ISSN 0 5 4 1
Mycological Society
of America
NEWSLETTER
Vol. 35
No. 1
June 1984
- 4938
SUSTAINING MEMBERS
ANALYTAB PRODUCTS
MILES LABORATORIES, INC.
CAMSCO PRODUCE COMPANY, INC.
NEW BRUNSWICK SCIENTIFIC COMPANY
DEKALB-PFIZER GENET1CS
PIONEER HI-BRED INTERNATIONAL, INC.
D I FCO LABORATORY PRODUCTS
THE QUAKER OATS COMPANY
HOECHST-ROUSSEL PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
ROHM AND HAAS COMPANY
HOFFMAN-LAROUCHE INC.
SCHERING CORPORATION
LANE SCIENCE EQUIPMENT COMPANY
SLYVAN SPAWN LABORATORY, INC.
ELI LILLY AND COMPANY
TRIARCH INCORPORATED
MERCK SHARP AND DOHME RESEARCH LABORATORIES
WY ETH LABORATORIES
The Society i s extremely g r a t e f u l f o r t h e support o f i t s Sustaining Members. These
o r g a n i z a t i o n s are l i s t e d above i n a l p h a b e t i c a l order. Patronize them and l e t t h e i r
r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s know o f o u r a p p r e c i a t i o n whenever possible.
OFFICERS OF THE MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA
Richard T. Hanlin, President
Sandra Anagnostakis , Councilor (1983-85)
Roger D. Goos , V i ce-pres ident
Dona1d Barr, Councilor (1981-84)
Henry C. A l d r i ch, P r e s i d e n t - e l e c t
Martha Chri stiansen, Counci 1o r (1983-86)
Harold H. Burdsall , J r .
Alan Jaworski, Counci 1o r (1983-87)
, Secretary
Amy Y. Rossman, Treasurer
Richard E. Koske, Council o r (1983-86)
Harry D. Thiers, Past President (1983)
Gareth Morgan- Jones, Counci 1o r ( 1983-86)
Margaret B a r r Bigelow, Past President (1982)
'
Francis A. Uecker, Councilor (1982-85)
M Y C O L O G I C A L S O C I E T Y O F A M E R I C A NEWSLETTER
Vol ume 35, No. 1 , June 1984
Walter J. Sundberg, E d i t o r
Department o f Botany
Southern I 11i n o i s U n i v e r s i t y
Carbondale, I 11i n o i s , 62901
(61 8) 536-2331
T A B L E O F CONTENTS
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s u s t a i n i n g members
O f f i c e r s of t h e MSA
Table of Contents
EditortsNote
Genera 1 Announcements
Calender of Meetings and Forays
Forthcoming Courses
New Mycological Research
Fungi f o r D i s t r i b u t i o n
Fungi Wanted
Identifications
New Books by MSA Members
Publications Available
Annual Meeting Program
Annual Meeting Abstracts
Comments from Corresponding Clembers
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Computer Software Avai lab1 e
Other Mycological Items A v a i l a b l e . . .
Pub1i c a t i o n s Wanted
P o s i t i o n s Wanted
Postdoctoral P o s i t i o n s A v a i l a b l e
Vacancies f o r Mycologists
Assistantships and Fellowships A v a i l a b l e
Changes i n A f f i l i a t i o n o r Status
Travels and V i s i t s
Papers, Seminars, Symposia, and Workshops
Honors, Awards, and Promotions
Personal News
Notes and Comments
Changes o f Address For Respondence
Associations and Clubs
A f f i l i a t e d Societies
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Ift h i s i s s u e of t h e MSA Newsletter seems l a r g e r - - w i t h more pages--to you, y o u r r e c o l l e c t i o n o f p a s t issues i s goo'd. Several reasons account f o r t h i s increase. F i r s t , i t cont a i n s t h e a b s t r a c t s from t h e annual meeting (see pages 16-48), and t h e r e are twenty more than
l a s t y e a r ! Second, t h e p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f f o r e i g n members and t h e number o f items i n c l u d e d
from them has s u b s t a n t i a l l y increased. I presume t h i s r e s u l t s from a change made i n t h e
t i m i n g of q u e s t i o n n a i r e d i s t r i b u t i o n t o f o r e i g n members and t h e longer response time now
a v a i l a b l e t o them. Third, t h i s issue contains more a d v e r t i s i n g (see pages 13, 55, and 64)
than previous e d i t i o n s .
Unless otherwise noted, a l l t h e c r e a t i v e f i l l e r s ( a r t , poetry, jokes, etc.) i n c l u d e d are
h e r e t o f o r e unpublished. Michael G. R i n a l d i prepared t h e cover f i g u r e o f Micros o r i um canis
Bodin. The cartoons were done by Ann Be11 (page 9 ) and Rod T u l l o s s (page&
ill u s t r a t i o n s (see pages 6 and 49) and some one-liners (pgs. 12 and 60) are r e p r i n t e d w i t h permiss i o n ( v i a Dave M i n t e r ) from t h e A p r i l i s s u e o f t h e B r i t i s h Mycological Society Foray Programme. J e n n i f e r M u e l l e r W e t t l a u f e r and Randy Currah authored t h e p o e t r y on pages 7 and 47
r e s p e c t i v e l y . For t h e i r f i l l e r c o n t r i b u t i o n s , I a l s o wish t o thank Susan Du Bois (pg. 15),
Roland Seymour (pg. 50), and Dick K o r f (pg. 59).
The Southern I 11i n o i s Universi ty-Carbondale O f f i c e o f Research and Development Admini s t r a t i o n should be recognized f o r t h e i r i n d i r e c t assistance i n t h e form o f student work
( s e c r e t a r i a l ) support. Likewise, I wish t o acknowledge t h e able assistance o f Linda Neuman-who has t h e uncanny a b i l i t y t o c o r r e c t l y decipher my s c r i b b l e d w r i t i n g and who typed most of
t h i s issue--and t h e "volunteer" l a b o r provided a t m a i l i n g t i m e by t h e SIU-C Mycology students.
IT MAY TASTE INCREDIBLE--BUT .MAKE SURE IT'S EDIBLE!
GENERAL ANNOUNCEMENTS
YOU ALL COME!
Brent Reeves wishes a l l who w i l l a t t e n d t h i s years MSA Annual Meeting t o know t h a t the
MSA Awards and Social (Tues. evening, August 7, 1984) i s a l s o a "supper." The Brauts and
German Potato Salad w i l l be supplemented w i t h s o f t d r i n k s and Coors beer. Coors' Brewery
w i l l f u r n i s h Herman Joseph, K i l l i a n ' s Red, and Coors' L i g h t ("...for those o f us t h a t must
The Society
watch our c a l o r i e s o r want t o remain t r i m , y o u t h f u l , and appealing!"--B.R.).
applauds a1 1 the help o f f e r e d by Coors Brewery!
ATTENTION BRITISH COLLEAGUES
B r i t i s h members o f the MSA can now pay t h e i r dues ( s u b s c r i p t i o n s ) i n s t e r l i n g . Send
t h e e q u i v a l e n t s t e r l i n g amount t o Dave Minter a t C.M. I.,Kew, Surrey, England, t o a r r i v e
(Dave's
before January 20th each year. A f t e r t h a t , Dave notes, "You w i l l be t o o l a t e . "
e f f o r t on behalf o f the Society and i t s B r i t i s h members i s most appreciated.--ed. ).
MSA MAIL MATTERS
Moving? Want your Mycologia, MSA Newsletter, and o t h e r MSA-related m a i l t o a r r i v e a t
y o u r new address uninterrupted and on schedule? Want t o h e l p keep MSA operating costs--and
thus y o u r dues--down? Help achieve these goals by n o t i f y i n g t h e Secretary o f your move ( i f
p o s s i b l e ) s i x t o e i g h t weeks i n advance o f your moving date. I f you plan t o be on a sabbati c a l o r o t h e r temporary leave from your r e g u l a r p o s i t i o n , DO NOT r e p o r t a change o f address
t o t h e Society. Please attempt t o make arrangements t o have your MSA mail sent t o you by
someone a t your permanent address.
FORAY REPORTS WANTED
L i s t s o f fungi c o l l e c t e d on MSA Forays i n Indiana (1981), Pennsylvania (1982), and Iowa
(1983) would be appreciated by Wm. Bridge Cooke. Some people i n the Indiana and Pennsylvania
Foray P o r t r a i t s are presently u n i d e n t i f i e d . Bridge would 1i k e t o hear from any brave soul who
t h i n k s he o r she may be able t o i d e n t i f y some o r a l l o f the p r e s e n t l y nameless faces.
NEW FACILITIES
The Cryptogami c Herbari um, U n i v e r s i t y o f Toronto has moved from the Botany Department i n t o
expanded f a c i l i t i e s i n a separate b u i l d i n g . Space i s now a v a i l a b l e f o r v i s i t o r s and t h e
examination of c o l l e c t i o n s . Monographers are e s p e c i a l l y encouraged t o request t h e l o a n of
material. Reprints i n a1 1 areas o f morphology, taxonomy, and phytogeography f o r both fungi
and l i c h e n s would be appreciated f o r the Herbarium's r e p r i n t c o l l e c t i o n . For f u r t h e r i n formation and s p e c i f i c arrangements contact t h e curator, John C. Krug.
TRAVELLING TO BRITAIN?
Dave Minter has assumed the p o s i t i o n o f Foray and Systematics Committee Secretary i n t h e
B r i t i s h Mycological Society. Please w r i t e . t o him i f y o u ' r e i n t e r e s t e d i n attending any BMS
forays.
(see Calendar o f Meetings, Forays, and Workshops f o r more)
SUGGEST MA MEMBERSHIP TO A FRIEND OR STUDEflT.
3
TROPICAL FIELD STUDIES
Mycologists i n t e r e s t e d i n t r o p i c a l f i e l d work should contact Amy Y. Rossman.
b r i e f c u r r i c u l u m v i t a e and statement o f research i n t e r e s t s .
Include a
INDIVIDUALS INVITED TO JOIN NOMENCLATURE SUBCOMMITTEES
The Special Committee f o r Fungi & Lichens (R. P. Korf, Secretary) o f t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l
Association f o r P l a n t Taxonomy i n v i t e s a l l i n t e r e s t e d b o t a n i s t s t o j o i n one o r more o f t h e i r
new working subcommittees on proposals f o r changes i n the I n t e r n a t i o n a l Code o f Botanical
Nomenclature. Four subcommittees w i l l begin work immediately, and exchange comments by m a i l .
The work o f t h e subcomnittees w i l l need t o be completed by January 1986 i f changes are t o be
enacted a t t h e 1987 I n t e r n a t i o n a l Botanical Congress. Readers i n t e r e s t e d i n s e r v i n g on subcommittees should so advise the convener o f t h e subcomi t t e e ( s ) :
SUBCOMMITTEE A: (Taxa t h a t may be t r e a t e d i n d i f f e r e n t taxonomic groups now s p e c i f i e d under
A r t . 13.1 ( d ) when such groups have d i f f e r e n t sanctioning authors) Convener: Dr. Vincent
Demoul i n , Department de Botanique, Uni v e r s i t e de Liege, S a r t T i lman, B-4000 Liege, BELGIUM.
SUBCOMMITTEE B: ( C i t a t i o n and t r a n s f e r o f sanctioned names under A r t . 13.1 ( d ) and Rec. 50E.2)
Convener: D r . David L. Hawksworth, Commonwealth Mycological I n s t i t u t e , Ferry Lane, Kew,
R i chmond, Surrey TW9 3AF, ENGLAND.
SUBCOMMITTEE C:
(Other problems w i t h A r t . 13 and the s t a r t i n g - p o i n t f o r nomenclature of
fungi and l i c h e n s , and w i t h A r t . 59 on pleomorphic f u n g i ) Convener: Dr. Walter Gams,
Centraal bureau voor Schimmel c u l t u r e s , P. 0. Box 273, 3740 AG Baarn, THE NETHERLANDS.
SUBCOMMITTEE D: ( F o s s i l Fungi) Convener: Dr. Don R. Reynolds, Natural H i s t o r y Museum, 900
E x p o s i t i o n Foulevard, Los Angeles , CA 90007, U.S.A.
REDUCED RATES FOR EXPERIMENTAL MYCOLOGY
Although t h e p r i c e a d v e r t i s e d by Academic Press i s $60.00 per year, MSA members and
others can o b t a i n EXPERIMENTAL MYCOLOGY a t the personal s u b s c r i p t i o n r a t e o f $32.50 (confirmed
May 1984--ed. ). Orders must request ersonal s u b s c r i p t i o n and must pay by personal check o r
money order. W r i t e Academic Press, 111 i f t h Avenue, New York, NY 10003. Thanks t o Henry
A1 d r i ch f o r p r o v i d i n g these d e t a i 1s.
5-
DANIEL E. STUNTZ MEMORIAL FOUNDATION
A memorial foundation honoring the l a t e Professor Daniel E. Stuntz has been e s t a b l i s h e d
by members o f t h e Puget Sound Mycological Society i n cooperation w i t h J. Arnmirati and t h e
Department o f Botany, U n i v e r s i t y o f Washington. The foundation was formed mainly t o a i d and
a s s i s t t h e systematic mycology students i n t h e P a c i f i c Northwest, p a r t i c u l a r l y those a t t h e
U n i v e r s i t y o f Washington. The foundation a l s o w i l l h e l p t o maintain the D. E. Stuntz Mycology
L i b r a r y , pub1 i s h and disperse mycological i n f o r m a t i o n , provide suppl i e s and equipment f o r
mycology research, g r a n t monies f o r t r a v e l t o meetings and forays, and support amateur and
professional mycology programs i n t h e P a c i f i c Northwest.
E s t a b l i s h e d under t h e Washington N o n p r o f i t Corporation Act, t h e foundation i s e x c l u s i v e l y
f o r educational , c h a r i t a b l e , and s c i e n t i f i c purposes. C o n t r i b u t i o n s should be sent t o J.
Ammirati , Department of Botany, KB-15, U n i v e r s i t y o f Washington, S e a t t l e , W
A 98195. Make
checks payable t o t h e D. E. Stuntz Memorial Foundation.
CREATIVITY REQUIRED
W. J. Sundberg hereby requests submission o f your unpublished mycological creations--be
they a r t , cartoons o r jokes, l i m e r i c k s , and p o e t r y - - f o r consideration f o r p u b l i c a t i o n i n t h e
MSA Newsletter. A l l o r i g i n a l m a t e r i a l s can be returned t o t h e a r t i s t o r author. Help us.
CALENDAR OF MEETINGS,
FOFiAYSJ AND WORKSHOPS
For those t r a v e l i n g abroad, the calendar includes i n b r i e f form some m i s c e l l aneous
European a c t i v i t i e s as w e l l as a l i s t i n g o f the main B r i t i s h Mycological Society (BMS) forays,
etc. For the BMS a c t i v i t i e s contact t h e l o c a l organizer ( l i s t e d w i t h each) o r Dave Minter,
C. M. I., Ferry Lane, Kew , Surrey TW9 3AF England.
August 1984
4-9
MSA Annual Foray and Meeting w i l l be h e l d i n conjunction w i t h t h e AIBS.
Annual Meeting Program elsewhere i n t h i s i s s u e f o r d e t a i l s . )
(See
10-12
The FOURTH WILD MUSHROOM FAIR and f o r a y t o T e q u i l a ' s Hi 11. For more d e t a i l s , cont a c t Fco. T r u j i l l o Flores, Facul t a d de Cienci as, Universidad de Guadalajara, Ap.
p o s t a l 5-885 Guadalajara J a l i s c o 45000 Mexico.
11-12
The Society f o r I n d u s t r i a l Microbiology w i l l o f f e r a WORKSHOP on PLASMIDS I N
BIOTECHNOLOGY; ISOLATION AND APPLICATIONS a t Colorado S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y i n F o r t
C o l l i n s . Plasmid i s o l a t i o n , e l e c t r o p h o r e t i c analysis, c l o n i n g w i t h plasmid vectors,
and n i c k t r a n s l a t i o n and h y b r i d i z a t i o n procedures w i l l be covered. Organized by
George A. Somkuti (Eastern Regional Research Center-USDA, Phi lade1 phia, PA; t e l e phone: 215/233-6474.
R e g i s t r a t i o n i s l i m i t e d t o 80 p a r t i c i p a n t s . For a d d i t i o n a l
information and r e g i s t r a t i o n forms, contact: Ann Kulback, SIM, c/o AIBS, 1401
w i l s o n B l vd., A r l i n g t o n , VA 22209. Telephone: 7031256-0337.
11-12
The OHIO MUSHROOM SOCIETY SUMMER FORAY w i l l be h e l d a t M i l l Creek Park, Youngstown,
OH. Get more data from Walt Sturgeon, 288 E. North Avenue, East P a l e s t i n e , OH 44413.
12-17
SOCIETY FOR INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY annual meeting w i l l be h e l d a t Colorado S t a t e
U n i v e r s i t y , F o r t C o l l i n s . For more i n f o r m a t i o n contact Ann Kulback, SIN, c/o AIBS,
1401 Wilson Bl vd. , A r l ington, VA 22209. Telephone: 7031256-0337.
13-18
The ARCTIC MYCOLOGICAL SYMPOSIUM 2, w i l l be h e l d i n Engadin, East Switzerland. For
more i n f o r m a t i o n contact Dr. Yosio Kobayasi , 5-33-1, Maruyama-cho, Funabashi C i t y ,
Japan.
17-19
BMS TRUFFLE HUNT a t Cotswolds.
Worces t e r s h i re.
19
23-26
16-19
Jane Ingham, 21 Loughmi 11 Road, Pershore,
The Colorado Mycological S o c i e t y ' s ANNUAL MUSHROOM FAIR w i l l be h e l d a t t h e Denver
Botanic Gardens and t h e c h i e f i d e n t i f i e r w i l l be Harry D. Thiers.
The FOURTH ANFiUAL TELLURIDE MUSHROOM CONFERENCE, designed f o r persons i n t e r e s t e d i n
t h e study and c u l t i v a t i o n o f w i l d mushrooms, w i l l be h e l d i n T e l l u r i d e , CO. I n q u i r i e s and reservations should be d i r e c t e d t o Emanuel Salzman, Box 5503, Denver, CO
8021 7-5503.
The Glassboro S t a t e College, Glassboro, NJ ( E l i z a b e t h Moore, r e s i d e n t m y c o l o g i s t ) ,
R o l f Singer w i 11 be
the Senior Mycologist. Cas Bas (Netherlands) and several o t h e r Mycologists w i l l
a l s o be there. Glassboro i s l o c a t e d o n l y 10 m i l e s from Newfield, NJ, the home f o r
many years of Job B i c k n e l l E l l i s (1329-1905).
Forays w i l l probe as many l o c a l
h a b i t a t s as p o s s i b l e i n an attempt t o rediscover E l l i s ' species. For f u r t h e r
information, contact Robert Peabody, R. D. # I , Box 250, M i l f o r d , NJ 08848. Phone:
201/995-9110 ( a f t e r 5 p.m. )
w i l l be t h e s i t e of the 1984 NORTHEASTERN MYCOLOGICAL FORAY.
PATROIVIZE THE E A SUSTAINING MEMBER5
September 1984
5-12
BMS AUTUMN FORAY a t U n i v e r s i t y os Essex, Colchester. T. R. G. Gray, Department o f
Biology, Univers; t y of Essex, Colchester, Essex, C04 350.
14-16
The 3 1 s t CHARLES HORTON PECK ANNUAL FORAY w i l l be h e l d a t Alleghany S t a t e Park,
Salarnanca, NY, a t t h e former Youth Conservation Camp i n t h e Red House Area. I n q u i r i e s and r e s e r v a t i o n s should be addressed t o Douglas A. Wright, 94 Remington
Place, B u f f a l o , NY 14?!0.
15-16
A FLESHY FUNGI WORKSHOP w i 11 occur i n Terra A1 t a , WV. Walt Sturgeon w i l l be t h e
i n s t r u c t o r . For more i n f o r m a t i o n w r i t e B i l l ' Beatty, Brooks Nature Center, Oglebay
Park, Wheeling, WV 26003.
20-23
The NORTH AMERICAN MYCOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (NAMA) FORAY w i l l be h e l d near Dorset,
Ontario. The general theme w i l l be Forestry and Ecology i n r e l a t i o n t o Mycology.
For f u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n contact Frans vanGerwen, 5 Cameron S t r e e t , Toronto M5T 2H1,
Ontario, Canada.
27-30
The ALEXANDER H. SMITH LAKE STATES FORAY f o r 1984 w i l l be h e l d a t t h e Larado T a f t
F i e l d Campus o f Northern I l l i n o i s U n i v e r s i t y i n Oregon, I L . Attendance i s l i m i t e d
and t h e c o s t i s approximately $75.00.
Contact L i z Farwell ( c o - o r d i n a t o r ) f o r more
information.
30Oct. 19
The JAPAN MUSHROOM STUDY TOUR i s a 20-day package f o r amateurs and p r o f e s s i o n a l s .
Includes exchange seminars w i t h Japanese mycologists and c o l l e c t i n g on Hokkaido, on
M t . F u j i , and i n t h e Kyoto area. Leaders w i l l be Gary L i n c o f f , Emanuel Salzman,
Contact Emanuel Salzman,
and Andrew Nei 1. Cost w i l l be approximately $3,000.00.
C / O Fungophi l e y Box 5503, Denver, CO 8021 7-5503 f o r more information.
October 1984
6- 7
The OHIO MUSHROOM SOCIETY FALL FORAY w i l l be h e l d a t Lake Hope S t a t e Park i n southe a s t Ohio. Contact Walt Sturgeon, 288 E. North Avenue, East Palestine, OH 44413.
6-13
BMS UPLAND FORAY a t Acharacle A r g y l l .
8-12
JOURNEES EUROPEENES DU CORTINAIRE w i 11 be he1 d a t Thonon-Les-Bains , France. Madame
Jocelyne Frossard, C r y t r e , Margencel, 74200 Thonon-Les-Bains, France.
Dave M i n t e r (see address above).
November 1984
17
29Dec. 13
BMS AUTUMN TAXONOMY MEETING: ASCOMYCETES I N DISARRAY a t J o d r e l l Laboratories, Kew,
Surrey. Dave M i n t e r (see address above).
TRUFFLING THROUGH EUROPE. A 2-week t o u r o f t h e t r u f f l e centers o f Europe. V i s i t s
t o t r u f f l e farms, processing p l a n t s , and markets i n I t a l y and France w i t h ample
o p p o r t u n i t i e s t o sample both w h i t e and b l a c k t r u f f l e s . Rome, P a r i s , Monte Carlo,
and Copenhagen are a l s o on t h e i t e n e r a r y . Leaders w i l l be Gary L i n c o f f , Gary
For more i n f o r m a t i o n
Menser, and Andrew Weil. The c o s t i s approximately $2,098.00.
c o n t a c t Frank P i p a l , Educational Tours, 5935 S. Pulaski , Chicago, I L 60629.
January 1985
25-27
BMS SYMPOSIUM:
FUNGYS PHOTOGRAPHY.
Gordon N i ckson. Near Woking, Surrey.
6
February 1985
?-?
AMAZON-ANDES MUSHROOM FORAY. A 2-week study t o u r o f t h e Amazon R i v e r and Peruvian
Andes i n l a t e February and e a r l y March. I t i n e r a r y includes: F i r s t week on a r e search s h i p going down the Amazon and along some o f i t s t r i b u t a r i e s w i t h d a i l y
Second week i n t h e Andes c o l l e c t i n g
excursions i n t o the j u n g l e t o c o l l e c t fungi.
a t e l e v a t i o n s between 8,000 and 12,000 f e e t ( i n c l u d i n g Machu Picchu). Leaders
For more
w i l l be Gary L i n c o f f and Gerry M i l l e r . Cost i s approximately $2,200.00.
i n f o r m a t i o n contact Gary Lincoff, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY 10458.
A p r i l 1985
?-?
NEW ENGLAND MYCOLOGISTS meeting w i l l be organized by John Haines. For t h e occasion
t h e group w i l l be renamed or the astern ~ y c o l o g i s t s . W r i t e John t o g e t on a m a i l i n g
l i s t and t o l e a r n t h e d e t a i l s .
May 1985
?-?
24-30
BMS PUFFER FORAY (The P u f f e r i s a small steamship [ w i t h b a r ] being chartered t o
steam up Loch Fyne and t h e I s l e of Bute) may be "a b i t p r i c y . " Dave M i n t e r (see
address above).
BMS SPRING FORAY a t Pulborough, West Sussex.
B i l l i n g s h u r s t , West Sussex.
Rod Bevan, Westcott West S t r e e t ,
August 1985
5-9
John P i t t , Maren K l i c h , and Dick H a n l i n w i l l conduct a f i v e day hands-on workshop
on PENICILLIUM IDENTIFICATION a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Georgia, Athens, GA. The dates
f a l l t h e week b e f o r e t h e MSA meeting i n G a i n e s v i l l e , FL. F u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n and
r e g i s t r a t i o n forms may be obtained from Maren K l i c h .
10-15
The MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA ANNUAL FORAY AND MEETING w i l l occur i n conjunct i o n w i t h the annual AIBS meeting i n G a i n e s v i l l e , FL.
11-17
The FOURTH INTERNATIONAL MARINE MYCOLOGY SYMPOSIUM wi 11 be h e l d i n Portsmouth,
England. Deadline f o r o f f e r e d papers i s J u l y 20, 1984. D e t a i l s from Professor
E. B. Gareth Jones, Portsmouth Polytechnic, Department o f B i o l o g i c a l Sciences,
King Henry I Street, Portsmouth, PO1 2DY, Hants, England.
September 1985
4-1 1
BMS AUTUMN FORAY a t Chester College, Chester.
Road, Chester CHI ~ B J .
The significance
No. I
Fun& are
important in
Veterinary Scienceat
Bruce Ing, Chester College, Cheyney
7
FORTHCOMING COURSES
INTRODUCTORY MYCOLOGY w i l l be taught a t Auburn U n i v e r i s t y i n t h e F a l l o f 1984.
Gareth Morgan- Jones.
Contact
FIELD MYCOLOGY, an upper division-graduate l e v e l course, w i l l be o f f e r e d a t Southern
I l l i n o i s U n i v e r s i t y a t Carbondale. Monthly, day-long continuing education workshops on
southern I 11i n o i s mushrooms wi 11 a l s o be o f f e r e d August-November. W r i t e Walter J. Sundberg
t o l e a r n more.
WILD MUSHROOMS w i l l be o f f e r e d August 12-24, 1984 a t K i r k l a n d Lake, Ontario, by John C.
Krug through t h e J u n i o r School o f A r t s f o r Northern Ontario. For f u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n c o n t a c t
JSANO, Northern Col lege o f Appl ied A r t s and Techno1 ogy , 140 Government Road East, K i r k l and
Lake PN2 3L2, Ontario, Canada.
TO MR COSTISICK
Copri nus :
The Suicide
Wild mushrooms picked the day before
Lay cool behind my icebox door.
With g r e a t d e l i g h t , I thought t h e i r f a t e
Would be t o cheer my dinner p l a t e .
So as I l i t my morning pipe
I savored thoughts o f cap and s t i p e
Tucked n e a t l y i n a h o t souffle
O r f l avouring some rechauffe.
So n e a t l y had they j o i n e d t h e bowl
(Amid chopped c e l e r y p e t i o l e
And radishes o f f i r m d e l i g h t )
Where I had p u t them f o r the n i g h t ,
My i n s t i n c t s knew t h e y ' d be superb!
My mind a l i v e w i t h spice and herb,
My matchless genius as a chef
Was glowing as I searched the s h e l f
Within t h e f r i d g e . But t o my shock
A h o r r o r had usurped my stock
O f mushrooms picked the day before.
They'd k i l l e d themselves behind t h e door.
Such h o r r o r ! I w i t h g h a s t l y groan
Wept soundly on t h e provolone.
A t l a s t , t o soothe my r u f f l e d state,
I polished o f f a t r u f f l e plate.
--Jennifer Muel l e r Wettlaufer
7930 C l i n t o n S t r e e t
Elma, NY 14059
8
NEW MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH
S. K. ABDULLAH:
Coprophilous and S o i l Ascomycetes o f Iraq.
P. T. ARNOLD: On VA mycorrhizal i n t e r a c t i o n s w i t h sewage sludge and t o x i c metals; VA
mycorrhizal response t o f i r e and associative d i azotrophs.
T. E. CHASE ( w i t h R. C. ULLRICH): Genetic r e g u l a t i o n o f i n t e r s t e r i l i t y and speciation i n
Heterobas id i on annosum ( Fomes annos us )
.
J. CLAUSZ: Molecular mechanism o f chromatin assembly i n Ph sarum 01 ce halum ( i n cooperation
w i t h Timothy Herman, Biochemistry Department o f .the Me i c a Co lege o f Wisconsin).
+f-d---
0. CONSTANTINESCU:
B. DMITRIEFF:
Monograph o f Plasmopara and a check-1 i s t of Peronospora.
N u t r i e n t media f o r c u l t i v a t i o n o f w i l d mushrooms; Boletus and Cantharellus.
J. EVANS (student o f T. M. HAMMILL):
.
L GUZMAN- DAVALOS and F. J
.
Jal isco, Mexico.
E. B. GARETH JONES:
R. KOFFMAN:
P e r i t h e c i a l and b u l b i l development i n Melanospora f a l l a x .
. TRUJ ILL0 FLORES:
Mushrooms , 1ichens , and myxomycetes from
Spore attachment i n marine, freshwater, and coprophilous fungi.
Investigations i n t o A s p e r g i l l us clavatus and Cunninghamell a echinulata.
L. J. LITTLEFIELD: Biocontrol o f l e a f y spurge (Euphorbi a esul a, a northern rangeland weed)
w i t h pathogenic fungi.
A. S. METHVEN ( w i t h R. H. PETERSEN):
Mexico.
The genus Clavariadelphus i n North America n o r t h o f
G. MORGAN-JONES: Mode o f a c t i o n o f o p p o r t u n i s t i c s o i 1 Hyphomycetes i n b i o c o n t r o l of
phytonematodes, i n c l u d i n g the r o l e o f d i f f u s i b l e t o x i c metabolites.
M. MUELLER (student o f W. J. SUNDBERG) : Fungi associated w i t h Mountain Pine Beetle i n west
c e n t r a l Colorado.
S. L. PEELE:
Small scale (Mail order) "Wild Mushroom Farm" culture.
R. R. POHLAD:
Cellulose decomposition fungi.
S. A. REHNER:
Population genetics o f Agari cus campestri s and Agrocybe pediades.
A. Y. ROSSMAN: Iffunded, the Mycology Lab a t B e l t s v i l l e w i l l undertake research on t h e
i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f VA mycorrhizal fungi using advanced techno1 ogy.
R. SEYMOUR:
Zoosporic fungi o f southern Mexico.
M. SHERWOOD-PIKE and J. GRAY:
Lake, northern Idaho.
Paleoecology and taxonomy o f a Miocene mycoflora from C l a r k i a
L. SHIH (student of J. AMMIRATI):
M. J. THIRUMALACHAR:
pathogens.
D. WEBER:
L i f e h i s t o r y and cytology of Laccaria.
A new b i o c o n t r o l agent against sclerotium-bearing soil-borne p l a n t
Characterization o f phytotoxin from Cryptosphaeri a popul ina, causal agent f o r
Aspen canker.
J. F. WHITE ( w i t h G. T. COLE):
Lo1 ium and Festuca)
.
Fungal endophyte-host associations i n the grasses (e.g.
W. YUN : Hypogeous fungi--taxonomy and mycorrhizae.
M. F. DOYLE:
Some common marasmioid f u n g i o f I l l i n o i s .
FUNGI FOR DISTRIBUTION
ASCOMYCETES
G. E. Templeton has specimens of Protomyces macrosporus on T o r i l i s japonica.
BASIDIOMYCETES
R. T u l l o s s has specimens and c o l o r s l i d e s o f Amanita s p e c i e s - - p a r t i c u l a r l y Section L e p i d e l l a
and l a r g e l y from t h e New Jersey Pine Barrens.
S. L. Peele has a l a r g e s e l e c t i o n o f mushroom c u l t u r e s i n F l o r i d a Mycology Research Center's
catalog. Dung inhabi t o r s are a l s o a v a i l a b l e - - d r y o r i n p r e s e r v i n g f l u i d .
DEUTEROMYCETES
G. Morgan-Jones has i s 0 1 ates o f Paecilomyces 1ilacinus, V e r t i c i 11 ium lame1 1 i c o l a , 1. 1eptobactrum, and V. chlamydospori um imp1 icated i n c y s t and r o o t - k n o t nematode pathology.
N. A. Weber informs us t h a t t h e Weber Ant Fungus C o l l e c t i o n (1. J. Robbins, 1969, Current
Topics i n P l a n t Science, pp. 71-73, Academic Press, NY) i s maintained a t t h e New York
Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY 10458. These unique c u l t u r e s a r e from various a t t i n e a n t
species.
FUNGI WANTED
MYXOMYCETES
Myxomycete specimens or tree bark (identified) from Mexico.
K. L. Braun:
Myxomycetes , especi a1 ly collections from western North America.
S. L. Stephenson:
OOMYCETES
Peronosporal es , especial ly Pl asmopara.
O. Constantinescu:
Pythium ul timum isolated from floricultural crops, especially poinsettias.
G. W. Moorman:
ZY GOMYCETES
R. Koffman:
Cunninghamella echinulata and information related to cultivation.
W. J. Vail : Azygospores of Gigaspora spp. from soil.
ASCOMYCETES
Valsa and Cytospora cultures (for a Ph.D. study).
K. K. Baker:
S. E. Carpenter:
T. I turriaga:
Specimens and cultures of Bisporella.
Cultures and specimens of Strossmayeri a (Helotiales).
E. B. Gareth Jones:
Isolates of Sordaria species for spore attachment work.
D. W. Minter: Specimens of the ascomycete family Rhyti smataceae (Rhyti sma , CoccomyceS ,
Lophodermi um, Hypoderma, etc. )
.
0. Petrini : Fresh collections of Rose11 inia spp.
D. H. Pfister:
L. J. Spielman:
specimens.
D. Weber:
Specimens of North American Pezizales.
Valsa and Leucostoma from any host; Septoria from Salicaceae; cultures and
Morchel 1a species.
C. S. Yang:
Cultures or specimens of Tricharina spp.
BASIDIOMYCETES
J. Ammi rati : Dermocybe coll ections with notes and color photos (Kodachrome), expeci a1 ly
western materi a1 .
D. Bermudes : Amani ta cultures.
A1 1 we1 comed, expeci a1 ly from amani tin-producing species.
D. E. Des jardins: Collections of col lybioid and marasmioid fungi from the Pacific Northwest
(Col lybieae and Marasmieae sensu Singer).
B. Dmi t r i e f f :
Cultures of Boletus edul i s .
Wi 1 d is01ates , with vouchers, .of A ari cus bisporus/brunnescens and other
similar species (no A. bi torguis) ; notes e s s e h o d a c h r o m e s appreciated.
R. W. Kerri gan:
B. Liu:
Terrnel l a aurantia,
1.mesenterica,
and
I I
1.encephala.
A. S. Methven:
Collections of Clavariadelphus from North America with color notes and spore
prints. Cultures of Clavariadelphus from North America along with a portion (dried) of
the original col 1ecti on.
S. A. Rehner: Basi diospore prints and somatic cultures of Agrocybe pediades , Panaeolus
foeniseci i and Agaricus campestris. Glad to reciprocate. Write for details, col lection,
and handling of isolates.
W. 3. Sundberg:
Specimens (with notes and/or photographs of Lepiota sensu lato.
R. Tul loss: We1 1 documented collections of Amani t a spp. with slides, i f possi ble--please
inquire f i r s t .
R. Vi 1 galys : Fresh cul tures and/or spore prints of Col lybi a dryophi 1a or Pleurotus ostreatus
(with vouchers). Wi 11 ing to reciprocate with cultures of other desired material from
my area.
W. Yun:
Me1 anogaster.
DEUTEROMY CETES
E. A. Felix:
Isolates of pathogenic conidial fungi or yeasts from saline natural environments.
T. W. Gai ther: Dermatophytic hyphomycetes of medical significance and similar members of the
Moni 1iaceae.
D. salina.
R. V. Gessner:
Cultures of Dendryphiella arenaria and
T. Iturriaga:
Cultures and specimens of Pseudospi ropes.
R. Koffman:
Aspergil lus clavatus, and any related information on culture.
M. E. Palm:
Trichocladium spp., cultures and specimens.
R. Roberts :
Isolates of A1 ternari a ricini
, A. macrospora,
K. Seifert:
Cultures or specimens of any synnematous hyphomycetes--parti cul arly Sti 1be1 l a .
G. E. Templeton:
J. F. White:
A.
raphani
, preferably fresh.
Col l e t o t r i chum species.
Cultures of Coelomycetes.
MISCELLANEOUS
J . A. Berry:
Cultures of fungal pathogens of maize, soybean, a l f a l f a , sorghum; and wheat.
Call 51 5-270-3309 for permits and address.
P. T. Arnold:
Pure i nocul um of various endogonaceous mycorrhi zal fungi.
LATE ADDITION
H. M. Saylor:
Dried specimens. of hypogeous and secotioid representatives of the astrogastraceous series, with or without notes or photographs.
1L
IDENTIFICATIONS
The f o l l o w i n g are w i l l i n g t o i d e n t i f y the taxa specified.
OOMYCETES
0. Constantinescu:
Peronosporales.
ASCOMYCETES
S. E. Carpenter:
(Discomycetes).
Strossmayeri a.
T. It u r r i a g a :
Y.
Crocicreas, Bisporel la, Pezizella, and Hymenoscyphus
Kobayasi:
Cordyceps and i t s a l l i e s .
D. H. P f i s t e r :
North American Pezizales.
A. Y. Rossman:
Members o f the Hypocreales i n c l u d i n g Nectria.
L. J. Spielman:
Valsa, Leucostoma, and t h e i r anamorphs i n Cytospora.
BAS IDIOMY CETES
J. Ammi r a t i : C o r t i n a r i us.
M. S. G i 11ium- Davi es : Marami us.
K. Sei f e r t :
Dacrymycetal es.
W. J. Sundberg:
R. Tul loss:
W.
Yun:
Lepiota sensu l a t o .
North American species o f Amani ta--please i n a u i re f i r s t .
Melanogaster.
DEUTEROMYCETES
S. K. Abdull ah: Aero-aquatic c o n i d i a l fungi e s p e c i a l l y genera such as He1icodendron, He1icoon,
Spirosphaera, Pseudaegerra, Candelabrum, etc.
T. It u r r i aga : Pseudospi ropes.
G. Morgan- Jones:
M. E. Palm:
Deuteromycotina.
Trichocladium and s i m i l a r genera.
J. F. White:
Coelomycetes.
MISCELLANEOUS
R. Seymour:
Zoospori c fungi, p a r t i c u l a r l y water molds.
M I T A PHALLOIDES--FOOD OF THE WDS! SO, DOIV'T EAT IT, UNLESS YOUIR?i'IMRTAL!
13
NEW B O O K S B Y MSA MEMBERS
The f o l l o w i n g announcements were r e c e i v e d i n response t o t h e MSA News1e t t e r q u e s t i o n n a i r e :
Amy Y. Rossman. 1983. THE PHRAGMOSPOROUS SPECIES OF NECTRIA AND RELATED GENERA.
Mycological Papers 150: 1-164. A v a i l a b l e from C.M. I . f o r about $25.00.
C.M. I.
Michael 0. Garraway and Robert C. Evans. 1984. FUNGAL NUTRITION AND PHYSIOLOGY. John
Wiley and Sons, New York. Based on a fungal physiology course taught a t Ohio S t a t e
s i n c e 1969, t h e book i s designed t o meet requirements of those needing t o know about
fungal physiology. Due o u t i n June.
.
I s a b e l l e I.Tavares
1984. LABOULBENIALES (FUNGI, ASCOMYCETES ) . Mycol o g i a Memoi r No. 9.
J. Cramer, Braunschweig. 000 pages, 56 p l a t e s , 22 f i g u r e s . Balacron bound. Special
i n d i v i d u a l MSA member p r i c e ( f r o m J. Cramer): $30.00.
H a r o l d H. B u r d s a l l , J r . 1984. A CONTRIBUTION TO THE TAXONOMY OF THE GENUS PHANEROCHAETE
(CORTICIACEAE, APHYLLOPHORALES). Mycologia Memoir No. 10. J. Cramer, Braunschweig.
000 pages, 46 f i g u r e s . Balacron bound. Special i n d i v i d u a l MSA member p r i c e ( f r o m
J. Cramer): $15.00.
Geraldine C. Kaye. 1984. WILD AND EXOTIC MUSHROOM CULTIVATION I N NORTH AMERICA. Farlow
Herbarium, Cambridge. 32 pages. $4.00.
(See Pub1ic a t i o n s Avai 1a b l e f o r more d e t a i 1 s ) .
SHOW THE GROWTH OF
MUSHROOMS
IN YOUR CLASSROOM
Our Mushroom MiniFarms arrive mature and ready to produce their first of several crops of edible mushrooms.
Reliable and guaranteed, each MiniFarm comes complete with simple instructions.
These "kits" provide a fascinating demonstration of reproduction in the higher basidiomycetes. By using several
MiniFarms simultaneously, it is also possible to illustrate phototropism, geotropism, atmospheric control of
basidiocarp morphology, mass sporulation, and many other phenomena (including the culinaryabilities of the
instructor!)
The following varieties are presently available: Shiitake (Lentinus edodes), Tree-Oyster (Pleurotus ostreatus ).
Price: 516.95 each, ppd.; substantial discount for full cases.
Please order well in advance. Specify desired week of arrival and date of class demonstration. Thank you!
PO Box 1333( M
)
Goleta, CA 93116
Your support of this business aids and abets a graduate student in mycology.
14
PUBLICATIONS AVAI LABLE--FOR
G I VE-AWAY)
SALE) OR EXCHANGE
Yosio Kobayasi has t h e f o l l o w i n g a v a i l a b l e f o r s a l e : HISTORICAL AND ETHNOLOGICAL
MYCOLOGY (1983), 25,000 yen + 1,500 yen ( f o r s u r f a c e mai 1 ) . Approx. $1 13.00 U. S. ICONQGRAPHY
OF VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS (CORDYCEPS) 30,000 yen. From Kobayasi, 15,000 yen +
1,500 yen ( f o r s u r f a c e m a i l ) . Approx. $71 .OO U.S.
Prakash Chandra J a i n has TRANSACTIONS OF THE MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN, Volume 20
(1979) f o r s a l e .
C. Volbracht has a l o n g l i s t o f d u p l i c a t a , from F r i e s ' ICONES SELECTAE HYMENOMYCETUM
t o small f i e l d guides f o r s a l e and exchange.
A. Weintraub has f o r s a l e MD Magazines ( c o l l e c t o r ' s i t e m s ) , c o n s i s t s o f Movies, A r t
Medicine, e t c . , 50d p e r copy f o r a l l back issues. No l a t e issues o r r e c e n t ones. Have a
good c o l l e c t i o n . Postage e x t r a .
GUIDELINES FOR LAB AUTOMATION i s a v a i l a b l e from J i l l S. Shipman a t ECO Instruments, One
B r i d g e S t r e e t , Newton, MA 02158.
Stephen L. Peele has LEUCOGARICUS GINERASCENS, a s e r i a l i z e d manuscript on a new psychoa c t i v e t o x i n (HPLC shows no p s i l o c y b i n ) . With spore sample f o r microscopy, $5.00.
Bo L i u has two pub1 i c a t i o n s f o r s a l e : CLASSIFICATION AND ILLUSTRATION OF LOWER FUNGI,
1984. ( i n Chinese) and MEDICINAL FUNGI OF CHINA, 1984, ( i n Chinese) r e v i s e d and enlarged.
Each i s f o r s a l e a t $5.00 ( i n c l u d i n g postage) o r exchange f o r any mycological book.
Ross W. Davidson has numerous r e p r i n t s o f papers on f o r e s t t r e e diseases and wood defects
t o g i v e away.
Robert E. Macho1 wishes t o s e l l Boudier, t e x t and 324 p l a t e s , ( I n c l u d e s almost a l l
Volume I - - A g a r i c s and o t h e r Basidiomycetes). $1,500.00.
He a l s o has o t h e r o l d and r a r e
books on mushrooms--send f o r a l i s t .
Michael R. T a l l e y o f f e r s t h e f o l l o w i n g books f o r s a l e : Couche's THE GENUS SEPTOBASIDIUM
( 1 983) ; Z i n s s e r & Bayne-Jones ' A TEXTBOOK OF BACTERIOLOGY ( 1 939) ; Smith, Conant & Overman ' s
MICROBIOLOGY, 1 3 t h ed. ( 1 964) ; Lennette, Spaulding & Truants ' MANUAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY,
2nd ed. (1974); K i r k , Peel, James & Kershaws' BASIC MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY (1975);
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY: 1976-1980 (missing Vol. 66 No. 8; Vol. 67 No. 1 ) ; CANCER: Vol. 39
(1977), Nos. 4, 6; Vol. 40 (1977), Nos. 4, 5; Vol. 41 (1978). Nos. 1, 2, 3. 4; Vol. 42 (1978),
No. 5. Each book o r j o u r n a l s e t ( a l l i s s u e s ) i s f o r s a l e a t b e s t o f f e r .
INDEX OF PLANT DISEASES (USDA Handbook 165) i s a v a i l a b l e from D r . T e r r y K i r k p a t r i c k ;
Southwest Research and Extension Center; Rte. 3, Box 258; Hope, AR 71801.
Amy Y. Rossman has a r e p r i n t 1 i s t a v a i l a b l e . I f r e p r i n t requests were n o t answered,
w r i t e again. Some requests were r e c e i v e d w i t h o u t names.
J. Cramer r e p o r t s t h a t although Mycologia Memoir No. 6 (L. E. Wehmeyer. 1975. THE
PYRENOMYCETOUS FUNGI) i s o u t o f p r i n t , No. 7 (M. E. Barr. 1978. THE DIAPORTHALES I N NORTH
AMERICA WITH EMPHASIS ON GNOMONIA AND ITS SEGREGATES) and No. 8 (R. E. Hal 1 ing. 1983. THE
GENUS COLLYBIA [AGARICALESI I N THE NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES AND ADJACENT CANADA) a r e s t i l l
a v a i l a b l e from him a t t h e s p e c i a l i n d i v i d u a l MSA member p r i c e s o f $20.00 and $15.00 r e s p e c t i v e l y . P a r t s 1-5, a l s o a v a i l a b l e a t s p e c i a l MSA i n d i v i d u a l member discounts, can be o b t a i n e d
from t h e New York B o t a n i c a l Garden.
Stephen Beck has r e p r i n t s o f " F a c u l t a t i v e p a r a s i t i s m o f Spirogyra sp. by Saprolegnia
asterohora and Pythium g r a c i l e . " Back, S. J., and K. Erb. 1984. J PHYfOL. 20: 13-19 i s
avai 1a b l e upon request.
15
Geraldine C. Kaye's WILD AND EXOTIC MUSHROOM CULTIVATION I N NORTH AMERICA (1984) i s a
d i r e c t o r y and b i b l iography o f up-to-date i n f o r m a t i o n on 1i t e r a t u r e , equipment, spawn, comm e r c i a l growers, and marketers i n t h e United States and Canada. It f e a t u r e s over 20 species
o f e d i b l e mushrooms c u r r e n t l y grown o r o f f e r e d f o r s a l e i n t h e market place. Send $4.00 p l u s
504 postagelhandl i n g (Checks made payable t o Farlow Herbarium) t o Farlow Reference L i b r a r y ,
Harvard U n i v e r s i t y , 20 D i v i n i t y Avenue, Cambridge, MA 021 38, USA.
P u b l i c a t i o n o f a new catalogue o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f A1 b e r t a Mold Herbarium and C u l t u r e
C o l l e c t i o n i s planned f o r l a t e 1984. P r i c e y e t t o be determined. To g e t y o u r name on t h e
m a i l i n g l i s t , w r i t e t o Lynn S i g l e r , Curator.
Mrs. E l l e n Trueblood has f o r sale: MYCOLOGIA Vo,l. 72 (1980), No. 3, 4, 5, 6 ($1 p e r No. )
Vol. 73 (1981) complete; Vol. 74 (1982) complete; Vol. 75 (1983) complete. $6.00 p e r Volume
p l u s postage. MYCOTAXON: Most issues from Vol. 1 No. 1 through Vol. X V I I , June 1983. Make
offer.
Rod T u l l o s s has t h e BIBLIOGRAPHY AND INDEX TO NORTH AMERICAN LITERATURE ON AMANITA ( f o r
c o s t o f m a i l i n g and reproduction)--over 200 c i t e d references; indexed f o r over 170 taxa.
Alex L. Shigo notes t h a t TREE DEFECTS: A PHOTO GUIDE, USDA Forest Service, Northeastern
Forest Experiment S t a t i o n , Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-82 i s a v a i l a b l e from t h e Superientendent of
Documents, U. S. Government P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , Washington, DC 20402 f o r $6.50.
John McPartland i s ( s t i l l ) w i l l i n g t o p a r t w i t h Vols. 72 & 73 o f PHYTOPATHOLOGY; Vols.
1, 2, 3 o f PHYSIOLOGICAL PLANT PATHOLOGY; and Vol. 67 o f AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY; a l l f o r
$5.00 p e r volume.
I
The Center f o r F o r e s t Mycology Research has l i m i t e d q u a n t i t i e s of r e p r i n t s of pre-1971
p u b l i c a t i o n s f o r d i s t r i b u t i o n . Some authors i n c l u d e H. H. McKaye, R. W. Davidson, 0. K. M i l l e r ,
J. G. Palmer, and o t h e r s who have been associated w i t h t h e CFMR. Send a self-addressed,
stamped envelope t o Harold H. B u r d s a l l f o r t h e l i s t .
Naohide H i r a t s u k a has t h e f o l l o w i n g a v a i i able: (1 ) J u b i l e e Pub1 i c a t i o n or1 the Seventieth
B i r t h d a y o f Dr. Naohide Hiratsuka, 808 pp., 1973. $70.00, and ( 2 ) Commemorative Number on
t h e Seventy-seventh B i r t h d a y o f Dr. Naohide Hiratsuka, 296 pp., 1980. Rept. T o t t o r i Mycol.
I n s t . (Japan) No. 18. $35.00.
A summarized h i s t o r y o f THE UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA MOLD HERBARIUM AND CULTURE COLLECTION
and a d e t a i l e d d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e f a c i l i t y and i t s o b j e c t i v e s has been prepared by and i s
a v a i l a b l e from t h e c u r a t o r , Lynne S i g l e r . (This e n l i g h t e n i n g two-page overview should be
very u s e f u l t o a1 1 i n t e r e s t e d i n mycological h i s t o r y , c u l t u r e c o l 1e c t i o n s , and/or t h e Fungi
I m p e r f e c t i . --ed. ).
For those t e a c h i n g Forest Pathology, Alex L. Shigo notes t h a t t h e USDA Forest Service,
Northeastern Forest Experiment S t a t i o n , F o r e s t r y Sciences Laboratory has some pub1 ic a t i o n s
t h a t might be o f use.
SAID THE FARM-BOY UPON HIS RETURN FROM NEW YORK CITY, "I HAVE COENOCYTE WITH PEOPLE THAT
A C W I A THAN US STAYING AT THE WALDORF HAUSTORIA. I'
MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA
1 9 8 4 ANNUAL MEETING PROGRAM
Colorado S t a t e University , Fort Col l i n s , Colorado
Saturday, August 4
A1 1 Day:
Foray t o Cameron Pass, n e a r Fort Coll i n s , Larimer Co.
, Colorado
Sunday, August 5
A1 1 Day:
Meeting of the MSA Council
Monday, August 6
Morning:
Afternoon:
Evening:
Session 1.
Session 2.
Session
Session
Session
Session
Session
Plenary
Contributed Papers. Ecology: Mycorrhizal Fungi
Symposi um. Eumycetozoan Phylogeny: Theoreti cal and Appl i e d
Considerations
3. Posters. Biochemistry, Physiology, Taxonomy, and Ul t r a s t r u c t u r e
3. Posters (con' t )
4. Contributed Papers. Biochemistry, Cytology , and Ul t r a s t r u c t u r e
5. Contributed Papers. Ecology
6. Symposium. U l t r a s t r u c t u r e and Phylogeny
Session
Tuesday, August 7
Morning :
Afternoon:
Evening:
Session 7. Contributed Papers. Ecology
Session 8. Symposium. Recent Advances i n Cytology and Genetics of Higher Fungi
Session 9. P o s t e r s . Ecology and Taxonomy
Annual Lecture. Cl i f f o r d W. Hessel t i n e . Fungi , People, and Soybeans
Session 10. Contributed Papers. Physiology
Session 11. Contributed Papers. Morphology, Taxonomy, and Genetics
Awards Presentation and Soci a1
Wednesday, August 8
Morning:
MSA Breakfast and Business Meeting
P r e s i d e n t i a1 Address. Richard T. Hanl i n . The Pedagogical Ascomycete
Afternoon : Session 12. Morphology and Taxonomy
Session 13. Symposium. Ecology of Fungi i n Field Crops with Emphasis on Mycotoxi ns
Evening:
Session 14. Symposium and Discussion. Mycology i n t h e Future
Thursday, August 9
Morning:
Afternoon:
Session 15. Contributed Papers. Ul t r a s t r u c t u r e
Session 16. Symposi um. The Physiological Ecology o f Mycorrhizae:
Community Ecology
Session 17. Contributed Papers. Ecology and Biochemistry
Session 18. Contributed Papers. Morphology and Taxonomy
I t s 'Role i n
ABSTRACTS
Abstracts of t h e papers scheduled f o r p r e s e n t a t i o n d t t h e 1984 MSA Annual Meeting a r e
included a l p h a b e t i c a l l y by author on t h e following pages.
,
J. E. A d a s k a v e g
----------
and I
.
Gilbertson,
Department of Plant Pathology, University
of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721.
Comparat ive Studies of Ganoderma lucidum
(W. C u r t . : Fr.) K a r s t . a n d G a n o d e r m a
t s u n a e Murr.
Ganoderma lucidum and Ganoderma tsugae have
had a questionable relationship in t h e
past. T h e a u t h e n t i c i t y o f t h e t w o s p e c i e s
w a s d e m o n s t r a t e d b y c o m p a r a t i v e studies.
T h e m a t i n g s y s t e m s o f G, l u c i d u m a n d G,
tsugeg were confirmed and identified
--a s
h e t e r o t h a l l i c
tetrapolar.
Interfert ility tests between homokaryons of
each species were negative. Comparative
temperature studies between
several
isolates of each species from various
regions of North America
indicated
d i s t i n c t optireal r a n g e s f o r e a c h s p e c i e s .
G. l u c i d u m i s o l a t e s h a d a n o p t i m a l r a n g e
f r o m 3 0 - 2 4 C w h i l e t h o s e o f G, t s u n a e h a d
an
optimal
range
from
20-25
C.
Morphological comparisons bet ween each
species were also conducted using
bright field, H o f f m a n modulation, and
scanning electron microscopy.
These
c o m p a r i s o n s i n d i c a t e d d i f f e r e n c e s in t h e
basidiospore sizes, spore wall structure,
and c u l t u r a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .
--
17
Department and Ecology Center.
UMC 45, Logan, UT 84322
Prospects for mycological contribution to mycorrhizologyr A promising mutual ism
M. F. ALLEN. Biology
Utah State University
Observations and experiments on the fungal symbiont
of mycorrhizae have been continuous for over 100
years. Mycorrhizae were originally described i n a
project funded to grow truffles. Despite this long
heritage, the need for research on mycorrhizal fungi
is extensive and not adequately being met. The
number of papers on mycorrhizae listed in Biological Abstracts has increased 3-fold since 1 9 7 6 . ever, there has been no measurable increase in the
rate of mycological contributions through that time.
There have been no increases i n new mycorrhiza projects.reported in the MSA newsletter. no increase in
number of mycorrhizal papers pub 1 i shed in Hycologia.
and no change in "fungal-or iented" nycorrhi zal
papers 1 isted in Biological Abstracts.
Several promi sing direct ions have opened (or reopened) recently which demonstrate the need for
differential effects on
mycological input: e.g..
plants by different endophytes (both at the species
and ecotype 1 eve1 ) and an imal-mycorrhizal fungus
interactions. Agronomic interest has expanded tremendously with little expansion of mycorrhizal information presented in basic coursework in Agriculture or Biology.
These observations indicate an opportunity and a
challenge for mycologists to remain active in the
pursuit of research and technology on one o f the two
mycorrhizal symbionts. the fungus.
-
Adler, J. H., see Lewis, D. F.
E. B. ALLEN and M. F. ALLEN. Department o f Range
Science and Ecology Center UMC 52, and Department o f
B i o l o g y and Ecology Center UMC 45, Utah S t a t e Unive r s i t y , Logan, UT 84322. The p h y s i o l o g i c a l ecology
o f mycorrhizae: i m p l i c a t i o n s f o r succession.
Three hypotheses a r e t e s t e d t o demonstrate t h a t t h e
abundance o f mycorrhizae r e g u l a t e s t h e r a t e o f succession. F i r s t , evidence i s presented t h a t mycorr h i z a l inoculum d e n s i t y increased w i t h time a f t e r a
disturbance. Second, p l a n t s o f 1a t e r s e r a l stages
have g r e a t e r p h y s i o l o g i c a l response t o mycorrhizae
than those o f e a r l y stages. Experiments i n Wyoming
sagebrush-grassland showed t h a t t h e pioneer species
a r e predominately nonmycotrophic. Species o f l a t e r
stages a r e f a c u l t a t i v e l y mycotrophic, b u t have
g r e a t e r conductance, CO2 exchange r a t e s , and d r y mass
increases w i t h mycorrhizae i f they a r e from l a t e than
from middle s e r a l stages.
The t h i r d hypothesis i s t h a t f i e l d i n o c u l a t i o n s w i t h
mycorrhizae w i l l increase l a t e s e r a l species. Inocu l a t e d grasses i n t h e genus Agropyron had increased
conductance a t water p o t e n t i a l s -3.8 MPa and had
slowed phenol o g i c a l development compared t o t h e
u n i i i o c u l a t e d p l a n t s . These measurements were taken
d u r i n g a r e l a t i v e l y wet growing season, and no d i f ferences i n p l a n t cover o r d e n s i t y were noted due t o
mycorrhi zae. Thus f u r t h e r observation i s needed t o
t e s t t h e t h i r d hypothesis. I f mycorrhizae do i n crease dominance o f l a t e s e r a l species, then mycorr h i z a l abundance may be s a i d t o r e g u l a t e t h e r a t e o f
succession.
Allen, M. F.,
see A l l e n , E. B.
M. F. A l l e n and L. E. Hipps. Ecology Center UMC 45,
U t a h S t a t e Universit,y, Logan, UT 84322. Comparative
Microclimates o f some Mycorrhizal Fungi: Requirements f o r Lonq-Range Dispersal o f Spores.
The a b i l i t y o f mycorrhizal f u n g i t o m i g r a t e o n t o a
d i s t u r b e d s i t e m i g h t be a major f a c t o r a f f e c t i n g t h e
r a t e o f succession o f t h a t s i t e . M i g r a t i o n r a t e may
depend, i n p a r t , upon t h e microenvironmental s i t e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s from where t h e spores a r e produced
and disseminated. We c o n t r a s t e d m i c r o h a b i t a t s of 2
species o f mycorrhizal f u n g i , Glomus f a s c i c u l a t u m
and Russula emetica, from 3 s i t e s , a shrub steppe, a
s p r u c e - f i r f o r e s t , and a Douglas f i r f o r e s t . Maximum s o o r u l a t i o n o f
f a s c i c u l a t u m i n t h e shrubsteppe occurred i n d r i e r s i t e s (where p l a n t s have
p r e v i o u s l y u t i 1i z e d s o i l m o i s t u r e ) . S p o r u l a t i o n
s i t e s a l s o had lowered l i q h t i n t e n s i t y , h i g h e r P,
N, and C. I n t h e shrub-steppe, Wind-speeds o f 10-15
m/s w i t h 5-7 m/s under t h e shrubs a r e common d u r i n g
t h e growing season. Sporocarp f o r m a t i o n o f R. Et i c a occurred o n l y on s i t e s w i t h n o t a b l y h i g h moist u r e , N, and C concentrations. During sunny periods,
t h e sporocarp was always l o c a t e d i n a s i t e w i t h
reduced l i g h t i n t e n s i t y (29%). A 2-2.5 m/s wind
a t ground l e v e l was necessary t o move spores from
under t h e musroom, b u t t h e maximum g u s t measured was
1.5 m/s. These r e s u l t s suggested t h a t i n an a r i d
s i t e such as Kemmerer, WY, adequate wind speeds and
d r y s o i l s f a c i l i t a t e t r a n s p o r t o f VAM fungal propagules. However, i n t h e h i g h e r e l e v a t i o n mesic s i t e s .
s p o r u l a t i o n c o n d i t i o n s f o r promoting wind t r a n s p o r t
o f fungal propagules a r e minimal.
s.
-
18
S. L. M1AG:IOSTAKIS P l a n t Pathology and Ecology
D e p a r t n e n t , The Connecticut A g r i c u l t u r a l Experiment
S t a t i o n , Box 1106, New Haven, CT 06504. Use of
v e g e t a t i v e c o m p a t i b i l i t y systems t o s t u d y n a t u r a l
p o p u l a t i o n s of f u n g i .
P o p u l a t i o n s of f u n g i c a n b e sampled and t h e i s o l a t e s
t e s t e d i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y f o r v e g e t a t i v e compatib i l i t y (v-c).
Most h i g h e r f u n g i and t h e Myxomycetes
have t h e s e g e n e t i c s y s t e m s , which keep i n d i v i d u a l s
s e p a r a t e i n t h e i r v e g e t a t i v e s t a t e s . Some popu l a t i o n s have l i t t l e d i v e r s i t y of v-c; a s
A s p e r g i l l u s n i d u l a u s i n England, w i t h few v-c groups
i n t h e whole c o u n t r y . O t h e r s have g r e a t d i v e r s i t y ,
a s C o r i o l u s v e r s i c o l o r , w i t h many v-c groups r e p r e sented i n a s i n g l e birch log. Plant pathologists
have used v-c a s a t o o l f o r comparing i s o l a t e s
o f p l a n t p a t h o g e n i c f u n g i from t h e same and from
d i f f e r e n t h o s t s . Fungal e c o l o g i s t s and p o p u l a t i o n
g e n e t i c i s t s could b e n e f i t from s i m i l a r s t u d i e s .
J.B. ANDEBSON, Department o f Botany, E r i n d a l e
C o l l e g e , U n i v e r s i t y o f Toronto, H i s s i s s a u g a ,
O n t a r i o , L5L 1C6. U a t i n g type, ploidy, and
p a r a s e w a l reccmbination i n Armillaria ~ l l e a .
A r m i l l a r i a m e l l e a i s an important pathogen a t t a c k i n g
t h e r o o t s of many d i f f e r e n t p l a n t s . The taxonomic
s p e c i e s c o n s i s t s of s e v e r a l m o r p h o l o g i c a l l y s i m i l a r
but r e p r o d u c t i v e l y i s o l a t e d groups o r " b i o l o g i c a l
species
The g e n e t i c b a s i s f o r i n t e r s t e r i l i t y
w i t h i n A. mellea is a s y e t unknown. Mating among
haploid s t r a i n s within biological species i s
determined by b i f a c t o r i a l h e t e r o t h a l l i s m , but
compatible matings produce d i p l o i d r a t h e r than
dikaryotic c e l l s . In the f i e l d , vegetative c e l l s are
a l s o d i p l o i d . Because t h e fungus does not f r u i t
readily i n the laboratory, I recently investigated
t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of p a r a s e x u a l a n a l y s i s as an
a l t e r n a t i v e t o m e i o t i c c r o s s i n g . Of s e v e r a l a g e n t s
t e s t e d , benomyl was e f f e c t i v e i n causing somatic
s e g r e g a t i o n i n d i p l o i d c e l l s with two t o f o u r
heterozygous marker l o c i . Segregants homo- o r
hemizygous f o r one o r more of t h e marker l o c i were
recovered from d i p l o i d s s y n t h e s i z e d i n t h e
l a b o r a t o r y and i s o l a t e d from t h e f i e l d . Numerous
recombinants were found f o r most p a i r s of l o c i .
Measurements of n u c l e a r DNA c o n t e n t by f l u o r o m e t r y
of mithramycin s t a i n e d c e l l s showed t h a t a s expected
d i p l o i d n u c l e i c o n t a i n e d twice a s much DNA a s
h a p l o i d n u c l e i . Most s e g r e g a n t s had h a p l o i d o r
near-haploid DNA c o n t e n t s s t r o n g l y s u g g e s t i n g
abnormal s e g r e g a t i o n of whole chromosomes i n t h e
presence of benomyl. I w i l l d i s c u s s t h e problems i n
A. mellea t o which p a r a s e x u a l g e n e t i c a n a l y s i s may
be a p p l i e d and t h e p o t e n t i a l of t h i s fungus i n
f u t u r e mycological s t u d i e s .
."
--
Anderson, J. B.,
Anderson, J.,
The a c t i v i t i e s o f soil-bound ( a b i o n t i c ) and r o o t surface enzymes have drawn t h e a t t e n t i o n o f r e searchers f o r several decades. These i n v e s t i g a t i o n ~
suggest t h a t enzymes o r i g i n a t i n g from microorganisms,
p l a n t s and animals p l a y an i m p o r t a n t r o l e i n s o i l
biogeochemical t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s and may be u s e f u l i n
examining f u n c t i o n a l changes associated w i t h ecologi c a l phenomena. For example, changes i n a b i o n t i c
enzyme a c t i v i t i e s have been associated w i t h success i o n a l changes i n p l a n t communities and i n response
t o v a r i o u s types of environmental p e r t u r b a t i o n .
Other s t u d i e s have shown t h a t r o o t - s u r f a c e enzyme
a c t i v i t i e s a l l o w d i s c r i m i n a t i o n of p l a n t ecotypes
adapted t o s p e c i f i c s o i l c o n d i t i o n s
Recent s t u d i e s
have demonstrated t h e presence o f phosphatases
associated w i t h mycorrhizae; however, t h e i r p o t e n t i a l
c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o mineral n u t r i t i o n rema i n speculat i v e . An assessment w i l l be made o f our c u r r e n t
l e v e l o f knowledge concerning enzymes and m y c o r r h i z a l
mineral n u t r i t i o n . P o t e n t i a l areas o f f u t u r e r e search w i l l be discussed, emphasizing how such
research c o u l d c o n t r i b u t e t o o u r understanding o f
mycorrhizal ecology.
.
R. APTA, B. FLANNIGAN and G.B. McFARLANE. Department o f Brewing and B i o l o g i c a l Sciences, H e r i o t Watt U n i v e r s i t y , Edinburgh, EH1 lHX, U n i t e d Kingdom.
Studies on A s p e r g i l l u s clavatus and t h e m a l t i n g o f
barley.
Although n o t a common contaminant o f b a r l e y ,
A s p e r g i l l u s c l a v a t u s i s associated w i t h m a l t i n g
o f b a r l e y and i s t h e causal agent o f m a l t w o r k e r ' s
lung, an e x t r i n s i c a l l e r g i c a l v e o l i t i s . Once
present i n a maltings, i t i s extremely d i f f i c u l t t o
c o n t r o l and b a r l e y s t o r e d f o r m a l t i n g may become
contaminated by spores o r i g i n a t i n g i n o t h e r p a r t s
o f t h e maltings. Laboratory m a l t i n g o f contaminated
b a r l e y from commercial m a l t i n g s shows t h a t t h e r e may
be a 2500-fold increase i n v i a b l e counts d u r i n g
production o f green malt. Damaged and pregerminated
k e r n e l s and elevated m a l t i n g temperatures c o n t r i b u t e
t o establishment o f t h e organism. Up t o 25% o f t h e
v i a b l e inoculum i n green m a l t may s u r v i v e as spores
a f t e r k i l n i n g t o produce f i n i s h e d ( d r y ) malt, and
5-7% may s u r v i v e i n r o o t l e t s and o t h e r r e s i d u e s
screened o f f f o r i n c o r p o r a t i o n i n t o c a t t l e feed.
S t r a i n s o f A. c l a v a t u s a l s o produce a number o f
mycotoxins i n c l u d i n g a s c l a d i o l , c y t o c h a l a s i n E,
p a t u l i n and two tremorgens. The t o x i c i t y o f h e a v i l y
contaminated f i n i s h e d m a l t s and residues has been
examined using brine-shrimp and t i s s u e - c u l t u r e t e s t s .
Possible e f f e c t s o f t o x i n s on f e r m e n t a t i o n by
Saccharomyces c e r e v i s i a e have a l s o been examined.
see H i n t z , W. E., e t . a l .
see Meyer, R. J., e t . a1
Anderson, J., see Mohan, M.,
see S i 1ver, J. C.
Andrews, J. H.,
see Kinkel, L. L.
see Thibaut, M.
.
et. al.
Andrews, 0. R.,
Ansel, J.,
R. K. ANTIBUS. Department o f Botany, U n i v e r s i t y o f
Montana, Missoula, KT 59812. Enzymatic s t u d i e s :
what m i g h t be learned about m y c o r r h i z a l ecology.
, et.
al.
P. T . ARNOLD and L. A. KAPUSTKA. Botany Department,
Miami U n i v e r s i t y , Oxford, OH 45056. Sludge a p p l i c a t i o n and t o x i c m e t a l s : e f f e c t s on endogonaceous
f u n g i and t h e i r h o s t s .
The e f f e c t s o f long-term sewage s l u d g e a p p l i c a t i o n
on VA m y c o r r h i z a l f u n g i was s t u d i e d a t Miami
U n i v e r s i t y ' s E c o l o g i c a l Research Center i n Oxford,
Ohio. The commercially produced s l u d g e M i l o r g a n i t e
(6-2-0;NPK) h a s been a p p l i e d t o p l o t s on a monthly
b a s i s d u r i n g growing s e a s o n s s i n c e 1978. An equival e n t n u t r i e n t i n p u t o f commercial u r e a phosphate
f e r t i l i z e r h a s been a p p l i e d o n d i f f e r e n t p l o t s .
19
Other p l o t s had no n u t r i e n t amendment ( c o n t r o l ) .
On t h e 5-yr o l d f i e l d which was employed f o r a p p l i c a t i o n , t h e e f f e c t of Milorganite on s o i l microbial
populations, VA mycorrhizal fungal populations and
phytomass were examined. Nutrient (C,N,P) and t o x i c
metal (Cd,Cu,Zx) c o n c e n t r a t i o n s were a l s o determined
i n Milorganite amended v s . f e r t i l i z e r amended vs.
c o n t r o l s o i l and p l a n t t i s s u e . Clearing and s t a i n ing of Cirsium arvense, Festuca e l a t i o r , Zea mays
and Geranium s p . r o o t s shows a s i g n i f i c a n t r e d u c t i o n
i n VA mycorrhizal i n f e c t i v i t y i n t h e f e r t i l i z e r amended p l o t s when compared with both the c o n t r o l
and sludge-amended p l o t s . D i s t i n c t d i f f e r e n c e s a l s o
occurred i n the p l a n t s p e c i e s composition of each
treatment. Experimentation involving varying conc e n t r a t i o n s of Cd, Cu, and Zn on mycorrhizal and
nonmycorrhizal Festuca was a l s o performed.
Arnott, J. H., see Whitney, K. D.
R. Ma. hche'
+
*, J.
~ifuentea+and F. ~orea+.
Facultad de Ciencias, U.N.A.M.
70-509, C.P. 04510, ~Qxico, D.F.
Apartado Postal
and ++~ireccidn
General de Flora y Fauna Silvestres (SEDUE), Mbxico, D.F. Distribution, biology and confinnation
of Amanita phalloides in Mexico.
Amanita ~halloideswas reported for the first tire in Me'xico in a location of the State of Guerrero (~ille@s, & &. ,1982). Later, an intense
herbarium and field research allow broadening
both its distribution and the knowledde about the
morphological, microscopic, chemotaxonornic and
toxic features that supporting its identification
and reaffirm the presence of suoh species in Mexico.
Even so, its precise localization in the forest
it inhabits, made earier the realization of an
integral analisis including important data such
as habitat, habit, mycoflora, vegetation, soil,
altitud, climate and ethnornicolo6y.
The information obtained suggests this species is
native rather than an introduced one, however,
the historical aspeotm of the vegetation that has
been introduced in those zones are being continuously studied.
Aronson, J. M., see Huizar, H. E., et. al.
Aronson, J. bl., see Mullins, J. T . , et. al.
J. ASTIER.
65 Blvd. de la Liberation. 13001
Marseille, France. New or rare species of Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes. (No abstract)
W. W. Toxlcology 6 Blologlcal Constituents
Res. Un l t, USDA-ARS-Russe 1 1 Research Center, P. 0.
Box 5677, Athens, GA 30613. The nature of amnonla
lnhlbltlon In conldla of
C.
-.
Conldla of -a11
Iuf achraceus are dormant In
the absence of exogenously supplled nutrients.
However, In the presence of certaln soll types
these conldla do not germlnate even though
nutrlents are supplled. It was determlned that
ammonla was one soll factor responsible for the
lnablllty of conldla to germlnate, produce a germ
tube. The effects of ammonla were concentration
dependent. Hlgh concentrations of amnonla (9.0 to
20.0 pg ammonla/ml of alr) were toxlc to conidla.
Concentratlons between 8.0 to 0.5 pg amnla/ml of
air Inhibited spore germlnatlon, but these spores
germlnated when the ammonla was removed. The
nature of conldlal lnhlbltlon was examlned uslng
1 4 c - l a b e l e d a m l n o a c l d s and s u g a r s .
Ammonia-lnhlblted spores Incorporated exogenously
suppl led amlno aclds and sugars Into several
cellular fractions at the same rate as d l d
nonlnhlblted spores. Amnia-lnhlblted spores dld
not lnltlate proteln synthesis and It was
conc 1 u,ded that l ow concentratlons of ammon la
dlrectly or lndlrectly lnhlblted thls process
w h l ch I s apparently necessary for germ tube
devel opment.
Baker, R . , see Elad, Y., et. a].
B. J. Ballard, J. C. Cavender and I . A. Ungar. Botany Department, Ohio University, Athens, OH. 45701.
The occurrence of v e s i c u l a r a r b u s c u l a r mycorrhizae
i n some midwestern halophytes.
The r o o t s of dominant v e g e t a t i o n i n a s a l i n e f l a t
with t h r e e s a l i n i t y zones were s t a i n e d f o r VAM. The
t h r e e zones were a h i g h l y s a l i n e A t r i p l e x zone ( s a l i n i t y of s o i l water 0.4-0.9%), a moderately s a l i n e
Hordeum zone (0.1-0.4% ) and a nonsaline meadow zone.
A t r i p l e x t r i a n g u l a r i s was not mycorrhizal. Hordeum
jubatum was mycorrhizal. Incidence peaked i n midsummer a t 90% r o o t segments colonized. This high
c o l o n i z a t i o n l e v e l was much g r e a t e r t h a n t h o s e found
Transplants
i n meadow v e g e t a t i o n (average 62%)
were made of A t r i p l e x and Hordeum i n d i v i d u a l s i n t o
t h e t h r e e zones. No VAM was seen i n A t r i p l e x a f t e r
two months i n d i c a t i n g t h a t t h e annual A t r i p l e x
r e s i s t s c o l o n i z a t i o n even a t low s a l i n i t y . High
s a l i n i t y decreased Hordeum c o l o n i z a t i o n and h e i g h t .
Increased c o l o n i z a t i o n was s t r o n g l y c o r r e l a t e d with
increased Hordeum h e i g h t i n both t r a n s p l a n t and p o t
experimentappears t o augment Hordeum growth
a t moderate s a l i n i t i e s b u t does not a i d d a p t a t i o n t o high s a l i n i t i e s . !~@corrhizai 21ioculum p o t e n t i a l s t u d i e s o f t h e Hordeum zone yielded very
high values of 90-93% m g m e n t s colonized.
These r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e t h a t VAM c o l o n i z a t i o n and i n oculum e x i s t a t high l e v e l s i n t h i s s a l i n e environment and t h a t VAM appears t o p l a y a s i g n i f i c a n t
r o l e i n t h e growth o f a t l e a s t one dominant halophyte, H. jubatum.
.
J . BARONI.
Department of Biological Sciences,
S t a t e University of New York a t Cortland, P. 0. Box
2000, Cortland, NY 13045. The e f f e c t of humidity on
basidiospore s i z e i n C l i t o p i l u s hobsonii.
T.
I n v e s t i g a t o r s have noted t h a t basidiospore ( s p o r e )
s i z e may vary i n a s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t manner
during spore production
by basidiomata.
This
v a r i a t i o n i n spore s i z e may be d e t e c t e d i n a s p e c i e s
population or even i n a s i n g l e specimen (Tange and
Hillhouse,
1974; Parmasto and Parmasto,
1982).
Parmasto and Parmasto (1982) b e l i e v e t h a t some of t h e
important f a c t o r s which may produce d i f f e r e n c e s i n
spore s i z e a r e caused by environmental c o n d i t i o n s ,
20
e.g. "weather conditions" and/or diurnal influences.
One environmental condition which might influence
spore size is relative humidity (RH). Gilliam (1975)
has shown that in Marasmius rotula spores are not
even produced until the RH approaches 100%. A
basidiome producing culture of Clitopilus hobsonii
(Berk. & Br.) Orton (A4227 TJB, ex Beltsville 445-22)
was used to determine if differences in RH could
significantly change spore size in this species.
Basidiomata were produced under five different RH. At
spore onset deposits were collected twice a day for
three consecutive days or until sporulation ceased.
An analysis of the variability in spore size due to
differences in RH and due to the developmental stage
of the individual specimens will be presented.
glass culture tubes containing vermi cul ite: peat
9 :1, gl ucose and mineral s. Procedures are underway
to determine the nature of the association between
i si formi s and various plants and precisely
k h n d i t i o n s that will predictably bring
about sporulation. This information verifies the
~reviouslv suspected identity of the cul tures
i si formis sporocarps
brigi nal obtained from
and
orovide
a valuable m h e l u c i d a t i o n
- ..- rnav
...-., r
. of zygospore and zygosporocarp developmental
sequence and requirements.
li
r.
Bertke, C. C., see Huizar, H. E., et. al.
Bertke; C. C., see Mullins, J. T., et. al.
Biosyskmatics Res. Inst., Central
E x p e r h t a l Farm, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A OC6.
Endcchytrim multiguttulatm in pure culture.
D. J. S. BARR.
A chytrid closely resarbling E. multiguttulatm
Eognm grckls w e l l in axenic d t u r e on PnlII) agar
(0.1%peptonized m i l k , 0.1% tryptone, 0.5% dextrose,
1%
agar). Follawing germination, the germ tube
enlarges into a new sporangim and the zoospore cyst
ramins p r s i s t e n t . The mture thallus consists of
a subglobose to irregular sporangimwith one to
several rhizoidal axes which are walled off a t neck
level, and one or occasionally 2-4 broad discharge
tubes. There is a small quantity of gelatinous
material a t the ends of the discharge tube which,
on zoospre release, fuses mmr?ntarily with the
zoospores fo&q
an evanescent vesicle. There is
a v&
mnspicuo& operculm. In the
the
zoospores are similar to those of Nowakmskiella and
Cladochytrim.
M. E. BARR BIGELON.
----
Department of Botany, University
of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003. Notes on the
Calosphaeriales.
The limits and diagnostic features of the order are
outlined. The unique centrum, comprising clumps of
asci each with one or two long tapering paraphyses
that form a peripheral layer, and the ascospores that
are typically allantoid, are the most conspicuous
features that unite members of the order. Variations
in several character states -- development and type
of stroma, arrangement of ascomata, length of beaks,
number of ascospores per ascus, and septation of
ascospores -- have been utilized as generic characters
in the past. These are re-evaluated and a synopsis of
accepted genera is presented.
S. M. BERCH and M. A. CASTELLANO. USDA Forest
Service, Forestry Sciences Lab, 3200 Jefferson Way,
Corval 1 is , Oregon 97331 Sporul ati on of Endogone
pi siformi s in monoxenic cul ture.
.
Endo one isiformis Lk., type species of the
&chycotina),
has previously been
Isolated and grown in pure culture. In inoculation
experiments, it colonized leek on water agar and
scots pine in growth pouches. Dead leek roots were
invaded by vesicular and finely-branched hyphae.
Hyphae were only superficial on scots pine roots
but in both cases the fungus formed clustered,
1 ipid-filled vesicular structures. Sporul ation was
not observed. Recently, typical zygospores and
spwrocarps of E. isiformis developed in
association wiih h
d lodge pole pine in
M.
BLACKWELL AND R. L. GILBERTSON.
Department
of Botany, Louisiana State University, Baton
Rouge, LA 70803 and Department of Plant Pathology,
University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721. Distribution and sporulat ion phenology of Myxomycetes
in the Sonoran Desert of Arizona.
All pith samples from 68 dead saguaro cacti
in 3 plots and 1 1 dead isolated plants in Saguaro
National Monument, Arizona, produced at least
one species of myxomycete upon incubation at
Three species, Badhamia gracilis,
20 or 30 C.
Physarum straminipes, and Didymium eremophilum,
developed at high frequences on the substrates
in moist chamber culture.
Perichaena corticalis
and Protophysarum phloiogenum were also present.
Although previous literature reports indicate
that Myxomycetes grow and sporulate best at
low pH, these species a1 1 tolerated substrates
of pH 8.7-10.4.
Didymium eremophilum and P.
phloiogenum had peaks in sporulation within
b days; other species were slower.
There was
no difference in time of sporulation of sporangia
of B. gracilis or D. eremophilum at 20 and 30
C; lowever, sporulaTion of P. straminipes was
Reduced spore
significantly later at 30 C
germination of P. straminipes at 30 C may be
a factor.
Freqirency of P. straminipes in plants
at higher elevations w a s significantly greater,
and may be related to temperature; frequency
of D. eremophilum at higher elevations was lower
than-at elevations with higher substrate density.
FEREDITH BLAao.IoI and WTER RG5SI. oepartmmt of Botany,
L w ~ s m n a State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 and
via P. Trqo 28, I-a136 Rcm, Italy. Biogeography of
Fungal Cbligate Parasites of Termites.
least 20 species of fungi in 9 genera are &ligate
parasites of termites and sane of their termitophiles.
(Xle additional species is folold on a wider range of hosts.
New collections of fungus-infected termites haw greatly
extended the host and geographical ranges of several
fungal species.
Species of Antenropsis were p i w s l y
k m frun Ncrth M i c a , Empe, Ma
car, and New
him. our remrt exterids the range T
S
a
h
t
r irrrica,
Africa, and kia. Laboolbeniopsis - termitarius, hi&
was knolrn only frun the Lhited btafes and Italy, is m
knarn frun Africa and Asia.
The range of TRmitaria
m t a has been extended frcm the New World, Ausb.aria,
ZiTTFPhillipine Islands to the African and Asian continents;
these new recurds indicate that T. cormata m y be nae
m l y associated with tennit3 hosts. Species of
the fanilies Termitidae and Rhinotermitidtie are the mxt
amnxl hosts of all species; kwever, these fmilies &in
At
LI
a large nudm of species, rmny of lrhidl have wide distributions.
They also are mre carmonly exmined for fwl
pathogens thm other termites.
We have found no cases
of s t r i c t host specificity or related host specificity
kiew we have adequate collections.
JEAN BOISE
--
Botany Department
University of Massachusetts, MA 01003
Host p l a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p s i n a popular genus of
Loculoascornycetes
The name Trematosphaeria has l a r g e l y been a p p l i e d t o
s p e c i e s found on woody s u b s t r a t e s . Yet,a s m a t t e r i n g
of s p e c i e s found on monocotyledonous o r herbaceous
dicotyledonous p l a n t s have been assigned t o Trematos p h a e r i a because of t h e i r morphology.
Reappraisal of t h e morphological c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s by which Trematosphaer& i s - d e l i m i t e d supports
t h e view t h a t Trematosphaeria s p e c i e s grow
on
wood o r bark,and d i s c o r d a n t elements a r e r e f e r a b l e
t o o t h e r genera. Two s p e c i e s t h a t grow on palms o r
bamboo s h a r e t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of A s t r o s p h a e r i e l l a
s p e c i e s . A s p e c i e s described from c o l l e c t i o n s on
c a c t u s s p i n e s appears t o belong t o S t u a r t e l l a . The
i n h a b i t a n t of Iris rhizomes i s t r a n s f e r r e d t o
s p h a e r i a . A s p e c i e s found on Artemisia has been
designated type of Massariosphaeria. Furthermore,
a second s p e c i e s t h a t has been named a s a Trematos p h a e r i a and grows on Artemisia s p e c i e s supports t h e
concept t h a t *carpella
s p e c i e s grow on h o s t p l a n t s
from t h e Asteraceae.
m-
J. A. BOURRET Department o f B i o l o g y , C a l i f o r n i a
S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , Long Beach, CA 90840. Sugar
t r a n s p o r t i n germinating P i l o b o l u s longipes spores.
P i l o b o l u s longipes sporangiospores germinate i n
response t o a heat treatment and glucose. The e a r l y
stages o f germination, however, do n o t r e q u i r e
glucose metabol ism, as non-metabol izable forms of
glucose (3-0- methyl-D-glucose o r 6-deoxy-D-glucose)
proved e q u a l l y e f f e c t i v e i n a c t i v a t i n g spores. Ess e n t i a l l y no glucose was t r a n s p o r t e d a t 25OC ( t h e
optimum temperature f o r m y c e l i a l growth), b u t a t
38OC uptake was immediately detectable. Moreover,
t h e r a t e o f uptake increased r a p i d l y w i t h time. I
have determined t h e i n i t i a l uptake v e l o c i t i e s over a
range o f glucose concentrations f o r dormant and
r e c e n t l y a c t i v a t e d spores. The uptake data a r e cons i s t e n t w i t h c a r r i e r mediated t r a n s p o r t b u t t h e Y,
values f o r t h e two p o p u l a t i o n s d i f f e r by a f a c t o r o f
about s i x (2.3 mM f o r dormant spores vs. 0.4 mM f o r
a c t i v a t e d spores). The mechanism o f t r a n s p o r t i s
most l i k e l y f a c i l i t a t e d d i f f u s i o n . The most d i r e c t
upon a c t i v a t i o n i s an
explanation o f the s h i f t i n
a l l o s t e r i c change i n a c o n s t i t u t i v e t r a n s p o r t system,
b u t t h e e x i s t a n c e o f a second h i g h a f f i n i t y (low ),,K,
system t h a t becomes f u n c t i o n a l upon a c t i v a t i o n i s
n o t r u l e d out.
S. M. BOYETCHKO and J. P. TEWARI. Department o f
P l a n t Science, U n i v e r s i t y o f Alberta, Edmonton,
A l b e r t a , Canada, T6G 2P5. Vesicular-arbuscular
mycorrhizae associated w i t h b a r l e y under
monocul t u r e i n Alberta.
Three types o f c h l amydospores, be1ongi ng t o t h e
genus Glomus, were i s o l a t e d by wet-sieving and
d e c a n t m s o i l from a f i e l d under b a r l e y
monocul t u r e i n A l b e r t a . I n one type, t h e
chlamydospores were present i n loose sporocarps,
while, i n the remaininq two types, they were
formed s i n g l y . The two non-sporocarpic
chlamydospore types, i s o l a t e d a f t e r about 2-month
storage of the s o i l a t 4OC, revealed evidence o f
extensive h y p e r p a r a s i t i s m i n t h e form o f
p e r f o r a t i o n s and r e a c t i o n zones. The sporocarpic
chlamydospores d i d n o t reveal any evidence o f
hyperparasitism, i n d i c a t i n g t h a t they may be
r e s i s t a n t t o t h e hyperparasites a f f e c t i n g t h e
non-sporocarpic types.
J . P. BRASELTON. Department of Botany, Ohio
U n i v e r s i t y , Athens, OH 45701
Synaptonemal complexes and karyology of t h e
Plasmodiophoromycetes
Nuclei of t h e Plasmodiophoromycetes a r e too small
f o r a c c u r a t e observations of chromosome numbers and
s t r u c t u r e by l i g h t microscopy. Synaptonemal complexes (SCs), however, occur i n n u c l e i of t r a n s i t i o n a l , cystogenous (sporogenic) plasmodia. The
haploid chromosome numbers of s e v e r a l members of t h e
Plasmodiophoromycetes have been determined by counti n g t h e number of SCs per nucleus by r e c o n s t r u c t i n g
models of n u c l e i based on s e r i a l t h i n s e c t i o n s .
Nuclear volumes, t o t a l l e n g t h of SCs per n u c l e u s ,
d i s t r i b u t i o n of SC ends a t t h e n u c l e a r envelope, and
s t r u c t u r e of SCs a l s o a r e determined through s e r i a l
s e c t i o n r e c o n s t r u c t i o n s . SCs of Plasmodiophora
b r a s s i c a e do not have d i s t i n c t c e n t r a l elements
Polymyxa, Sorosphaera, and
l i k e t h e SCs of Membranosorus. Also, c e n t r a l regions of SCs i n
P. b r a s s i c a e a r e narrower than those i n t h e
o t h e r t h r e e genera. Pachytene n u c l e i of a l l members
analyzed through s e r i a l s e c t i o n r e c o n s t r u c t i o n s have
two p o l e s , each defined by an end-to-end p a i r of
c e n t r i o l e s ; SCs end a t t h e nuclear envelope near t h e
poles.
Brooks, J. L., see Longcore, J. G.,
Brown, J. K.,
see Wain, R. P.,
et. al.
et. a l .
T.D. BRUNS,
D.S.
SHUMARD, AND M.E.S.
HUDSPETH. D i v i s i o n o f B i o l o g i c a l S c i e n c e s ,
University o f Michigan,
Ann A r b o r ,
Mich.
48109.
A
r e s t r i c t i o n l g e n e map f o r t h e
m i t o c h o n d r i a l genome o f S u i l l u s v i s c i d u s .
We have c o n s t r u c t e d a r e s t r i c t i o n / g e n e map
o f t h e m i t o c h o n d r i a l genome o f t h e b o l e t e
S u i 1 1 us v i s c i d u s (=S,a e r u g i n a s c e s )
Res t r i c t i o n enzyme a n a l y s i s was u s e d t o
d e t e r m i n e t h a t t h e genome i s a c l o s e d
c i r c u l a r m o l e c u l e o f 110 + 10 k i l o b a s e s .
Our map i s b a s e d upon 3 2 s i t e s o f 8 r e s t r i c t i o n enzymes.
Gene p r o b e s d e r i v e d
f r o m p e t i t e m u t a n t s o f Saccharomyces were
u s e d i n DNA t r a n s f e r - h y b r i d i z a t i o n e x p e r i m e n t s t o l o c a t e h o m o l o g o u s gene s e q u e n c e s
for
f i v e m i t o c h o n d r i a l genes.
The o r d e r
o f t h e s e gene s e q u e n c e s i n S, v i s c i d u s i s :
ATPase s u b u n i t 9,
S-rRNA, cytochrome o x i dase s u b u n i t 111,
ATPase s u b u n i t
6,
LrRNA.
The r e l a t i v e p o s i t i o n o f t h e s e s e q u e n c e s i s u n i q u e among p r e v i o u s l y p u b 1 i s h e d m i t o c h o n d r i a l gene maps.
We a l s o
have p r e l i m i n a r y map d a t a f o r t h e m t genomes o f a s e c o n d i s o l a t e o f S. v i s c i d u s
and 3 o t h e r S u i l l u s s p e c i e s .
T h e poten-
22
t i a l u s e f u l n e s s of t h e s e data f o r phylog e n e t i c i n v e s t i g a t i o n s w i l l be d i s c u s s e d .
G. C. C a r r o l l .
E. D. BUNDERSON and D. J. WEBER. Utah T e c h n i c a l
C o l l e g e , Provo, UT 84058; Brigham Young U n i v e r s i t y ,
Provo, UT 84602. F a c t o r s r e l a t e d t o t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of f o u r r u s t s on J u n i p e r u s osteosperma.
Endophytic f u n g i have been d e s c r i b e d from t h e l e a v e s
of a number of e v e r g r e e n p l a n t s o v e r t h e l a s t 15
y e a r s . The dominant endophyte i n Douglas f i r needl e s i s an undescribed r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of t h e Hemiphacidiaceae whose anamorph o c c u r s on g a l l s of
t h r e e c l o s e l y r e l a t e d Cecidomyiid f l i e s , C o n t a r i n i a
pseudotsugae, C, c u n i c u l a t o r , and C, c o n s t r i c t a .
I t h a s been s u s p e c t e d t h a t l e a f endophytes may
f u n c t i o n a s m u t u a l i s t i c symbionts. That s u s p i c i o n
h a s now been confirmed f o r t h e Douglas f i r endophyte: i n every sample of midge-infected n e e d l e s
examined l a r v a l m o r t a l i t y proved s i g n i f i c a n t l y
h i g h e r i n endophyte-infected g a l l s t h a n i n uninf e c t e d n e e d l e s . The fungus does n o t d i r e c t l y
parasitize larvae; the basis for larval mortality
i n g a l l s i n f e c t e d w i t h t h e endophyte is unknown.
Conidia produced on g a l l s d u r i n g t h e wet f a l l
and w i n t e r s e a s o n s s e r v e t o i n i t i a t e symptomless
i n f e c t i o n s i n h e a l t h y Douglas f i r n e e d l e s .
C o n t a r i n i a g a l l s a r e produced only on young,
f i r s t - y e a r f o l i a g e . They appear t o become i n f e c t e d with t h e endophyte d u r i n g t h e d r y summer
months p r i o r t o t h e o n s e t of t h e r a i n y s e a s o n
w i t h s p o r e s from a n a s y e t undiscovered s o u r c e .
Department of Biology, U n i v e r s i t y
of -!regon, Eugene, Oregon 97403. The dominant
n e e d l e endophyte i n Douglas f i r i s a m u t u a l i s t i c
symbiont.
The d i s t r i b u t i o n of Gymnosporangium inconspicuum
Kern, Gymnosporangium n e l s o n i Arth., Gymnosporangium
kernianum B e t h e l , and Gymnosporangium speciosum was
determined on 17 pinyon-juniper s i t e s throughout
Utah. T r a n s e c t s were e s t a b l i s h e d and 96 randomly
s e l e c t e d t r e e s (on each s i t e ) were a s s e s s e d f o r
symptoms a n d / o r s i g n s of r u s t d i s e a s e s . A number of
environmental p a r a m e t e r s were c o r r l a t e d w i t h f r e quency and s e v e r i t y of t h e v a r i o u s types of r u s t s .
L e v e l s of 5. kernianum i n f e c t i o n were favored by
moderate r a t h e r than high temperatures and g r e a t e r
t h a n a v e r a g e summer p r e c i p i t a t i o n . C o n d i t i o n s cont r i b u t i n g t o s u c c e s s f u l i n i t i a t i o n of 5. n e l s o n i
i n f e c t i o n were more dependent on high l e v e l s of prec i p i t a t i o n t h a n were c o n d i t l o n s f o r
inconspicuum
o r G. kernianum. A l l Gymnosporangium r u s t s p e c i e s
were l e s s f r e q u e n t i n s i t e s w i t h h i g h e r summer
t e m p e r a t u r e s . Both 5. kernianum and 5. inconspicuum
were more f r e q u e n t i n s i t e s w i t h lower w i n t e r temperatures.
(~ymiosporangiuminconspicuum, 5. kernianum,
and 5. n e l s o n i i n f e c t i o n s c o r r e l a t e d p o s i t i v e l y t o
t h e number of stems of J. o s t e o s erma on s i t e s w i t h
t h e highest t o t a l p r e c i p i t e . 10). )
sporangium kernianum seemed t o have t h e g r e a t e s t
impact on h o s t v i g o r a l t h o u g h each s p e c i e s n e g a t i v e l y
a f f e c t e d t h e h e a l t h of J. osteosperma. The c o r r e l a t i o n of s o i l n u t r i e n t s w i t h Gymnosporangium s p e c i e s
was a l s o n o t e d . These c o r r e l a t i o n s do n o t permit
p o s t u l a t i n g c a u s e and e f f e c t between h o s t , pathogen
and environment b u t have suggested hypotheses.
c.
m-
Carmichael, J . H . , see Currah, H.
S.E. Carpenter. Department of Forest Science,
Oregon State University, Corval 1 i s , Oregon. 97331
.
The M t . St. Helens Eruptions:
Mycological Phenomena
Phoeni coi d Ascomycetes and Basi diomycetes , normally
found on burned forest s o i l s , were primary
colonizers of tephra. Large areas of tephra were
colonized by anamorphic and teleomorphic states of
Anthracobia melaloma within 20 days of the May 18,
1980 e r u p t i o n . p r e s e n c e
of fungal colonies
enabled growth of bryophyte and algal colonies on
nutrient poor tephra. Fungal succession on tephra
i s proceeding re1 atively slow compared to that in
periodical 1 y burned forests. The thickness of
tephra overlying forest s o i l , i t s low nutrient
status, and the paucity of organic matter in many
areas have slowed fungal colonization and will
likely influence colonization of tephra by fungi
competitive with phoenicoid fungi. Colonization of
herbaceous debris from emergent vegetation i s
primari 1y by i nopercul ate Di sconlycetes Secondary
colonization on tephra i s by a number of phoenicoid
Basidiomycetes, including ~yxomphalia & and
Phol iota ful vozonata.
.
Castellano, M. A . , see Berch, S . H.
Castellano, M. A . , see Li , C. Y . , e t . a l .
Castillo, J . , see Wiencek, S . , e t . a l .
J. C. CAVENDER AND T . N . LAKHANPAL. Department of
Botany, Ohio U n i v e r s i t y , Athens, OH 45701 and
BioSciences, Himachal Pradesh U n i v e r s i t y , Simla
171005, I n d i a . C e l l u l a r s l i m e molds of t h e Western
Himalayas and s e l e c t e d t r o p i c a l f o r e s t s of I n d i a .
D i c t y o s t e l i d s l i m e molds were i s o l a t e d from 190 s o i l
samples c o l l e c t e d from 30 s i t e s d i s t r i b u t e d among 5
c l i m a t i c zones of I n d i a : s u b a l p i n e , upper and lower
t e m p e r a t e , s u b t r o p i c a l , and t r o p i c a l . 6353 c l o n e s of
14 s p e c i e s were i s o l a t e d . Based on d a t a of p e r c e n t
frequency, d e n s i t y , and p r e s e n c e , Polysphondylium
p a l l i d u m was t h e most important s p e c i e s country-wide,
followed c l o s e l y by P. violaceum. D i c t y o s t e l i u m
mucoroides was t h e most abundant csm i n t h e s u b a l p i n e
f o r e s t but o c c u r r e d throughout I n d i a , a l t h o u g h l e s s
abundantly t h a n i n Europe. g. minutum was a s s o c i a t e d
w i t h s o i l s high ( > l o % ) i n o r g a n i c m a t t e r . It was most
common i n t h e temperate oak f o r e s t and d i d n o t o c c u r
o u t s i d e of t h i s zone. D. a u r e o - s t i p e s , t h e t h i r d most
prominent s p e c i e s , was most abundant i n t h e lower
temperate f o r e s t and was t h e most c h a r a c t e r i s t i c spec i e s of Himalayan f o r e s t s o i l s o c c u r i n g from t h e t r o p i c a l base a t 400 meters t o t h e oak-pine f o r e s t a t
2200. D. i anteum was t h e dominant s p e c i e s of t h e
s u b t r o p ~ c a f:one where s o i l s a r e much d i s t u r b e d ,
e r o d e d , and low i n o r g a n i c m a t t e r . D. purpureum was
t h e most prominent csm i n t r o p i c a l moist f o r e s t b u t
was very r a r e o u t s i d e t h e t r o p i c a l zone. D.
sphaerocephalum was a good c o m p e t i t o r i n soils s u b j e c t
t o extreme d r y , h o t c o n d i t i o n s such a s t h o r n f o r e s t
s o i l s . Acytostelium s p . and 2. polycephalum were
o c c a s i o n a l , t h e l a t t e r o c c u r r i n g c h i e f l y i n warmer
s o i l s . 2. tenue and 2. vinaceo-fuscum were c o n f i n e d
t o t h e t r o p i c s . g. discoideum was n o t found.
Cavender, J. C., see ba: lard, 6. J.
Clay, K., see Jones, J. P.
G.P.
CHAMURIS. Oept. of Environmental and
Forest Biology, State University of New York,
Col lece of Environmental Science and Forestry,
Syracuse, NY. 13210.
K . W . COCHRAN. Depts of Epidemiology and of Pharmacology, Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, and
NAMA Toxicology Committee. Experience with a Mushroom Poisoning Case Registry.
The Sbecies Conce~t in
pini-canadense Complex.
Reports of mushroom poisoning were requested from
regional poison centers and mycological groups. In
the first half-year the Registry has received 113
reports of 99 incidents involving 151 individuals
and at least 63 species of mushrooms. Of the reported ingestions 77% were for food, 15% accidental
and 8% for non-nutritional recreation. While the
most reported species was Amanita phalloides (16),
14 of the cases involved a single incident. Other
frequently reported species were Amanita pantherina
(8)- Co rinus atramentarius and Gyromi tra esculenta
antharellus ci barius, Chloro h 1 lum
(6*a;
no1 bdi t e w l m s e & a n d
MorEhel la e s c u l m T h e presence of two generally acknowledged edible and choice species can be
attributed only in part to concurrent alcohol. The
only reported death was from Lepiota josserandii.
As might be expected the most frequently reported
effects were gastrointestinal; nausea, 54%; vomiting,
50%; intestinal cramps, 41%; diarrhea, 34%. Since
most species are represented by only 1 or 2 cases and
given the prevalence of idiosyncracy, any judgments
are quite tentative. Many cases telephoned into
poison centers are summarily resolved by the administration of ipecac. More extensive reporting of
cases, where professional or amateur mycologists are
involved, is needed.
the
Cvstostereum
Cvstostereum pini-canadense f Schw. \Pam. is a
resupinate, liqnicolous hasidiomycete with a
corticiaceous to hydnaceous basidioma, and
comprises a morpholoqical species com~lex. The
species involved are Radulum pini-canadense Schw.,
and Galz. and
Odontia subahrupta Bourd.
Peniophora oiceina Overh. ; all of which occur in
North America. Thev differ orimarilv on the
configuration of the hvmenobhore and the thickness
of the basidioma, as we1 1 as an aobarent a1 lobatry
in North America.
Interfertility tests usinq
monokarvons from all three moroho-soecics indicate
that they have the notential to interhreed,
althouqh 0. subahr~~btamay be qeoaraphical lv
isolated from R. m - c a n a d e n s e and P. ~iceina
at the present time. Yicromoroholoqv of the
basidiomata and cultures aqree with interfertility
tests that the three moraho-species comprise a
biolooical species.
Cheung, P. J., see Gaskins, J. E.
Cifuentes, J., see Aroche, R. Ma.
Clark, J., see Hu, F.-S.
KEITH CLAY. Department of Botany, Louisiana State
University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803. Positive intertions between grasses and fungi.
The Balansiae (Ascomycetes, Clavicipitaceae) are a
group of five genera parasitic on graminoids. All are
systemic and typically sterilize their hosts. Many
important forage and pasture grasses serve as hosts
as does the grain crop rice. All Balansiae that have
been investigated produce a variety of ergot-type
alkaloids resulting in a variety of cattle diseases
such as fescue foot and ryegrass staggers. In addition, infected ryegrass has been shown to be more
resistant to insect herbivory compared to uninfected
ryegrass. From the perspective of the host plant.
infection appears to be advantageous by reducing herbivory and increasing vigor. Experiments in my lab
have confirmed differential herbivory by the fall
army worm on infected and uninfected ryegrass as well
as on a number of other grass species. Experiments
conducted with the native grass Danthonia spicata
infected by Atkinsonella hypoxylon have demonstrated
significantly higher survival, flowering, and growth
rates compared to uninfected plants in a variety of
field conditions. Competition experiments between
Danthonia and a co-occurring grass also showed infected plants performed significantly better. Currently
a number of analogous experiments with different
grasses and other Balansiae species are underway.
Surveys of populations of many hosts have revealed
very high levels of infection in many populations,
especially in older populations. These data suggest
the relationship between grasses and the Balansiae
is mutualistic rather than parasitic.
R. COLLINS. Department of Botany, University of
California, Berkeley, CA 94720. Myxomycetes:
Reproductive systems, speciation and phylogenetics.
0.
Divergence of Myxomycetes from other eukaryotes probably occurred following introduction of syngamy and
meiosis into the life cycle of ancestral amoeboflagellates. Most eukaryotes have lost the amoeboflagellate stage, but it is retained in Myxomycetes. A
multiple allelic mating system would have been ideal
for isogamous amoeboflagellate ancestors,so its existence in extant Myxomycetes is easy to explain. This
sexual system is now combined with efficient asexual
(apomictic) and vegetative reproductive modes. Selection for genes which permitted syngamy and meiosis to
be bypassed, without prevention of plasmodium and
spore production, marked a new level of reproductive
sophistication. The same genes underdifferent selection pressures probably also control reversion from
an apomictic to a sexual reproductive mode. Such a
mechanism enhances chances of survival and opportunities for speciation through reproductive isolation.
Reversible shifts between apomicts and sexuals in
Didymium iridis (Physarales) and Stemonitis flavogenita (Stemonitales) are known and their operation
in seven additional Physaralean species in three
apomicgenera is implied by existence of sexual&
tic isolates in each of the seven species. Further,
genetical and isozymal data for D. iridis show each
apomict tends to be divergent from others as well as
from sexuals. Conversely, interbreeding sexuals tend
to show little divergence from one another. Inasmuch
as biological diversification originates with divergence between members of the same species, I will
discuss our findingsin the context of speciation and
phylogenetics
.
24
Cooper,
J. O., see Ellzey, J. T.
Cotter, D.
A.,
see Glaves,
M. L.
Cotter,
D. A., see Seshadri, J., et. al.
Currah,
R. S., see Sigler, L., et. al.
R. CURRAH and J.W.
CARMICHAEL. U. of A. Devonian
Botanic Garden, and University of Alberta Mold
Herbarium and Culture Collection. Edmonton. AB
T6G 1E9. Ascospores, enzymes and anamorphs, and the
taxonomy of the Onygenales.
Using correlations between ascospore sculpturing,
degradative capacity, and mechanism of anamorph
dehiscence, four families can be defined within the
order Onygenales: Arthrodermataceae, Gymnoascaceae
Onygenaceae and Myxotrichaceae. Most taxa with the
abi 1 ity to degrade keratin, formerly distributed
between the Gymnoascaceae and Onygenaceae, have a
distinct pitting pattern on the ascospore wall in
addition to rhexolytically dehiscing conidia. These
taxa comprise the Onygenaceae. Keratinolytic species
with smooth ascospores and a tendency to form
phragmoconidia are placed in the Arthrodermataceae.
Cellulolytic species with smooth, or longitudinally
striate, oblong to fusoid ascospores are placed in
the Myxotrichaceae. The Gymnoascaceae has smooth or
undulate
walled ascospores which often have polar
and/or equatorial thickenings.
Some are mildly
cellulolytic but most do not have marked substrate
preferences and anamorphs are rare.
-
Dimond, R.
Dove,
L., see Seshadri, J., et. al.
M. B., see Powell, M. J., et. al.
S. E. DUBOIS and R. W. SCHEETZ. Dept. of Biological
Sciences, Univ. Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg,
MS 39406-5018. Localization of actin in spores and
swarm cells of Myxomycetes.
Spores possessed intense fluorescent foci when
stained with nitro-benzo-oxadiazole-phallacidin
(NBD-Ph). Fluorescent foci migrated to the spore
periphery as germination proceeded. Germinated
spores lost the discrete foci and showed no fluorescense once protoplast emerged. Fluorescense
was lacking in unstained controls or controls
extracted with KI. Actin may be involved in spore
germination by moving enzymatic vesicles to the spore
periphery during the gemination process. The
posterior region of the flagellate stage of Myxomycetes fluoresced when treated with NBD-Ph. The
anterior region, encompassing the basal bodies and
nucleus, showed little or no fluorescen~e. Presence
of actin was confirmed using a KI extractant control.
Disrupted negatively stained preparations viewed in
the transmission electron microscope revealed a dense
filamentous network that bound heavy meromyosin
producing typical arrowhead-decorated filaments.
M. T. Dunn. Mycogen Corp., 5451 Oberlin Dr., San
Diego CA 92121. Mycology in industry, applied
research.
In the past industrial mycology has been somewhat in
disfavor with many students of mycology because of
its pedestrian aura. In fact deep tank fermentation
of fungi for the production of antibiotics or
industrial acids does indeed fit this conception.
But today we find ourselves in the middle of a boom
in biotechnology. Genetic engineering has brought
advances made in basic reseach to the applied arena.
Although much of this work has been with bacteria,
yeast and filamentous fungi are gaining prominence
in many situations. Advances in agricultural
science has brought biological control of pests to
the forefront in recent years. Companies are
beginning to arise with the task of producing these
biocontrol agents on a large scale. The production
of these fungi is often not amenable to existing
fermentation technology and therefore the future
should provide an interesting platform from which
new and diverse processes will be launched.
P. H. D U N N and D. R. R E Y N O L D S . Pacific
Southwest Forest and R a n g e Experiment Station,
U S Forest Service, 4955 C a n y o n Crest Drive,
Riverside, C A 92507 and Natural History Museum,
900 Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, C A 90007.
Characterization of saprobic fungi which exist as
obligate epiphytes.
Fourteen pure culture isolates of sooty molds from
Florida, Louisiana, and California are studied.
individual and combined physiology and morphology
data sets are compared as three-dimensional cluster
patterns.
The
deuterocapnodiaceous
genera
Chaetasbolisia, L e p t o x y p h i z , and Polychaeton
represent the clustered isolates.
Dupler, M.,
Duran,
see Elad, Y.,
et. al.
R., see Fuentes-Davila, G.
M. J . D Y K S T R A . A n a t o m y and R a d i o l o g y ,
University o f G e o r g i a , A t h e n s , G A 30602. A
structural c o m p a r i s o n o f g l o e o p l e r o u s h y p h a e
and gloeocystidia in Hericium and
Clavicorona.
Cystidia a r e frequently u t i l i z e d in t a x o n o m y
o f the Holobasidiomycetes.
They h a v e had
various functional r o l e s a s c r i b e d to t h e m
over the last 2 0 0 years. U n f o r t u n a t e l y ,
most of o u r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f c y s t i d i a l
s t r u c t u r e s is based o n very few studies.
This paper represents the genesis o f a n o n going study of the structural c h a r a c t e r i s tics of c y s t i d i a of various types. F u t u r e
a t t e m p t s will be made to r e l a t e the f u n c t i o n
o f c y s t i d i a to thei r structure. C l a v i c o r o n a
and Hericium w e r e examined in this study
because D O N K noted that their t a x o n o m i c
placement in d i f f e r e n t f a m i l i e s is based
on pos i ti ve
negat i ve geotrop i sm more than
o n any cytological o r d e v e l o p m e n t a l f e a t u r e s .
Hericium has a we1 I-developed g l o e o c y s t i d i a l
population a r i s i n g f r o m g l o e o p l e r o u s h y p h a e
w h i l e C l a v i c o r o n a has e x t e n s i v e g l o e o p l e r o u s
h y p h a e w i t h far fewer cystidia. They both
have a n a p p a r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f 1 ipid
bodies in t h e s e e l e m e n t s into granular a n d
then c r y s t a l l i n e materials during the
a p p r o a c h of cel l ular senescence. In Herici um
most o f the mature c y s t i d i a h a v e f r a c t u r e d
wa l l s , lending s o m e c r e d e n c e to the a r g u m e n t
t h a t these a r e "excretory" s t r u c t u r e s a s
p r o p o s e d by s u c h a u t h o r s a s CLEMENCON.Wal1
s t r u c t u r e s i n t h e two g e h e r a d i f f e r .
H .R. LIFSHITZ, M. DUPLER and R. BAKER.
Botany Department, Colorado S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , Fort
C o l l i n s 80523. Scanning e l e c t r o n and l i g h t microscopy of i n t e r a c t i o n between Pythium
and
s e v e r a l s o i l fungi.
Y_.
=
Hyphal i n t e r a c t i o n s between t h e r e c e n t l y described
mycoparasite Pythium
and t h r e e s p e c i e s of
Pythium, two s p e c i e s of Phytophthora, Rhizoctonia
s o l a n i and Sclerotium r o l f s i i were observed using
phase c o n t r a s t and scanning e l e c t r o n microscopy.
P. nunn produced t h i n , s l e n d e r s i d e branches t h a t
were appressed a g a i n s t t h e s u r f a c e of h o s t hyphae
during t h e i n i t i a l s t a g e s of p a r a s i t i s m . I n l a t e r
s t a g e s , two d i f f e r e n t t y p e s of i n t e r a c t i o n were
observed. I n one t y p e , massive c o i l i n g around h o s t
hyphae and immediate disappearance of i t s cytoplasm
was noted with Pythium ultimum and P. vexans; wherea s with P. aphanidermatum, Phytophthora cinnamomi,
P. p a r a s i t i c a , 2. r o l f s i i and young mycelium of 5.
s o l a n i , t h e mycoparasite p a r t i a l l y encompassed h o s t
hyphae and e i t h e r g l o b u l a r a p p r e s s o r i a o r i n f e c t i o n
pegs were formed. The mycoparasite o c c a s i o n a l l y
p e n e t r a t e d h o s t hyphae and p a r t i a l degradation of
c e l l w a l l m a t e r i a l was observed i n SEM micrographs. I n v i t r o t e s t s suggested t h a t E.
was
n o t p a r a s i t i c t o 1 0 s p e c i e s of f u n g i i n e i g h t
genera which a r e members of t h e c l a s s Deuteromycetes.
=
25
J. T. ELLZEY and M. 0. COOPER. Biological
Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso,
El Paso, TX 7 9 9 6 8 .
"Viruslike particles"
within hypovirulent and convert strains of
Endothia parasitica.
Thin sections of freeze-substituted Endothia
arasitica, Ep 6 7 , Italian virulent strain;
113, French hypovirulent strain; Ep 67F.
a convert resulting from the cross between
Ep 67 and Ep 113; and Ep 155F, a convert resulting from Ep 155 x Ep 113 were examined
using transmission electron microscopy. Aggregates of "viruslike particles (VLPs)" were
observed in the hypovirulent and the convert
strains, but not in the virulent strains.
The "VLPs" measured 3 1 - 8 0 nm in d i m . Utilizing a polyethylene glycol extraction procedure followed by negative staining with
0 . 5 % uranyl acetate, two subpopulations of
spherical particles (21-42 nm in diam) and
(52-92 nm in diam) were obtained from both
the hypovirulent and convert strains. No
such particles were isolated from the virulent strains.
gp
Evans, R. C . , see Stempen, H.
Fa1 l o n , R. D.
, see
F e d e r i c i , B. A.,
Newel 1, S. Y .
see L u c a r o t t i , C. J.
Flannigan, B . , see Apta, R.
FUENTES-DAVILA and R. D U ~ . Department of P l a n t
Pathology, Washington S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , Pullman, WA
99164-6430.
T i l l e t i a i n d i c a : Cytological a s p e c t s of
t e l i o s p o r e formation i n v i t r o .
J . J. ELLIS. Northern Regional Research Center, ARS,
USDA, P e o r i a , IL 61604. Species and v a r i e t i e s i n t h e
Rhizopus arrhizus-Rhizopus oryzae group a s i n d i c a t e d
by t h e i r DNA.
G.
DNA r e n a t u r a t i o n experiments suggest t h a t many
s p e c i e s i n t h e Rhizopus arrhizus-R. oryzae group have
been too narrowly defined on morphological or physiol o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . The e x t e n t of DNA r e l a t e d n e s s among 11 a u t h e n t i c a t e d s t r a i n s and v a r i e t i e s of
R. a r r h i z u s , R. o r y z a e , R. delemar, and Amylomyces
r o u x i i shows t h a t a l l could well f i t within t h e same
s p e c i e s . A. r o u x i i is r e t a i n e d a s a v a r i e t y on
morphological c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s even though DNA
r e a s s o c i a t i o n with R. a r r h i z u s and R. oryzae showed a
high degree of r e l a t e d n e s s . R. delemar and i t s v a r i e t i e s minus and m u l t i p l i c i s s i s p o r u s a s well a s R.
a r r h i z u s v a r . delemar, 5. chunkuoensis v a r i s o f e r mentarius, and R. j a v a n i c u s v a r . kawasakiensis a l l
showed a very high DNA r e l a t e d n e s s with one another
but somewhat l e s s with R. a r r h i z u s . It i s proposed
t h a t t h i s l a t t e r group of names be r e f e r r e d t o a s
v a r i e t y delemar f o r t h e s p e c i e s based on morphologic a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s supported by e x t e n t of DNA r e l a tedness. R. microsporus showed low DNA r e l a t e d n e s s
with t h e preceding s p e c i e s t h a t c l e a r l y i n d i c a t e s it
a s a d i s t i n c t s p e c i e s . It i s concluded t h a t t h e
above s p e c i e s and v a r i e t i e s , e x c l u s i v e of R. microsporus, can be accommodated i n t h e following t h r e e
taxa: R. a r r h i z u s v a r . a r r h i z u s F i s c h e r , R. a r r h i z u s
v a r . r o u x i i (went e t G e e r l . ) E l l i s , and 5. a r r h i z u s
v a r . delemar ( w e h e r e t Hanz.) E l l i s .
Teliospores formed i n profusinn a t room temperature
when mycelium of T i l l e t i a i n d i c a was i s o l a t e d from
a r t i f i c a l l y i n f e c t e d wheat k e r n e l s and grown on pot a t o sucrose agar. Moreover, t h e sporogenous mycelium formed t e l i o s p o r e s i n d e f i n i t e l y , d e s p i t e repeated subculturing. Early developmental s t a g e s of t h e
fungus s t a i n e d with HCL-Giemsa showed t h a t t h e sporogenous mycelium was d i k a r y o t i c and had some c e l l s
which resembled clamp connections. Probnsidia were
terminal and i n t e r c a l a r y and contained two n u c l e i
presumed t o be conjugately a s s o c i a t e d . T e l i o s p o r e s ,
however, contained one nucleus which suggested t h a t
n u c l e i i n p r o b a s i d i a were haploid and fused d u r i n g
sporogenesis. Promycelia contained hundreds of postm e i o t i c n u c l e i . One nucleus e n t e r e d each primary
sporidium b u t , a f t e r one o r two m i t o s e s , up t o f o u r
n u c l e i separated by s e p t a were seen i n mature s p o r i d i a . I n primary and secondary s p o r i d i a , and i n sporogenous and somatic mycelia, t h r e e p a i r s of chromosome-like bodies were seen which suggested t h a t n=3.
Primary s p o r i d i a d i s s o c i a t e d i n c u l t u r e , formed
secondary, mononucleate, f a l c a t e s p o r i d i a o r germina t e d d i r e c t l y ; secondary s p o r i d i a germinated by rep e t i t i o n o r d i r e c t l y . Despite t h e i r m u l t i n u c l e a t e
c o n d i t i o n , t h e h e t e r o t h a l l i c n a t u r e of monosporidial
l i n e s was confirmed when t e s t s showed t h a t only
p a i r e d l i n e s of opposite mating type were pathogenic.
.
26
M. S. FULLER and
M. L. GLAVES and D. A. COTTER. U n i v e r s i t y of
Windsor, Ontario, Canada N9B 3P4. I s o l a t i o n and
p a r t i a l i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of t h e a u t o a c t i v a t o r r e l e a s e d
d u r i n g spore germination of Dictyostelium discoideum.
U. G i s i .
Department of Botany,
U n i v e r s i t y of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602. Mycology
and t h e phenylamide f u n g i c i d e s .
The phenylamides, namely metalaxyl o r r i d o m i l , were
introduced i n t h e l a t e 1970's and a r e used systemic a l l y t o c o n t r o l d i s e a s e s caused by f u n g i i n t h e
o r d e r Peronosporales. Ridomil and SAN 371F a r e
compared i n v i t r o a s t o t h e i r i n f l u e n c e on t h e growth
and reproduction of Phytophthora palmivora, namely on
sporangium r e l e a s e , spore behavior, encystment,
germling development, and hyphal growth. U n t i l now
t h e phenylamide f u n g i c i d e s were thought t o be
s p e c i f i c f o r members of t h e Peronosporales. Data
w i l l be presented t o show t h a t zoosporic f u n g i in
o t h e r o r d e r s a r e a l s o s e n s i t i v e t o phenylamides in
v i t r o . S e n s i t i v i t y may be c o r r e l a t e d with capacity
t o s y n t h e s i z e s t e r o l s . The r e l a t i o n s h i p of t h e s e
s t u d i e s t o t h e mechanism of a c t i o n of phenylamides
w i l l be discussed.
S. A. FULTZ, Dept. of B i o l o g i c a l Sciences, Stanford
U n i v e r s i t y , S t a n f o r d , CA 94305.
A cold a d a p t a t i o n mechanism i n Flannnulina v e l u t i p e s .
P a t t e r n s of s o l u b l e carbohydrate compounds a r e compared i n f o u r geographical i s o l a t e s of P, v e l u t i p e s
grown a t 25, 1 5 , and 5C. A l l i s o l a t e s show increased c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of sugar alcohols a t dec r e a s i n g growth temperatures. I n a d d i t i o n , t h e r e
a r e compositional d i f f e r e n c e s between t h e s t r a i n s
a t 25C t h a t appear t o c o r r e l a t e with s i t e of o r i g i n ;
more n o r t h e r n s t r a i n s have more polyols.
J. E. Gaskins and P. J. Cheung. Osborn L a b o r a t o r i e s
of Marine Sciences, New York Aquarium, New York
Zoological s o c i e t y , Brooklyn, N .Y. 11224. Exophiala
pisciphiIus
a s t u d y of . i t s l i f e cycle.
--
G i 1b e r t s o n , R. L.
Gilbertson, R. L.,
G i s i , U.,
type s p o r e s of Dictyostelium discoideum a r e capable
of spontaneously germinating. This phenomenon i s
c a l l e d a u t o a c t i v a t i o n and i s accompanied by t h e rel e a s e of s t i m u l a t o r y f a c t o r s d u r i n g s p o r e s w e l l i n g .
l h e s t i m u l a t o r y f a c t o r s have t h e a b i l i t y t o cause
r a p i d and synchronous germination i n subsequent
s p o r e populations. Simple bioassays were devised
f o r t h e r o u t i n e d e t e c t i o n of t h e s e f a c t o r s i n p o s t
germination s u p e r n a t a n t s . The bioassays were a l s o
used t o monitor c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of t h e f a c t o r s d u r i n g
i s o l a t i o n and p u r i f i c a t i o n procedures. These f a c t o r s , r e f e r r e d t o as a u t o a c t i v a t o r s , s e p a r a t e i n t o
two major peaks of a c t i v i t y when f r a c t i o n a t e d on
Sephadex LH-20 columns (1.5 x 4 0 cm). Based on g e l
f i l t r a t i o n s t u d i e s with Sephadex LH-20, a s t i m u l a t o r y
compound in t h e second major peak appears t o have a
molecular weight of s l i g h t l y l e s s t h a n 1000 d a l t o n s .
Exposure of e i t h e r crude o r p a r t i a l l y p u r i f i e d a u t o a c t i v a t o r t o a c i d or a l k a l i n e phosphatase for 60
minutes a t 3 7 ' ~ results i n a 50 5 t o 70 % d e c r e a s e
i n s t i m u l a t o r y a c t i v i t y . ?his d e c r e a s e i n a c t i v i t y
suggests t h a t the autoactivator contains a t l e a s t
one exposed phosphate group which appears t o be r e q u i r e d f o r maximal s t i m u l a t o r y a c t i v i t y . P r e l i m i n a r y
s e p a r a t i o n of t h e a u t o a c t i v a t o r from contaminating
molecules u s i n g anion exchange HPLC, coupled with
a s s a y of t h e e l u t i n g f r a c t i o n s , i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e
a u t o a c t i v a t o r is a d e r i v a t i v e of adenine.
D. A . GLAWE. Department of P l a n t Pathology. Univers i t y of I l l i n o i s , Urbana, IL
61801. V a l s a r i a
insitiva i n a r t i f i c i a l culture.
.
Exophiala p i s c i p h i l u s McGiunis and A j e l l o was i s o l a t ed from t h e b r a i n l e s i o n of t h e -00th dogfish,
Mustelus c a n i s ( M i t c h i l l ) , which was born i n t h e
shark e x h i b i t a t t h e New York Aquarium. This i s o l a t e
grew b e s t on P o t a t o Dextrose Agar i n complete darkn e s s a t 24-2E0c.
Retarded growth was observed i n
media w i t h high s a l i n i t i e s (1.e. 55 o/oo and above).
Benomyl, a p l a n t f u n g i c i d e , i n h i b i t e d hyphal development a t 0.01 ppm and above; while c o n i d i a germination
was n o t prevented, except a t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of 500
ppm and above..
The normal developmental s t a g e s were
s t u d i e d by l i g h t and scanning e l e c t r ~ nmicroscopy
over a 6-day period. Conidia germinated w i t h i n 24-36
h r post-inoculation.
By day-3, mycelium formation
had s t a r t e d . * Melanization began on day-4, which was
followed by a n i n i t i a t i o n of a e r i a l hyphae on day-5.
A f t e r 5 days of development, t h e mycelium continued :
t o grow i n diameter and produced long a e r i a l hyphae,
which gave t h e colony a r a i s e d , b l a c k i s h mouse grey
appearance.
