CHEM 1406
Revised 8/24/06
Study Guide #3, The Atom and Radioactivity
www.delmar.edu/nsci/cgambill/sg0603.pdf
Textbook (Timberlake, 9th ed)
Chapter 3: pages 84 – 107 (skip s,p,d,f orbitals pgs 93 – 94)
Know Table 3.8, pg 86
Know Key Terms, pgs 104 – 105
Know how to draw Lewis Dot Pictures for atoms, pgs 98 -99
Work problems 3.21 - 3.72, 3.81 – 3.98, 3.103, 3.104, 3.107, 3.108, 3.11
Chapter 9: pages 300 – 330
Know Table 9.2, pg 302; Table 9.4, pg 306
Know Key Terms, pgs 326 – 327; also PET, MRI, CAT, X-ray
Know how to write and balance nuclear chemical equations
Know equation – inverse square law
Work problems: 9.1 – 9.76
Timberlake’s Chemistry Web Site: http://www.karentimberlake.com/
Laboratory Textbook: (www.delmar.edu/nsci/cgambill/labsch06061.pdf )
Experiment #4, Atomic Structure
Experiment #5, Electron Configuration and Periodic Properties
Experiment #6, Nuclear Radiation
Turn in problems and exercises from lab textbook as directed in lab class
(study graded/returned lab sets)
The Chemistry Place:
CD in textbook – Chapter 3 Guide, sections 3.4 – 3.8
Chapter 9 Guide, all sections
Web site, www.aw-bc.com/chemplace (may require access code from textbook)
Computer Problem Set, Radiation Chemistry, extra credit points; due at exam time
Presentations, see also: http://mydmc.delamr.edu
The Atom, see: http://www.delmar.edu/nsci/cgambill/atom.pdf
Introduction to Radiochemistry, see: http://www.delmar.edu/nsci/cgambill/Radio.pdf
MRI, CAT and PET, see: http://www.delmar.edu/nsci/cgambill/mricatpet.pdf
Study Guide (optional)
Chapter 3, sections 3.4 – 3.8; pages 36 – 47
Chapter 9, all sections; pages 139 - 150
CHEM 1406
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For Discussion
Figure: Periodic Trends
From:
http://cwx.prenhall.com/bookbind/pubbooks/hillchem3/medialib/media_portfolio/text_images/CH08/FG08_17.JPG
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Figure: Frequency, Wavelength and Energy for the Electromagnetic Spectrum.
from:
http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Radiography/Physics/nature.htm
Inverse square Law,
http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Radiography/Physics/inversesquare.htm
http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/6f.html
Inverse-Square-Law (Radiation intensity with distance)
Since the initial beam travels in straight but divergent directions, geometry in a three
dimensional world dictates that the radiation intensity will decrease with the inverse square of
the distance. Consequently, the number of X-rays traveling through a unit area decreases with
increasing distance. Likewise, radiation level decreases with increasing distance since exposure
is directly proportional to the number of X-rays interacting in a unit area. The intensity of the
radiation is described by the inverse square law equation:
Where XA is the radiation exposure rate at distance DA compared with the exposure rate (XB) at
some other distance (DB).
From: http://www.e-radiography.net/index.htm
CHEM 1406
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Fig. 3: Inverse square law
In general, the dose amounts to 1/x². Therefore, if you double the film-to-target distance, you
will need four times as much radiation to achieve the same image blackening. If you did not
change the patient's position, this would lead to radiation stress in the patient; thus, increasing the
distance between X-ray tube and patient helps to reduce the dose.
From: http://www.e-radiography.net/index.htm
Web Resources, Radioactivity:
1. Theory, Radioactive Decay; see: http://www2.slac.stanford.edu/vvc/theory/nuclearstability.html
2. Types of Radioactive Decay; see
http://library.thinkquest.org/3471/radiation_types_body.html
3. Half-life, A JAVA applet; see:
http://www.colorado.edu/physics/2000/isotopes/radioactive_decay3.html
4. Other Modes of Radioactive Decay; see:
http://www.epa.gov/radiation/understand/positron.htm
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5. Radiation Fact Sheets; see:
http://www.hps.org/publicinformation/radfactsheets/index.html
6. Radioactivity; see: http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/Radioactivity/Radioactivity.html
7. Nature of Penetrating Radiation; see:
http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Radiography/Physics/nature.htm
Web Resources, Nuclear Medicine:
1. Nuclear Medicine and PET; see:
http://www.palmcoastimaging.com/Services/s_nuclearmedicine.htm
2. Introduction to Radiologic Procedures and Therapies; see: http://www.radiologyinfo.org/
3. Martindale's Health Science Guide, Radiology Center; see: http://wwwsci.lib.uci.edu/~martindale/MedicalRad.html
4. Radiation Therapy; see: http://www.ahealthyme.com/topic/topic100587381
5. How X-rays Work; see: http://science.howstuffworks.com/x-ray.htm
6. Computed Tomography; see: http://www.palmcoastimaging.com/Services/s_catscanning.htm
7. Computed Tomography Scans; see:
http://www.ahealthyme.com/topic/topic100586642
8. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scans; see: http://www.ahealthyme.com/topic/topic100587119
9. MRI; see: http://www.palmcoastimaging.com/Services/s_mrismras.htm
10. Mammography; see: http://www.ahealthyme.com/topic/topic100587125
11. Mammography; see: http://www.palmcoastimaging.com/Services/s_mammograms.htm
11. Positron Emission Tomography; see: http://www.ahealthyme.com/topic/topic100587327
12. Basic Principle of PET, an applet; see:
http://www.austin.unimelb.edu.au/dept/nmpet/pet/detail/principle.html
13. Thallium Heart Scan; see: http://www.ahealthyme.com/topic/topic100587548
14. Radiation Safety Guidelines; see: http://extranet.urmc.rochester.edu/radiationSafety/mrt.pdf
15. Radiation Safety Manual, Nursing Procedures;
http://www.xray.hmc.psu.edu/services/hphys/rsm/rsmtoc.html
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16. Radiation Safety; see: http://www.safety.duke.edu/RadSafety/nurses/default.asp
http://www.e-radiography.net/index.htm
17. Listing of some medically useful isotopes (old list, 1998), see:
http://www.cbvcp.com/nmrc/mia.html
18. Medical Physics, see: http://science.uniserve.edu.au/school/curric/stage6/phys/medphys.html
19. The Search for the Heavy Elements, see:
http://www.lbl.gov/abc/wallchart/chapters/08/0.html
20. Nuclear Medicine, see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_medicine
21. Medical Imaging, see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaging