THUNDER BAY 2011 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
INVENTORY REPORT
May 6, 2013
Submitted by:
KBM Resources Group
349 Mooney Ave
Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5L5
(807) 345-5445
info@kbm.on.ca
kbmrg.com
Table of Contents
Overview ......................................................................................................................... 6
Community-Wide Performance .................................................................................... 6
Local Government Performance .................................................................................. 7
Going Forward ............................................................................................................. 9
1. Background ............................................................................................................ 10
1.1. City of Thunder Bay ......................................................................................... 10
1.2. Thunder Bay Community Environmental Action ............................................... 12
1.3. Partners for Climate Protection Milestones to Sustainability ............................ 12
2. Methodology .......................................................................................................... 13
2.1. Partners for Climate Protection Inventory Approach ........................................ 13
2.1.1. Emissions in Scope of Inventory................................................................ 14
2.1.2. Types of Greenhouse Gas......................................................................... 15
2.1.3. Fuel Emission Factors ............................................................................... 16
2.1.4. Biogenic Emissions ................................................................................... 17
2.1.5. Electricity Coefficient ................................................................................. 17
2.2. Data Collection ................................................................................................. 18
3. Community Inventory ............................................................................................. 21
3.1. 2011 Community Overview .............................................................................. 21
3.2. Key Energy Sources ........................................................................................ 25
3.2.1. Electricity ................................................................................................... 25
3.2.2. Natural Gas ............................................................................................... 28
3.3. Residential ....................................................................................................... 32
3.4. Commercial ...................................................................................................... 33
3.5. Industrial .......................................................................................................... 34
3.6. Transportation .................................................................................................. 36
3.7. Solid Waste ...................................................................................................... 40
4. Local Government Inventory .................................................................................. 43
4.1. 2011 Local Government Overview ................................................................... 43
4.2. Buildings .......................................................................................................... 48
4.3. Vehicle Fleet .................................................................................................... 52
4.4. Street Lights, Traffic Lights and Other Outdoor Lighting .................................. 55
4.5. Water and Wastewater..................................................................................... 56
4.6. Local Government Solid Waste ........................................................................ 57
Appendix A: Data Gaps ................................................................................................. 58
Appendix B: Local Government Buildings ..................................................................... 59
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
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List of Tables
Table 1. City of Thunder Bay Population and Households in 2000, 2006 and 2011 ..... 10
Table 2: Community-Wide GHG Emissions Sources in Scope ..................................... 15
Table 3: 100-year Global Warming Potentials used in the PCP Inventories.................. 16
Table 4. PCP Fuel Emission Factors for 2011 .............................................................. 17
Table 5. Ontario Electricity Coefficients......................................................................... 18
Table 6. Data Providers for the Community Inventory ................................................... 19
Table 7. Data Providers for the Local Government Inventory........................................ 20
Table 8. Community Energy Use and GHG Emissions by Sector ................................. 22
Table 9. Community Energy Use and GHG Emissions by Source ................................ 24
Table 10. Thunder Bay Hydro Customer Type Categorization for Inventory ................. 26
Table 11. Union Gas Customer Type Categorization for Inventory ............................... 29
Table 12: Heating and Cooling Degree-Days ................................................................ 30
Table 13. Residential Sector Energy Use and GHG Emissions .................................... 32
Table 14. Commercial Sector Energy Use and GHG Emissions ................................... 33