G i l b e r t s o n , R. L . ,
I t has p r e v i o u s l y been shown t h a t mutant o r aged w i l d
Stromata of an I l l i n o i s c o l l e c t i o n of V a l s a r i a
i n s i t i v a (Tode : F r . ) Ces. & de Not. were soaked i n
water 3 h and allowed t o f o r c i b l y d i s c h a r g e ascospores onto Difco potato-dextrose a g a r (PDA). Sing l e and mass ascospore i s o l a t e s were c u l t u r e d on PDA
and subjected t o 10 h f l u o r e s c e n t l i g h t a t 20 C f o l lowed by 14 h of darkness a t 15 C per day. Ascospores germinated by producing y e a s t - l i k e budding
c e l l s through i r r e g u l a r f i s s u r e s i n t h e c e l l w a l l s ;
ascospores on h o s t bark germinated s i m i l a r l y . I n
c u l t u r e , t h e y e a s t - l i k e c e l l s continued t o bud indefi n i t e l y , but e v e n t u a l l y some produced germ tubes, res u l t i n g i n mycelial c o l o n i e s i n which hyphae formed
c o n i d i a from l a t e r a l , p e r c u r r e n t l y p r o l i f e r a t i n g l o c i
i n a manner reminiscent of Exophiala Cam. Hyphal
c e l l s sometimes d i s a r t i c u l a t e d t o form a r t h r o s p o r e l i k e c e l l s . A f t e r approximately 2 wk c o l o n i e s formed
m u l t i l o c u l a t e pycnidia which contained p e r i c l i n a l l y
thickened p h i a l i d e s which o f t e n p r o l i f e r a t e d percurr e n t l y i n an a n n e l l i d e - l i k e fashion. P h i a l i d e s sometimes underwent l a r g e p r o l i f e r a t i o n s i n which t h e
c e l l l e n g t h s were approximately doubled. The pycnidi a l s t a t e produced small, h y a l i n e , o v a l c o n i d i a and
resembled Cytosporella Sacc. I m p l i c a t i o n s of t h e s e
f i n d i n g s w i l l be discussed.
see Adaskaveg, J. E.
, see
see
Blackwell, M.
Morse, J . C.
see F u l l e r , M. S.
S o E. GOCHENAUR. Biology Department, Adelphi
University, Garden City, New York 11530. F a c t o r s
r e g u l a t i n g t h e d e n s i t y o f ascospores i n s o i l .
Ascospores of an indigenous s o i l fungus (Coniochaetu
nepaZica) and an a l i e n s p e c i e s ( t h e coprophile,
Sordaria fimicota) were placed on polyvinyl c h l o r i d e
27
membranes and buried in the A horizon of an oakbirch forest for up to 210 da during the fall,
winter and spring of 1982-83. The membranes were
recovered at various intervals and per cent germination of the ascospores and rate of loss from the
membranes determined. Even though the spores of
both species showed no decrease in viability during
burial, their life span in soil is very short due to
grazing by soil animals. In addition, shifting of
sand grains during freeze-thaw cycles ruptured
approximately 15% of Sordaria's ascospores. The
smaller spores of Coniochaeta were not affected.
Gochenaur, S. E . , see Wiencek, S.,
Harrison, J. A . ,
see Jaworski, A. J.
E.F. HASKINS, A.A. HINCHEE* and M.D. McGUINNESS.
Gepartment o f Botany, University of Washington,
Seattle, WA 98195. "Department o f Pathology,
St. Louis University Medical Center, St. Louis,
MO 63104'
et. al.
L. F. G R A N D . Dept. P l a n t P a t h o l o g y ,
------North Carolina S t a t e University, Box
7616, Raleigh, NC. 27695-7616. Mycology
in Plant Pathology.
Mycology is the foundation of Plant
Pathology; indeed, Plant Pathology w?,s
once considered "Applied Mycology
Most Plant Pathology departments still
r e q u i r e of students a sound background
i n Mycology. T h e r e is a growing trend
toward the e l i m i n a t i o n of Mycology at
many Universities.
Positions are being
filled by those with backgrounds in cell
biology, genetic engineering, etc. This
trend greatly c o n c e r n s m a n y P l a n t
Pathologists, because if it continues
the future of Mycology may rest almost
entirely in Plant Pathology. Must Plant
Pathologists provide the Mycology
necessary f o r their students?
Where
will other students obtain their
Mycology? Have we come full circle from
de Bary?
P l a n t Pathology a s a final
haven for Mycology provide security for
o u r s c i e n c e (discipline).
A slanted
emphasis o n plant pathogenic fungi
however, is not the most desirable
alternative. On the other hand, w e might
expect f e w e r n a m e changes!
If this
trend continues, i s Plant Pathology
equal to the challenge?
.
The Amoebal and Protoplasmodial Cyst Phase of the
Myxomycete Echinostelium minutum de Bary
Light microscopical, TEM, and SEM studies were
performed on the encystment cycle o f myxamoebae
and protoplasmodia o f Echinostelium minutum de Bary.
The time course o f encystment was documented using
LM. The TEM and SEM studies indicated that amoebal
and protoplasmodial cysts share a number of characters: the cyst walls consist of a single, densely
fiberous layer (TEM); the surface of the cyst wal Is
is convoluted into numerous folds (SEM); neither
the amoebal nor protoplasmodial cysts possess a
preformed germ pore; the cyst walls of both phases
undergo dissolution during excystment.
I.B. HEATH, K. RETHOFEC and L.J. McKERRACHER.
Biology Department, York University, 4700 Keele St.,
1P3, Canada. Structure and
Toronto, Ontario
functions of fungal cytoskeletons.
mJ
Guarro, J . , see S i g l e r , L., e t . a l .
We have prepared fungal hyphae by conventional
fixation, freeze substitution, freeze etching and
critical point drying of polyethylene glycol
embedded sections in attempts to fully identify and
describe the m g a l nuclear and cytoplasmic skeletons. We have looked at migrating organelles,
mitotic nuclei and tip growth. The comparative
results of these observations will be discussed with
respect to intracellular force generating systems
and the relative adequacy of the respective preparation techniques.
Richard T. H a n l i n , Dept. o f P l a n t Pathology,
U n i v e r s i t y o f Georgia, Athens, GA 30602.
The pedagogical ascomycete
M. C. HEATH. Botany Department, University of
--Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A1, Canada.
The ascomycetes comprise a l a r g e and d i v e r s e group
o f fun i t h a t can be used i n t h e classroom t o
demonsqrate a wide v a r i e t y o f b i o l o g i c a l p r i n c i
p l e s and phenomena. Although t h e m a j o r i t y o f ascomycetes do n o t produce ascocarps r e a d i l y i n c u l t u r e , t h e r e a r e a number o f species t h a t do so
r e l i a b l y , and these can be incorporated i n t o any
biology curriculum, from high school t o graduate
courses. For those taxonomic groups t h a t do n o t
sporulate i n c u l t u r e , m a t e r i a l f r e s h l y c o l l e c t e d
i n t h e f i e l d can be used t o supplement c u l t u r e s .
Emphasis i s placed on working w i t h l i v i n g mater i a l s i n t h e b e l i e f t h a t students f i n d them more
i n t e r e s t i n g and more rewarding tnan d r i e d specimens. Cultured m a t e r i a l s can a l so be manipulated
-
,
t o demonstrate phenomena o f p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t
when d e s i r a b l e . Following a discussion o f some o f
t h e mechanics o f assembling and m a i n t a i n i n g a
s e l e c t i o n of species s u i t a b l e f o r classroom use, I
w i 11 present some examples o f what we can l e a r n
from these i n t e r e s t i n g f u n g i .
Some features of the development and composition
of the haustorial neckband of Uromyces phaseoli
var. vignae
.
In sporulating colonies of the cowpea rust
fungus, haustorial neckbands usually consist of
two adjacent, electron opaque, rings encircling
the neck of the haustorium. Energy dispersive
X-ray (EDX) analysis of glutaraldehyde-fixed,
unstained material revealed that the ring closest
to the haustorial body usually is rich in iron,
phosphorus, and chlorine while that closest to
the haustorial mother cell lacks iron and is rich
in chlorine and silicon. Calcium may be present
in either ring. Only one, iron- and
chlorine-rich, ring is present in the neckbands
28
o f young h a u s t o r i a .
Osmium p o s t - f i x a t i o n removes
a l l - d e t e c t a b l e e l e m e n t s e x c e p t i r o n from t h e
n e c k b a n d s o f young h a u s t o r i a .
C. W . HESSELTINE. N o r t h e r n R e g i o n a l R e s e a r c h C e n t e r ,
ARS, USDA, P e o r i a , I L 61604. F u n g i , P e o p l e , a n d
Soybeans
D. E. HEMMES and T. E. STASZ. B i o l o g y D i s c i p l i n e
and C o l l e g e o f A g r i c u l t u r e , U n i v e r s i t y o f Hawaii a t
H i l o , 1400 K a p i o l a n i S t r e e t , H i l o , H I 96720.
Ul t r a s t r u c t u r e o f f u l ly-expanded and g e r m i n a t i n g
s p o r a n g i a o f Pythium u l timum.
The u s e o f s o y b e a n s i n f o o d i n A s i a g o e s b a c k b e f o r e
t h e w r i t t e n h i s t o r i c a l r e c o r d . The more i m p o r t a n t
s o y b e a n f e r m e n t e d f o o d s made w i t h t h e u s e o f f u n g i
a r e s h o y u , m i s o , tempeh, a n d s u f u . The l e c t u r e w i l l
d e s c r i b e t h e r e s e a r c h t h a t h a s been c o n d u c t e d i n t h e
U.S. on t h e s e mold-fermented p r o d u c t s . The i n t e r a c t i o n of s c i e n t i f i c r e s e a r c h between t h e U. S. a n d
Asia h a s r e s u l t e d i n mutual b e n e f i t s and understandi n g between t h e p e o p l e s of b o t h r e g i o n s .
Fully-expanded s p o r a n g i a o f Pythium u l t i m u m c o n t a i n
uda p r o t o p l a s m r i c h i n f u n c t i o n a l orga-incl
i n g n u c l e i , m i t o c h o n d r i a , dictyosomes, rough endop l a s m i c r e t i c u l um and numerous u n a t t a c h e d ribosomes.
The c y t o p l a s m a l s o c o n t a i n s l i p i d bodies and densebody vacuoles. However, t h e c y t o p l a s m does n o t
c o n t a i n any preformed o r g a n e l 1es o r s t r u c t u r e s i n v o l v e d i n zoosporogenesis such as p e r i p h e r a l v e s i c l e s , cleavage v e s i c l e s , o r f l a g e l l a . The sporang i a l w a l l o f P. u l t i m u m i s t h i n , a p p r o x i m a t e l y 200
nm t h i c k , and has numerous dense plaques i n t h e
o u t e r t h i r d p o r t i o n o f t h e w a l l . I n d i r e c t germin a t i o n the inner, electron-transparent p o r t i o n o f
t h e s p o r a n g i a l w a l l extends as t h e g e m t u b e w a l l ,
and r u p t u r e s t h e o u t e r dense p o r t i o n o f t h e w a l l .
R e l a t i o n s h i p s between s p o r a n g i a o f P. ultimum,
c o n v e r t e d oospores o f P. u l t i m u m and s
p
m of
o t h e r Pythiaceous f u n g i w i l l be discussed.
R. P. HERMAN and Ceil A. HFMAN. Water Resources
Research Institute and D e p a r m t of Biology, New
Mexico State lhiversity, Ias Cruces, EM 88003.
Morphological changes induced i n Achl a
caroliniana by prostaglandin s y n d i n h i b i t o r s
.
We haw previously demrnstrated that aspirin and
indomethacin, which block cyclooxygenase, the
f i r s t enzyme in prostaglandin synthesis, cause
growth inhibition, abnormal colony mrphology , and
supressed reproduction i n oomycetes. I n t h i s
report we show that the abnormal b a l l shaped
Achlya colonies result from an altered branching
pattern established early i n development. Control
colonies grown in glucose, yeast extract,
neopeptone medium (PYG) produce a loose mass of
mycelium with relatively long intervals between
branches. ?he colonies grown in PYG w i t h 0.1 mM
indomethacin are small and star shaped, with short
intervals between branches. ?hese branches in
turn bear branches with a short inter-branch
interval. 'Ihe effect of indomethacin on colony
morphology appears t o be insensitive to the source
of nitrogen or carbon. k e e organic nitrogen
sources and five carbon sources produce the
characteristic colony in the presence of
inhibitor. The supression of reproduction by
indomethacin is dependant on the timing of
exposure to the drug. I n general, colonies
derived from propagules germinated in medium w i t h
ind-thacin
show supressed or abnorml
reproduction regardless of subsequent treatolent.
In c m t r a s t , cultures started in the absence of
inhibitor can be induced t o ~roducenormal
oogonia, antheridia and oospbres by aG&&te
manipulation even in the presence of indorethacin.
Herman, C. A.,
see Herman,
R. P.
TERRY W. HILL and R. G. WAGGENER. D e p a r t m e n t of
3 i o l o g y , S o u t h w e s t e r n At Memphis, 2000 N o r t h Parkway,
Ilemphis, TN 38112. C e l l u l a s e s e c r e t i o n by
T r i c h o d e r m a r e e s e i i s i n h i b i t e d by a n t i c a l m o d u l i n
drugs.
T r i c h o d e r m a r e e s e i s e c r e t e s a n i n d u c i b l e complex of
c e l l u l o l y t i c enzymes i n t o i t s medium. M y c e l i a of
reesei w e r e i n d u c e d t o b e g i n s e c r e t i o n i n a medium
c o n t a i n i n g 1 mM l a c t o s e , and t h e medium was a s s a y e d
o v e r t i m e f o r t h e a c t i v i t y of e n d o c e l l u l a s e u s i n g a
v i s c o m e t r i c a s s a y and c a r b o x y m e t h y l c e l l u l o s e a s a
s u b s t r a t e . S e c r e t i o n i s b l o c k e d by i n t r o d u c t i o n of
t h e calmodulin a n t a g o n i s t s t r i f l u o p e r a z i n e , chlorp r o m a z i n e , o r W-5.
S u b s t i t u t e d analogs of t h e s e
m o l e c u l e s a r e less e f f e c t i v e i n b l o c k i n g s e c r e t i o n .
The r e l a t i v e e f f e c t i v e n e s s of t h e s e d r u g s , when
compared t o t h e i r e f f e c t s i n o t h e r s y s t e m s known t o
involve t h e function of calmodulin, i n d i c a t e s t h a t
c a l m o d u l i n may f u n c t i o n a s a r e g u l a t o r y a g e n t i n
some c r i t i c a l s t e p i n s e c r e t i o n of e n d o c e l l u l a s e by
t h i s fungus.
T.
Hinchee, A. A.,
see Haskins, E. F.,
et. al.
WILLIAM E. HINTZ, JAMES B. ANDERSON, and PAUL A.
HORGEN. Depattment of Botany, Mushroom R e s e a r c h
Group, U n i v e r s i t y of T o r o n t o , E r i n d a l e C o l l e g e ,
M i s s i s s a u g a , O n t a r i o , Canada, L5L 1C6.
P a r t i a l c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n of m i t o c h o n d r i a 1 DNAs from
A g a r i c u s b r u n n e s c e n s and A g a r i c u s b i t o r q u i s .
M i t o c h o n d r i a 1 DNAs were i s o l a t e d from t h r e e
c u l t i v a t e d s t r a i n s of t h e commercial two-spored
mushroom A g a r i c u s b r u n n e s c e n s ( b i s p o r u s ) and from
e l e v e n i s o l a t e s of t h e f o u r s p o r e d mushroom
Agaricus b i t o r q u i s .
D i g e s t i o n of t h e f u n g a l
m i t o c h o n d r i a 1 DNA w i t h r e s t r i c t i o n e n d o n u c l e a s e s
y i e l d e d numerous f r a g m e n t s . S u m a t i o n o f t h e
fragment s i z e s g a v e a m i t o h o n d r i a l genome s i z e of
89.000 b a s e p a i r s ( 5 8 x LOS d a l t o n s ) f o r A.
b r u n n e s c e n s and 164,000 b a s e p a i r s ( 1 0 8 x 106
d a l t o n s ) f o r A. b i t o r q u i s . The r e s t r i c t i o n
p a t t e r n s , u s i n g a v a r i e t y o f e n d o n u c l e a s e s , were
i d e n t i c a l f o r a l l t h r e e i s o l a t e s of A.
brunnescens.
The e l e v e n i s o l a t e s of-A.
bitorquis
demonstrated heterogeneity i n t h e i r r e s t r i c t i o n
p a t t e r n s and have been t e n t a t i v e l y a s s i g n e d i n t o
f i v e g r o u p s . A p a r t i a l r e s t r i c t i o n map of A.
b r u n n e s c e n s m t DNA h a s been c o n s t r u c t e d and t h e
g e n e a r r a n g e m e n t o f t h e r i b o s o m a l RNAs and
cytochrorne b a r e c u r r e n t l y b e i n g d e t e r m i n e d u s i n g
c l o n e d p r o b e s from E u r o s p o r a c r a s s a .
Furthermore,
t h e e x t r e m e d i f f e r e n c e between t h e genome s i z e of
t h e A. b r u n n e s c e n s and A. b i t o r q u i s i s b e i n g
a n a l y s e d by DNA-DNA h y b r i d i z a t i o n .
29
Hipps, L. E . , see Allen, M. F
H. C. HOCH and R. C. STAPLES. Department of Plant
Pathology, New York State Agricultural Experiment
Station, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456 and
Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, hT 14853. The
microtubule-microfilament (F-actin) network of
uredospore germlings of Uromyces phaseoti.
Initiation of cell differentiation (appressorium
formation) and mitosis in uredospore germlings of U.
phaseoti can be induced by either topographical or
chemical signals. Recent evidence that microtubules
and microfilaments wight be involved in mediation of
these signals has prompted us to develop protocols
for studying this network. F-actin, visualized
using rhodamine-conjugated phalloin, occurred as:
(I) filaments, located throughout the germ tube,
especially in the more basipetal region; (11)
peripheral plaques, positioned near the periphery of
the cell's cytoplasm; and (111) nuclear inclusions,
located within the nucleoplasm subjacent to the
spindle pole body (SPB). Electron microscopy of
freeze-substituted hyphae revealed similar profiles
of F-actin-like filaments. Treatments with KI,
phalloidin, and cytochalasin E substantiated that
the fluorescently labelled sites were F-actin.
Microtubules (Mt) were observed by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy using a yeast
antitubulin. The Mt cytoskeleton was visualized
throughout the cytoplasm, oriented parallel to the
longitudinal axis of the cell. Repolymerization of
Mt's following depolymerizing treatments (e.p.,
cold, nocodazole, demecolcine) showed that the
microtubule organizing center in Uromyces hyphae in
GI are in the hyphal tip and not at the SPB's of the
nuclei.
Hoch,
H. C., see Ton-That, T. C.
Hocking,
A. D.,
see Pitt,
J. I.
Homola, R. L., see Longcore,
J. G., et. al.
Horgen,
P. A., see Hintz, W. E . , et. al.
Horgen,
P. A,, see Horton, J. S.
Horgen,
P. A . , see Meyer, R. J., et. al.
Horgen,
P. A., see Mohan, M., et. al.
B. W. HORN. Northern Regional Research Center, ARS,
USDA, Peoria, I1 61604. Association of Candida
guilliermondii with amylolytic filamentous fungi on
preharvest corn.
In sampling corn at harvest in Georgia, Candida
guilliermondii var. guilliermondii was found to be
the dominant yeast, comprising 4.7-47.Roftotal fungi
based on dilution plating. Populations of C.
guilliermondii were confined primarily to visibly
moldy kernels infested with filamentous fungi, of
which Fusarium moniliforme and Aspergillus flavus
were prevalent. When grown in liquid shake culture,
C. guilliermondii was unable to utilize starch.
Growth of the yeast increased considerably when
associated with amylolytic F. moniliforme and A.
flavus. Utilization of starch hydrolyzates by C.
guilliermondii in mixed cultures was reflected by
both a decrease in reducing sugars and a reduction in
growth of F. moniliforme and A. flavus. The lowering
of culture pH by F. moniliforme and A. flavus did not
stimulate yeast growth. The association between C.
guillermondii and amylolytic filamentous fungi on
preharvest corn may be considered commensalistic.
Insect vectors may be important in maintaining this
association.
J.S. HORTON, P.A. HORGEN. Department of Botany,
University of Toronto, Erindale Campus,
Mississauga, Ontario, L5L 1C6
Demonstration of a pheromonally-induced polypeptide
during sexual morphogenesis in Achlya ambisexualis
E87
Sexual reproduction in Achlya ambisexualis, a
member of the Oomycetes, is mediated by a group of
at least two steroid pheromones. In the present
study antheridiol, a pheromone constitutively
secreted by female strains, has been shown to
induce the qualitative synthesis of a 64,000 dalton
polypeptide in 3 male strains of Achlya.
Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and
autoradiography have demonstrated that this induced
polypeptide is basic in nature, with a pI of at
least 8. Experiments using the RNA synthetic
inhibitor actinomycin D suggest that the
polypeptide is transcriptionally regulated. The
synthesis of the induced polypeptide occurs
throughout male sexual morphogenesis (as induced by
female A. ambisexualis strain 734) and the lack of
synthesis during induced vegetative branching
suggests a role for the polypeptide specific to the
male sexual cycle in Achlya. Imunological and
vitro translation studies are now in progress in an
attempt to gain a better understanding of the
regulation of this polypeptide.
-
R. J. HOWARD. DuPont Experimental Station, Agricultural Chemicals Dept. Bldg. 402. Wilmington, DE
19898. Freeze-substitution and video-enhanced contrast, DIC microscopy: new tools in fungal cytology.
Freeze-substitution is a fixation method for electron
microscopy. The method is easy and ideally suited
for application to fungi grown either as a monolayer
or in suspension. Fixation is achieved by rapid
freezing followed by reaction of chemicals with the
frozen specimen. Sections reveal structures that do
not exist after standard glutaraldehyde/Os04 fixations as well as structures that appear different
from what we are accustomed to seeing. Freezesubstitution allows one to analyze "better artifacts". However, not all of the artifacts are
representative of living cell structure. An alternative to these methods is to eliminate fixation, and
cell death, all together. Video-enhanced contrast,
differential interference contrast microscopy (Allen,
et al. Cell Motil. 1:291, 1981) is a valuable tool
-for studying living cells. Taking advantage of the
difference in the way the eye and the video camera
"perceive" contrast, this system permits observation
of objects that are smaller than the theoretical
limit of resolution of the light microscope. Fast
intrahyphal vesicle transport, intercellular movement
of particles through dolipore septa and the rapid
production of vesicles by Golgi body-like cisternae
can be seen and recorded on videotape for further
study.
30
FU-SEN HU and JIM CLARK. School o f B i o l o g i c a l
-Sciences, U n i v e r s i t y o f Kentucky, Lexington, KY
40506.
Growth o f Stemoni t i s flavogeni t a and Didymi um ir i d i s
on axenic peptone-yeast e x t r a c t agar supplemented
w i t h heat-ki 1l e d bacteria.
Plasmodia and myxamoebae o f the slime molds Stemonitand Did mi um i r i d i s have been grown
a x e n i c a l l y on PY ag*peptone,
2.59 yeast ext r a c t , 2.51111 o f 0.4 M MgS04.7H20, 0.51111 o f 0.5 M
CaCl?, 20ml o f pH 6.5 phosphate b u f f e r and 965 ml o f
d i s t 1 1l e d water) supplemented w i t h heat-ki 1l e d (80C
f o r 10 minutes) Escherichia
Although Didymium
i r i d i s has not y e t been sporulated i n axenic c u l t u r e ,
Stemonitis flavogenita can be grown from spore t o
spore on PY medium without supplementation w i t h heat
k i l l e d bacteria. I n both species, t h e growth r a t e s
f o r myxamoebae are equal t o t h a t oberved i n l i v e
b a c t e r i a l c u l t u r e s while the rates f o r plasmodia are
s i g n i f i c a n t l y lower. However, plasmodial growth can
be enhanced by t h e a d d i t i o n o f l i v e r e x t r a c t (1%)
and hematin (6ml o f 0.25% i n 1% NaOH) t o t h e PY
medium. On t h e other hand, while the a d d i t i o n o f 1%
glucose o r sucrose t o PY agar produces dense myxamoebal populations, i t i s h i g h l y i n h i b i t o r y t o plasmodial formation and growth.
i s flavogeni t a
-
a.
FU-SEN HU and JIM CLARK. School o f B i o l o g i c a l
Sciences , U n i v e r s i t y o f Kentucky, Lexington, KY
40506
Recurrent senescence i n axenic c u l t u r e s o f Physarum
polycephal um.
Physarum polycephal um grown as microplasmodi a i n
axenic shake c u l t u r e has generally been considered
t o l a c k a s p e c i f i c l i f e s p a n . Yet t r a n s f e r s o f microplasmodia t o axeni c and non-axenic (bacteri a1 assoi a t e added) surface cultures have been reported t o
undergo senescence i n a regular manner i n d i c a t i v e o f
a determinate lifespan. When subcultures o f our aux2
and aux4 i s o l a t e s o f P. polycephalum, which have been
grown f o r over f o u r years i n axenic shake culture,
were t r a n s f e r e d t o non-axenic surface c u l t u r e they
displayed progressively s h o r t e r lifespans ( o l d e r
axenic c u l t u r e s y i e l d shorter l i v e d non-axenic c u l t ures). S i m i l a r subcultures transfered t o axenic medium a l s o underwent senescent-like events. These subcultures, a f t e r a period o f vigorous growth, displayed a slower growth rate, reduced plasmodial streaming, l e s s yellow pigment and eventually fragmented
i n t o a number o f small spherical s t r u c t u r e s w i t h t h e
concomitant l y s i s o f most o f the plasmodiun. I n nonaxenic c u l t u r e these spherules q u i c k l y degenerate and
disappear from culture, however, i n axenic surface
c u l t u r e they r e v i v e and a f t e r several days produce
new vigorous plasmodia. Following t h i s period o f
vigorous growth t h e plasmodiun w i l l again undergo
senescent-li ke events. This cycle o f senescence and
growth has been repeated many times i n several c u l t ures over a period o f months. We have a l s o been able
t o i s o l a t e a subline from the aux2 c u l t u r e which no
longer undergoes t h i s senescent phase and i s apparently truely i m o r t a l .
Hudspeth, M. E. S.,
see Bruns, T. D.
H. E. HUIZAR, C. C. BERTKE, and J. M. ARONSON.
Dept. o f Botany and Microbiology, Arizona State
U n i v e r s i t y , Tempe, AZ 85287. Observations on Asperg i l l u s f l a v u s i n cottonseed.
Cottonseeds apparently infected w i t h A s p e r g i l l u s
f l a v u s were harvested from field-grown p l a n t s i n
Arizona. A. flavus contamination was confirmed by
p l a t i n g s u r f a c e - s t e r i l i z e d seed p o r t i o n s on potato
dextrose agar. The remaining seed p o r t i o n s were
processed f o r transmission e l e c t r o n microscopy (TEM).
U l t r a t h i n sections o f cottonseeds were observed and
hyphae were l o c a l i z e d i n t h e following areas: assoc i a t e d w i t h c o t t o n f i b e r s , i n most o f the l a y e r s
comprising t h e seed coat, and i n t h e embryo. As
controls, laboratory-grown c u l t u r e s o f A. f l a v u s and
apparently uninfected cottonseeds were observed by
TEM. L i g h t microscopy studies t o l o c a t e A. f l a v u s
i n cottonseed are i n progress.
Jain, P. C.,
see Shukla,
R. V.
A. J. Jaworski and J . A. Harrison. Botany Department, U n i v e r s i t y of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602.
Messenger RNA synthesized during l a t e s p o r u l a t i o n i s
necessary f o r germ t u b e formation i n ~ 1 H s t o c l a d i e l l a
emer s o n i i .
Zoospores of B l a s t o c l a d i e l l a emersonii c o n t a i n mRNA
which must be t r a n s l a t e d during germination b e f o r e a
tube w i l l develop. Zoospore mRNA i s synthesized
during growth phase and l a t e s p o r u l a t i o n . Sporangia
t r e a t e d with 2 ug actinomycin-D a t 210 min i n t o
s p o r u l a t i o n (T210) w i l l r e l e a s e zoospores but t h e s e
c e l l s w i l l not produce germ tubes when induced t o
germinate.
Actinomycin-D given t o sporangia a t T210 c a u s e s a
50% d e c r e a s e i n t h e i n c o r p o r a t i o n of 35[S]-methionine
o r 3[H]-leucine i n t o p r o t e i n s synthesized between 20
and 40 m i n i n t o germination. However, t h e l e v e l of
i n c o r p o r a t i o n i s i d e n t i c a l compared t o c o n t r o l c e l l s
when a c t inomycin-D i s given during germinat ion.
Analysis of t h e s e p r o t e i n s on 2-dimensional SDS-PAGE
g e l s revealed s i m i l a r p a t t e r n s f o r c e l l s from
sporangia t r e a t e d with actinomycin-D compared t o
c e l l s t r e a t e d with actinomycin-D during germination
o r u n t r e a t e d c o n t r o l c e l l s . The most obvious d i f f e r ence i n t h e p a t t e r n s was t h e increased i n t e n s i t y of
some s p o t s i n t h e autoradiograms from c e l l s r e l e a s e d
from sporangia t r e a t e d with actinomycin-D.
These
r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e t h e zoospore mRNA synthesized
during growth and l a t e s p o r u l a t i o n a r e both t r a n s l a t e d d u r i n g e a r l y germination but i t i s t h e l a t e
s p o r u l a t i o n mRNA t h a t is r e s p o n s i b l e f o r germ t u b e
formation. Supported by NSF g r a n t PCM-8309775.
Johnson, M. M.,
see Powell, M. J., e t . al.
J. P. JONES and K. CLAY. Dept. of P l a n t Pathology
and Crop Physiology, Louisiana A g r i c u l t u r a l
Experiment S t a t i o n , and Department of Botany, L.S.U.,
Baton Rouge, La. 70803. Karyology and ascus
formation among t h e Balansiae.
It became important t o u s t o be a b l e t o q u i c k l y
i d e n t i f y genera and s p e c i e s of t h e t r i b e Balansiae
by using microscopic d i a g n o s t i c c h a r a c t e r s . Several
s p e c i e s have been s t u d i e d c y t o l o g i c a l l y t o determine
31
i f any d i f f e r e n c e s e x i s t among t h e species. The
p a t t e r n s of c r o z i e r development a r e e s s e n t i a l l y
s i m i l a r , although t h e r e a r e s l i g h t d i f f e r e n c e s .
Some of t h e s p e c i e s have a t r a c t , providing a
possible diagnostic tool a t the species level.
Another d i f f e r e n c e s o f a r determined among t h e
s p e c i e s i s t h e ascus t i p s t r u c t u r e . The d e t a i l s of
meiosis and s p o r e formation seems e s s e n t i a l l y t h e
same throughout t h e t r i b e .
Kapustka, L. A., see Arnold,
P. T.
HAROLD W. KELLER. Department of Biology, The
University of Texas a t Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019
Taxonomy of t h e Myxomycete Arcyria n i g e l l a .
Arcyria n i g e l l a was f i r s t described by Y . Emoto i n
1928 from two f i e l d c o l l e c t i o n s made from dead t r u n k s
of Rhamnella f r a n g u l o i d e s i n t h e Botanical Garden of
The University of Tokyo. These specimens were obt a i n e d r e c e n t l y through a loan from t h e National
Science Museum, I b a r a k i , Japan. These c o l l e c t i o n s
were compared w i t h Emoto's d e s c r i p t i o n and with n i n e
a d d i t i o n a l c o l l e c t i o n s from Ohio t h a t a l l developed
on bark from l i v i n g J u n i p e r u s v i r g i n i a n a and Taxodium
distichurn placed i n moist chambers. The following
s p e c i e s d e s c r i p t i o n i s based on t h e Ohio c o l l e c t i o n s .
Sporangia g r e g a r i o u s i n groups of 2-20, s t i p i t a t e ,
broadly ovate t o s h o r t - c y l i n d r i c a l , 0.28-0.68 mm i n
diameter, 0.7-1.1 mm i n t o t a l h e i g h t , olivaceous t o
d u l l green o r d u l l gray; s t a l k s h o r t , 0.15-0.3 mm i n
h e i g h t , l i g h t - c o l o r e d o f t e n weakly developed and
i n t e r l a c e d with f i b e r - l i k e s t r a n d s o r f i l l e d with
spore-like c e l l s ; c a l y c u l u s extending 113 t o 112 t h e
t o t a l h e i g h t of t h e sporangium proper, bowl o r vaseshaped above, t a p e r i n g i n t o a s t a l k below, t h e o u t e r
s u r f a c e smooth and p l e a t e d , t h e i n n e r s u r f a c e marked
with conspicuous r e t i c u l a t i o n s bearing prominent
p a p i l l a e ; c a p i l l i t i u m s t r o n g l y adhering t o t h e margin
and c e n t e r of t h e c a l y c u l u s , s c a r c e l y e l a s t i c , t h e
t h r e a d s 3-6 um i n diameter marked with r e t i c u l a t i o n s
and spinous p r o c e s s e s ; spores dark olivaceous t o d u l l
green i n mass, almost h y a l i n e by t r a n s m i t t e d l i g h t ,
minutely roughened, 9-10 um i n diameter. This s p e c i e s
i s separated from a l l o t h e r members of t h e genus
Arcyria by i t s u s u a l l y dark olivaceous c o l o r and i t s
deep c a l y c u l u s .
lTUROLDW. KELLER and JEAN D. SCHOKNECHT. Department
of Biology, The U n i v e r s i t y of Texas a t Arlington,
Arlington, TX 76019 and Department of L i f e Sciences.
Indiana S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , T e r r e Haute, I N 47809.
Licea f i m i c o l a : a coprophilous myxomycete s p e c i e s
with u n c e r t a i n taxonomic a f f i n i t y .
Licea f i m i c o l a was c o l l e c t e d i n 1929 on horse dung i n
l a b o r a t o r y c u l t u r e by Dearness and Eisby and desc r i b e d i n t h e "Fungi of Manitoba." This s p e c i e s was
f o r many y e a r s known only from t h e type c o l l e c t i o n
gathered a t Winnipeg, Manitoba. It i s now known from
Oklahoma and Colorado i n t h e U.S. a s w e l l a s Kenya
and Mongolia. It i s a p p a r e n t l y r e s t r i c t e d t o t h e
dung of herbivorous animals. Moist chamber c u l t u r e s
of cow dung c o l l e c t e d from t h e Pawnee National Grassland i n Colorado have y i e l d e d abundant plasmodia and
f r u i t i n g s . Plasmodia were t r a n s f e r r e d t o water a g a r
and observed u n t i l s p o r u l a t i o n . The p a l e orangeyellow phaneroplasmodium has a fan-shaped, threedimensional, advancing feeding edge, and t r a i l i n g
r e t i c u l a t e v e i n s i n which t h e protoplasm undergoes
rhythmic, r e v e r s i b l e streaming. Sporulation gener-
a l l y produces c l u s t e r s of 20 t o 30 fusiform sporangia,
Microscopic examination of sporangia revealed s h o r t
c a p i l l i t i a l threads attached t o the inner sporangial
w a l l . Energy d i s p e r s i v e spectroscopy d e t e c t e d r e l a t i v e l y high amounts of calcium i n t h e peridium of 2.
f i m i c o l a . The genus
i s based l a r g e l y on t h e
absence of a c a p i l l i t i u m and t o a l e s s e r degree t h e
presence of a protoplasmodium. The presence of a
c a p i l l i t i u m , a phaneroplasmodium, and d e t e c t a b l e
amounts of calcium would argue f o r removal of Licea
f i m i c o l a from t h e L i c e a l e s and r e c o g n i t i o n of a new
genus i n e i t h e r t h e Physarales o r t h e T r i c h i a l e s .
L. L. KINKEL and J . H. ANDREWS, P l a n t Pathology
Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison,
W I 53706. Fungal Colonization of Leaf Surfaces.
From emergence u n t i l a b s c i s s i o n , l e a v e s a r e i n s u l a r
h a b i t a t patches f o r c o l o n i z a t i o n by fungi. H a b i t a t
a r e a and "quality" change a s l e a v e s grow. Fungal
population s i z e s and s p e c i e s number a t any time ref l e c t a dynamic balance among t h e competing processes
of immigration, emigration, reproduction, and d e a t h .
Population d e n s i t y appears t o be bimodal o v e r time,
peaking f i r s t a s buds s w e l l , and again about 5 months
l a t e r , on mature l e a v e s . In p r a c t i c e , i t i s d i f f i c u l t t o d i s t i n g u i s h immigrants ( s p e c i e s which have
a r r i v e d , but a r e perhaps i n a dormant form o r a r e
t r a n s i e n t ) from c o l o n i s t s ( i n h a b i t a n t s which grow
and may reproduce). There i s some evidence f o r a
s u c c e s s i o n a l p a t t e r n , , but t h i s i s d i s r u p t e d by
r e p e a t e d , unpredictable d i s t u r b a n c e s such a s storms.
Species immigration r a t e s of f u n g i t o l e a f s u r f a c e s
a r e i n i t i a l l y high and p r o g r e s s i v e l y d e c l i n e , a s
determined by exposing s u r f a c e - s t e r i l i z e d l e a v e s o r
s t e r i l e apple s e e d l i n g s t o t h e orchard a i r spora.
A f l u c t u a t i n g s p e c i e s e q u i l i b r i u m appears t o be
reached within 2-4 weeks a f t e r exposure. Sampling
c o n s t r a i n t s complicate t h e d e s c r i p t i o n and a n a l y s i s
of phylloplane microbial communities.
M. A. KLICH. U. S. Department o f A g r i c u l t u r e
Southern Regional Research Center, P. 0. Box 19687
New Orleans, LA 701 79. Ecological studies on t h e
e n t r y o f Aspergillus f l a v u s i n t o developing cotton
plants.
An understanding o f the mode o f e n t r y o f Aspergil l u s
flavus i n t o cotton plants and seeds may l e a d t o
p r a c t i c a l f i e l d control measures f o r t h i s h i g h l y
toxigeni c fungus. F i e l d and greenhouse studies have
shown t h a t e n t r y may take place through newly
exposed cotyledonary l e a f scars and i n v o l u c r a l
n e c t a r i e s . The fungus may then move upward through
the p l a n t i n t o the seeds. This process o f e n t r y and
movement o f A. flavus i s s t r o n g l y i n f l u e n c e d by the
developmental a ~ s i o l o g i c a sl t a t e o f t h e p l a n t .
Drought stress great1 y increases the p r o b a b i l i t y o f
seed contamination. B o l l s from flowers blooming
during the e a r l y and middle p a r t s o f t h e peak
flowering period a r e more 1 ik e l y t o contain A_.
fl avus i n t h e i r seed than the seed o f b o l l s from
flowers blooming a t o t h e r times.
Robert D. Koehn. Department o f Biology, Southwest
Texas S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , San Marcos, Texas 78666.
Amphibious hyphomycetes o f t h e Guadalupe R i v e r .
A one year study o f the Guadalupe River i n South
Central Texas has revealed t h a t i t supports t h e
growth and sporulation o f 23 species o f amphibious
32
hyphomycetes. Water and leaf samples were taken
each month from 4 s i t e s along the river. A t each
s i t e the greatest species richness occurred when the
water temperatures were lowest. In this area of
Texas, the greatest organic input also occurs during
the coldest time of year when leaf abscission from
riparian vegetation i s greatest. When the results
of this survey are compared with previous results
for the constant temperature San Marcos River,
similar seasonality of many of the species i s
evident. Therefore, seasonal fluctuations of these
fungi i s more dependent on substrate availability
than on the physical conditions of the river water.
L u n u l o s ~ ~curvula
a
Ingold i s present throughout the
year an i s most comnon. Tetracladium marchal ianum
DeWild i s also abundant during the f a l l and winter.
Lemonniera aquatica DeWild was present at each s i t e
b u t seemed more prevalent in the spring and summer
months. Presence of 10 other species occurred
sporadically throughout the year. Submerged,
decaying leaves from 8 species of trees were
collected during the study, b u t none of the fungal
species appeared to prefer a specific substrate.
Lakhanpal, T. N . , see Cavender, J . C.
K.
H.
university
LAVOIE. Biology
Department,
of Michigan-Flint, Flint, MI,
48503.
Competitive znteractions among fungi and
invertebrates: A manipulative study of
dung decomposition.
Early fungal species can compete with
invertebrates for the use of dung by the
physical
interference of their hyphae
exploitatively
tieing
up
and/or
by
in an unavailable microbial
resources
pool. The presence of fungal hyphae was
able to reduce dung use by flies and/or
beetles
as
indicated
by
lowered
reproductive
output. The
interference
effect was most severe when the hyphal mat
was the densest and declined as the hyphae
senesced or were manually removed. Dung
form was altered without affecting the
total amount of dung material. The form
of the dung influenced development of the
hyphal mat and affected the number of
times an invertebrate had to deal with the
hyphae to gain access to X amount of dung
resource. Dung form also influenced dung
use by the fungi, with a higher surface
area to volume ratio allowing more fungal
growth and
a
greater
depletion
of
resources
in the dung available to
invertebrates.
DONALD F. LEWIS and JOHN H. ADLER. Department of Biological Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia,
PA., 19104.
Sterol Composition of the Fungus Cultivated bv the
Leaf-Cutting Ant Atta cephaloies isthmicola. The essential sterols required by insects are acquired either through their diet or from symbionts,
and in the case of this leaf-cutting ant are presumably supplied by the fungus. The dominant sterols in
the bodies and nervous system of this ant are
A ~ ~ ~ 'methylcholestatrienol,
~ ~ ( ~ ~ ) - 22-dihydroergo sterol and ergosterol in a 65:25:10 ratio. Since this
ratio is atypical of the sterol composition found in
most higher fungi, the fungus was isolated from a 10
year old ant-maintained laboratory fungus-garden cultivated on several mediums. In all cases the dominant sterol was ergosterol (24 @ -methylcholesta-5.7,
22 trans-trien-36-01). This was confirmed by GLC,
analytical HPLC, mass and IH NMR spectroscopy.
No ~~9
9 24(2S)-methylcholestatrienol
or 22-dihydroergosterol was detected from any of the cultured
fungus. Ant cultivated mycelium was analyzed and
found to contain ergosterol and sitosterol (24 6
ethylcholest-5-en-3 9-01). N0A5,7,24(28)-methylcholestatrienol or 22-dihydroergosterol were detected..
The sitosterol is of plant origin. The two major
sterols found in the ant, if present in the fungus,
must occur at 1evelsLlX of the total fungal sterol.
Perhaps these two sterols are selectively absorbed by
the insect. However, the insect or a symbiont may
reduce the ergosterol to 22-dihydroergosterol and may
desaturate the side chain to produce the 24(28)methylene sterol.
-
C. Y . Li, M. A. Castellano, and J . M. Trappe. Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest Forest
and Range Experiment Station, Corvallis, OR 97331
Acetylene-reducing nitrogen-fixing bacteria isolated
from sporocarps of two ectomycorrhizal Basidiomycotina.
