: Adapted from ‘File: World energy usage width chart.svg’, Omegatron, 19 June 2014
<http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:World_energy_usage_width_chart.svg>
(a) Which one of the fossil fuels shown in the diagram contributes least to global energy
consumption?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
(1 mark)
(b) Choose one non-renewable source of energy from the diagram and suggest two
advantages of using it.
Type of energy
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Advantage 1:________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
(1 mark)
Advantage 2:________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
23
(1 mark)
PLEASE TURN OVER
28. Refer to the following table:
Country
Australia
China
Denmark
United States of America
Zimbabwe
Estimate of
GDP per person
in 2012 ($US
equivalent)†
Ecological
footprint in 2008
(global hectares
per person)‡
Internet users in
2012
(% of population)*
22
42 500
6.68
89
1343
9 100
2.13
40
5
37 800
8.25
90
313
52 400
7.19
78
12
600
1.17
16
Total population in
2012
(millions)*
Sources:
*Internet World Stats: Usage and Population Statistics, 2012, ‘World Internet usage and population statistics’,
viewed 23 June 2014, <http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm>
†
CIA World Factbook, ‘Country Comparison to the World, Field Listing: GDP – per capita (PPP) (2012 estimate)’,
viewed 23 June 2014, <http://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2004.html>
‡
WWF 2012, Living Planet Report 2012, WWF International, Gland, Switzerland, pp. 140–5, <www.wwwf.org.au>
(a) Explain the meaning of the term ‘ecological footprint’.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________ (2
marks)
(b) What is the relationship between the level of economic development of countries and the
size of their ecological footprint?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
(1 mark)
(c) Suggest one reason why an increase in the percentage of Internet users might reduce
the size of a country’s ecological footprint.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
© SACE Board of South Australia 2014
24
(1 mark)
GEOGRAPHY 2014
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Question 11, page 8, photograph: Copyright in this photograph is owned by NSW Trade &
Investment.
Question 28, page 24: The website for the second source has moved to www.cia.gov/library.
The website for the third source is www.wwf.org.au
The SACE Board of South Australia has made every effort to trace copyright holders. If however,
any material has been incorrectly acknowledged, we apologise and invite the copyright holder to
contact us.