THE HANDBOOK
OF HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS SPILLS
TECHNOLOGY
Merv Fingas, Ph.D.
Editor-in-Chief
McGRAW-HILL
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The handbook of hazardous materials spills technology / Merv Fingas, editor-in-chief.
p.
cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 0-07-135171-X
1. Hazardous substances—Safety measures—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Hazardous
substances—Accidents—Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Fingas, Mervin F.
T55.3.H3H3515
604.7—dc21
2001
2001034231
Copyright 䉷 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or
retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
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CONTRIBUTORS
Jeffrey A. Adams ENGEO Inc., San Ramon, California (CHAP. 14)
Ertugrul Alp
Alp & Associates Incorporated, Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada (CHAP. 10)
Margaret-Ann Armour Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (CHAP. 29)
J. Arnaldos Centre d’Estudis del Risc Tecnològic (CERTEC), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya—
Institut d’Estudis Catalans, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain (CHAPS. 22, 31, 41)
Andreas F. Bienz Bienz, Kummer & Partner Ltd, Consulting Engineers—Safety Planning, Risk Management, Zollikerberg, Switzerland (CHAP. 12)
E. Buglova Research and Clinical Institute of Radiation Medicine and Endocrinology, Ministry of
Health, Minsk, Belarus (CHAP. 9)
Bertrand Carissimo Electricité de France, Chatou, France (CHAP. 19)
J. Casal Centre d’Estudis del Risc Tecnològic (CERTEC), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya—
Institut d’Estudis Catalans, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain (CHAPS. 22, 31, 41)
Philip Chatwin Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K. (CHAP.
25)
Nijs Jan Duijm Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark (CHAP. 19)
C. A. Leif Ericson CHEMTREC, Arlington, VA (CHAP. 5)
Merv Fingas Emergencies Science Division, Environment Canada, Environmental Technology Centre,
River Road, Ottawa, Ontario (CHAPS. 16, 30, 32–36, 38, 39, 44)
Ernst Goldschmitt United Nations Environment Program, Paris (CHAP. 2)
R. F. Griffiths Environmental Technology Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, UMIST,
Manchester, United Kingdom (CHAP. 37)
John S. Gulliver Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
(CHAP. 20)
A. J. (Tony) Haggerty Hazardous Substance Advisor, Auckland Region, New Zealand Fire Service
(CHAP. 4)
P. F. L. Heilbron Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (CHAP. 9)
David E. Hibbs Barr Engineering Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan (CHAP. 20)
F. Jonckheere Trade and Environment Services, European Chemical Industry Council / Conseil Européen de l’industrie chimique (CEFIC), Brussels (CHAP. 8)
T. Kapias Environmental Technology Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, UMIST,
Manchester, United Kingdom (CHAP. 37)
Kerry Ketcheson Emergencies Science Division, Environmental Technology Centre, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (CHAPS. 39, 44)
S. Bruce King AristaTek, Inc. and Western Research Institute (WRI), Laramie, Wyoming (CHAP. 23)
Jaakko Kukkonen Finnish Meteorological Institute, Air Quality Research, Helsinki, Finland (CHAPS.
27, 40)
xvii
xviii
CONTRIBUTORS
Peter O. Kummer Bienz, Kummer & Partner Ltd., CH-8125 Zollikerberg, Switzerland (CHAP. 26)
J. F. Lafortune International Safety Research, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (CHAP. 9)
Carol Lau Environmental Emergencies Branch, Environment Canada, Hull, Quebec (CHAP. 44)
Richard Lawuyi Emergencies Science Division, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
(CHAPS. 32, 33, 34, 35, 36. 38)
Ken Li Emergencies Science Division, Environment Canada, Environmental Technology Centre, River
Road, Ottawa, Ontario (CHAP. 16)
Don Mackay Canadian Environmental Modelling Centre, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario,
Canada (CHAP. 24)
Michel Marchand Rue Alain Colas, BP 20 413, 29604 BREST (France) (CHAPS. 3, 7, 43, 45)
R. Martinčič J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia (CHAP. 9)
Gordon McKay Department of Chemical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and
Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong (CHAP. 15)
T. McKenna International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (CHAP. 9)
Stefan Micallef Regional Marine Pollution Emergency, Response Centre for the Mediterranean Sea
(REMPEC), Manoel Island, Gzira, Malta (CHAP. 1)
H. Montiel Centre d’Estudis del Risc Tecnològic (CERTEC), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya—
Institut d’Estudis Catalans, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain (CHAPS. 22, 31, 41)
Joe C. Y. Ng Department of Chemical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Tech-
nology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong (CHAP. 15)
M. Nielsen Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark (CHAP. 18)
Juha Nikmo Finnish Meteorological Institute, Air Quality Research, Helsinki, Finland (CHAP. 27)
John S. Nordin AristaTek, Inc. and Western Research Institute (WRI), Laramie, Wyoming (CHAPS. 17,
23)
John C. Pine Professor-Research, Institute for Environmental Studies,
Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana (CHAP. 11)
E. Planas-Cuchi Centre d’Estudis del Risc Tecnològic (CERTEC), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya—Institut d’Estudis Catalans, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain (CHAPS. 22, 31, 41)
Krishna R. Reddy University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Civil and Materials Engineering,
Chicago, Illinois (CHAP. 14)
Thayne Routh AristaTek, Inc. and Western Research Institute (WRI), Laramie, Wyoming (CHAP. 23)
K. E. Sellers AMEC Earth & Environmental, Inc., Westford, Massachusetts (CHAP. 28)
Rajesh Seth Canadian Environmental Modelling Centre, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario,
Canada (CHAP. 24)
David Sheesley AristaTek, Inc. and Western Research Institute (WRI), Laramie, Wyoming (CHAP. 23)
Mary-Ann Spicer Environmental Emergencies Branch, Environment Canada, Hull, Quebec (CHAP. 44)
Clyde Strong President, Clyde Strong & Associates, Inc., College Station, Texas (CHAP. 13)
Department of Applied Mathematics, The University of Western Ontario, London,
Ontario, Canada (CHAP. 25)
Paul J. Sullivan
J. E. S. Venart Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton,
New Brunswick, Canada (CHAPS. 21, 42)
J. Verlinden Trade and Environment Services, European Chemical Industry Council / Conseil Européen
de l’industrie chimique (CEFIC), Brussels (CHAP. 6)
CONTRIBUTORS
xix
J. A. Vı́lchez Centre d’Estudis del Risc Tecnològic (CERTEC), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya—
Institut d’Estudis Catalans, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain (CHAPS. 22, 31, 41)
Vaughan R. Voller Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
(CHAP. 20)
Thomas K. Warnock CHEMTREC, Arlington, VA (CHAP. 5)
ABOUT THE EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
Merv Fingas, Ph.D., is Chief, Emergencies Sciences Division, Environment
Canada. His research specialties are the properties, behavior, and modeling of hazardous materials, especially oil. A member of the editorial board of the Journal of
Hazardous Materials, he also edits Spill Technology Newsletter, published by Environment Canada. He is a member of the executive committee of the ASTM F-20
on spill standards. He has over 450 publications.