Two different dinitrogen-fixing bacteria were isolated in nitrogen-free pure culture from the interior of
surface-sterilized Suillus ponderosus and Hymenogaster parksii sporocarps. Both bacteria were aerobic chemoheterotrophic Gram-negative rods. Under
microaerophi 1 ic conditions (1% nitrogen 99% oxygen)
in nitrogen-free media with a water extract of
H . parksii sporocarp, both bacteria grew well and
reduced acetylene and thus presumably can fix molecular nitrogen. No growth occurred for either bacterium without the sporocarp extract. Also, acetylene
reduction occurred only in the presence of the sporocarp extract under microaerophilic conditions.
H. -parksii sporocarp extract stimulated growth of the
bacterium isolated from 5. ponderosus more than that
isolated from H. parksii.
Lifshitz, R . , see Elad, Y.,
Lingle, W. L.,
et. al.
see Porter, D.
LoBuglio, K. J . , see Wang, C. J . K.,
et. al.
D. J. LQDGE
Center for Energy and Environment
Research, G.P.O. Box 3682, San Juan, P.R. 00936.
Possible competition among VA-endamycorrhizal and
ectomycorrhizal fungi for Papulus deltoides roots.
Fine roots (< 2mm) of Populus deltoides Bartr. (eastern cottonwood) were sampled in North Carolina, Iowa,
and Illinois (120 trees) and percentages of nonmycorrhizal, VA-endorqycorrhizal, ectomycorrhizal, and
dually-infected root lengths were calculated from 200
grid intersects (>lm total root length) each. Terminal and non-terminal roots were tallied separately.
In addition, cuttings of a cottonwood clone were
field-infected, transplanted and grown under similar
soil nutrient and moisture conditions and then sampled. Field samples were screened for the presence
of six ectoqrcorrhizal morpho-types; each morpho-type
was categorized as to apparent interference (+/-)
with endorqycorrhizal infection. Four major findings
suggest competition among some ecto- and endomycorrhizal fungi for terminal roots. 1. Dual infections
were significantly lower in trees with interfering
morpho-types than in trees with only non-interfering
morpho-types. Reductions of dual infections from expected (based on random assortment)were intermediate
in trees with mixed + &
interference types. 2.
Percentages of ecto- and endorqycorrhizal root length
were negatively correlated, except where infections
were sparse. 3. Ectomycorrhizal fungi were predominantly on terminal roots, and high levels of ectomycorrhizal infection were related to depression of
endomycorrhizal infection in terminal as compared to
non-terminal roots within the same tree. 4. Percentages of endo- and ectomycorrhizal root length were
negatively correlated in cottonwood cuttings grown
under similar soil conditions.
-
JOYCE G. LONGCORE, RICHARD L. HOMOLA and JOAN L.
BROOKS. Botany Department, University of Maine,
Orono, ME 04469. Fungal Flora of a Sphagnum Peat
Wastewater Treatment System.
We are attempting to identify the fungi in a sphagnum peat, on-site wastewater treatment system in
lhine. Peat samples are removed monthly at 3 depths
from 3 locations of the experimental filter field,
which has functioned effectively for 5 years since
construction. Fungi are recovered by plating on
various media and by baiting techniques. Imperfects,
yeasts, actinomycetes, chytrids and oomycetes have
been isolated during the first months of this NSFfunded study. Illustrated, with emphasis on zoosporic fungi
.
Lorea, F., see Aroche, R. Ma.
C. J . LUCAROTTI and B. A. FEDERICI. Department of
Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA
92521.
The ultrastructure of the meiospore of Coelomomyces
dodgei Couch (Blastocladiales, Chytridiomycetes).
The ultrastructur'e of the meiospore of Coelomomyces
dodgei-is typical of the Blastocladiales. The nucleus I S central1y located and conical in shape, and
at the base there is a spur that curves back towards
the large plate-like mitocondrion. At the flattened
anterior of the nucleus there is a double membrane
bound cap of ribosomes. Approximately nine lipid
globules are partially embedded in the mitocondrion
and are covered by a fenestrated microbody. The
kinetosome is at the base of the nucleus and is connected to a single, posterior, whiplash flagellum.
A non-kinetosomal centriole and terminal plate are
absent. A paracrystalline body is present in the
peripheral cytoplasm.
E. S. LUTTRELL. Department of Plant Pathology,
University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602.
Intra- and intercellular mycelium in galls of some
smut fungi on cereals.
The mycelium is entirely intercellular in Tilletia
caries, cause of bunt of wheat; inter- and intracellular in ~ilietia
cause of loose smut of
barley; largely intracellular in Tolyposporium
penicillariae, cause of kernel smut of pearl
e,
millet; and entirely intracellular in Ustilago
maydis, cause of common smut of corn. Intracellular hyphae penetrate directly through host
cell walls without constriction. The host plasmalemma on the entry side is pushed back until it
fuses with the plasmalemma on the exit side. An
encasement resembling host cell wall material
which is laid down in the interfacial zone around
the hypha forms a tube extending from wall to wall
of the traversed cell. There are no haustoria.
Prior to teliospore formation hyphae mass in
cavities in the galls. The cavities may arise
primarily from disintegration of galled host cells
or primarily from differential growth of infected
host tissues. The term intercellular is hardly
appropriate for the mycelial masses in these
cavitfes. Interlaminar might be a better term.
R. W. MARTIN and C. E. MILLER. Department of Botany,
Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701. Sexuality and
resting body development in Olpidiopsis varians
(Lagenidiales, Olpidiopsidaceae).
Sexual thalli of 2. varians were observed by electron
microscopy using conventional methods. The antheridium and oogonium developed as spherical thalli inside their host. An ornamented outer wall surrounded
both antheridium and oogonium as development proceeded. Large lipoid bodies, many vacuoles and osmophilic bodies contributed to most of the volume of
the oogonium. The antheridium possessed few lipoid
bodies and several nuclei in the cytoplasm. Prior to
sexual fusion the nuclei of the antheridium and oogonium underwent simultaneous, synchronous nuclear divisions. About 14 per cent of the nuclei in the antheridium and 29 per cent of the nuclei in the oogonium were eliminated. In early division stages nuclei possessed axial filaments similar to those usually found in prophase I of meiosis. During the latter stages of division, peripheral vacuoles in the
antheridium expanded and cytoplasmic vacuoles of the
oogonium enlarged. The antheridial cell produced a
penetration tube which punctured the oogonial wall
and eventually disintegrated. The peripheral vacuoles of the antheridial cell continued to expand
while the cytoplasmic contents entered the oogonium.
A plug of wall material was present at the site of
cytoplasmic entry after sexual fusion. The influence
of temperature and host nutrition on resting body
development was also examined.
W. Wallace Martin. Department of Biology, RandolphMacon College, Ashland, VA 23005. Dynamics of
aquatic fungi parasitic in midge eggs.
Recent publications have described Catenaria spinosa,
Catenaria ramosa, Catenaria uncinata, Aphanomycopsis
sexualis, Atkinsiella entomophaga, Couchia circumplexa and a Plasmodiophora-like organism as parasites
in the eggs of midges (Chironomidae). These fungi as
well as undescribed species of Couchia and unidentified water molds are important in the natural control
of midge populations in Virginia and neighboring
states. During a two-year study of collections of
midge egg masses from over 400 Virginia lakes, rivers, and streams, 10.4-18.1% of all eggs sampled were
killed by various categories of fungi and unknown
factors. In a three-year study of the dynamics of
aquatic fungi parasitic in a lotic community of
onomus attenuatus mortality rates in the eggs ranged
from 28.8% to 41.4%. A vear-lonn
- studv was carried
out at a small pond in which egg masses of Glyptotendipes lobiferus and Endochironomus nigricans predomi-
m-
34
nated. The rate of mortality varied from 29.9% in
eggs of 5. lobiferus to 7.2% in eggs of E. nigricans
and 17.5% in eggs of all other midge species combined. In the two latter studies Catenaria and Couchia
were responsible for the greatest amount of infection
during each year and appeared and disappeared in response to changing water temperatures. In the stream
study combined rainfall amounts over the three-year
period showed significant negative correlations with
numbers of egg masses and prevalence of disease.
Mattox,
K. R., see Stewart, K. D.
May, G., see Taylor,
B.,
McFarlane, G.
J. W., et. al.
see Apta, R.
McGuinness, M. D., see Haskins,
McKerracher,
E. F., et. al.
L. J., see Heath, I. B., et. al.
.
C
I >epartr?.cnof Dotany,
Universitv of 'liclliqan, Ann Arbor, "I 4f3100
The adaptive norphology of Flamnulina
velutipes (Aqaricales) with respect to
relative humidity.
Ti.
Twelve isolates of Flanmulina velutipes
(Curt. ex Pr.) Singer obtained iron widely
separated populations on three continents
were conpared in a genotype S treatment
experimental design. Relative hunidity
during sporocarp maturation and spore
production was the treatment factor.
Significant differences were observed
between genotypes and between trcatr:ents
for number and size of spores, numberrsize
and weight of sporocarps, phenology of
sporocarps and various nicromorphological
characters. The possible adaptive value of
the observed variation will be discussed.
McLaughlin,
D. J., see 0'Donne11 , K. L.
McLaughlin, D.
Meyer,
J., see Yoon, K. S.
R., see Mohan, M., et. al.
R.J. MEYER, M. MOHAN, J. ANDERSON, and P.A. HORGEN.
Department of Botany, University of Toronto,
Erindale Campus, Mississauga. Ontario, L5L 1C6.
Molecular cloning of plasmid-like DNAs of Agaricus
bitorquis
Mitochondria of strain Ag4 of Agaricus bitorquis
contain plasmid-like DNAs that are of two sizes:
4.0 kb (pMPJ) and 7.5 kb (pEM). The results of
restriction analysis suggested that pEM consists of
two different plasmid-like DNAs with the same
molecular weight (pEM1 and pEM2). Entire copies of
pEM and pMPJ are being cloned into bacterial
plasmids pBR322 and pDPL13. Blunt-ended inserts
were ligated into the SMAl site of pDPL13. Inserts
with added PSTl linkers were ligated into the PSTl
site of pBR322. The results will conclusively
demonstrate whether pEM consists of two different
plasmid-like DNAs. Cloning these plasmid-like DNAs
is the first step in exploring the possibility ,of
using pEM and/or pMPJ as transformation vectors in
the commercially important Agaricus.
J. DAVID MILLER. Chemistry and Biology Research
Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario,
KIA OC6
Fusarium graminearum toxins in wheat and corn.
Various authors have stated that Fusarium head blight
occurs in moist weather with either warm or cool
temperatures, or that warm dry weather is required.
Different cultivars of wheat may be susceptible
at different stages of plant development. No
satisfactory conclusions can be reached from such
conflicting information, perhaps because few researchers have considered the effect of differential
virulence of the Fusarium strains in the field
and their ability to produce 'mycotoxins'.
Recent experiments have attempted to quantify
the formation of deoxynivalenol and other Fusarium
toxins in experimental infections of wheat and
corn. The data indicate that plant enzymes affect
the chemical structure and concentrations of trichothecene mycotoxins expressed by the invading fungus.
Resistant wheat cultivars have numerically high
fungal biomass to deoxynivalenol ratios and the
converse is true for susceptible cultivars. These
results complicate Wicklow-Janzen theories of
the ecology of mycotoxins specifically relating
to Fusarium graminearum toxins.
s. I Ua n d 0 . K. Miller, Jr. Dept. of Biology,
Virginia Polytechnic University a n d State University,
Blacksburg, V a , 24061. Reproductive biology of s o m e
hypogeous fungi.
Most hypogeous fungi which form sporocarps at or
below the g r o u n d surface are confirmed o r putative
rnycorrhizal formers.
In addition, m a n y hypogeous
fungi contribute m u c h to small m a m m a l dietary intake.
Spores from these fungi are t h u s concentrated in
fecal pellets a n d disseminated.
T h e biology of
propagule production, dissemination, viability, a n d
germination has not been fully examined. Sporocarps
of Cautieria, Rhizopogon Leucogaster, Hymenogaster,
Zelleromyces, a n d T u b e r spp. w e r e collected fresh
a n d portions of the tissue fixed. S p o r e viability w a s
tested using vital staining techniques. Treatments
such as m y c o p h a g y , freezing, dessication, rainwater
application, a n d nutrient supplimentation w e r e used to
determine :the effect of natural p h e n o m e n a o n spore
viability. Germinability w a s tested using a variety of
media, and physical a n d biochemical stimulants.
Fixed tissue w a s e m b e d e d in plastic a n d examined
with light a n d electron microscopy. Nuclear staining
of spores a n d tissue w a s accomplished using multialum hemotoxylin.
O u r results indicate that m a n y
hypogeous fungal spores are multi-celled o r multinucleate,
and
possibly
homothallic.
Asexual
propagules are m u c h m o r e c o m m o n than previously
believed. Viability a n d germination of propagules is
not affected b y passage through small marndals, but
is induced b y natural phenomena. T h e reproductive
biology of hypogeous fungi is discussed in relation to
seasonal environmental a n d ecological processes, a n d
the mycorrhizal habit.
Miller,
C. D.,
see Martin,
R. W.
Miller, 0. K., see Miller, S. L.
Mims, C. W., see Sherman,
J. D.
35
C.W. MIMS. Dept. o f Biology, S.F. A u s t i n S t a t e
Univ., Nacogdoches, TX 75962. The f u t u r e o f mycol o g y i n academia.
I n my o p i n i o n mycology can have a b r i g h t f u t u r e i n
academia although such a f u t u r e i s c e r t a i n l y n o t
guaranteed. A t t h i s time, i n f a c t , I b e l i e v e t h a t
mycology i s a c t u a l l y l o o s i n g ground i n many i n s t i t u t i o n s . Most o f us a r e aware o f d e c l i n i n g e n r o l l ments i n mycology and have observed instances i n
which a mycology p o s i t i o n has been phased o u t when
t h e " r e s i d e n t m y c o l o g i s t " e i t h e r moves, r e t i r e s ,
d i e s o r assumes f u l l t i m e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e d u t i e s . I f
t h e department i s a l l o w e d t o f i l l t h e p o s i t i o n o f t e n
t h e person h i r e d i s n o t a mycologist and t h e departmental mycology course d i e s . T h i s i s , o f course,
n o t a d e s i r a b l e sequence o f events as f a r as mycol o g y and mycologists a r e concerned.
To reverse t h i s d e c l i n e i n mycology and i n s u r e a
sound f u t u r e f o r t h e science i n academia. I b e l i e v e
t h a t mycologists need t o do two t h i n g s . F i r s t we
must work t o convince nonmycologists o f t h e benef i t s r e s u l t i n g from t h e presence o f one o r more myc o l o g i s t s i n t h e i r department. Secondly we must
update our courses t o i n c l u d e new and p e r t i n e n t i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t w i l l capture t h e i n t e r e s t and imagina t i o n o f undergraduates. Outstanding students must
be i d e n t i f i e d e a r l y and guided i n t o graduate programs t h a t w i l l t r a i n them n o t o n l y as mycologists,
b u t a l s o g i v e them o t h e r " s t a t e o f t h e a r t " s k i l l s
t h a t so many academic departments are l o o k i n g f o r .
Thus equipped t h e new m y c o l o g i s t w i l l be more comp e t a t i v e i n t h e c u r r e n t j o b market.
J.K. MISRA, Kavek Shodh E k a i ( M y c o l o g i c a 1
R e s e a r c h U n i t ) , D e p a r t m e n t of B o t a n y ,
S r i J a i N a r a i n D e g r e e C o l l e g e , Lucknow
226001 I n d i a .
Fungi from t h e p l a n t d e t r i t u s under
a l k a l i n e w a t e r and t h e i r e c o l o g y .
C o l l e c t i o n and i s o l a t i o n of f u n g i f r o m
t h e d e c o m p o s i n g p l a n t p a r t s under alkali n e a q u a t i c h a b i t a t h a v e b e e n mads u s i n g
various techniqoes. A t o t a l o f f i f t y f i v e
s p e c i e s belonging t o t h i r t y nine genera
were o b t a i n e d . O f t h e s e 3 6 genera belonge d t o g s o f u n g i w h i l e t h e rest t h r e e t o
a q u a t i c f u n g i . The r e s u l t i n d i c a t e d
cs
s u b s t r a t e r e l a t i ~ n s h i ~ / ~ r e f e r e n among
t h e f u n g a l forms r e c o v e r e d , b e s i d e s
having r e l a t i o n s h i p with other f actorr
of water.
Many of t h e f u n g a l f o r m s a l s o ahowsd
t h e i r a c t i v e growth o n t h e d e c o m p o s i n g
m a t e r i a l when c o l l e c t e d .
Nutrient source
and t h e n a t u r e o f t h e a v a i l a b l e s u b s t r a t e
b e e i d e s t h e physico-chemical f a c t o r o f t h e
w a t e r a p p e a r t o p l a y d e c i s i v e r o l e on t h e
e c o l o g y , n a t u r e end a c t i v i t y of f u n g i i n
t h e habitat studied.
Mohan, M.,
see Meyer, R. J.,
et. al.
M. MOHAN, R. MEYER, J. ANDERSON, and P.A. HORGEN,
Department of Botany, Mushroom Research Group,
University of Toronto, Erindale Campus, Mississauga,
Ontario, L5L 1C6
Evidence for three distinct plasmid-like DNA
components in the mitochondria of Agaricus
In the examination of over twenty-five isolates of
both Agaricus brunnescens (bisporus) and A. bitorquis
genomes, we
for .polymorphism
in the mitochondria1 - .
observed an extreme divergence in the comparative
restriction maps of one A. bitorquis isolate. Upon
closer examination, it became apparent that two
unique linear plasmid-like DNA components were
localized in the isolated mitochondria of A.
bitor&is
(strain Ag4): pEM (7.5 kilobases) and pMPJ
(4.0 kilobases). Restriction endonuclease digests
indicated that pEM consisted of two distinct
components, both 7.5 kilobases in size, but with
uniquely different restriction sites and copy number
within the mitochondria. Denaturation and partial
renaturation of pEM1, and pEM2 mixtures followed by
electron microscopy indicated regions of inverted
repeated sequences on the pEM genomes. Replacement
labeling of the pEM plasmid-like DNAs provided a
probe for hybridization studies. No homology was
detected between the pEM plasmid like DNAs, and the
Ag4 nuclear or the Ag4 mitochondria1 genomes
Furthermore, no hybridization was detected between
the pEM components and pMPJ. These data suggest
independent replication of all three plasmid-like DNA
components. The potential utilization of pEM and
pMPJ as transformation vectors for the cutivated
mushroom will be discussed.
.
R. Molina and J. M. Trappe. F o r e s t r y Sciences Lab,
3n)O J e f f e r s o n Way, Corval 1i s OR 97331. The
mycorrhizal c o n t r i b u t i o n o f s p e c i f i c and
n o n s p e c i f i c plant-fungus a s s o c i a t i o n s t o f o r e s t
comnuni t y dynamics.
S p e c i f i c mycorrhizae range from v e r y s p e c i a l i z e d t o
general i z e d p l ant-fungus a s s o c i a t i o n s i n nature.
Some f u n g i w i l l form mycorrhizae w i t h o n l y a
s p e c i f i c p l a n t species o r genus ( s p e c i a l i s t s ) w h i l e
o t h e r s can associate w i t h a wide a r r a y o f p l a n t
species ( g e n e r a l i s t s ) . S i m i l a r l y , a p l a n t species
may associate w i t h o n l y a 1 i m i t e d number o f
s p e c i f i c fungus species w h i l e o t h e r s can 1it e r a l l y
associate w i t h thousands of fungus species.
Because t r e e s and associated v e g e t a t i o n need
mycorrhizae f o r establishment i n n a t u r a l f o r e s t
systems, t h e degree t o which they depend on
s p e c i f i c mycorrhizal f u n g i and t h e presence o f
those f u n g i i n d i s t u r b e d f o r e s t s i t e s can be
i m p o r t a n t i n determining t h e i n i t i a l composition o f
t h e f o r e s t comnunity. P l a n t succession may
1 ikewise be i n f l u e n c e d by t h e s p e c i a l i z e d nature of
t h e mycorrhizal a s s o c i a t i o n s and presence o f fungus
species i n developing comnunities. D i f f e r e n t t r e e
species o r t r e e s and shrubs can a l s o share
mycorrhizal mycelium; r e c e n t s t u d i e s demonstrate
t h e movement o f carbohydrates and water between
p l a n t s v i a a shared mycorrhizal fungus.
Overstory/understory composition and i t s change
through time may thus be s i g n i f i c a n t l y a f f e c t e d b y
mycorrhizal interconnections. Be1owground
m y c o r r h i z a l considerations a r e thus e s s e n t i a l t o
f u l l understanding of community dynamics.
36
GARETH MORGAN-JONES. Department o f Botany,
Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Auburn
University, Alabama 36849. Parasitism o f
cysts and eggs of phytonematodes by soil
Hyphomycetes.
A number of opportunistic soil Hyphomycetes
have been found to be capable of colonizing
cysts and eaas of ~hytonematodesbelongingtb the geneFi ~ l o b b d k r a ,Heterodera and
Meloidogyne. In surveys conducted in the
southeastern United States and in Colombia
Exophiala pisciphila, Fusarium oxysporum,
Paecilomyces lilacinus and Verticillium
chlamydosporium were frequently encounter
as egg parasites. Isolates of P. lilacinu
and 1. chlamydosporium prevented larval
hatchinn in vitrca n d w e r e able to colonize
eggs o f Meloidogyne arenaria by hyphal
penetration. Both egg shell and larval
cuticle were disrupted and hyphae readily
proliferated endogenously within eggs and
larvae. Hyphae within eggs were able to reemerge through the shell and produce
conidiophores. Disorganization of the chitin
and lipid layers of the egg shell was evident '
Invaded larvae became necrotic and
disintegrated internally.
---
J. CARRANZA MORSE and R. L. GILBERTSON. Plant
Patholonv
-, De~t..Universitv of Arizona. Tucson. Az.
85721. ~omvarativestudik of some members of-the
genus Fomitopsis with rose colored context.
-
.
Species in Fomitopsis with rose colored context form
a natural group with other common characteristics.
These include cylindric spores, a trimitic hyphal
system, and a brown rot decay type.
Comparative morphological studies disclose a close
similarity in microscopic and macroscopic characters
in the complex but indicate that it is comprised of
seven species. These are: Fomitopsis cajanderi.
F. rosea, F. carnea, F. lilacino-gilva, E. feei,
F. dochmius and F. cupreo-rosea.
All seven species have been isolated in pure culture.
Cultural morphology and temperature relationships
generally support recognition of seven species in the
complex.
Mating systems demostrated that bipolar heterothallism is a comon characteristic in this group.
Attempts to retrieve homokaryons for interfertility
tests are in progress. Homokaryons from 3 species,
are completely
F. -feei, F. cajanderi and F. -,
incompatible. Homokaryons of F. feei from widely
separated localities also showed complete incompatibility within the species.
-
J.T. MULLINS, C.C. BERTKE and J.M. ARONSON. Department of Botany, University of Rori da, Gai nesvi 1 le,
FL. 32611 and Department of Botany and Microbiology,
Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287. An
unusual form of chi tin in Achlya ambisexualisT
.
A recent investigation from another laboratory (3.
Gen. Microbiol 128,207,1982) reported x-ray evidence o f chitin in cell walls of Achl a radiosa.
Chi tin of weak crystallinity is i d e m i s
previous work and comparison with our x-ray patterns
is precluded. We have examined a cell wall fraction
from 11, ambisexualis E87 male having unusual properties in that it is more highly crystalline than
the achitins normally observed in fungi and the
lattice spacing is not readily perceptible.
6.8-6.9
We find some similarity between this Achlya "chitin"
and a @-chitin fraction prepared from the squid
(Loligo). If confirmed, the presence of 0-chitin in
an Oomycete would have interesting ramifications
considering the known occurrence of 0-chitin in
chrysophytes.
FAYE MURRIN. Biology Department, Queen's University
Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada. Characteristics
of the nucleus of Entomophaga aulicae (Entomophthorales): phylogenetic and functional significance.
Nuclei of Entomophaga aulicae were studied usine
light microscopy, electron microscopy and DNA
biochemistry. Details of mitosis, as studied by
analysis of serial sections, appear to be important
phylogenetic indicators. Particularly significant
are the bar-shaped morphology of the nucleus
associated organelle, the spindle arrangement and
abundance of condensed chromatin. Comparison of
protoplast and hyphal nuclei by morphometric
analysis of light and electron micrographs shows
some differences in the two populations of nuclei,
including differences in size and chromatin condensation. Independent methods of DNA determination were used to show that the amount of DNA per
haploid genome in E. aulicae is two orders of
magnitude greater than values for other fungi
reported in the literature. Phylogenetic and
functional significance of these observations
are discussed.
Nagle, H. G., see Williams, M. C.
S. Y . NEWELL and R . 0. FALLON. University of
Georgia Marine Institute, Sapelo Island, GA 31327.
Fungal, algal, and bacterial respiration from
standing-dead parts of a salt-marsh plant.
Standing-dead leaves and culms of smooth cordgrass
(Spartina alterniflora Loisel.) exhibit low C02release rates in darkness, usual ly <5 ug C02 - C g-l
dry. h") when'relative humidity is low (<75%) during
neap tides (when immersion may not occur daily).
Whenever leaves are wetted or damp (% water >308 of
fresh weight: rain, tidal immersion, fog, relative
humidity >go% for long periods), release rates are
much higher (at temperatures between 20-~O'C, for
culms, -100 ug Cop- C g-l dry. h-l; for leaves,
-175 ug C02- C . g-l dry. h-'1. When dry leaves are
wetted, CO2 release begins imnediately, at very high
rates (>2X normal) which decrease to the above level
for wet leaves after about 1 h. Virtually none of
the C02 release is attributable to abiotic processes.
Bacterial contribution to dead-leaf respiration is
less than 0.1% of the total, based on our estimates
of bacterial productivity (3~-thymidineincorporation
into macromolecules) and minimum production efficiency (10%). Algal respiration in the dark is (that of
bacteria, bas d on our values for light-stimulated
fixation of 18C02 in air. Direct observational ertimates of fungal, bacterial, and algal biovolumes
indicate that fungal biovolume is much greater (>~10)
than that of bacteria or algae. Therefore, most of
the microbial respiration of standing-dead marsh
plants originates from a fungal assemblage which is
very well adapted to the desiccation stress of the
standing-dead marsh-plant habitat.
-
37
KERRY
L.
O'DONNELL
and
DAVID
J.
MCLAUGHLIN. Department of Botany, University
of Minnesota, St. ~ a u l ,MN 55108.
The life cycle of Tilletiaria reinvestigated.
J. I. PITT and A. D. HOCKING. CSIRO Division of Food
Research. P.O. Box 52. North Ryde. N.S.W. 2113 Australia.
Tilletiaria anomala Bandoni and Johari (Can. J. Bot.
50: 3 9 4 3 , 1 9 7 2 ) w a s originally described as an
unusual member of the Ustilaginales (s. lato)
because, unlike other taxa within this order, it
produces sterigmate, ballistosporic basidiospores on
a
transversely
septate
metabasidium.
Dikaryotization was reported to occur by means of
Ustilago-like fusion bridges. Karyoga m y was not
observed but was thought to take place in the
teliospore which develops next t o the fusion bridge.
We have examined karyological aspects of the life
cycle by serial-section electron microscopy t o
assess the taxonomic position and phylogenetic
relationship of this fungus.
Metabasidium
development, meiosis, postmeiotic mitosis, basidiosporogenesis, sepum formation, dikaryotization, and
karyogamy were included in this study.
The classification of any biological system requires t h e
taxonomist t o group together clusters of similar organisms,
and then t o choose features which can be used a s primary
distinguishing characters. Unless the taxa under consideration a r e biologically isolated, i t is t o be expected t h a t
some individuals making up similar populations will be
borderline, and difficult t o classify. Taxonon~ic decisions
a r e then required t o decide which distinguishing features
will be given priority, in order t o place t h e borderline
cases in the most appropriate genus or species In organisms such a s asexually reproducing fungi, such d e c i s i ~ n s
a r e necessarily subjective. The taxonomist ultimately may
be forced t o separate taxa, even a t the generic level, on
one or two microscopic morphological c h a r a c t e r s In this
paper, the relationship between As e r illus and Penicillium
is looked a t in this light, and t h h c e s d t h related
genera are examined. In particular, features used t o distinguish Paecilom ces Geosmithia Raperia, Merinibla and
Eladia w i & e m t e r e s t l n g
n e m d i n e
species which lie along t h e interfaces among these genera
will be described.
S. K. PARKER and R. W. SCHEETZ. Dept. of Biological
Sciences, Univ. Southern M i s s i s s i p p i , H a t t i e s b u r g ,
MS 39406-5018. X-ray d i f f r a c t i o n a n a l y s i s o f
c a l c a r e o u s d e p o s i t s i n Physaraceous Myxomycetes.
Powder x-ray d i f f r a c t i o n using a wide-angle Gandolfi
camera was u t i l i z e d t o i n v e s t i g- a t e c a l c a r e o u s
d e p o s i t s i n Myxomycetes of t h e o r d e r Physarales.
I n v e s t i g a t i o n s of 35 s p e c i e s from d i v e r s e c o l l e c t i o n s
have shown s e v e r a l members o f t h e family Physaraceae
t o c o n t a i n a c r y s t a l l i n e s t r u c t u r e . Species of
Physarwn, ~ u l i g b ,Craterium, ~ a d h a m i a , ^ a n dDiachea
showed i n d i c a t i o n s of c a l c i t e i n f o u r s p e c i e s , poss i b l y calcium formate i n f i v e s p e c i e s and v a t e r l t e
i n t h r e e s p e c i e s a s a secondary compound. Five
s p e c i e s produced i n s u f f i c i e n t d i f f r a c t i o n l i n e s f o r
compound i d e n t i f i c a t i o n but t h e presence of two
a d d i t i o n a l c r y s t a l l i n e compounds was i n d i c a t e d .
Species of t h e family Didymiaceae with t h e exception
o f Diderma s p . c o n s i s t e n t l y showed c a l c i t e a s t h e
s o l e c r y s t a l l i n e compound. These r e s u l t s a r e i n c o n s i s t e n t with t h e general hypothesis t h a t members
o f t h e family Physaraceae c o n t a i n amorphous calcium
d e p o s i t s . The CaCO, i s not e x c l u s i v e l y i n t h e form
of c a l c i t e and a d d i t i o n a l c r y s t a l l i n e calcium com- I
pounds may be p r e s e n t . Further s t u d i e s a r e underway
t o determine how environmental c o n d i t i o n s a f f e c t
calcium d e p o s i t i o n .
RONALD H . PETERSEN.
University o f Tennessee,
Knoxville, TN 37916. The c l a v a r i o i d fungi o f New
Zealand.
Based on t h r e e seasons i n t h e f i e l d , and subsequent
examination o f preserved specimens from a p p r o p r i a t e
h e r b a r i a , a f l o r a o f t h e c l a v a r i o i d Aphyllophorales
has been w r i t t e n f o r New Zealand. The f o l l o w i ~ ~ g
conclusions have been drawn from t h i s e x e r c i s e : 1)
t h e f l o r a i n c l u d e s a l a r g e number o f t a x a h i t h e r t o
undescribed and/or unreported: 2) c e r t a i n genera
( i . e . Ramaria) f r u i t l e s s commonly than expected:
3) c e r t a i n o t h e r groups ( i . e . Clavaria subg. Ecoryne, Ramariopsis) a r e f a r more abundant than expected: 4) d i s t r i b u t i o n p a t t e r n s o f many fungi can
more a c c u r a t e l y be drawn because o f systematic exami n a t i o n o f t y p e specimens.
Pekkala, D . ,
s e e S i l v e r , J. C.,
et. al.
interfaces
among
genera
reiated
to
Aspergillus
and
Penicillium.
BOB R. POHLAD. Biology Dept., Ferrum College,
Ferrum, VA 24088. Fungi i s o l a t e d during a study
of b i o d e t e r i o r a t i o n of c e l l u l o s e products.
This study was designed t o provide information
dealing with t h e b i o d e t e r i o r a t i o n of c e l l u l o s e
m a t e r i a l s used i n wet environments. The s t u d y
involved i s o l a t i o n and i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f fungi
unique t o t h i s h a b i t a t . Samples were c o l l e c t e d
from a v a r i e t y of sources and s u b j e c t e d t o d i r e c t
observation and i s o l a t i o n . I s o l a t i o n involved
p l a t i n g of s u r f a c e s t e r i l i z e d samples, buffered
s a l t washed samples and homogenized samples onto
standard agar media. Fungi i s o l a t e d included
r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h e Zygomycotina, Ascomycotina,
and Deuteromycotina. Some o f t h e more c o m n
is01 a t e s included s p e c i e s o f
Chaetomi urn,
S o r d a r i a , A1 t e r n a r i a , Aspergill us, Trichodenna,
Nigrospora, and
e,
e.
J. POMMERVILLE.
Department of Biology and t h e I n s t i t u t e of Developmental Biology, Texas A&M U n i v e r s i t y ,
College S t a t i o n , TX 77843. C e l l s u r f a c e r e c o g n i t i o n
between gametes of AZZomyces macrogynus.
-
Gamete mating i n t h e Chytridiomycete ALZomyces macror e q u i r e s gamete r e c o g n i t i o n f o r mating. The
a b i l i t y t o recognize female from male gamete c e l l
s u r f a c e i s important because, due t o t h e s e c r e t i o n of
t h e s e x a t t r a c t a n t , s i r e n i n , 1 0 o r more male gametes
may become c l u s t e r e d over t h e p o s t e r i o r s u r f a c e of
t h e female gamete. The purpose of t h i s study was t o
i n v e s t i g a t e t h e n a t u r e of gamete r e c o g n i t i o n . Preincubation of t h e gametes with t h e l e c t i n s wheat germ
a g g l u t i n i n (WGA) o r Concanavalin A (ConA) blocked
gamete mating but n o t a t t r a c t i o n . S p e c i f i c a l l y , game t e f u s i o n was prevented only when t h e male gametes
bound WGA o r t h e female gametes bound ConA t o t h e
c e l l s u r f a c e . Fluorescence microscopy i n d i c a t e d t h a t
FITC-conjugated WGA o r ConA was l o c a l i z e d only i n t h e
region adjacent t o t h e f l a g e l l a r i n s e r t i o n point.
Addition of t h e a p p r o p r i a t e sugars blocked mating as
d i d preincubation i n glucosidases o r N-acetylglucosaminidases. The glycoprotein n a t u r e of t h e female
c e l l s u r f a c e was i n d i c a t e d by t h e incubation of t h e
female gametes i n tunicamycin, an i n h i b i t o r of N-
38
linked protein glycosylation. These results show
that gamete recognition requires an interaction
between carbohydrate-binding protein and sugar residues on appropriate gamete cell surfaces. From this
data and other recently published results (J. Cell
Sci. 53: 193, 1982), a model is proposed for gamete
recognition that consists of reciprocal lectin-like
mediated interactions with specific glycoproteins
and calcium ions.
J. POMMERVILLE. Department of Biology and the Institute of Developmental Biology, Texas A&M University,
College Station, TX 77843. Protein and RNA synthesis
during zoospore germination in the Chytridiomycetes.
Only members of the order Blastocladiales have been
shown to contain sequestered messenger RNA (mRNA)
within the nuclear caps of the zoospores. The objective of this study was to determine if other members
of the Chytridiomycetes contain sequestered mRNA that
can be used to initiate rapid zoospore germination
without the need for transcription. Zoospores from
AlZomyces macro.gynus, BZastocZadieZZa emersonii,
tridium confemae, EntophZyctis confervae-gtomeratae, Spize ZZoqces (PhZyctochyt r i m ) kniepii, and
KarLingia (Rhizophlyctis) roses were examined. Zoospores were incubated in germination medium containing the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide
(CHX) or anisomycin (ANISO), or in the RNA synthesis
inhibitor actinomycin D (ActD). Zoospores were germinated in medium without inhibitor as controls for
the timing of germination and early development. The
results of these experiments indicated that all zoospores tested have the ability to initiate germination (produce a rhizoidal germ tube) in the presence
of ActD. However no germination was observed in the
zoospores incubated with either CHX or ANISO. From
these results it can be concluded that at least for
the Chytridiomycetes tested in this study, sequestered mRNA is present even though several groups do
not contain nuclear caps or clustered ribosomes.
Such results are interesting with regards to the
phylogenetic relationships and biosystematics of
these uniflagellated fungi.
a-
D. PORTER. Botany Department, University of Georgia
Athens, GA 30602. Macrofungi inhabiting the coastal
foredunes of Sapelo Island, Georgia.
The harsh environment of the sand dunes adjacent to
the high energy Atlantic beaches of a coastal barrier island seems an unlikely habitat for terrestrial
macrofungi. The foredunes of Sapelo Island, GAY are
composed of a substratum of shifting sands with
sparse amounts of organic material and are subjected
to periodic high winds and salt spray. Yet a few
apparently adapted species of fungi have been repeatedly collected in this habitat in large numbers
primarily in the fall and winter months. From periodic observations for nearly two years, the dominant macrofungi are Psathyrella ammophila (Dur. &
Lev.) Orton, Peziza ammophila Dur. & Mont. and an
undescribed species of Melanoleuca. It is highly
unlikely that these sand dune fungi are mycorrhizal.
There appears to be no constant association of any
of the fungal species with particular species of
dune grasses or other vascular plants. In fact,
fruiting bodies of these fungi may even be found on
the sea side of forming foredunes where no vascular
plant colonization has occurred. In addition, axenic cultures of both Psathyrella ammophila and
oleuca sp. have been readily obtained from basidiocarp tissue. It is hypothesized that the hyphae of
these fungi play a role in the stabilization of the
forming embryo dunes by colonization of tide washed
plant litter and aggregation of sand grains.
D.PORTER AND W.L.LINGLE. Botany Department, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602. Endolithic marine fungi and algae from planted shell fragments.
In order to determine the biological nature of
shell-boring marine microor anisms, panels with
small fragments (ca. 0.5 cmI) of clean, uninvaded
calcium carbonate shells of various bivalve molluscs were planted in marine locations from 10 to
90 m deep off the coasts of Maine, Georgia and
Jamaica., Half of the panels were covered by stainless steel shades to inhibit the growth of algae
and select for heterotrophic fungal growth. Shell
fragments retrieved after 6 months displayed extensive invasion by endolithic fungi, algae and
cyanobacteria. Detailed spatial relationships and
cytological observations have been made on these
organisms using a resin cast technique in which
shell fragments are fixed and embedded, then decalcified for SEM observations. This is followed
by reembedding and sectioning for TEM observations.
MARTHA J. POWELL, M. B. DOVE, and M. M. JOHNSON.
Botany Department, Miami University, Oxford, OH
45056. Comparative mitosis in the aquatic fungi,
Chytriomyces hyalinus and Nowakowskiella elegans.
The genera, Chytriomyces and Nowakowskiella, in
Sparrow's classification of Chytridiales are in
different families because of drastic differences in
thallus complexity. Similarities found in the fine
structure of zoospores, including a type 1B MLC,
however, have suggested that these two genera are
closely related. The mitotic apparatus in Chytriomyces hyalinus and Nowakowskiella elegans was studied
with light and electron microscopy to search for
additional structural characters which might correlate
with similarities in zoospore fine structure. In
both species, the mitotic apparatus was centric and
intranuclear. The original nuclear envelope was
used in the reformation of daughter nuclei during
telophase, leaving a remnant midbody. Thus, similarities in structure of the mitotic apparatus correlate with similarities in zoospore structure and
support the close relationship of these two organisms, although 5. hyalinus produces a monocentric
thallus and N. elegans produces a polycentric
thallus. In this study the correlations between fine
structural characters considered to be conservative
among protista, indicate that thallus complexity is
not necessarily a reliable character on which to
base families within the order Chytridiales.
e-
F. 8. REEVES. Botany Department, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, Colorado. 80523.
Secondary succession, plant strategies, resource
competition, and mycorrhizal dependency.
On heavily disturbed big sagebrush cornunities
secondary succession begins with ruderal species
and appears to proceed to competitor species and
then to stress-tolerant species, sensu Grime 1977.
Severe disturbance reduces the number of viable
vesicul ar-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhi zal propagules
(Moorman and Reeves 1979). The sequence of
succession may reflect the relative mycorrhizal
dependency of the dominant plants constituting
each sere. The pioneer stage is non-mycorrhizal
(M-) , t h e intermediate stage i s f a c u l t a t i v e l y
mycorrhizal ( M ) , and t h e climax stage i s
obl i g a t e l y mycorrhizal (M+), sensu Janos 1980
(Reeves e t a l . 1979). Semiarid, a1 k a l i n e s o i l s
are low i n both phosphorus and nitrogen. Mycorr h i z a l fungi enhance P and N uptake ( h e s e t a l .
1982). During succession, P becomes l e s s a v a i l able and NH4 i s a major N source; both are
r e l a t i v e l y inmobile n u t r i e n t s . Thus there i s a
s e l e c t i o n pressure f o r mycotrophs and increased
mycorrhizal dependency. The p r o t r a c t e d stage o f
r u d e r a l species ( M - ) i s a r e s u l t o f competitor
species (ML) r e p l a c i n g M- species because M
species b e t t e r compete f o r l i m i t e d P and N. When
two resources are l i m i t e d , growth i s o c l i n e s
(Tilman 1982) may e x p l a i n why ML species are
dependent on mycorrhizal c o l o n i z a t i o n . Decl i n i n g
P and N l e v e l s and success o f o b l i g a t e l y
mycotrophic species are resolved i n t h e c l imax
comnuni t y
.
Reeves, R. B., see Reid, R. A.
C. P. P. REID and J. V. D. ROUSSEAU. Department o f
Forest and Wood Sciences, Colorado S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y ,
Ft. C o l l i n s , CO 80523. I n t e r a c t i o n s o f mycorrhizae
formation, n i t r o g e n and phosphorus i n photosynthesis
and carbon a l l o c a t i o n .
Photosynthesis, u l t i m a t e l y , i s t h e key p h y s i o l o g i c a l
process d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o t h e competitive a b i l i t y
o f plants. Although i t i s w e l l established t h a t t h e
formation o f mycorrhizae can enhance n u t r i e n t uptake
o f some n u t r i e n t s i n s o i l , l i t t l e i s known as t o how
photosynthesis responds t o mycorrhizae development.
Evidence suggests t h a t photosynthesis may be
a f f e c t e d by mycorrhizae i n a manner t h a t i s n e i t h e r
a simple nor a d i r e c t response t o n u t r i e n t uptake.
Hormonal balances, source-si nk r e l a t i o n s h i p s and
n u t r i e n t i n t e r a c t i o n s must a l l be considered i n
e x p l a i n i n g p l a n t responses t o mycorrhizae establishment. Observations on photosynthetic stimulat i o n by mycorrhizae a r e c o n s i s t e n t w i t h source-sink
explanations b u t a r e 1 ik e l y more complex, i n v o l v i n g
n u t r i e n t i n t e r a c t i o n s i n both r o o t and shoot. I n t e r a c t i o n s between n i t r o g e n and phosphorus t i s s u e
contents as modified by mycorrhizae development
appear t o be p a r t i c u l a r l y important i n e x p l a i n i n g
photosynthesis and growth responses. E f f o r t s t o
e x p l a i n such a complex i n t e r a c t i v e system can be
g r e a t l y aided by mechanistic s i m u l a t i o n models.
IAN D. REID. National Research Council o f Canada,
P l a n t Biotechnology I n s t i t u t e , Saskatoon, Sask.,
Canada S7N OW9.
N u t r i e n t n i t r o g e n i n h i b i t s l i g n i n degradation by
Merulius tremellosus.
Merulius tremellosus i s a w h i t e - r o t fungus which
removes l i g n i n f a s t e r than carbohydrate from wood,
and may be u s e f u l f o r b i o l o g i c a l d e l i g n i f i c a t i o n .
I n s i x weeks, t h e fungus removed 41% o f t h e l i g n i n ,
b u t o n l y 9% o f t h e t o t a l d r y weight, from aspen
wood (0.12% N). Supplements o f ammonium c h l o r i d e ,
amnonium acetate, urea, glutamate, casein hydrolysate, a1 bumen, peptone, and yeast e x t r a c t , supplying
0.5% N, a l l i n h i b i t e d l i g n i n d e g r a d a t i ~ n ~ a l b u m e n ,
peptone, and yeast e x t r a c t s t i m u l a t e d t o t a l weight
loss. I n s y n t h e t i c media n u t r i e n t n i t r o g e n a l s o
i n h i b i t e d degradation o f I 4 c - s y n t h e t i c 1i g n i n (DHP)
39
t o 1 4 ~ 0 by M. tremellosus. Maximal OHP degradation
occurre$ i n Tow
medium (2 mM glutamate). Added
glutamate (10 mM and 25 mM) and albumen (10 midl N)
decreased DHP metabolism. Amnonium c h l o r i d e and
yeast e x t r a c t (each 10 mM N) increased t h e e a r l y
r a t e , b u t decreased t h e u l t i m a t e e x t e n t of DHP
degradation. I n low N cultures, t h e conversion o f
DHP t o 1 4 ~ 0 accelerated when glucose was exhausted
from t h e me8ium.
R. A. REID and F. 8. REEVES. Botany Department,
Colorado State U n i v e r s i t y , F o r t C o l l i n s , Colorado.
80523. Mathematical models of VA mycorrhizal
c o l o n i z a t i o n i n corn (Zea mays).
M i c r o b i a l growth w i t h i n a l i m i t , here a p p l i e d t o
c o l o n i z a t i o n o f r o o t s by VAM fungi, u s u a l l y i s
defined by a L o g i s t i c equation. When analyzing
a s o i l f o r Mycorrhiza Inoculum P o t e n t i a l (MIP),
a s h o r t (2-4 week) bioassay i s used. During
t h i s p e r i o d o f time t h e r e i s l i t t l e p o s s i b i l i t y
f o r t h e reproduction o f spores o f t h e f u n g i . The
fungal population i s f i n i t e , and t h e bioassay
r e f l e c t s t h e r e l a t i v e number o f v i a b l e VAM
propagules present i n the s o i l . Colonization
( i n f e c t i o n ) data from non-diluted and d i l u t e d
s o i l s provide sigmoidal progress curves t h a t
approximate t h e L o g i s t i c equation b u t a r e best
described by t h e Gompertz equation. These
r e s u l t s are consistent w i t h other pathosystems
t h a t have asymnetrical disease progress curves
(Berger , 1981).
Rethoret, K.,
see Heath, I. B., e t . a l .
Reynolds, D. R.,
see Ounn, P. H.
R . G. ROBERTS. J. A . ROBERTSON. USDA, A R S ,
Richard B . Russell Agricultural Research Center,
P. 0 . Box 5677, Athens, GA 30613, and R . T.
HANLIN, Dept. of Plant Pathology, University of
Georgia, Athens, GA 30603. A new record f o r
Ascotricha xvlina
An uncomon ascomycete, Ascotricha x v l i n a L.
Ames, was i s o l a t e d from a surface s t e r i l i z e d
sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seed during a
mycofloral survey of heat damaged c o m e r c i a l
samples of oilseed-type sunflower seed. This i r
the f i r s t record of A. x y l i n a both from
sunflower seed and the American continent. A
previously unrecognized isotype c o l l e c t i o n and
an apparently misplaced fragment o f the holotype
were found among the 7 specimens o f A. x v l i n a
received from major herbaria. Measurements of
ascospores and p e r i t h e c i a l hairs indicate that a
greater range of variation e x i s t s f o r there
characters than was described by Ames. The
p e r i t h e c i a l hairs are produced by the sympodial
p r o l i f e r a t i o n of certain c e l l s of the
p e r i t h e c i a l w a l l s , with the portions d i s t a l t o
the points of p r o l i f e r a t i o n becoming the short,
hyaline, clavate branches which are t y p i c a l of
the genus. Centrum t i s s u e s are similar t o thoee
reported by Whiteside f o r A. guameaeis L . h e s ,
with broad, septate paraphyses originating from
a basal hymenium and interspersed among a s c i .
Aeci are thin-walled and evanescent with a
non-amyloid apex.
40
Robertson, J . A., see Roberts, R. G.
Rossi, W . , see Blackwell, M.
Rousseau, J . V. D . , see Reid, C. P. P.
Scheetz, R. W.,
see Dubois, S. E.
Scheetz, R. W.,
see Parker, S. K.
Schoknecht, J. D., see Keller, H. W.
J. SESHADRI, D. A. COTEFI and R. L. DIMOND. Univ.
Windsor, Ontario, Canada N9B 3P4 and Univ. Wisconsin,
Madison, Wisconsin 53111. S e c r e t i o n of t h e lysosomal
enzyme t r e h d l a s e from Dictyostelium discoideum.
Trehalase a c t i v i t y has been d e t e c t e d i n s e v e r a l developmental s t a g e s of t h e c e l l u l a r slime mold,
D i c t s o s t e l i m d i s c o i d e m . The enzyme r e a c h e s a peak
of a c t i v i t y d u r i n g v e g e t a t i v e growth and t h e n is s e c r e t e d from t h e c e l l s i n prepaxation f o r t h e aggregat i o n s t a g e of development. ' h e enzyme which is s e c r e t e d p r i o r t o aggregation appeaxs t o possess prope r t i e s common t o lysosomal enzymes; i . e . , t h e enzyme
h a s an a c i d i c pH optimum and a v e s i c u l a x l o c a t i o n i n
t h e c e l l . I n a d d i t i o n , polyclonal and monoclonal
a n t i b o d i e s r a i s e d a g a i n s t p u r i f i e d N-acetylglucosaminidase p r e c i p i t a t e t h e enzyme. Using s t a n d a r d s e c r e t i o n c o n d i t i o n s t h a t employ a x e n i c a l l y grown
amoebae suspended i n s t a r v a t i o n b u f f e r , t h e p a t t e r n
of t r e h a l a s e r e l e a s e w a s s t u d i e d . The enzyme is s e c r e t e d with l i n e a r k i n e t i c s and about 50 % of t h e enzyme is recovered e x t r a c e l l u l a r l y . A t cycloheximide
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s s u f f i c i e n t t o i n h i b i t p r o t e i n synthesis, t h e r e l e a s e of t h e enzyme i s a f f e c t e d . I n t h e
presence of r e s p i r a t o r y poisons such as sodium a z i d e
and sodium cyanide, s e c r e t i o n is i n h i b i t e d . I n contrast t o t h e above, t h e presence of t h e n a t u r a l subs t r a t e , t r e h a l o s e , and a l s o mannitol a r e s t i m u l a t a r y
t o t h e r e l e a s e of t h e enzyme. E l e c t r o p h o r e t w a m s of
b o t h t h e i n t r a c e l l u l a x enzyme and t h e s e c r e t e d enzyme
r e v e a l t h a t no major processing is occurring d u r i n g
s e c r e t i o n ; i . e . , isozyme 1 is t h e farm of t h e enzyme
p r e s e n t i n t r a c e l l u l a r l y and t h e form of t h e enzyme s e c r e t e d . On t h e b a s i s of t h e s e f i n d i n g s , we conclude
t h a t t r e h a l a s e is a lysosomal enzyme which may be l o c a l i z e d i n v e s i c l e s d i s t i n c t from those a l r e a d y known.
SETLIFF. Forintek Canada Corp.,6620 N.W.
Marine Drive, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, V6T 1x2.
O u a n t i t a t i v e s e x u a l i t y i n Poria vincta v a r . cinerea.
E.C.
S t u d i e s on t h e s e x u a l i t y o f P0Pia vincta v a r .
cinerea l e d t o t h e conclusion t h a t t h i s fungus was,
i n p a r t , e s s e n t i a l l y b i p o l a r . Another i n t e r p r e t a t i o n was t h a t t h e fungus was t e t r a p o l a r . However,
a t h i r d i n t e r p r e t a t i o n might be t o view t h e
s e x u a l i t y of P. tFincta v a r . c i n e m a a s being
i n h e r i t e d i n a q u a n t i t a t i v e manner t h a t l e d t o
homothallism, p a r t i a l b i p o l a r and t e t r a p o l a r
expression, u n i l a t e r a l compatibility a s well as
complete i n c o m p a t i b i l i t y .
To e x p l a i n t h e s e phenomena, it was believed t h a t
chromatin fragmentation and/or t h e mechanism
allowing t h e e q u a l s e p a r a t i o n o f chromatin i s
defunct a t n u c l e a r d i v i s i o n .
A s a r e s u l t ofthese
v a r i a b l e p l o i d y l e v e l s , t h e s p o r e s manifest a wide
range of developmental c a p a b i l i t i e s m d unusual
behaviour. These s t u d i e s t h e n l e d t o t h e hypothesis
t h a t t e t r a p o l a r i t y may have r e s u l t e d when one
chromosome ( u n i f a c t o r i a l system) broke t o form two
chromosomes ( b i f a c t o r i a l system).
SEYMOUR.
Department of Botany.
The
Ohio State University, Columbus, OH. 43210.
Tropical Watermolds: A New Family of Oomycetes.
ROLAND
The morphological and developmental c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of a new family of t r o p i c a l watermolds
are
described
and
illustrated.
Currently
represented by four s p e c i e s i s o l a t e d on hempseed
from s o i l i n t h e Amazon b a s i n , West I n d i e s ,
and West A f r i c a , t h e family i s d i s t i n g u i s h e d
by formation of a t u b u l a r , unbranched t h a l l u s
bearing
lateral
thin-walled
sporangia
and
densely ornamented oogonia c o n t a i n i n g a s i n g l e
oospore.
Antheridia a r e s o l i t a r y , monoclinous
i n o r i g i n with an u n d i f f e r e n t i a t e d a n t h e r i d i a l
c e l l d e l i m i t e d midway along t h e t u b u l a r filament
and a t t a c h e d a p i c a l l y t o t h e oogonial wall.
The fungi a r e of r a r e occurrence having been
found i n l e s s than 1 percent of t h e s o i l samples
examined and only appear a f t e r 14 weeks
incubation.
J.D. SHERMAN and C.W. MIMS. Dept. of Biology, S.F.
Austin State University, Nacogdoches, TX 75962.
Ultrastructural evidence for meiosis in a supposed
apomictic isolate of the myxomycete Didymium i r i d i s .
I n this study TEM was used t o examine developing
spores of the Mo-1 isolate of D. i r i d i s in an a t tempt to determine whether or not meiosis occurs.
This isolate i s nonheterothallic and on the basis
of Feulgen nuclear DNA measurements has been reported
t o exhibit a 2N-2N l i f e cycle.
The results of this study suggest that meiosis or a t
least an attempt a t meiosis occurs in maturing spores
of the Mo-1 isolate. Synaptonemal complexes were
found in the nuclei of 10-12 hour old spores and
metaphase, anaphase and tel ophase division figures
were observed in 15-19 hour old spores. These observations raise some interesting questions regarding apomixis in myxomycetes and underscore the
need for similar studies on other supposed apomictic
isolates.
R.V. SHUKLA and P.C. J A I N .
Mycology
L a b o r a t o r y , Deoartment o f Botany, Saugar
U n i v e r s i t y , S a g a r , M.P., I n d i a , 470 003.
T h e r m o o h i l i c Fungi : On T h i e l a v i a and Some
S i m i l a r Genera from S o i l s of I n d i a .
P r e s e n t r e o o r t i s a n a r t of an e x t e n s i v e
s u r v e y of t h e r m o ~ h i l i cf u n g i from s o i l s of
I n d i a . During t h e s u r v e y 1 0 s o e c i e s
belonging t o 4 genera A c r e m o n i ~ ,
C o r y n a s c u s , M y c e l i o o h t h o r a and T h i e l a v i a ,
i .e.,
alabamense a n a m o r ~ hof . T
t e r r e s t r i s ., C seoadonium, M. t h e r m o p h i l a
c o n i d i a l s t a t e of
heterothallica,
T
L f r a a i l i s , T. o c t o s o o r a , T. t e r r i c o l a ,
T. v a r i o s ~ o r a , T h i e l a v i a s o . 1 (from
g r a s s l a n d s o i l ) , T h i e l a v i a s p . 2 (from
decomposing c l o t h ) and T h i e l a v i a s p . 3
(from r o a d s i d e s o i l ) were r e c o r d e d from
alabamense
d i f f e r e n t h a b i t a t s . Exceot
a l l t h e f u n g i grew w e l l a t t e m o e r a t u r e s
45-50 C .
alabamense, T. octosDora and
T.v a r i o s o r a a r e b e i n g r e ~ o r t e dh e r e f o r
t h e i r s t t i m e from s o i l s of I n d i a . T h r e e
i s o l a t e s which could n o t be i d e n t i f i e d
u p t o s p e c i e s a r e new a d d i t i o n s t o t h e
g e n u s T h i e l a v i a a s t h e y d i f f e r from a l l
o t h e r r e p o r t e d s p e c i e s of t h i s t a x o n .
+
Shumard, D. S., see Bruns,
T. D.
LYNNE SIGLER, R. S. CURRAH and J. GUARRO. Mold
H e r b a r G d Culture Collection, University of
Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2H7 and University of
Barcelona, Reus, Tarragona, Spain.
Taxonomy of Oncocladium flavum and its relationship
to Malbranchea flava.
Oncocladium flavum is a fungus characterized by
striking verticillately branched hyphae borne in
aggregations which resemble the ascocarps of some
Onygenaceae. Although the fungus has been observed
on a number of occasions occurring on keratinous
materials, no report has yet been made of the
development of the verticillate hyphae in culture.
Thus the connection of these appendages with the
fungus named by Sigler and Carmichael in 1976 as
Malbranchea flava has not been proven. In 1983,
independent discoveries of Oncocladium flavum in
Alberta and in Spain led to the reexamination of
this fungus. We succeeded in demonstrating the
link between Malbranchea flava and Oncocladium
flavum
.
J. C. SILVER,D.R.ANDREWS and D. PEKKALA. ~epartment
of Microbiology, University of Toronto, West Hill,
Canada, M1C 1A4. Induction of stress-proteins by
heat shock or arsenite in Achlya.
Rapid elevation of temperature leads to specific
changes in both the synthesis and phosphorylation
of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins in the oomycete
Achlya ( Silxrer, H.,1983, C.J.Biochem. 61 ).
In Achlya this treatment results in the induction
of a very characteristic set of "heat-shock" or
"stress" proteins. Some of these proteins appear
unique to the cytoplasm while others appear unique
to the nucleus. A remarkably similar set of proteins
is seen in a wide range of higher and lower eukaryotes, suggesting that these proteins are.part of a
ubiquitous response to cell stress. We have investigated whether these same stress proteins can be
induced in Achlya by agents other than elevated
temperature. Arsenic compounds can be found in both
terrestrial and aquatic environments. In verebrates
arsenic can be sequestered with oftimes disastrous
effects. The same is not necessarily true for
aquatic plants ( e.g. marine algae ) which although
they accumulate arsenic appear able to detoxify it.
In the present study we show that in Achlya, arsenite
causes the induction of many of the same proteins
as does heat-shock. However, within 190 minutes
after arsenite treatment, the pattern of protein
synthesis begins to return to the control pattern.
( Supported by grants from N.S.E.R.C.
Canada to
J.C.S. )
K. T. Smith.
-
Department of Botany and Plant
Pathology, University of New Hampshire, Durham,
NH 03824.
Relationship of in vitro decay activity of
Haematostereum sanguinolentum to electrical
characteristics of Abies balsamea.
Decay resistance of A. balsamea (L.) Mill (balsam
fir) to activity by H. sanguinolentum (Alb. I€ Schw.
:Fr.) Pouz. is related to the degree of ionization
of the substratum as well as to other characteristics
indicative of the progressive decay process. Decay
was measured as percent loss of oven-dried weight
41
(ODW) of wood samples in agar-block bioassays.
Categorization of wood alteration due to the decay
process was based upon visible characteristics of the
samples and electrical resistance (ER) measurements
of aqueous extracts. Differences of ER of extracts
are due to differences in the ionization of the
wood prior to sampling. With a 12 wk incubation
period, wood located interior to sapwood, free of
discoloration, ER >250 kilohms (kn) decayed least
with a 3 - 5% loss of ODW. Wood visibly identical,
ER <lo0 kR lost 10 - 14% ODW.
Similar losses of
14 - 16% ODW were found with visibly discolored
wood, ER <lo0 kR. The greatest amount of decay was
of previously decayed samples, ER <lo0 kn, which
lost 23 27X ODW. Similar results were obtained
using wood samples drawn at random from various sites
an3 from samples excised from an individual tree.
Smolich, 8. D.,
see Taylor,
J.
W.,
et. a l .
F.W. SPIEGEL. Department of Botany and Microbiology
SE 401, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR.
72701. Phylogenetic hypotheses can help solve developmental problems in dictyostelids.
The dictyostelid cellular slime molds Dictyostelium
discoideum and Polysphondylium spp. are popular
"model biological systems". Unfortunately, most
researchers who work with them are unaware of the
phylogenetic milieu of these interesting organisms.
As a result they often try to explain various developmental phenomena using models based upon very
distantly related organisms. I will attempt to demonstrate that hypotheses generated from a knowledge
of phylogenetic relatedness can be quite useful in
solving some classical developmental problems of
the dictyostelids. A major problem for biologists
working with I). discoideum has been to determine
how migrating slugs maintain a pattern of prestalk
and prespore tissue. Comparison of D, discoideum
with its probable sister species shows that its
slug stage differs from theirs by not producing
stalk during migration. In stalk producing species.
prestalk cells are lost to the stalk and are replaced by recruits from the prespore region. The
hypothesis was developed that the prestalk cells
in slugs of D, discoideum behave the same way during migration as those of stalk producing species
except that they are not incorporated into a stalk
and are thus available to be rerecruited into the
prestalk region. Light microscopic observations of
living and fixed slugs confirm the hypothesis. The
results also help to explain how slugs are able to
move. Additional testable phylogenetic hypothesis
will be presented to explain the evolution of the
dictyostelid slug.
P. D. STAHL. Division of Plant Science, University
of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071. VAM fungi from high
elevation sites in Wyoming and Colorado.
Soil and roots from alpine and subalpine sites were
examined for the presence of VAM fungi. Roots of
most herbaceous plants and many shrubs from these
habitats are infected by endomycorrhizal fungi; infection frequencies for herbaceous plants range from
0-93% and for shrubs, 0-67%. Soils contained from
62 to 437 spores per 100 g dry soil and three to
seven species of VAM fungi. Members of the genus
Glomus are the most abundant endophytes but representatives of Gigaspora and Acaulospora were also
42
p r e s e n t . Spore populations of high e l e v a t i o n s i t e s
a r e compared t o those found a t lower e l e v a t i o n s i n
t h e same r e g i o n .
K. D. STEWART and K . R . MATTOX. Dept. of Botany,
Miami U n i v e r s i t y , Oxford, Ohio 45056. Comparative
c e l l s t r u c t u r e and development of e u k a r y o t i c microorganisms: P o s s i b l e evolutionary r e l a t i o n s h i p s among
p r o t i s tan groups.
Staples, R. C.,
The f l a g e l l a r apparatus ( f l a g e l l a + c y t o s k e l e t o n ) ,
t h e d e t a i l s of m i t o s i s , and t h e form of mitochondrial
c r i s t a e a r e t h e only morphological f e a t u r e s of s u f f i c i e n t l y g e n e r a l occurrence among p r o t i s t groups t o be
c o n s i s t e n t l y u s e f u l i n comparisons. P l a s t i d s and
a s s o c i a t e d f e a t u r e s , although not a s widely p r e s e n t ,
e x h i b i t s i g n i f i c a n t c o r r e l a t i o n s with some of t h e
o t h e r c h a r a c t e r s t o a degree t h a t a i d s i n t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of s t r u c t u r e i n groups t h a t l a c k them. The
form of t h e mitochondrial c r i s t a e ( t u b u l a r , l a m e l l a r
o r v e s i c u l a t e ) i s c o n s i s t e n t w i t h i n groups and
appears t o be a conservative c h a r a c t e r . I t i s an
i n t r i g u i n g f a c t and u n l i k e l y t o be a coincidence t h a t
t h e b a c t e r i a judged t o be most s i m i l a r t o mitochond r i a biochemically and most l i k e l y t o be r e l a t e d t o
t h e a n c e s t o r s of b a c t e r i a a l s o possess t h e same range
of v a r i a t i o n i n t h e s t r u c t u r e of t h e i r i n t e r n a l
membranes; t h a t i s , they a r e t u b u l a r , l a m e l l a r o r
v e s i c u l a t e . These a r e t h e purple non-sulfur bacteria,
and they e x h i b i t biochemical d i f f e r e n c e s t h a t c o r r e l a t e with t h e morphological v a r i a t i o n s . P o l y p h y l e t i c
o r i g i n of mitochondria i s i n d i c a t e d , and t h e i r c o r r e l a t i o n s with o t h e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s lead t o some
rather surprising clues a s t o the r e l a t i v e primitiveness of p r o t i s t groups and t h e p o s s i b l e c e n t e r of
evolutionary r a d i a t i o n .
see Hoch, H. C.
Department of Biological Science,
JW( S. ST-.
Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Pa: 86011.
Etmlogy of hypogeous fungi- their patterns of
sporocarp production and host association in sane
Arizona coniferous forests.
An abundant and diverse ccamunity of hypogeous fungi
is associated with ponderosa pine and pinyon pine
stands in Arizona. Five ascmycete genera with 8
species and 10 basidiomjcete genera with 27 species
were collected during a four year study. Sporccarps
of the zygosporic fungi, -one
lactiflua and E.
flamnicorona were of minor importance in estimtes of
relative abundance and frequency. Species of E i E
E,
Hysterangium, Gautieria, Sclerogaster, Geepora, and Hymencgaster were found in all months of
the year and accounted for the greatest b i m s s in
yearly productivity. Estimates of total sporocarp
productivity ranged from 0.6 kg dry weight/ ha-1
in pinyon pine stands to 24.6 kg dry weightha-1 in
pcnderosa pine stands.
lwissinum, Gautieria
crispa, mterangium separabilc, and Sclerogaster
xerophyllum were collected in all stages of development beneath the winter srmmack. Relationshi~s
between sporocarp productiok and site factors of
misture, temperature, elevation, plant association
and age class of plant associate were determined.
The highly positive correlation between sporccarp
production and age class of ponderosa pine (correlation coefficient = 0.95) is discussed with m a sis on the inplied significance for snall mamnal
v=@wlY.
Stasz, T. C . ,
see Hemnes, D. C.
IiENRY STEMPEN and ROBERT C. EVANS. Biology Department, Rutgers U n i v e r s i t y , Camden, N J 08102. Localiz a t i o n of a n t i g e n i c m a t e r i a l i n hyphal s h e a t h s of
B i p o l a r i s maydis r a c e T using f e r r i t i n l a b e l e d a n t i body.
Germ tubes of B i p o l a r i s maydis r a c e T possess a
g r a n u l a r , f i b r i l l a r , sheath-like extension of t h e
c e l l w a l l . This sheath can be v i s u a l i z e d using
n e g a t i v e s t a i n i n g and l i g h t microscopy, scanning and
transmission e l e c t r o n microscopy, and an i n d i r e c t
imunofluorescence technique. Using t h i s l a t t e r procedure i t was determined t h a t both t h e sheath and t h e
w a l l of t h e germ tube f l u o r e s c e d , but t h e c o n i d i a l
w a l l d i d n o t . An e l e c t r o n microscopic procedure
using f e r r i t i n - l a b e l e d antibody was used i n an
attempt t o determine where i n t h e sheath t h e a n t i genic m a t e r i a l was l o c a l i z e d . The f e r r i t i n l a b e l
occurred i n an approximately continuous l a y e r on t h e
o u t e r s u r f a c e of t h e germ tube wall. The l a b e l a l s o
appeared i n t h e sheath i t s e l f and was l o c a l i z e d i n
d i s c r e t e patches i n t h e granular region with l i t t l e
label attached t o the f i b r i l l a r portion.
JEFFREY K. STONE. Department of Biology, University
of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403. F o l i a r endophytes of
Douglas f i r .
Two s p e c i e s of fungal endophytes a r e commonly i s o l a t e d from s u r f a c e - s t e r i l i z e d Douglas f i r f o l i a g e :
P h y l l o s t i c t a sp. 1, which a l s o i n f e c t s Abies spp.,
and Psm-1, an undescribed hyphomycete taxon i s o l a t e d
only from Douglas f i r . P h y l l o s t i c t a sp. 1 hyphae
p e n e t r a t e t h e needle between p e r i c l i n a l w a l l s of
epidermal c e l l s , grow i n t e r c e l l u l a r l y i n t o t h e mesophyll and may p e n e t r a t e mesophyll c e l l s . Psm-1
i n f e c t i o n s a r i s e from d i r e c t p e n e t r a t i o n of epidermal
and hypodermal c e l l s , producing s i n g l e , a p p a r e n t l y
dormant i n t r a c e l l u l a r hyphae i n t h o s e c e l l s . Infect i o n frequency i n c r e a s e s with needle age, however
i n f e c t i o n l o c i a r e r e s t r i c t e d t o one o r two c e l l s
f o r both endophytes. Frequency of recovery of endophytes from s u r f a c e - s t e r i l i z e d f o l i a g e is diminished
i n senescent needles; s i x weeks a f t e r a b c i s s i o n endophytes a r e v i r t u a l l y not recoverable and needle
l i t t e r i s completely colonized by Thysanophora penic i l l i o i d e s , A l t e r n a r i a s p . , Aureobasidium p u l l u l a n s ,
Hormonema spp., and Nodulisporium sp. Psm-1 coloni z e s and f r u i t s on i n j u r e d Douglas f i r n e e d l e s , espec i a l l y those a t t a c k e d by t h e cecidomiid f l y Contarini a and may play a r o l e i n reducing i n s e c t damage.
J. W. TAYLOR, B. D. SMOLICH, and G. MAY. Department
of Botany. University of C a l i f o r n i a , Berkeley. CA
94720. Mitochondria1 DNA, Evolution and Neurospora.
This r e p o r t d i s c u s s e s t h e general a p p l i c a t i o n of
n u c l e i c acid-molecular b i o l o g i c a l techniques t o fung a l evolutionary biology and s p e c i f i c r e s u l t s of a
c u r r e n t s t u d y of h e t e r o t h a l l i c Neurospora s p e c i e s .
These s p e c i e s were chosen because of t h e i r potent i a l l y i n t e r e s t i n g o r i g i n s (e.g., h y b r i d i z a t i o n ,
developmental mutation, very r e c e n t d i v e r g e n c e ) , and
because they a r e d e l i m i t e d by mating s t u d i e s (Per-
43
klns et al.. 1976, Evolution 30:381).
Mitochondria1
DNAs (mt DNAs) are analyzed by electrophoresis of
restriction endonuclease digestion products.
Nucleotide substitution and length mutation are
detected by variation in restriction site presence
and fragment size. Results from both types of mutations are suitable for cladistic analysis by either
distance or parsimony methods. Thorough study
requires mapping of sufficient restriction sites and
comparfson of natural isolates with a reference isolate. Cloning of the reference isolate makes these
tasks more straightforward and accurate. Progress
to date in N. crassa includes: 1) isolation of
mt DNA. 2) cloning the entire N. crassa 74A mt
genome as EcoRI fragments in pBR325, 3) selection of
13 new restriction endonucleases and mapping of
their N. crassa 74A digestion products () 200 bp),
and 4) preliminary comparisons made between 5.
crassa 74A and natural isolates previously studied
for isozyme variation (Mylyk, O.M., 1975, 1976,
Genetics 80:107. 83:275).
Studies of distribution
and homology of non-chromosomal mitochondria1 DNA
molecules (plasmids) will also be reported.
Te Strake, B. G., see Wain, R. P . , e t . a l .
Te Strake, D . , see Wain, R. P.
Tewari, J. P . , see Boyetchko, S. M.
J. P. TEWARI. Department of P l a n t Science,
U n i v e r s i t y o f A1 b e r t a , Edmonton, A1 b e r t a , Canada,
T6G 2P5. A new stromatal type f n Petromyces.
Petr
ces a l l i a c e u s , t h e only known species o f
1s r e ~ o r t e dt o aroduce
o.. ovoid
.. .. - t.
c y l f n d r i c a l , bl akk and w h i t e t i m e d stromata.
he stromata bear ascocarps producf n! ascospores,
each o f which has a t h i n e q u a t o r i a l furrow". An
undescribed species o f t h i s genus i s being
studied using l f g h t mfcroscopy, scannfng and
transmission e l e c t r o n microscopy and freezef r a c t u r i n g . I t i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d by t h e presence
o f stromata t h a t a r e indeterminate i n form. The
young stromata a r e roughly spherical b u t soon
r e v e a l u s u a l l y ml t i p l e growf ng points. The
mature stromata have a few i r r e g u l a r , o f t e n
branched and p i 1 l a r - 1 ik e extensions. Each
ascospore has an e q u a t o r i a l ridge. The anamorph
o f t h i s fungus i s almost i n d f s t i n g u i s h a b l e from
Aspergillus alliaceus.
-
-
M. THIBAUT and M. ANSEL. Laboratoire de Parasitologie,
15, rue de 1'Ecole de MCdecine, 75270 Paris Cedex 06,
France. Research on a fungal pathogen by means of X Ray electron probe analysis.
Electron probe X - Ray analysis has been little applied to the study of fungal pathogens. In an effort to
obtain more detailed information about these fungi ,
studies have been carried out with Aspergillus versicolor ( Vuill. ) Tiraboschi
Electron probe analysis reveals in Aspergillus versicolor the presence of calcium, potassium, magnesium,
phosphorus, silicon, chlorine and sulphur. With this
technique no other elements appeared. No attempts
were made to obtain quantitative estimates of the
absolute concentrations of the element present. This
approach permits the detection of all the elements of
MENDELEEV's classification between beryllium and
uranium.
There can be little doubt that X - Ray microprobe analytical method will become generally used in Mycology
as technical problems are solved and the limitation
and applicability of this approach become better
defined. Hence X - Ray microanalysis permits to obtain
fundamental information on the presence of ions and
elements in fungi
.
H. D. TITERS.
Department of Biological Sciences,
San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA
94132. The genus Arcan~eliellain western North
America.
Arcangeliella is a secotioid taxon closely related
to and apparently derived from the genus Lactarius
of the gilled fungi. Species of Arcan~eliellaappear to be more common and occur in greater variety on the western coast of North America than
elsewhere, although species have been reported from
Australia, Europe, Malaysia and South America.
Both hypogeous and epigeous taxa are present in
North America. The hypogeous species, as presently
known appear to be restricted to the montane regions
but epigeous taxa occupy both coastal and montane
habitats. Basidiocarps are usually found associated with conifers, most commonly with
spp.
in the higher elevations. Arcangeliella crassa, a
montane species is the most abundant and widespread
species. Other species include A. varie~ataknown
only from the coastal regions and three new species:
from the
saylorii and
A. desjardinii,
mountains.
7
A.
A.
H. D. Thiers. Department of Biological Sciences,
San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA
94132. Some observations on the fleshy fungus
flora of Australia.
Several different aspects of the fleshy fungus
flora of Australia will be considered. Among these
considerations will be the following: 1. A brief
analysis of the bolete flora of Australia and a comparison with the known rough and smooth-spored boletes found in the eastern and western portions of
North America. 2. A comparison of some of the apparent ectomycorrhizal associates (gilled fungi and
boletes) of plantings of Monterey pines (Pinus radiata) in Australia with those occurring in native
stands in California. 3. A look at some of the
unusual epigeous and hypogeous secotioid fungi of
Australia, particularly those found in West
Australia.
-
.
Small pieces of fungal tissues were dissected. After
washing, drying and coating, analyses were conducted
on an X Ray microprobe. When a sample is bombarded
with electrons, X Rays are emitted. Each element in
the spectrum emits its own X Ray spectrum and the
spectral lines emitted by each element are characteristic of the element.
-
-
-
DENNIS TODD. Department of Biology, University of
Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97103. Distribution patterns
of foliar endophytes in Douglas firs.
Many plants harbor symptomless fungal infections in
their leaves. Some hosts, such as Douglas fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii), show infection rates that
approach 100% in older leaves. The apparent
44
absence of pathogenicity and the ubiquity of the
infections suggest that the association may be mutualistic. The endophyte may confer disease resistance to the host or decrease the damage caused
by herbivorous insects. A statistical study of
Douglas firs of known seed parentage reveals that
the host genotype has a highly significant effect
on the distribution of endophytes, parasites, and
insect damage. The endophyte infection rate is
positively correlated with the growth rate of the
host. The relationships among endophyte infection
rates, site factors, insect damage rates, and rates
of infection by pathogenic fungi are discussed.
T. C. TON-THAT and H. C. HOCH. Department of P l a n t
B i o l o g y , Geneva U n i v e r s i t y , Switzerland and Department o f P l a n t Pathology, New York S t a t e A g r i c u l t u r a l
Experiment S t a t i o n , Cornell U n i v e r s i t y , Geneva, NY
14456. Morphological respons s o Mucor lobosus t o
c y t o c h a l a s i n E modulated by N ,02 - d i buty:yladenosine
3 ' :5 ' - c y c l i c monophosphate.
The c y t o c h a l a s i n s a r e a group o f fungal m e t a b o l i t e s
t h a t i n h i b i t a v a r i e t y o f c e l l u l a r functions.
I t has
been r e p o r t e d t h a t c y t o c h a l a s i n E (CE) i n h i b i t s spore
germination and m y c e l i a l growth and causes swollen
spores and hyphal t i p s i n a v a r i e t y o f f u n g i . We
i n v e s t i g a t e d t h e e f f e c t o f CE on growing hyphal t i p s
o f Mucor globosus p r e t r e a t e d w i t h ~ 6 ~ -0d 2
ibutyimyladenosine 3 :5 - c y c l i c monophosphate (Bt2cAMP) because
CAMP i s i n d i r e c t l y i n v o l v e d w i t h m i c r o t u b u l e i n t e g r i t y .
A f t e r 10 min on p o t a t o dextrose agar a t 10'3~, CE
i n h i b i t e d fungal growth and produced swollen t i p s and
abnormal hyphae branching. These henomena were
r e v e r s i b l e . Pretreatment w i t h 10- M Bt2cAMP f o r 30
min reduced t h e frequency of CE-induced swollen t i p s
and formation of branching. When growing hyphae were
c u l t i v a t e d on polycarbonate nucl eopore membranes, a
l o n g e r pretreatment o f BtpcAMP and exposure t o CE was
r e q u i r e d . These data suggest t h a t microtubules may
be necessary f o r maintenance of a normal o r i e n t a t i o n
of t h e a c t i n m i c r o f i l a m e n t system. U s u a l l y microfilaments a r e d i s p l a c e d o r d i s r u p t e d by CE l e a d i n g t o
t h e l o s s of s t r u c t u r e s associated w i t h t h e a p i c a l
p o l a r i t y o f t h e c e l l . The u l t r a s t r u c t u r e was s t u d i e d
i n t r e a t e d c e l l s by t h e technique of freeze-substit u t i o n t o a s c e r t a i n t h e p o s i t i o n and o r g a n i z a t i o n o f
microtubules and microfilaments.
!
Trappe, J. M.,
see L i , C. Y.,
Trappe, J. M.,
see Molina, R.
et. al.
DOROTHY E. TUTHILL.
-
Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071. Ancient fungi
from deep-lying loess deposits.
Loess samples collected in Iowa and Nebraska from
depths of 1 to 2 meters were examined for molds
belonging to the As ergillus flavus group. A.
toxicarius was foun: in the 2 deepest samples, and
an array of unusual Aspergillus, Penicillium, and
other fungal species were found in all of the
samples. The presence of the fungi cannot be
accounted for by movement down from the surface, as
they are different from those at the surface.
Therefore, it is suggested that these molds were
deposited with the loess, some 14,000 to 20,000
years ago. The'majority of fungi isolated from
depths of 2 m or more produce sclerotia. Perhaps
their ability to survive for so long is attributable
to their formation of resistant structures, and
their ability to grow and reproduce when there is an
occasional input of organic matter via percolation.
The species assemblage is a reflection of the
climate at the time of deposition, and can be used
to hypothesize what the climate and vegetation may
have been before the Wisconsin glaciation.
Ungar, I. A.,
see B a l l a r d , B. J.
J. M. UPADHYAY. Loyola University. New Orleans,
LA 70118. A new variety of a thermophilic mold,
Thermoascus aurantiacus var. levisporus.
We report a member of the new thermophilic taxon,
Thermoascus aurantiacus var. levisporus. Since the
first description of T. aurantiacus by Miehe in
1907, a detailed study of this mold was made by
Apinis in 1967. In comparing our data with those
of Apinis, our isolate displays many of the
characteristics similar to those of T. aurantiacus,
with a few significant differences. Growth
patterns on various media are similar to those of
T. aurantiacus and brown ascomata are produced in
both. The anamorph in both consists of terminal
and thick-walled conidia. On the other hand, in
our culture the cleistothecial wall is composed of
several rows of more or less uniform layers of
relatively large pseudoparenchymatous cells,
whereas T. aurantiacus possesses an inner layer of
small cells and outer layer of large cells. In our
mold the ascospores are smooth and thick-walled
rather than rough and thin-walled as found in T.
aurantiacus. The central part of the ascocarp in
our mold was found to be plectenchymatous. Its
optimum temperature for growth is 49-50°C and it
grows best at pH 3.5-4.0.
Wain. R.P..
Brown. J. K.,
Yancico, B.G.
and
~ i a n iT e itrake, . ~ i o l o b ~~ e ~ a r t m e n t
and Department o f Internal Medicine,
Division of Infectious and Tropical
Diseases, University of South ~ l d r i d a ,
T a m p a , F L 33620. Electrophoretic s t u d i e s
of selected enzymes of isolates
of
Basidiobolus.
Techniques of g e l electrophoresis w e r e
employed to e s t i m a t e levels of genetic
v a r i a t i o n a n d g e n e t i c differentiation
within and among various isolates, of the
fungus Basidiobolus, including ATCC cultures. M e m b e r s of this taxon are distributed worldwide.
In tropical and
subtropical areas some isolates can cause
the disease entomophthoromycosis basidiobolae. Preliminary results o f i s o z y m e
comparisons will be discussed in terms of
distribution and systematic relationships,
p o p u l a t i o n s t r u c t u r e and evolutionary
potential.
L. L. WALLACE. Department of Botany andMicrobiology
University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019. Ungulates
and Mycorrhizae: Actions, Interactions and
Reactions.
Although percent infectivity varies, it is now
commonly accepted that most grasses are mycorrhizal.
I n a d d i t i o n t o whatever carbon l o s s e s t h e s e p l a n t s
have t o t h e i r f u n g a l symbionts, most g r a s s e s a r e
grazed. Faced w i t h t h i s double l o s s of carbon, what
p o s s i b l e b e n e f i t s might g r a s s e s a c c r u e by b e i n g
mycorrhizal? Mycorrhizal f u n g i may improve n u t r i e n t
uptake s i n c e even though g r a s s l a n d s t y p i c a l l y have
f e r t i l e s o i l s , t h e i r a r i d i t y may g r e a t l y reduce
n u t r i e n t a v a i l a b i l i t y . I n a d d i t i o n , hormonal
p r o d u c t i o n of m y c o r r h i z a l r o o t s a f f e c t s aboveground
morphology. T h i s may enhance p l a n t t o l e r a n c e of
g r a z i n g . Many p l a n t s show a s t i m u l a t i o n of product i v i t y and p h o t o s y n t h e s i s f o l l o w i n g moderate grazing. T h i s could a c t u a l l y i n c r e a s e carbon flow t o
r o o t s and s t i m u l a t e f u r t h e r m y c o r r h i z a l i n f e c t i o n .
T h i s i n t e r a c t i n g t r i o of g r a z i n g u n g u l a t e s , f o r a g e
g r a s s e s and m y c o r r h i z a l f u n g i may b e f a r more
i m p o r t a n t i n g r a s s l a n d ecology than p r e v i o u s l y
thought.
45
in a number of different protostelids suggest that
some currently recognized protostel id taxa are in
need of revision. These studies appear to indicate
that the protostelids are possibly a polyphyletic
group derived from free-living amoeboid protozoans.
Although a monophyletic origin for parts of sane
protostelid taxa is likely, the subclass Protostelia
may encompass a number of amoeboid protistans which
have independently evolved the ability to form
sporocarps. Possible 1 ines of protostel id evolution
including some probable monophyletic 1 ines in the
Protostelia are discussed, along with their
affinities to non-fruiting amoeboid protistans.
K.D. .WHITNEY and H.J. ARNOTT. Department of Biology,
University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
76019
Ultrastructure of calcium oxalate deposits in
Gi 1 bertel la persicaria (Zygomycetes)
.
Waggener, R. G., see Hill, T. W.
C. J. K. WANG, H. E. WILCOX, C.-S. YANG and K. F.
LoBUGLIO. Department of Environmental and F o r e s t
Biology, SUNY College of Environmental S c i e n c e and
F o r e s t r y , Syracuse, NY 13210. New ectendomycorrhiz a l and pseudomycorrhizal f u n g i , and t h e i n f l u e n c e
of pH on t h e m y c o r r h i z a l a s s o c i a t i o n s i n
resinosa
.
A new s p e c i e s of P h i a l o p h o r a forming ectendomycorrhiz a l a s s o c i a t i o n , and a new s p e c i e s of P h i a l o c e p h a l a
forming pseudomycorrhizal a s s o c i a t i o n , both w i t h red
p i n e s e e d l i n g s , a r e d e s c r i b e d . The i n f l u e n c e s of pH
on m y c o r r h i z a l s y n t h e s e s w i t h 1 2 f u n g i on red p i n e
were s t u d i e d u s i n g monoxenic c u l t u r e s w i t h a
v e r m i c u l a t e - p e a t moss s u b s t r a t e . Each fungus-red
p i n e a s s o c i a t i o n responded d i f f e r e n t l y t o t h e v a r y i n g
pH. I n g e n e r a l a t pH 5 , a l l r o o t and s h o o t systems
were much l a r g e r and h e a l t h i e r t h a n t h o s e a t pH 3.
At pH 3 r o o t and s h o o t systems were s e v e r e l y reduced
i n t h e c o n t r o l s and i n m y c o r r h i z a l s e e d l i n g s
i n o c u l a t e d by Cenococcum and Chloridium s p e c i e s .
However, t h e m y c o r r h i z a l s e e d l i n g s i n o c u l a t e d w i t h
t h e new s p e c i e s of P h i a l o p h o r a and P h i a l o c e p h e l a
were s t r i k i n g l y l e s s a f f e c t e d .
Weber, D. J., see Bunderson, E. D.
Wilcox, H. E., see Wang, C. J. K., et. al.
K.D. WHITNEY. Department of Biology, University of
Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019
Protostelids: Relationships, Affinities, and
Phylogeny.
The protostelids are a group of amoeboid protistans
that form minute, one t o few-spored aerial fruiting
bodies. This group has been considered a
monophyletic assemblage, and this is reflected in the
current classification system which, for the most
part, uses presence or absence of flagellate cells in
the life cycle and other details of the trophic phase
t o circumscribe taxa. The protostelids, though,
exhibit a paucity of characteristics on which t o base
a classification system. Consequently, delimiting
taxa and understanding the phylogeny of these
organisms is pat-ticularly difficult. Recent
ultrastructural studies of the flagellate cells,
mitosis, sporocarp developnent, and feeding behavior
Calcium oxalate crystals often form conspicuous
structures on aerial portions of zygomycetes.
Gilbertella persicaria, a mucoralean parasite of
peaches and other fruit, has several distinct types
of calcium oxalate crystals associated with its
sporangia and sporangiophores. The sporangial wall
is studded with capitate-conical projections composed
of calcium oxalate, while a number of crystal
morphologies are seen on the sporangiophore.
Crystals at the apex of the sporanqiophore are
r&nded and non-capitate, abruptly-merging at the
base of the sporangium with the capitate crystals on
the sporangium proper. Small crystals, often
occurring in pairs, are scattered over lower portions
of the sporangiophore, and these crystals are
associated with flat rectangular bodies embedded in
the sporangiophore wall. Additionally, large
rhomboidal crystals occur in prominent oval patches
scattered along the sporangiophore. Light, scanning
and transmission electron micrographs of these
crystals will be presented, and aspects of their
development will be discussed.
D. T. WICKLOW. Northern Regional Research Center,
1815 N. U n i v e r s i t y , P e o r i a , I L 61604.
Mycotoxigenic f u n g i i n c e r e a l s .
ARS, USDA.
Fungi t h a t i n f e s t and contaminate c e r e a l s w i t h t h e i r
t o x i c m e t a b o l i t e s p r e s e n t an i n t e r e s t i n g c h a l l e n g e t o
a g r i c u l t u r a l s c i e n t i s t s . Many of t h e s e f u n g i a r e
e f f e c t i v e s a p r o p h y t e s i n n a t u r e and can become
e s t a b l i s h e d i n wounded k e r n e l t i s s u e s where
mechanisms of h o s t r e s i s t a n c e t o f u n g a l i n f e c t i o n
have l i t t l e r e l e v a n c e . The d e s i g n of agronomic
s t r a t e g i e s t o prevent t o x i n contamination of p r e h a r v e s t c e r e a l s has been l i m i t e d because n o t enough i s
known about t h e n a t u r a l h i s t o r y of t h e s e f u n g i n o r
t h e c o n d i t i o n s t h a t promote k e r n e l i n f e c t i o n and
t o x i n production.
Ecology p r o v i d e s needed perspect i v e a s t o t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e of t o x i n b i o s y n t h e s i s i n
t h e s u r v i v a l of s e e d - i n f e s t i n g f u n g i .
M. WICKLOW-HOWARD.
Department o f Biology, Boi se
State University, Boise, ID 83725.
The occurrence of vesi cul ar-arbuscul a r mycorrhizae
in disturbed and undisturbed ecosystems o f the semiarid deserts o f Idaho.
Studies have been initiated on the occurrence o f
vesicul ar-arbuscul ar mycorrhiza (VAM) in sage com-
46
munities o f surface disturbed and undisturbed areas
o f t h e semi-arid desert o f Idaho. The m a j o r i t y o f
o l a n t s i n t h e undisturbed environment were mycorr h i z a l (VAM). A road cut made through t h i s communi t y was revegetated w i t h p l a n t s which were mostly
non-mycorrhizal. The occurrence o f mycorrhizae
p o s i t i v e p l a n t s increased during t h e spring and
summer months, and markedly decreased during t h e
w i n t e r months. The major mycorrhizae p o s i t i v e
p l a n t species encountered a r e Artemesia t r i d e n t a t a ,
Purshia tri dentata, and Chrysothamnus nauseosus.
S. WIENCEK, J. CASTILLO and S. E. GOCHENAUR.
Biology Department, Adelphi University, Garden C i t y ,
New York 11530. A comparison of reproductive
o u t p u t of t h e telemorph and anamorph o f Conwchaeta
nepa tica.
Coniochaeta nepatica is t h e most abundant
sphaeriaceous fungus i n t h e A horizon of an oakb i r c h f o r e s t , i s a b l e t o complete i t s l i f e c y c l e i n
t h i s h a b i t a t , and shows a seasonal peak i n d e n s i t y
during t h e f a l l . The reproductive output of i t s
teleomorph and anamorph provided with known amounts
of a carbon-energy source was measured following
growth of t h e holomorph i n l i q u i d c u l t u r e on a
polyvinyl c h l o r i d e membrane. Analysis consisted of
homoginizing t h e c u l t u r e and then using t h e
homoginate t o t e s t f o r r e s i d u a l glucose (Nelson
T e s t ) , t o prepare agar f i l m s f o r determination of
biomass and c o n i d i a l numbers, and f o r s o n i f i c a t i o n
p r i o r t o assaying amounts of s o l u b l e p r o t e i n
(Comassie Blue Technique) and ascospore numbers.
The r e s u l t s of t h i s study w i l l be described and
r e l a t e d t o t h e growth of t h i s fungus i n nature.
M. C. WILLIAMS and H. G. NAGEL, Department o f
b i 01 ogy, Kearney S t a t e Col 1ege, Kearney, NE 68849.
Coprinus density increase on a burned p r a i r i e .
A p o r t i o n o f t h e cather P r a i r i e , a mixed grass
unplowed n a t i v e p r a i r i e , l o c a t e d i n Webster Co.
(southcentral) Nebraska, U.S.A. was control burned
on May 8, 1983. Twelve days l a t e r a number o f
Coprinus sp. were observed i n t h e burned area.
Nine one hundred y a r d long transects were design a t e d along the f i r e break and obvious macrofungi
were counted. Four p r a i r i e conditions were sampled; unburned-unmowed, unmowed-burned, mowedDuncan's new mu1 t i p l e
unburned, and mowed-burned.
range t e s t was used t o t e s t f o r differences between
the 4 treatment means.
The burning treatment d i d s i g n i f i c a n t l y increase
Coprinus sp. density a t the P = 0.05 l e v e l . There
was no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e between mowed-unburned
and unmowed-unburned.
Yang, C.-S.,
see Wang, C. J. K., e t . a l .
Yangco, 8. G., see Wain, R. P . , e t . a l .
K . S . YOON and D. J . McLaughlin. Kangwon University,
Korea 200 and U n i v e r s i t y of Minnesota, S t . P a u l , MN
55108, USA. Meiosis and m i t o s i s during basidiosporog e n e s i s i n Boletus r u b i n e l l u s .
Meiosis occurred a t t h e apex of t h e basidium. During
prophase I , two t y p e s of s p i n d l e pole body were obs-
erved: a sausage-shaped form a t pachytene and a b i g l o b u l a r form probably a t d i p l o t e n e . A t metaphase I ,
t h e n u c l e a r membrane was f e n e s t r a t e d and o f t e n showed
l a r g e d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s . Occasional cytoplasmic organe l l e s were seen w i t h i n t h e n u c l e a r membrane. During
anaphase I , t h e chromosomes surrounded a c y l i n d e r shaped bundle o f continuous microtubules and t h e sepa r a t i o n of t h e chromosomes appeared t o be asynchronous. A t ana-telophase I , t h e i n t e r p o l a r r e g i o n was
narmwed, and t h e s p i n d l e pole body was s l i g h t l y ext r u d e d from t h e s i b l i n g n u c l e i . U l t r a s t r u c t ~ ~
f e~a -~ l
t u r e s of meiosis I1 observed a t a m - t e l o p h a s e I1 seeme d t o be s i m i l a r t o meiosis I ; however, t h e s p i n d l e
appeared t o be s h o r t e r and t o c o n t a i n fewer microtubules than a t meiosis I . The two s p i n d l e s of meiosis
I1 were p a r a l l e l and t h e d i v i s i o n synchronous. The
i n t e r p h a s e I1 n u c l e i a f t e r migration t o t h e middle
r e g i o n of t h e basidium bore a b i g l o b u l a r s p i n d l e pole
body. A post-meiotic m i t o s i s occurred i n t h e b a s i d i o s p o r e . The d i v i s i o n plane was o f t e n oblique t o t h e
l o n g i t u d i n a l a x i s o f t h e s p o r e . The n u c l e a r membrane
was f e n e s t r a t e d and t h e membrane around t h e s p i n d l e
pole body was f r e q u e n t l y a b s e n t . A s t r a l microtubules
were common.
Dept. of Biology, New Mexico S t a t e
Fungal
U n i v e r s i t y , Las Cruces, N M 88003.
Colonization of Root Surfaces.
JOHN ZAK
Mycotoxins have been implicated i n a number of
human and animal toxicoses and have also been shown
t o negatively a f f e c t plant growth The fungi
producing these toxins are commonly isolated from
the rhizosphere and root surfaces of n a t i v e and
agronomic p l a n t s Incorporation of toxins produced
by root-region fungi i n t o p l a n t t i s s u e s has been
shown t o occur f o r several p l a n t systems. Uptake
of f u n g a l t o x i n s by p l a n t s and subsequent
t r a n s l o c a t i o n t o aboveground p a r t s could have
evolved a s a d e f e n s e a g a i n s t v e r t e b r a t e and
i n v e r t e b r a t e herbivores.
The frequency of
occurrence of mycotoxin-producing fungi on root
surfaces and i n the rhizosphere may be regulated.
by both biotic and abiotic f a c t o r s Recent studies
suggest t h a t t h e population dynamics of root
surface fungi and t h e r e s u l t a n t s t r u c t u r e and
composition of the fungal assemblage are inf luenced
by the complex interactions between these fungi and
vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,
microarthropods, nematodes, and other s o i l fungi.
Within an agricultural context, certain practices,
such a s application of foliar sprays or herbicides,
may a l s o a l t e r f u n g a l s p e c i e s numbers and
composition i n the root region. This t a l k w i l l
examine t h e r o l e s of b i o t i c i n t e r a c t i o n s and
certain agricultural practices i n determining the
occurrence of mycotoxin producing fungi i n the
rhizosphere and on the root surfaces of agronomic
plants.
m.
Kunming I n s t i t u t e o f Botany* AcadeThe
mia Ainica, Kunming, Yunnan, China,
v e r t i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f (lordvceDs from B.
Himalaya, China.
E. Himalaya i s t h e r e s o u r c e s o f (LordvceDs.
There a r e about 9 s p e c i e s s c a t t e r e d t h e d i f f erent vertical distribution areas.
1 Below (800-) 1000-1 500 m. T h i s zone c o r r e s ponds t o t h e monsoon f o r e s t . There a r e 3 sp.
of C o r d v c e ~ sa r e k n o w * e-go G- nutans P a t *
(on a d u l t of pentat-),
Yy8r_-.Moe l l e r ( o n l a r v a e of L
e
p
4
i
p
p
m and G
.
a r b u s c u l a Teng ( o n l a r v a e o f Scarabaeidae).
2. Prom 1500-2600 m. T h i s i s a s u b t r o p i c a l
zone of evergreen broad l e a v e s f o r e s t , whereunder f l o u r i s h about 3 s p e c i e s of Cordvceu
with c. f r i c e n t u Yasuda (on a d u l t s o f -&&V
& e t c . ) , G. ~ ~ e ~ hPenz.
a l ae t Sacc. (on
a d u l t s o f V!&p&ae)
s o b o l l f e r a ill ) nerk
(on pupae o f Cicada), c. s t v l o ~ h o r aJ e r k e t
Jr. ( on l a r v a e o f W e o ~ t e r ab u r i e d i n rot t e n logs. )
3. From 2600-4200 m.This r e p r e s e n t s t h e zone
of deciduous broad-leaved f o r e s t and subalpi n e c o n i f e r o u s f o r e s t s , with a h o s t of 2 sp.,
e - g o I;. Urnashanens& Zang,Liu e t Hu (on larvae o f L e ~ i d o ~ t e r a c.
) , militaris (L.) Link
(on pupae of Lepidoptera)
4. From 4200-5000 m. T h i s r e p r e s e n t s t h e c o l d
temperate a l p i n e shrub-meadow zone,with o n l y
t h e hardy s p e c i e s of t h e c. m e n s i s (Berk.)
Sacc. i s p a r a s i t i c on t h e l a r v a e o f
armoricanus Ober. I t i s a f a c u l t a t i v e saprobe from A p r i l t o June.
,c.
.
Ode t o B i l l Carmichael
(On His Retirement)
'Twas on t h e eve o f December 31st
When from t h e i r f o l d e r s t h e fungi b u r s t
To have a meeting about the morrow,
t h e i r boss was l e a v i n g and i t was time f o r sorrow.
Squeals o f j o y rang through t h e lab,
Even o l d Nan I z z i a j o i n e d t h e conflab.
As dreams o f immunocompromised scalps and groins,
Danced v i v i d l y i n t h e i r woronin body broins.
F i r s t Geo Trichum (a candid f e l l o w ) s a i d
"For he who loves mycelium
and gets t h e b i g g e s t t h r i l l i u m
from messing w i t h Chrysosporium
I t h i n k I f e e l very s o r r y forium."
"For those who l i k e h a i r , t h e r e ' l l be c a t t l e and goats
Trichophyton can ramble a l l over t h e i r coats
I f i t s feathers you crave, t h e r e w i l l be chickens too
And i f you d o n ' t 1 ike feathers you can grow i n t h e i r
do0
Old leaves and books and a timber t o o
There's so many choices which f i r s t w i l l you chew?"
...
Poetic Penny S i l l i u m t o A r t h u r Derma said,
"Oh f o r l o r n dermatophyte
Bemoan t h e l o s s o f your a c o l y t e
He's t a k i n g h i s fanny t o t h e bay
And w i t h molds w i l l no longer play."
"And what f o r ? " asked A1 Euriospore.
"To b u i l d a burning p i l e " , r e p l i e d Mycelium S t e r i l e .
"That sounds l i k e such a chore", announced Ann Ellophore.
"There r e a l l y must be something more."
A t t h i s p o i n t a p o s i t i v e mating s t r a i n ,
Waved h i s club-shaped antheridium saying,
"Hold on now, I have t h e r i g h t r e p o r t ,
he's b u i l d i n g us a b i g r e s o r t . "
.
"And i f i t s s k i n you d e s i r e
Well l i s t e n t o me
There's l o t s o f t h i s s t u f f
I n the province o f B.C."
(T. rubrum suppressed a squeal o f glee).
The molds now burrowed deep i n t h e drawers
To g e t ready t o leave i n a few s h o r t hours
A1 1 o f them eagerly l o o k i n g forward
t o enjoying, a t l a s t , t h e i r b i g reward.
--R.
Currah
COMKENTS FROM NEW CORRESPONDING MEMBERS
Not long ago (1982), the Society elected four new Corresponding Members--R. W. G. Dennis,
Formal letters of notification were sent to each
by then Secretary-Treasurer Goos. Excerpts frontheir replies pertaining to their election are
reproduced below.
R. Kuhner, E. Muller, and C. V. Subramanian.
"It was with mingled pleasure and astonishment that I read your letter of 19th November,
received yesterday. Astonished because I had no idea I had any friends left in the United
States. Thirty, even twenty, years ago of course there were plenty, but with the passing years
they died off, went on before as you might say, or just lapsed when I retired seven years ago.
It is therefore with enhanced appreciation that I thank the members of the Mycological Society
of America for the honour they have done me in electing me a Corresponding Member of the
Society.
As an outsider, unfamiliar with issues and personalities involved, I would not presume to
vote on Society business, but I shall certainly look forward eagerly to reading Mycologia,
at Kew.
probably well before the library copy gets here
Please accept my best wishes
in regard to the continuing properity of the Society."
......
.........
Yours Sincerely,
R. W. G. Dennis
"Mon glection en qualit& de Membre correspondant de la ~ocigt6mycologique amgricaine m'a
vivement surpris. Veuillez dire
vos ~ollgguescombien je suis sensible 3 ce tdmoignage de
haute estime.
C'est un grand honneur qui m'est fait, en mgme temps qu'a ceux qui sont devenus mes Collaborateurs; sans ces chercheurs, qui ont 6t6 mes 6l%ves, je n'aurais pu diversifier mon activitd
mycologique comme je l'ai fait.
Je serai naturellementfortheureux de recevoir desormais M colo ia.
l'assurance de mes sentiEn vous remerciant vivement, ......... je vous prie, de croire
ments les plus cordiaux."
>
*
.........
"Many thanks for your kind letter
about my election as a Corresponding Member
of the Mycological Society of America. I feel much honoured about that surprising and unexpected nomination, and I which to thank for that the Society."
Sincerely yours,
A a
Emil Muller
"I am overwhelmed by the kindness and courtesy the members of the Mycological Society
of America have shown me, and I am most grateful. Knowing as I do the distinguished membership of the Society and its remarkable record of service to our science during the past fifty
years and more, I feel too small indeed to deserve an honour so great. And yet, I cherish it
as something most precious and memorable and it is with justifiable pride that I accept it.
I also consider it as a sign of the enormous goodwill and friendliness between our two
countries.
I thank you and the Society most sincerely for the honour bestowed on me."
49
COMPUTER SOFTWARE A V A I L A B L E - - F O R
GIVE-AWAY,
SALE,
OR EXCHANGE
Robert E. Macho1 r e c e n t l y described a numerical taxonomy technique f o r a s s i g n i n g lowerl e v e l taxa (such as genera) t o h i g h e r - l e v e l taxa (such as f a m i l i e s ) , and a p p l i e d i t t o f o u r
c o n t r o v e r s i a l questions i n Agaricales taxonomy (See Nova Hedwiga 21: 753-787. 1972). A
FORTRAN program i s avai 1a b l e t o MSA members.
Does anyone have personal l y developed programs they would share w i t h o t h e r MSA members?
A f r e e brochure d e s c r i b i n g BioSuperfile, a user f r i e n d l y microcomputer software package,
i s a v a i l a b l e from BIOSIS. B i o S u p e r f i l e i s a p i e c e o f " f i l i n g system" software and allows
users t o create, m a i n t a i n and update a f i l e o f b i b l i o g r a p h i c references. I t a l s o b u i l d s a
d i c t i o n a r y o f any terms designated as "index terms" i n t h e references, and provides informat i o n r e t r i e v a l c a p a b i l i t i e s . Menu-driven. CP/M o r MS-DOS.
B i o s u p e r f i l e was designed t o p r o v i d e information r e t r i e v a l capabi 1it i e s f o r t h e BIOSIS
I n f o r m a t i o n T r a n s f e r System (B- I-T-S) , t h e i r newest, i n d i v i d u a l l y - t a i l o r e d c u r r e n t awareness
service. A v a i l a b l e o n l y t o B-I-T-S subscribers a t t h e s p e c i a l p r i c e o f $100.00.
Write:
BioSciences I n f o r m a t i o n Service, 2100 Arch S t r e e t , Philadelphia, PA 19103-1399.
OTHER M Y C O L O G I C A L I T E M S A V A I L A B L E - - F O R
GIVE-AWAY,
SALE,
OR EXCHANGE
Michael R. Tal l e y has f o r s a l e used American O p t i c a l hemacytometers (improved ~ e u b a u e r )
f o r $10.00 each p l u s $1 .OO postage. L i m i t e d supply.
Abraham Weintraub o f f e r s a S p i n e t t e e l e c t r i c c e n t r i f u g e (4-tube t a b l e u n i t ) f o r $50.00.
Postage e x t r a . He a l s o has an experimental new l i q u i d microscope s l i d e mounting medium i n a
one ounce b o t t l e f o r 63.00.
Shipping e x t r a on both. S t e r i l e Experimental c u l t u r e media
( e x t r a c t i v e s ) a l s o s t i 11 a v a i l a b l e .
F l o r i d a Mycology Research Center o f f e r s the World's l a r g e s t mushroom spore s e l e c t i o n .
FMKC a l s o c a r r i e s an assortment o f mushroom growing supplies, and a f r e e c a t a l o g i s a v a i l a b l e
upon request from Stephen L. Peele.
The significance of
fungi No. 2
T h e Fly Ags.ric
u s e d to drive
Ancient Vikings
BERSERK I ! I
PUBLICATIONS WANTED
P. C. Jain needs books and papers on p l a s t i c and rubber degrading b a c t e r i a and f u n g i .
C. Volbracht wishes t o buy o r exchange o l d mushroom books.
T. D. Murray i s i n need o f a copy of DISEASES OF CEREALS AND GRASSES OF NORTH AMERICA
by R. Sprague.
D. F. Kendra needs t h e f o l l o w i n g books: GENETICS OF FUNGI by K. Esser and R. Kuenen
( E n g l i s h t r a n s l a t i o n ) Springer Verlag Inc., New York, 1967; FUNGAL METABOLITES by W. B.
Turner. Academic Press. New York, 1971 ; MYCOGENETICS : AN INTRODUCTION TO THE GENERAL
GENETICS OF FUNGI by J. H. Burnett. John Wiley & Sons. New York, 1979. FUNGAL GENETICS
by J. R. S. Fincham, P. R. Day, and A. Radford. Botanical Monographs Volume 4. U n i v e r s i t y
o f C a l i f o r n i a Press. Berkeley, 1979.
N. Amano i s l o o k i n g f o r TAXONOMY OF FUNGI IMPERFECT1 by B. Kendrick (ed.) U n i v e r s i t y
o f Toronto Press, 1971.
R. W. Kerrigan wants anything " o l d " on commercial mushroom c u l t u r e , p a r t i c u l a r l y spawnr e l a t e d information.
J. S. Shipman i s i n need o f any i n f o r m a t i o n on s c i e n t i f i c computer programs developed
by people i n the society.
M. R. T a l l e y would l i k e copies o f MYCOLOGIA before 1974.
T. M. Hammi 11 needs a copy o f CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY, 1981.
Vol ume 59.
0. Constantinescu wants pub1 i c a t i o n s on Peronosporales ( o l d and new).
Y. Renaud would 1ike r e p r i n t s w i t h d e t a i 1ed d e s c r i p t i o n s of Myxomycetes.
L. L. Norvel wishes any p u b l i c a t i o n s d e a l i n g w i t h Higher Fungi and Myxomycetes of t h e
P a c i f i c Northwest (see Notes and Comnents f o r more).
W.
R. Burk wants r e p r i n t s on the Gasteromycetes.
S. L. Stephenson needs r e p r i n t s on Myxomycetes.
S. K. Abdullah wants any papers on Aero-aquatic c o n i d i a l f u n g i and coprophilous and
s o i 1 as comycetes
.
T. E. Chase i s i n need o f GENETICS OF SEXUALITY IN HIGHER FUNGI by J. R. Raper.
R. T u l l o s s needs a copy o f AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN by C. H. Kauffman.
J. Ammirat.i needs METHUEN HANDBOOK OF COLOUR by A. Kornerup and J. H. Wanscher. (Second
o r more r e c e n t a d d i t i o n i s p r e f e r r e d ) .
H. M. Saylor would l i k e copies o f European and A u s t r a l i a n p u b l i c a t i o n s on hypogeous and
s e c o t i o i d fungi.
CAUTION TO AQUATIC MYCOLOGISTS:
HEMPSEEDS THAT A m OVER-BOILED USUALLY GQ TO POT*
51
POSITIONS WANTED
EDWARD A. FELIX i s seeking a post-doctoral o r permanent f a c u l t y - s t a f f p o s i t i o n (teaching/
research), beginning September 1984. Ph. D. , U n i v e r s i t y o f Texas, Austin. Major prof e s s o r : Gary T. Cole. Research i n t e r e s t : broad, pathogenic mycology t o p h y s i o l o g i c a l
ecology o f f u n g i .
JON POLISHOOK wishes a master's l e v e l research p o s i t i o n . Jon s t u d i e d w i t h C. J. K. Wang a t
SUNY, and has 1+ years l a b experience w i t h mycotoxins, taxonomy o f i m p e r f e c t f u n g i , and
decay of p r e s e r v a t i v e t r e a t e d wood.
STEVEN E. CARPENTER desires employment i n teaching and research i n a u n i v e r s i t y environment.
Research i n t e r e s t s i n c l ude taxonomy o f t h e D i scomycetes, fungal c o l o n i z a t i o n o f heat
disturbance s i t e s such as M t . S t . Helens, and Discomycetes as mycorrhizal f u n g i . A v a i l able f o r employment any time.
ERIC A. JOHNSON i s seeking an a s s i s t a n t p r o f e s s o r s h i p i n fungal and b a c t e r i a l physiology.
HANANYA J. KRONENBERG i s seeking a p o s i t i o n i n a company i n v o l v e d i n fermentations, fermented
foods, c u l t u r e maintenance and inoculum development, research i n appl i e d mycology, s i n g l e
c e l l p r o t e i n , a n t i b i o t i c production, o r r e l a t e d areas. N.S. , 1983, Cornel 1 U n i v e r s i t y .
Major professor: Y. D. Hang (R. P. K o r f on committee). A v a i l a b l e immediately and w i l l
r e l o c a t e . Research i n t e r e s t s and pub1 i c a t i o n s i n O r i e n t a l fermented foods. Also i n t e r e s t e d i n O r i e n t a l mushrooms and waste u t i l i z a t i o n .
STEPHEN J. BECK i s searching f o r a teaching a s s i s t a n t s h i p / r e s e a r c h f e l l o w s h i p i n a pred o c t o r a l program. Since r e c e i v i n g h i s M.A. i n December 1980, he has been teaching
General B i o l o g y a t t h e c o l l e g e l e v e l . His main research experience has been w i t h the
study of fungal p a r a s i t i s m of e u k a r y o t i c a1 gae (see general announcements) ; however,
he i s i n t e r e s t e d i n many aspects o f m i c r o b i o l o g i c a l research.
MARGUERITE A. PERSI would l i k e a post-doctoral o r a s s i s t a n t p r o f e s s o r l e v e l p o s i t i o n as soon
as possible. Ph.D.:
Medical College o f Ohio, Toledo. Major professor: Jeffrey C.
Burnham. Her research i n t e r e s t s c e n t e r around pathogenic mechanisms e s p e c i a l l y r e l a t e d
t o mycology (e. g., Candida o r o t h e r y e a s t s ) .
POSTDOCTORAL POSITIONS AVAILABLE
New York S t a t e A g r i c u l t u r e Experiment S t a t i o n : Post-doctoral f e l l o w s h i p (perhaps two) i n
CELL BIOLOGY. F e l l o w ( s ) wi 11 p a r t i c i p a t e i n ongoing research concerned w i t h s i g n a l
r e c e p t i o n and transmission f o r c e l l d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n and m i t o s i s i n Uromyces phase01 i
Research i n v o l v e s calcium and calmodul i n i n t e r a c t i o n s w i t h t h e microtubule-mi c r o f i l ament
cytoskeleton through t h e course o f s i g n a l reception. Experience i n c e l l b i o l o g y and
1 i g h t and/or transmission e l e c t r o n microscopy p r e f e r r e d . Stipend: Approx. $1 7,000.
Avai 1 a b l e immediately. Contact Harvey C. Hoch.
.
Purdue U n i v e r s i t y : Post-doctoral research a s s o c i a t e p o s i t i o n a v a i l a b l e August 1, 1984, f o r
research on t h e DEVELOPMENTAL BIOCHEMISTRY o f B l a s t o c l a d i e l l a . W r i t e James S. L o v e t t
f o r more i n f o r m a t i o n .
U n i v e r s i t y o f Arkansas : A two y e a r post-doctoral research associate p o s i t i o n t o study fungi
o f weeds t h a t might be employed f o r b i o c o n t r o l o f t h e weed species. W r i t e o r telephone
George E. Templeton t o l e a r n more.
VACANCIES FOR M Y C O L O G I S T S
Monterey Mushrooms, i s a Santa Cruz, CA f i r m s p e c i a l i z i n g i n production and s a l e o f h i g h
q u a l i t y , e d i b l e mushrooms (Agaricus b i s orus) and has a new research f a c i l i t y near Watsonville,
CA (ready f o r occupancy i n July, 1 9 8 6 are
~ seeking t o fill two e n t r y - l e v e l Ph.D. p o s i t i o n s i n MUSHROOM GROWTH RESEARCH. Successful applicants w i l l work as p a r t o f an i n t e r d i s c i p l i n a r y research team on new and i n n o v a t i v e p r o j e c t s r e l a t e d t o y i e l d and q u a l i t y .
One p o s i t i o n r e q u i r e s a demonstrated abi 1 it y i n i n v e s t i g a t i n g biochemical aspects o f physi o l o g i c a l , genetic, o r pathological problems i n fungal systems (organismal o r i e n t a t i o n ) . This
s c i e n t i s t w i l l be responsible f o r research i n mushroom growth, reproduction, and qua1 it y .
The second p o s i t i o n r e q u i r e s a background i n fermentation, s o i 1 biochemistry, p o u l t r y
n u t r i t i o n , o r p l a n t physiology. P r i o r experience w i t h complex n u t r i t i o n a l substrates he1p f u l
This i n d i v i d u a l w i l l be expected t o have a l e a d i n g r o l e i n t h e development o f n u t r i t i o n a l
supplements and compos t i ng techno1 ogy.
The company o f f e r s growth p o t e n t i a1 , competitive s a l a r i e s , and a f u l l b e n e f i t package
i n c l u d i n g r e l o c a t i o n expense reimbursement. Send resume o r c u r r i c u l u m v i t a e w i t h t h r e e r e ferences t o Dodie Rogers, Monterey Mushrooms, P. 0. Box 1990, Santa Cruz, CA 95061.
.
A p p l i c a t i o n s w i l l soon be taken f o r two MYCOLOGICAL TECHNICIAN p o s i t i o n s a t t h e Center
For Forest Mycology Research, Madison, M I . Employment begins October 1 , 1984. I f i n t e r e s t e d ,
send a resume t o Harold H. Burdsall who w i l l send p a r t i c u l a r s when they become f i n a l ized.
The Department o f Botany, U n i v e r s i t y o f C a l i f o r n i a , Berkeley, i s seeking t o f i l l t h e
p o s i t i o n o f MANAGER OF THE MICROGARDEN. The p o s i t i o n includes c u r a t o r i a l , preparatory, and
a d m i n i s t r a t i v e d u t i e s r e l a t i n g t o 1 i v i n g fungal and a1 gal c o l l e c t i o n s i n t h e Microgarden
(a support f a c i 1 i t y t o t h e Department's teaching and research programs). Extensive pub1 ic
s e r v i c e ( d i s t r i b u t i o n o f c u l t u r e s , e t c . ) i s a l s o involved.
Applicants should be able t o work independently, supervise a s s i s t a n t s , and conduct i n dependent research on preservation and p r e s e n t a t i o n o f the Microgarden organisms. Experience
w i t h p r e s e r v a t i o n o f microorganisms by d e s i c c a t i o n , l y o p h i 1ization, and cryogenics desirable.
Minimum educational requirement i s a bachelors degree i n biology. Salary w i l l be commensur a t e w i t h experience, b u t should be i n the range o f $22,000 t o $27,000 p e r year. A v a i l a b l e
Fa11, 1984. (pending r e c e i p t o f funding).
For more information contact M r . Derek Maskell, Department o f Botany, U n i v e r s i t y o f
C a l i f o r n i a , Berkeley, CA 94720. Phone (415 ) 642-9109.
The USDA-ARS-NCR, Northern Regional Research Center (Peoria, I L 61604) has announced
t h e t h r e e p o s i t i o n s summarized below. For f u r t h e r d e t a i l s c o n t a c t R. W. Detroy, a t t h e
address above.
RESEARCH CHEMIST. Incumbent serves as a m i c r o b i a l biochemist e x p l o r i n g the biochemical
aspects of trichothecene biosynthesis. The o v e r a l l o b j e c t i v e w i l l be t o e s t a b l i s h t h e sequence o f biochemical steps and metabolic intermediate f l u x r e q u i r e d t o i n i t i a t e t h e product i o n o f these mycotoxins. Incumbent w i l l u t i l i z e r a d i o i s o t o p e t r a c e r techniques, p r o t e i n
i s o l a t i o n , enzymology techniques, i n v i t r o p r o t e i n analysis, and tri chothecene t o determine
how formation can be c o n t r o l l e d .
MICROBIOLOGIST. Incumbent serves as a m i c r o b i a l p h y s i o l o g i s t conducting research on the
c o n t r o l of trichothecene mycotoxins by Fusari um species associated w i t h cereal grains. Spec i fic a l ly, t h e incumbent: ( 1 ) determines the p h y s i o l o g i c a l parameters which i n f l u e n c e t h e
overproduction o f trichothecenes; ( 2 ) i n v e s t i g a t e s metabolic r e g u l a t i o n p a t t e r n s e x i s t i n g f o r
mycotoxin production; and (3) establishes n u t r i t i o n a l requirements o f these t o x i g e n i c fungi
t o reduce t o x i n formation.
RESEARCH GENETICIST. Incumbent serves as a molecular b i o l o g i s t / g e n e t i c i s t conducting
research i n t h e appl i c a t i o n o f m i c r o b i a l genetics f o r the c o n t r o l / r e g u l a t i o n of trichothecene
production by Fusarium species. S p e c i f i c a l l y , t h e incumbent conducts experiments i n t h e f o l lowing area of genetics: (1) m i c r o b i a l genetics; ( 2 ) mutational analysis; ( 3 ) c l a s s i c a l
Fusari um g e n e t i c a n a l y s i s ; ( 4 ) RNA/DNA i s o l a t i o n and c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n ; and ( 5 ) p l asmi d/
organel l e i s 0 1 a t i o n .
ASSISTANTSHIPS AND FELLOWSHIPS AVAILABLE
53
Frostburg S t a t e College: Teaching A s s i s t a n t s h i p l e a d i n g t o a M.S. i n BIOLOGY. Contact W. J .
Vai 1, Department of Biology, Frostburg S t a t e College, Frostburg, MD 21532
Ohio S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y : Graduate Teaching Assistantships ( w i t h t u i t i o n waiver) i n BOTANY are
a v a i l a b l e . W r i t e t o Roland Seymour o r Gary Floyd, Department o f Botany, Ohio S t a t e
U n i v e r s i t y , 1973 N e i l Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210.
Yoder Brothers, Inc. : A s s i s t a n t s h i p a v a i l a b l e f o r work w i t h BACTERIAL DISEASES OF ORNAMENTAL
PLANTS. Contact B o l i g a l a C. Raju, C h i e f P l a n t . P a t h o l o g i s t , Yoder Brothers, Inc., P. 0.
Box 68, A1 va, FL 33920. Phone (813) 728-2535.
S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y of New York a t Buffalo: A s s i s t a n t s h i p s a v a i l able. Contact Dr. Charles
J e f f r e y , Department o f B i o l o g i c a l Sciences, 109 Cooke H a l l , S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y o f New York
a t B u f f a l o , Buffalo, NY 14260.
U n i v e r s i t y of Texas: Graduate Student A s s i s t a n t s h i p s a v a i l a b l e i n APPLIED MYCOLOGY. Send
i n q u i r y t o Gary T. Cole, Department o f Botany, Univ. o f Texas, Austin, TX 78712.
U n i v e r s i t y o f Vermont: Fel lowships t o study CLASSICAL, POPULATION, OR MOLECULAR GENETICS OF
BASIDIOMYCETES. Contact D r . Robert C. U l l r i c h , Department o f Botany, Marsh L i f e
Science B u i l d i n g , U n i v e r s i t y o f Vermont, B u r l i n g t o n , VT 05405.
Brigham Young U n i v e r s i t y : Teaching A s s i s t a n t s h i p s i n MYCOLOGY.
285 W i dtsoe , B r i gham Young Un iv e r s i t y , Provo , UT 84602.
W r i t e t o D a r r e l l Weber,
Auburn U n i v e r s i t y : Graduate Research A s s i s t a n t s h i p s and Postdoctoral Research Fel lowships
a r e a v a i l a b l e f o r study o f t h e ROLE OF NON-PREDATORY HYPHOMYCETES I N BIOCONTROL OF
PHYTONEMATODES. Contact Gareth Morgan-Jones, Department o f Botany and Microbiology,
Auburn Uni v e r s i t y , Auburn AL 36830.
U n i v e r s i t y o f North Carol inay I n s t i t u t e o f Marine Sciences: One A s s i s t a n t s h i p , s t a r t i n g
September 1 , 1984, f o r 2 years. Contact Jan Kohlmeyer, I n s t i t u t e o f Marine Sciences,
U n i v e r s i t y o f North Carolina, Morehead C i t y , NC 28557.
Northern Arizona U n i v e r s i t y : Graduate Research Assistantship, 2-year appointment f o r M.S.
program i n MYCOLOGY. Research i n v o l v e s work w i t h ECTOMYCORRHIZAE OF PINE. For more
information, g e t i n touch w i t h Jack States, Box 5640, Northern Arizona U n i v e r s i t y ,
F l a g s t a f f , AZ 8601 1.
U n i v e r s i t y o f Arkansas: Research A s s i s t a n t s h i p f o r an M.S. o r Ph. D. a s p i r a n t t o s t u d y
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF WEEDS USING FUNGAL PATHOGENS. Bachelor's o r Master's degree i n
P l a n t Pathology, Microbiology, o r Mycology required. Salary $1 3,500.00 - $14,800.00.
W r i t e G. J. Weidemann, Department o f P l a n t Pathology, 217 P l a n t Science, U n i v e r s i t y of
Arkansas, F a y e t t e v i 1 1e, AR 72701. Phone (501 ) 575-2445.
Southern I l l i n o i s U n i v e r s i t y : Doctoral Fellowship, f o r 1985-1986, w i t h $8,500 s t i p e n d p l u s
t u i t i o n w a i v e r f o r each o f 3 years (University-wide competition, 5 a v a i l a b l e ) . Also
Teaching A s s i s t a n t s h i p ( a v a i l a b l e on Departmental c o m p e t i t i v e b a s i s ) f o r M.A. o r Ph. D.
a s p i r a n t i n SYSTEMATIC MYCOLOGY. Duties i n Gen. Biology, Gen. Botany and/or F o r e s t
Pathology. W r i t e W. J. Sundberg, Dept. o f Botany, SIU, Carbondale, I L 62901.
DON PFISTER HAS COPIES OF D. P. ROGERS' "A BRIEF HISTORY OF P4YCOLOGY IN NORTH AMERICA"
54
CHANGES OF A F F I L I A T I O N OR STATUS
ROBERT L. WICK, formerly an a s s i s t a n t professor i n t h e Department o f P l a n t Pathology,
Physiology, and Weed Science a t V i r g i n i a Polytechnic I n s t i t u t e and State U n i v e r s i t y ,
Blacksburg, VA, w i l l be j o i n i n g t h e f a c u l t y a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Massachusetts, Suburban
Experiment S t a t i o n , Wal tham, MA, May 1 , 1984.
JANE TROLINGER r e c e n t l y accepted t h e p o s i t i o n o f research p l a n t p a t h o l o g i s t w i t h Yoder
Brothers, Inc. t o work on diseases o f ornamental p l a n t s .
M R Y E. PALM has accepted a p o s i t i o n as Mycologist with. USDA/Animal and P l a n t Health
I n s p e c t i o n Service and w i l l be a f f i 1i a t e d w i t h t h e Mycology Laboratory i n Be1t s v i 11e, MD.
NORIHIDE AMANO has moved t o t h e Laboratory o f Applied Microbiology, Research Center, Suntory
Ltd., Osaka, Japan.
ERIC A. JOHNSON has accepted a p o s i t i o n w i t h t h e Department o f Microbiology and Molecular
Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
ROBERT A. HILL f o r m e r l y a t the Coastal P l a i n Experiment S t a t i o n , T i f t o n , Georgia, i s now a t
t h e Department o f Biology, Tulane U n i v e r s i t y and Southern Regional Research Center, New
Orleans, LA.
JAMES S. LIEBMAN began a graduate program i n P l a n t Pathology a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f C a l i f o r n i a ,
Berkeley, i n t h e f a l l o f 1983. His s t u d i e s on disease caused by s o i l f u n g i a r e supported
by a Graduate Fellowship from t h e National Science Foundation.
CAROL E. WINDELS w i l l be employed as an A s s i s t a n t Professor o f P l a n t Pathology a t t h e Northwest Experiment Station, U n i v e r s i t y o f Minnesota, Crookston, MN as o f June 1, 1984. She
was p r e v i o u s l y employed as S c i e n t i s t a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Minnesota, Department of P l a n t
Pathology, St. Paul, MN 55108.
RICHARD W. KERRIGAN, as o f September 1984, w i l l be w i t h t h e Department o f B i o l o g i c a l Sciences,
U n i v e r s i t y o f Cal i f o r n i a , Santa Barbara, CA 93106.
CHIN S. YANG has accepted a one-year appointment as the Anna E. Jenkins Postdoctoral Associate
i n Mycology i n the Department o f P l a n t Pathology a t Cornell U n i v e r s i t y e f f e c t i v e J u l y 1,
1984. He w i l l work w i t h Richard K o r f on t h e genera T r i c h a r i n a (Discomycetes).
JOHN F. LESLIE has r e c e n t l y moved t o Manhattan, KS, from Terre Haute, IN, and i s now an
A s s i s t a n t Professor i n t h e P l a n t Pathology Department a t Kansas S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y .
CHRIS LUCAROTTI w i l l soon be l e a v i n g h i s post-doctoral p o s i t i o n a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y of
C a l i f o r n i a-Ri verside, where he has been working on Coelomomyces w i t h B r i a n Federi c i
E f f e c t i v e August 1, 1984, Chris w i l l serve as A s s i s t a n t Professor i n t h e Biology Department o f Mount S a i n t Vincent U n i v e r s i t y , H a l i f a x , Nova Scotia, Canada B3M 256.
.
MARGUERITE A. PERSI i s c u r r e n t l y a P e r i o d o n t i c Trainee a t t h e Center f o r Oral Health Research,
School o f Dental Medicine, Department o f Microbiology, U n i v e r s i t y o f Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, PA 19104.
PATRICIA E. BOYD i s now a production e d i t o r w i t h Academic Press i n Orlando, FL.
JOHN B. SUTHERLAND has accepted a new p o s i t i o n i n t h e BioSource I n s t i t u t e and I n s t i t u t e of
Wood Research, Michigan Technological U n i v e r s i t y , Houghton , M I .
MARTINA S. GILLIAM-DAVIES i s back from f i v e years i n Saudi Arabia and i s hoping t o resume
study o f Marasmius.
55
DELORES RYKARD ( s t u d e n t o f E. S. L u t t r e l l ) completed h e r Ph.D. a t the U n i v e r s i t y o f Georgia
_ i n March 1983 and has accepted a permanent p o s i t i o n a t Coker College, B i o l o g y Department,
H a r t s v i 11e, SC.
KENT P. DUMONT i s no l o n g e r on t h e s t a f f o f t h e New York Botanical Garden. Mycologists who
a r e s t u d y i n g c o l l e c t i o n s obtained by Dumont i n South America should send determinations
t o Clark T. Rogerson, New York Botanical Garden. I f loans were i n v o l v e d i n t h e a r rangements f o r examining t h e specimens, t h e m a t e r i a l s should be r e t u r n e d t o Dr. P a t r i c i a
K. Holmgren, D i r e c t o r of t h e Herbarium (NY), New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY 10458.
R. CURRAH, whose t h e s i s was e n t i t l e d "The taxonomy of t h e Onygenales : Arthrodermataceae,
Gymnoascaceae and Myxotri chaceae" , completed h i s Ph. D. i n Medi c a l Sciences (Medical
M i c r o b i o l o g y ) a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f A l b e r t a and r e t u r n s f u l l - t i m e t o h i s p o s i t i o n as
Research a s s o c i a t e a t t h e U. of A. Devonian Botanic Garden.
MICHAEL R. TALLEY, who was f o r m e r l y employed by METPATH INC.,
of PATHLAB LTD., Council B l u f f s , I A .
i s now a mycological c o n s u l t a n t
CHESTER R. BENJAMIN has been reassigned, v i a o f f i c e r e o r g a n i z a t i o n , t o t h e p o s i t i o n o f Senior
A s s i s t a n t t o t h e A s s i s t a n t A d m i n i s t r a t o r f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l A f f a i r s and Planning, O f f i c e
of I n t e r n a t i o n a l Cooperation and Development, USDA.
GEOFFREY PUGH has l e f t As t o n U n i v e r s i t y t o become Head o f Department, Department of B i o l o g i c a l
Sciences a t Portsmouth Polytechnic, Portsmouth, England.
STEPHEN L PEELE
CL~ATOR
w
w
P.O. BOX 8104
PENSACOW. fM R l D A 32505
D
O f f e r s The World's L a r g e s t Mushroom
Spore Bank, C u l t u r e s , And S u p p l i e s .
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includes inside glass applicator.
Enough f o r hundreds o f t e s t s .
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56
TRAVELS AND V I S I T S
DAVID W. MINTER v i s i t e d I n d i a l a s t September w i t h Paul Cannon, a l s o o f C. M. I.,t o make
f u r t h e r c o l l e c t i o n s o f microfungi i n Himachal Pradesh State.
E. B. GARETH JONES spent the month of February, 1984, a t Kuwait U n i v e r s i t y and w i l l a t t e n d
t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l B i o d e t e r i o r a t i o n Symposi um i n Washington, DC i n August 1984. He then
plans t o v i s i t Dr. Perkins (VIMS), Paul W. K i r k (Old Dominion U n i v e r s i t y , N o r f o l k ) , Jan
Kohlmeyer ( U n i v e r i s t y o f North Carolina, Morehead C i t y ) , and J. F e l l (Miami ).
ROLAND SEYMOUR spent 10 weeks a t t h e Centro de I n v e s t i g a c i o n de Paludismo i n Tapachula,
Mexico working on a newly funded National Academy o f Science p r o j e c t i n v o l v i n g t h e
i s o l a t i o n o f m i c r o b i a l pathogens o f mosquito 1arvae.
ANDREW S. METHVEN v i s i t e d the U n i v e r s i t y o f Michigan i n February t o examine c o l l e c t i o n s o f
C l avariadelphus i n the U n i v e r s i t y Herbari um.
DAWN JOHNS, m i c r o b i o l o g i s t , Jamaican Bureau o f Standards, Kingston, has completed a 10-month
study program w i t h Donald T. Wicklow a t t h e ARS C u l t u r e C o l l e c t i o n , USDA, Peoria, I L .
Her focus has been on the i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f t o x i g e n i c f u n g i i n a g r i c u l t u r a l produce.
DENNIS E. DESJARDINS spent the month o f January i n Japan. He v i s i t e d the T o t t o r i Mycological
I n s t i t u t e i n T o t t o r i - s h i and the Forestry and Forest Products Research I n s t i t u t e i n
Tsuchi ura City.
SHANNON M. BERCH spent t h r e e weeks i n March i n Richard Benjamin's l a b o r a t o r y a t Rancho Santa
Ana Botanic Garden studying Zygomycetes.
H. PETER MOLITORIS (Regensburg,
Kohlmeyer on p h y s i o l o g i c a l
months w i t h Drs. M o l i t o r i s
s t u d i e s on the ontogeny o f
Germany) i s spending h i s sabbatical leave working w i t h Jan
problems i n marine fungi. SCOTT SCHATZ i s working f o r two
and Kohlmeyer on enzymatic questions i n marine f u n g i and
Ascomycetes.
GERALDINE C. KAYE v i s i t e d David Malloch's Mycology Laboratory a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Toronto
on A p r i 1 23.
GARETH MORGAN-JONES v i s i t e d the I n t e r n a t i o n a l Potato Center (CIP) , Lima, Peru and conducted
f i e l d surveys i n Huanuco, Arequipa, and Cuzco, Peru d u r i n g A p r i l . Dr. P a r v i z J a t a l a ,
CIP, Lima, Peru r e c i p r o c a t e d by coming t o Auburn U n i v e r s i t y i n March t o c o l l a b o r a t e on
research on nematode b i o c o n t r o l by fungi.
Harry D. T h i e r s ' l i s t o f v i s i t o r s t o the Herbarium a t San Francisco S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y includes
MASON HALE, MARY E. PALM, and HARRIET BURGE.
IRA F. SALKIN and J. KANE, Laboratory Services Branch, Ontario M i n i s t r y o f Heal t h , Toronto,
v i s i t e d t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f A l b e r t a Mold Herbarium and Culture C o l l e c t i o n i n February, 1984,
t o g i v e a course w i t h Lynne S i g l e r i n medical mycology. V i s i t o r s t o UAMH d u r i n g 1983
i n c l u d e d M. RINALDI, T. Y. ZHANG, A. TSUNEDA, and G. T. COLE.
LARRY J. LITTLEFIELD spent one month (May 20-June 20) c o l l e c t i n g diseased m a t e r i a l and r u s t
urediniospores from 1eafy spurge and cypress spurge i n Greece, Yugoslavia, Romania,
Hungary, and I t a l y .
NANG YUN, from t h e I n s t i t u t e o f Forestry and S o i l Science, Academia S i n i c a i n Shenyang, China,
i s j u s t e n t e r i n g t h e - second year o f a two y e a r p o s i t i o n as V i s i t i n g Mycologist a t the
USDA Forestry Sciences Laboratory i n Corval l i s , OR. Dr. Yun's major i n t e r e s t s a r e i n
mycorrhizae and t h e taxonomy o f hypogeous fungi. He has met some American mycologists,
wants t o make more American f r i e n d s , and wishes t o exchange ideas and specimens.
57
PAPERS,
SEMINARS,
SYMPOSIA,
AND WORKSHOPS
G. B. CALLEJA was a r a p p o r t e u r a t t h e Dahlem Konferenzen workshop on " M i c r o b i a l adhesion and
aggregation" January 15-20, 1984, i n B e r l i n .
R. S. UPADHYAY presented a research paper on Fusarium udum i n t h e 4 t h I n t e r n a t i o n a l Congress
o f P l a n t Pathology h e l d a t Melbourne, A u s t r a l i a , from August 17-24, 1983.
ROLAND SEYMOUR offered a 1aboratory/discussion session on "Mycoses o f i n v e r t e b r a t e vectors
of human disease" d u r i n g a s h o r t course on New Developments i n Vector Control a t t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l Center f o r Pub1 i c Health Research,Xi.v. o f South C K o l i n a , ~ m n v 1i l e y SC.
ANDREW S. METHVEN l e c t u r e d on "The genus L a c t a r i u s i n n o r t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a " t o t h e San
Francisco blycol o g i c a l Society i n December, 1983.
PAUL T. ARNOLD presented "Comparisons o f VA mycorrhizal spore populations and i n f e c t i v i t y i n
response t o sewage sludge vs. urea-phosphate f e r t i l i z e r amendment" a t t h e 6 t h Annual
Graduate Ecology Symposium, Ohio S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , Columbus, OH on A p r i l 7, 1984 and
" E f f e c t s o f sludge a p p l i c a t i o n on VA mycorrhizal f u n g i " t o t h e Ohio Academy o f Science,
Case Western U n i v e r s i t y on A p r i l 28, 1984.
BOB. R. POHLAD presented " L u t t r e l l i a n concept o f ascomycete systematics" t o t h e Department of
P l a n t Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science, V i r g i n i a P o l y t e c h n i c I n s t i t u t e and S t a t e
U n i v e r s i t y on February 20, 1984.
DENNIS E. DESJARDINS gave a p r e s e n t a t i o n on "Undescribed species o f marasmioid f u n g i from
C a l i f o r n i a " a t t h e C a l i f o r n i a Botanical Society Graduate Student Meetings he1 d a t Chico
S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , A p r i l 7-8, 1984.
GARETH MORGAN- JONES 1ectured on the "Di aporthe/Phomopsi s complex o f soybeans ; morphol ogy and
ecology" a t t h e USDA sponsored conference on t h e D i aporthe/Phomopsis disease complex of
soybean, F o r t Wal t o n Beach, FL March 27, 1984 and "Fungal p a r a s i t e s o f nematode eggs i n
soybean" a t t h e Southern Soybean Disease Workers Meeting a t t h e same l o c a t i o n , March 28,
1984. He presented t h r e e t a l k s e n t i t l e d "Endoparasitic f u n g i " , " S o i l Hyphomycetes as
c y s t and egg pathogens", and "Mode o f a c t i o n and u l t r a s t r u c t u r a l s t u d i e s " a t t h e F i r s t
I n t e r n a t i o n a l Workshop on B i o l o g i c a l Control o f Nematodes h e l d a t Lima, Peru, A p r i l 9-13
and c h a i r e d t h e f i n a l session on methodology and development of b i o c o n t r o l agents.
LUNG-CHI WU presented "Composting Technology", which d e a l t w i t h s u b s t r a t e f o r mushroom
p r o d u c t i o n by commercial operations i n North America, a t t h e B r i t i s h Mycological
S o c i e t y ' s Second General Meeting symposi um on "Resource re1 a t i o n s o f agarics" h e l d a t
t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Manchester on A p r i l 10-13, 1984.
JAMES J. FERGUSON r e p o r t s t h a t a workshop on A p p l i c a t i o n s o f Mycorrhizal Fungi i n Crop proSpond u c t i o n was h e l d a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f F l o r i d a , G a i n e s v i l l e , FL on February 22-23.
sored by t h e F r u i t Crops Department, I n s t i t u t e o f Food and A g r i c u l t u r a l Sciences (IFAS),
i t was attended by s c i e n t i s t s , extension agents, and i n d u s t r y r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s from 11
s t a t e s and 3 f o r e i g n c o u n t r i e s . The meeting i n c l u d e d t a l k s on a p p l i c a t i o n s i n crop production, i n o c u l um production, v i a b i l i t y and storage, spore germination and axenic c u l t u r e , c u l t u r e c o l l e c t i o n s , crop production i n fumigated and non-fumigated s o i l s , appl ic a t i o n s i n greenhouse, f r u i t , vegetable and f o r e s t t r e e crops, and reclamation of s t r i p
mined and phosphate mined lands. P. WALLACE, F. A. WOOD, J. GRAHAM, C. JOHNSON, B.
HETRICK, D. SYLVIA, L. RHODES, J. MENGE, P. KORMANIK, S. NEMEC, R. BEST, J. FERGUSON,
N. SCHENCK, and H. BRYAN were speakers. Proceedings o f the workshop a r e b e i n g prepared
and w i l l be a v a i l a b l e from James Ferguson.
,
ROY WATLING and ORSON K. MILLER presented t a l k s on fungal ecology a t t h e A p r i l , 1984 meeting
of t h e Mycological Society of San Francisco.
58
HONORS,
AWARDS,
AND PROMOT IONS
JEFF EVANS (undergraduate student o f T. M. Hammill) received an award o f $1,100.00 from t h e
SUNY-Oswego Alumni Association t o continue h i s study on Melanospora f a l l a x (See
Mycological Research f o r more).
New
WAiJG YUN, a v i s i t i n g mycologist ( f r o m China) a t the USDA Forestry Sciences Laboratory i n
C o r v a l l i s , Oregon (see Notes And Comments f o r more), was honored by membership i n t h e
S o c i e t y o f t h e Sigma X i on May 8, 1984.
GARETH MORGAN-JONES has been e l e c t e d t o a three-year term on t h e Faculty Senate a t Auburn
University.
GUSTAVO A. ESCOBAR has been e l e c t e d Chairman o f the Departmento de B i o l o g i a o f the Universidad
de El Salvador and Vice President o f the Colegio de Biologos de El Salvador f o r t h e n e x t
biennial.
C. W. HESSELTINE was decorated w i t h the T h i r d Class Order o f the R i s i n g Sun i n Japan on
November 28, 1983. Dr. Hessel t i n e was recognized f o r h i s d i s t i n g u i s h e d services i n
development o f Japan's soysauce fermentation i n d u s t r y , improvement o f Japan ' s research
on fermented soybean foods, and promotion and a c t i v e p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n t e c h n i c a l coo p e r a t i o n between the United States and Japan. He i s the f i r s t f o r e i g n s c i e n t i s t t o
r e c e i v e t h i s honor which i s bestowed on b e h a l f o f the Emperor.
'
EDWARD A. FELIX was t h e 1984 award r e c i p i e n t o f t h e Robert A. Welch Pre-doctoral Fellowship.
R. S . UPADHYAY was awarded t h e Research Associateship o f the U n i v e r s i t y Grants Commission,
New Delhi t o work on "Biology and c o n t r o l o f G i b b e r e l l a i n d i c a . "
RYTAS VILGALYS was awarded the Gertrude Burlingham Fellowship from t h e New York Botanical
Garden l a s t summer.
EVERETT S. BENEKE received t h e Rhoda Benham ward f o r m e r i t o r i o u s c o n t r i b u t i o n s i n medical
mycology from t h e Medical Mycology Society o f t h e Americas i n St. Louis, Missouri, on
March 3, 1984.
JOHN CLAUSZ was promoted t o Associate Professor i n 1983.
GARY T. COLE was appointed Erskine V i s i t i n g Professor i n t h e Department o f Botany, U n i v e r s i t y
of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand, from June 1 through August 15, 1984.
CHESTER R. BENJAMIN was one o f a ten-member group ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l Organization A f f a i r s Task
Force) which received an " O I C D I n t e r n a t i o n a l Honor Award" t h i s Spring f o r outstanding
performance i n c o o r d i n a t i n g and p r o v i d i n g leadership t o USDA p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n w o r l d
agricultural affairs.
TERRENCE M. HAMMILL was honored a t the Spring Honors Convocation a t SUNY-Oswego w i t h t h e
1984 SUNY-Oswego P r e s i d e n t ' s Award f o r Creative and S c h o l a r l y A c t i v i t y and Research.
JILL S . SHIPMAN received a Small Business Innovative Research Grant o f $50,000 f o r a r o t a t i n g
r i n g - d i s k e l e c t r o d e and presented t h e research a t t h e Energy Technology Conference 1984
i n Washington, DC i n A p r i l .
RODNEY G. ROBERTS received a C e r t i f i c a t e o f M e r i t and a $1,000 cash award from t h e USDA f o r
"Dedication and excellence o f performance as a p l a n t path01ogis t i n t h e i s 0 1 a t i o n and
i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of fungi invading sunflower seed. "
LYNN SIGLER replaced B i l l Carmichael on t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l Commission on t h e Taxonomy of Fungi,
a commission o f t h e IUMS.
CLARK T. ROGERSON was given t h e D i s t i n g u i s h e d Service Award by t h e Corporation o f The New
York Botanical Garden on May 11, 1984, i n r e c o g n i t i o n of h i s outstanding s e r v i c e t o t h e
Garden and t o h i s profess ion.
HARRY D. THIERS was awarded an Exceptional Meri t o r i us Award by C a l i f o r n i a S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y
System f o r s e r v i c e t o t h e u n i v e r s i t y . The award i n c l u d e d a check f o r $1,500.
LAFAYETTE FREDERICK was t h e r e c i p i e n t o f the "Lamplighter Award" f o r Distinguished Service i n
teaching from Beta Kappa Chi National S c i e n t i f i c Society a t t h e annual meeting i n A t l a n t a ,
GA March 28-30.
This spring, he was a l s o e l e c t e d P r e s i d e n t - e l e c t o f t h e Association
o f Southeas t e r n Bi 01ogi s t s .
WILLIAM LOUIS CULBERSON, who j o i n e d the f a c u l t y o f t h e Department o f Botany o f Duke U n i v e r s i t y
i n 1955, has j u s t been named Hugo L. Blomquist Professor, t h e f i r s t r e c i p i e n t o f t h i s
newly created c h a i r .
DENNIS E. DESJARDINS was given an award a t t h e C a l i f o r n i a Botanical Society Graduate Student
Meetings i n A p r i l f o r p r e s e n t a t i o n o f the b e s t paper on a t h e s i s i n progress. (Paper
t i t l e : "Undescribed species o f marasmioid f u n g i from C a l i f o r n i a " ) .
WALTER J. SUNDBERG was e l e c t e d t o a three-year term as Chairman o f t h e Botany Section of t h e
I 1 1i n o i s S t a t e Academy o f Science.
DICK KORF advises us t h a t he, l i k e many another MSA member interested
in improving his vocabulary a n d t h a t of his children, uses one of these
"new word each day" c a l e n d a r s displayed a t the b r e a k f a s t table. Though
many of the words a r e old c r a c k e r s , some a r e indeed new ( t o him). He,
a n d he supposes other mycologists, was surprized on September 5th to see
a n e n t r y for a word he had never seen before, viz.,
fungible
a d j . Law. something
exchangeable for another of like kind.
They have a s i m p l e economy. based on e x change o f such f u n g i b l e goods as g r a i n and
vegetables.
On the occasion of a recent mid-term test i n h i s Introductory Mycology
course, Dick requested a series of definitions, among them numbering t h i s
one ( f o r which he mercifully offered e x t r a c r e d i t ) . None of the students
knew the l e g a l meaning, but there were some exciting answers. Four of
the students took the e a s y way out, a n d merely defined fungible a s edible.
Two chose v a r i a t i o n s on a theme: c a p a b l e of being attacked by a fungus,
a n d a n environment especially suited t o the growth of fungi, such a s a n
old p a i r of rotten boots. Knowing of Dick's interest in taxonomy, one came
up with a b l e t o be classified a s a fungus. Top a w a r d , in Dick's opinion,
was for believable i n a mycological sense.
60
PERSONAL NEWS
MARTHA SHERWOOD married LAWRENCE PIKE on January 15, 1983.
On A p r i l 29, 1984, J I L L S. SHIPMAN was m a r r i e d t o Sheldon Kaplan, a Senior Systems Analyst
w i t h Binary Systems i n Newton, MA.
RICHARD W.
(Rick) KERRIGAN-wed Hope W i l l i s on May 12, 1984.
NATALIE ELIZABETH PALM, daughter of Mary and Steve Palm, was born on June 28, 1983.
ROSS W. DAVIDSON wishes t o announce t h a t he i s now f u l l y ' r e t i r e d a f t e r 35 years i n t h e U. S.
D i v i s i o n o f Forest Pathology, then 20 years w i t h t h e Colorado S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y Wood
Research Laboratory working on wood d e f e c t s and t r e e diseases, and f i n a l l y 6 weeks i n
Taiwan s t u d y i n g f o r e s t t r e e diseases.
J. W.
( B i l l ) CARMICHAEL r e t i r e d on December 31, 1983 from h i s p o s i t i o n as Professor and
D i r e c t o r o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f A l b e r t a Mold Herbarium and C u l t u r e C o l l e c t i o n . I n
e s t a b l i s h i n g UAMH as a combined h e r b a r i urn and c u l t u r e c o l l e c t i o n o f microfungi, B i l l
developed i n n o v a t i v e techniques f o r the p r e p a r a t i o n o f d r i e d specimens, f o r f i 1i n g
h e r b a r i um m a t e r i a l , and f o r p r e s e r v a t i o n o f 1i v i n g c u l t u r e s . During h i s tenure, t h e
UAMH became w e l l e s t a b l i s h e d as a c o l l e c t i o n o f i n t e r n a t i o n a l repute. B i l l was f r e q u e n t l y consulted f o r advice on t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n and taxonomy o f Hyphomycetes and h i s
e x p e r t i s e w i l l be g r e a t l y missed.
B i l l has moved t o Fanny Bay, B r i t i s h Columbia where he has r e s i d e d on a p a r t - t i m e
b a s i s d u r i n g t h e past 10 years. A major duty t h e r e w i l l be t o c l e a r t h e l a n d i n prepar a t i o n f o r b u i l d i n g a permanent home. A poem w r i t t e n by Randy Currah i n honor o f B i 11's
r e t i r e m e n t i s published i n t h i s issue.
YVES RENAUD r e t i r e d on A p r i l 30, 1984 a f t e r 36% years w i t h t h e French Railways SNCF. (Hopef u l l y he w i l l continue h i s work w i t h t h e Socie'te' L o r r e i n e de Mycologie and h i s mycological i l l u s t r a t i o n activities.--ed. )
ROBERT BERMAN, long-time M i crogarden Manager a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Cal if o r n i a a t Berkeley,
i s r e t i r i n g a t t h e end o f t h i s year.
We r e g r e t t o r e p o r t t h e f o l l o w i n g deaths:
NORMAN F. CONANT, on A p r i l 23, 1984. D r . Conant, an emeritus MSA member, was James B. Duke
p r o f e s s o r emeritus and former Chairman o f Microbiology a t Duke Medical Center where he
taught f o r 39 years. Educated a t Bates College (Lewiston, ME) and Harvard U n i v e r s i t y ,
he concentrated on c a t e g o r i z i n g f u n g i and t h e diseases they cause. His Manual of
C l i n i c a l Mycology, w r i t t e n d u r i n g World !Jar I1 a t t h e request o f t h e U. S. Surgeon Gene r a l , described many unusual t r o p i c a l diseases u n f a m i l i a r a t t h e time t o armed forces
physicians. He a l s o published a second book, f i v e textbook chapters, and over 60 a r t i cles. For those wishing t o communicate w i t h w i f e S y l v i a , her address i s 5622 G a r r e t t
Road, Durham, NC 27707.
THOMAS CLIFFORD VANTERPOOL, on January 15, 1984. Also an emeritus MSA member, D r . Vanterpool
r e c e i v e d h i s t r a i n i n g a t McGill U n i v e r s i t y , the U n i v e r s i t y o f Manitoba, and t h e Univ e r s i t y of Saskatchewan. His tenure as an i n s t r u c t o r - r e s e a r c h e r spanned a t o t a l of 39
y e a r s - - f o r a s h o r t p e r i o d a t McGill U n i v e r s i t y and subsequently a t the U n i v e r s i t y of
Saskatchewan. He authored over 50 t e c h n i c a l papers on p l a n t disease and mycology.
Among h i s n o t a b l e c o n t r i b u t i o n s was t h e demonstration t h a t a v i r u s disease i n p l a n t s
could be caused by a double v i r u s and t h e discovery t h a t browning r o o t r o t of wheat
was induced by Pythium and could be c o n t r o l l e d by phosphate f e r t i l i z e r s .
NOTES AND COMMENTS
A NEW MYCOLOGICAL JOURNAL
The a s s o c i a t i o n o f Swis? Mycological S o c i e t i e s r e c e n t l y decided t o devote t h e i r
SCHWEIZERISCHE ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PILZKUNDE (SZP) t o "popular a r t i c l e s " , and i n i t i a t e a new
journal--MYCOLOGIA HELVETICA--for s t r i c t l y s c i e n t i f i c works. Each volume o f MYCOLOGIA
HELVETICA c o n s i s t s of 10 p a r t s issued w i t h i n 5-6 years. It contains o r i g i n a l papers i n
Engl i s h , French, German, o r It a l ian on "ecology , experimental mycology , genetics , medi c a l
mycology and mycotoxins, p a r t i a1 and f u l l monographs, morphology , cytology , p l e c t o l ogy ,
P r i o r i t y i s given
c l a s s i c a l and computer a s s i s t e d taxonomy, systematics and nomenclature.
to.. .papers d e a l i n g w i t h h i g h e r fungi. Contributions t o i n d u s t r i a l mycology are excluded. "
The E d i t o r s welcome submission o f a r t i c l e s by MSA members. S u b s c r i p t i o n r a t e i s 14 Swiss Fr.
p e r year.
E d i t o r : H. Gopfert, Alpenbl i c k s t r a s s e 53, CH-8630 R u t i , Switzerland.
For s u b s c r i p t i o n s contact: Mrs. J. Del amadelei ne, Rue des Combes 12, CH-2034 Peseuz,
Switzerland.
.
NEW UNDERGRADUATE SCHOLARSHIP IN MYCOLOGY
A "Katherina Bol lenbacher Memorial Scholarship" has been e s t a b l i s h e d a t the U n i v e r s i t y
o f Arkansas, F a y e t t e v i l l e , by t h e U n i v e r s i t y ' s Board o f Trustees i n r e c o g n i t i o n o f Miss
Bollenbacher's c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o c o t t o n disease research w h i l e a USDA cooperating agent i n
t h e Department o f P l a n t Pathology d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d 1955-1971. Among h e r more n o t a b l e
achievements was t h e discovery o f t e n t o x i n ( w i t h N. D. Ful ton and B. J. Moore) d u r i n g r e search on c o t t o n s e e d l i n g d i s e a s e - - p a r t i c u l a r l y the e t i o l o g y o f variegated c o t t o n s e e d l i n g
c h l o r o s i s caused by A1 t e r n a r i a a1 ternata.
The scholarship, t o be awarded annual l y , w i 11 provide an upper-1 eve1 undergraduate
student t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n mycological research i n the Department of P l a n t
Pathology. For c o n t r i b u t i o n o r f u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n contact D. A. Slack, Head, Department
of P l a n t Pathology, PS 217, U n i v e r s i t y o f Arkansas, F a y e t t e v i l l e , AR 72701.
INDUSTRIAL MYCOLOGY
From M. J. Thirumalacher we l e a r n t h a t a Phyton-27, a water s o l u b l e f u n g i c i d e - b a c t e r i c i d e
developed by t h e Jeersannidi Anderson I n s t i t u t e , i s a unique copper compound which i s nonp h y t o t o x i c and i s systemic i n plants. I t s a c t i o n i s chemotherapeutic a t f i r s t and l a t e r r e mains as p r o t e c t a n t . I t has been used f o r c o n t r o l l i n g Dutch elm and oak w i l t diseases as t r e e
i n j e c t i o n , and elms w i t h up t o 30% DED have recovered a f t e r treatment. I t has EPA r e g i s t r a t i o n and i s being marketed by Source Techno1 ogy B i o l o g i c a l s , a Minnesota based corporation.
The I n s t i t u t e has a l s o obtained two U. S. patents--one f o r a process f o r producing an
enzyme, which e f f e c t i v e l y cleans up o i l tankers from a s t r a i n o f Actinomucor elegans, and
another f o r a new species o f marine Geotrichum t h a t degrades crude o i l i n ocean o i l s p i l l s .
SUMMARY--MID-ATLANTIC STATES MYCOLOGY CONFERENCE
The 1984 M i d - A t l a n t i c States Mycology Conference was h e l d A p r i l 28-29, a t V i r g i n i a
Polytechnic I n s t i t u t e and S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y a t Blacksburg, VA, and was hosted by Orson K.
M i l l e r . Ronald Peterson, who was t h e s p e c i a l guest speaker, l e c t u r e d on "Kiwi Klavarias;
Kross-Roads o f t h e Koral Fungi." An a d d i t i o n a l 12 papers were presented a t t h e Saturday
conference.
H i g h l i g h t o f t h e week-end was a foray i n t o t h e Blue Ridge Mountains f o r t h e
e l u s i v e Morchel l a . Plans f o r the 1985 meeting are now underway, and a l l mycologists a r e
i n v i t e d t o p a r t i c i p a t e . Contact J e r r y Motta f o r information.
SUGGEST MSA NEWSLETTER ADWRTISING TO FRIENDS IN MYCOLOGICALLY RELATED BUSINESSES.
62
HELP WANTED
Gary A. Fine i s a s o c i o l o g i s t who i s s t u d y i n g t h e s o c i a l ecology o f mycologists. He
w r i t e s t o e n l i s t t h e thoughts and h e l p of o t h e r MSA members on t h e f o l l o w i n g subjects:
1. ) The r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e "amateurs" and t h e "professionals. " What i s t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p ? How t h e two groups i n t e r a c t w i t h each o t h e r ? Gary i s p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t e r e s t e d i n t h i s
general t o p i c and welcomes any and a1 1 comments.
2. ) The way t h a t mycologists see t h e environment. U n l i k e many n a t u r a l i s t s , w i t h whom mushroomers share much i n common, mycologists (amateur, i n p a r t i c u l a r ) go i n t o t h e f i e l d s and
f o r e s t s w i t h t h e i n t e n t i o n o f d i s t u r b i n g ( p i c k i n g ) t h e i r s u b j e c t matter. How i s t h i s pers p e c t i ve reconci 1ed w i t h t h e s i n c e r e 1ove of nature t h a t these i n d i v i d u a l s have?
3.) The s o c i a l s i d e o f mycology and mushrooming. Do you know o f any w r i t i n g s on t h i s subject?
L o r e l e i L. N o r v e l l i s compiling a Master Index o f Higher Fungi and Myxomycetes i n t h e
P a c i f i c Northwest. Anyone having we1 1-documented geographical d i s t r i b u t i o n s o f species i n
B r i t i s h Columbia, Idaho, Oregon, o r Washington, please n o t i f y her. (The 1i s t encompasses
Agaricales, Non-Gi 1l e d Basidiomycetes , Ascomycetes--wi t h f r u i t i n g bodies v i s i b l e t o t h e
naked eye--and Myxomycetes. ) Any pub1i c a t i o n s c o n t a i n i n g p e r t i n e n t i n f o r m a t i o n would be
we1 come.
Jack Rogers' home r a t h e r than o f f i c e phone number was i n c l u d e d i n t h e new 1984 MSA
D i r e c t o r y . Jack w r i t e s " .
.my w i f e has been p u t i n t h e r o l e o f r e c e p t i o n i s t and general
counselor t o those p a r t i e s seeking me. She i s p a t i e n t , b u t I have detected a b i t o f s u r l i ness l a t e l y when t h e phone m a t t e r comes up." For c o r r e c t i o n , h i s o f f i c e telephone number i s :
509/335-3732.
..
EMERITUS NOTE
Malcom A. McKenzie r e p o r t s t h a t he i s " s t i 11 heal t h y a t age 81, a f t e r 11 years o f r e t i r e ment a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Massachusetts, Amhurst, as p r o f e s s o r emeritus and former d i r e c t o r
of t h e shate t r e e l a b o r a t o r i e s . " He s t i l l serves as Secretary, New England Chapter, I n t e r n a t i o n a l Society o f A r b o r i c u l ture.
BEAUTY I S I N THE EYE OF THE BEHOLDER
Terry M. H a m i l l informs us t h a t a SIEMENS ELMISKOP 1A transmission e l e c t r o n microscope
has been i n s t a l l e d i n h i s l a b o r a t o r y . I t was donated t o SUNY-Oswego by JEOLCO who had taken
i t i n t r a d e from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The instrument i s i n e x c e l l e n t c o n d i t i o n ,
an " o l d i e b u t goodie," and he no longer has t o d r i v e t o Syracuse t o use a TEM.
ALL IN PUN*
During t h e days when Pat McInally, p r o - f o o t b a l l p l a y e r f o r t h e C i n c i n n a t i Bengals, was
a high-school student, h i s b i o l o g y i n s t r u c t o r asked t h e class, "Why do toadstools grow i n
c l umps ? "
No one knew t h e answer, so M c I n a l l y looked up sheepishly and r e p l i e d , "Because t h e r e i s n ' t
mush room." When t h e l a u g h t e r subsided, M c I n a l l y added, "Ic a n ' t h e l p it. I ' m a fun g i . "
There was more l a u g h t e r from t h e class, and then M c I n a l l y completed h i s verbal h a t t r i c k .
Looking a p o l o g e t i c a l l y a t t h e teacher, he said, " I ' m s o r r y . I know i t was i n spore taste."
....................
--Bucky A1 bers
*Reprinted w i t h t h e permission of Reader's Digest and t h e Journal Herald o f Dayton, Ohio.
63
CHANGES OF ADDRESS FOR RESPONDENCE
The f o l l o w i n g i n d i v i d u a l s have moved o r changed address s i n c e the p r i n t i n g o f the 1984 MSA
D i r e c t o r y and are requesting response t o an announcement w i t h t h i s issue o f t h e MSA Newsl e t t e r . Please make these changes i n your D i r e c t o r y as they w i l l n o t appear i n f u t u r e Newsl e t t e r issues.
Dr. N o r i h i d e Amano
Lab. o f A p p l i e d M i c r o b i o l o g y
Research Ltd., Suntory Ltd.
1-1 Wakayamadai , Shimamoto-cho
Mishima-gun
Osaka 618, Japan
M a r t i n a S. Gilliam-Davies
13513 Penns boro
C h a n t i l l y , VA 22021
Teresi t a It u r r i aga
C / O Jose I t u r r i a g a
Apartado 62018
Caracas - Venezuela
Richard W. Kerrigan
Dept. of B i o l o g i c a l Sciences
University o f California
Santa Barbara, CA 931 06
(as o f Sept. 1984)
Mary E. Palm
Mycology Lab., Bldg. O l l A
BARC- Wes t
Be1t s v i 11e, MD 20705
John M. McPartland
4800 S. Lake Park #1701A
Chicago, I L 60615
Jon Pol ishook
Box 532, R t . #2
Bloomsbury, NJ 08804
Stephen A. Rehner
Dept. o f Botany, KB-15
Univ. of Washington
S e a t t l e , WA 98195
Neal A. Weber
1805 Aaron D r i v e
Tal lahassee, FL 32303
Chin S. Yang
Dept. o f P l a n t Pathology
Cornel 1 U n i v e r s i t y
I t h a c a , NY 14853
ASSOCIATIONS AND CLUBS
These e n t h u s i a s t i c groups form grassroots types o f mycological o r g a n i z a t i o n s which
p r o v i d e education, enjoyment, e d i f i c a t i o n , and e d i b l e s f o r many. A number of these
groups a r e a f f i l i a t e d w i t h t h e MSA (see page 65); t h i s i n v o l v e s j o i n i n g t h e S o c i e t y on t h e
same terms as a Personal Member, i.e., dues o f $25.00, and r e c e i p t o f MYCOLOGIA and t h e semiannual MSA NEWSLETTER.
I f p u b l i c i n t e r e s t i n mycology i s a f a c t o r , t h e f u t u r e o f mycology i s b r i g h t . The
January i s s u e o f t h e Mycophil e, t h e news1e t t e r o f t h e NORTH AMERICAN MYCOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION,
1 i s t s a t o t a l o f 64 mycological clubs and a s s o c i a t i o n s around t h e country. And, t h i s number
continues t o grow y e a r l y . For t h e names and addresses o f these groups ( o r those near you),
w r i t e t o Mrs. Ann Hart, NAMA Membership Secretary, 336 Lenox Ave., Oak1and, CA 9461 0 o r t o
W. J Sundberg
.
.
Several of these clubs , some w i t h organized t o x i c 0 1 ogy comni t t e e s o r study groups, have
provided i d e n t i f i c a t i o n assistance, chemical t e s t i n g ( i n some cases), o t h e r knowl edge, and
advice t o t h e medical community and t h e p u b l i c i n cases o f suspected mushroom poisoning. Two
r e c e n t examples i n c l u d e poisonings by Amani t a pantherina (OREGON MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY, P o r t land, OR) and Amanita p h a l l o i d e s (SAN FRANCISCO MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY, San Francisco, CA; an
MSA A f f i l i a t e d S o c i e t y ) .
L i ke many o t h e r c l ubs , t h e MONTSHI RE MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY (see MSA News1e t t e r 34[1] :52)
has i n i t i a t e d " s p e c i a l i s t s " groups t o enhance t h e i r depth o f knowl edge and understanding w i t h
i n d i v i d u a l s emphasizing t h e study o f a s i n g l e genus i n t h e l o c a l f l o r a .
The MYCOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION OF WASHINGTON (D.C.) w i l l h o s t t h e 1985 NAMA f o r a y a t Canaan
V a l l e y Resort S t a t e Park, near E l k i n s , West V i r g i n i a on August 1-4. I n a d d i t i o n t o good food
and niushrooms, t h e s i t e o f f e r s numerous amenities f o r t h e l e s s mycological l y i n c l i n e d (pool,
t e n n i s , g o l f , horseshoes, e t c . ) [I i n t e n d t o b r i n g my skates and squeeze i n some time t o t r y
t h e i r outdoor r o l l e r s k a t i n g rink.--ed.]
For more information, c o n t a c t Jimmy Schreiber, MAW
President, 1924 Lawrence S t . NE, Washington, DC 20018. Phone: (202) 526-5652.
Herbarium Supplies
and
Cardboard Specimen Boxes
for Herbaria
and other natural history collections
HERBARIUM SUPPLY COMPANY
P.O. Box 883003, San Francisco, CA 94188
41 5-584-7000
For inquiries or suggestions
please uwite or call collect 4 15-584- 7000
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AFFILIATED SOCIETIES
The Boston Mycological Club, c/o E. H. Halliwell, 855 Commonwealth Avenue,
Newton, MA 02159
Colorado Mycological Society, Joan L. Betz, S e c r e t a r y , 501 Clermont Parkway,
Denver, CO 80220
The Mycological Society of San Francisco, Steve Cochrane, P r e s i d e n t , P. 0.
Box 11321, San Francisco, CA 94101
The North American Mycological Association, Gary Lincoff, P r e s i d e n t , New York
Botanical Garden, Bronx, N Y 10458
The Ohio Mushroom Society, 288 E. North Avenue, East P a l e s t i n e , OH 44413
S o c i e t e Mycologique de France, 36 Rue Geoffroy-Ste. H i 1a i r e , P a r i s V , France
THE MYCOLOGICAL SOCETY OF AMERICA
AppHcsWn for Memberah@
NAME:
AREA OF INTEREST (check one)
MAIUNG ADDRESS:
-Taxonomy-Morphology
- Ecology-Pathology
- Physiology-Biochemistry
- Cytology-Genetics
ZIP CODE:
TELEPHONE (include area code):
Date on which you wish your membership to begin: January 1,19
Signature of member endorsing your application:
DUES INFORMATION (check one)
- Regular Member ...... $25.00
- Student Member.,. . $12.00
(Includes MYCOLOGIA and Newsletter)
(Maximum eligibility
- 5 years)
- Associate Member ....
S 5.00
(Newsletter only)
- Emeritus
Member with
MYCOLOGIA ........
$12.00
.....
S25.00
-
Affiliated Soclety
Completed torm and dues are to be sent to Dr, Amv Roasman. Treasurer. Nat~onalFungus
Collections. Room 313. Bldg. 011A. BARC-West. Beltsville. MD 20705. PHONE: (301) 344-3366.
In the U.K. send payment to Dr. David Minter. CMI. Ferry Lane. Kew. Richmond. Surrev. l W 9 3 A F .
WALTER J. SUNDBERG, E D I T O R
MYCOLOGICAL S O C I E T Y O F AMERICA NEWSLETTER
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