Table 15. Industrial Sector Energy Use and GHG Emissions ....................................... 34
Table 16. Transportation Sector Modeled Energy Use and GHG Emissions ................ 36
Table 17. Active Vehicle Registrations within the Community ....................................... 38
Table 18. Community Waste Modeled GHG Emissions ................................................ 40
Table 19: Landfill Gas Consumption at Mapleward Renewable Generating Station ..... 42
Table 20. Local Government Energy Use and GHG Emissions by Sector .................... 45
Table 21. Local Government Energy Use and GHG Emissions by Source ................... 46
Table 22. Local Government Building Energy Use and GHG Emissions ...................... 49
Table 23. Vehicle Fleet Fuel Use and GHG Emissions ................................................. 53
Table 24: Biodiesel Blends Consumed by the Local Government Vehicle Fleet ........... 54
Table 25. Lighting Electricity Use and GHG Emissions ................................................. 55
Table 26. Water and Wastewater Treatment Energy Use and GHG Emissions............ 56
Table 27. City of Thunder Bay Water and Sewage Output............................................ 57
Table 28: Notable Gaps in Local Government Energy Use Data .................................. 58
Table 29: Energy Use and GHG Emissions of all Buildings Managed or Influenced by
the Corporation of the City of Thunder Bay ................................................................... 59
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
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List of Figures
Figure 1: Community GHG Emissions and Reduction Target Pathway .......................... 6
Figure 2: Local Government GHG Emissions and Reduction Target Pathway ............... 8
Figure 3: Employment within the Thunder Bay Census Metropolitan Area ................... 11
Figure 4: Local Government Share of Community Emissions in 2011 .......................... 14
Figure 5: Thunder Bay Community GHG Emissions 2005 – 2011 ................................ 21
Figure 6. 2011 Community GHG Emissions by Sector.................................................. 22
Figure 7. Community GHG Emissions by Sector .......................................................... 23
Figure 8. 2011 Community GHG Emissions by Source................................................. 23
Figure 9. Community GHG Emissions by Source ......................................................... 25
Figure 10: Thunder Bay Hydro Peak Demands 2005 to 2011 ....................................... 26
Figure 11: Indexed Average Annual Electricity Sales per Customer ............................. 27
Figure 12: Community Electricity Emissions and Ontario Electricity Coefficient............ 27
Figure 13: Thunder Bay Generating Station Power Generation and GHG Emissions... 28
Figure 14: Indexed Average Annual Natural Gas Sales per Customer ......................... 29
Figure 15: Community Natural Gas Consumption and Heating Degree Days ............... 31
Figure 16: Residential GHG Emissions by Source ........................................................ 32
Figure 17: Commercial GHG Emissions by Source ...................................................... 33
Figure 18: Industrial GHG Emissions by Source ........................................................... 35
Figure 19: Transportation GHG Emissions by Source .................................................. 37
Figure 20: Waste GHG Emissions and Landfill Gas Capture ........................................ 41
Figure 21: Thunder Bay Local Government GHG Emissions 2005 - 2011 .................... 44
Figure 22. 2011 Local Government GHG Emissions by Sector .................................... 44
Figure 23. Local Government GHG Emissions by Sector ............................................. 45
Figure 24. 2011 Local Government GHG Emissions by Source ................................... 46
Figure 25. Local Government GHG Emissions by Source ............................................ 47
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
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Abbreviations
CCP – Cities for Climate Protection; an international campaign of over 700 local
governments in 29 countries who are committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
CEAP – Community Environmental Action Plan
CO2e – carbon dioxide equivalent; used to describe greenhouse gas emissions in
equivalent volume of carbon dioxide after taking into account their global warming potential.
For example, methane is 21 times stronger than carbon dioxide (CO2) over 100 years, so
one tonne of methane is equal to 21 tonnes CO2e.
FCM – Federation of Canadian Municipalities
GHG – greenhouse gas; natural or anthropogenic gas whose presence in the atmosphere
causes the greenhouse effect, including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide
(N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulphur hexafluoride
(SF6).
GJ – gigajoule (a metric term used for measuring energy use). A GJ is a billion joules. A
joule is the amount of energy required to send a one-ampere electric current through a oneohm resistance for one second.
GWP – global warming potential; a relative measure of how much heat a given mass of a
greenhouse gas traps in the atmosphere as compared to the same mass of carbon dioxide,
commonly calculated over 100 years.
ICLEI – Local Governments of Sustainability (formerly the International Council for Local
Environmental Initiatives)
IPCC – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; established by the United Nations
Environment Programme and the World Meteorological Organization in 1988 to provide the
world with a clear scientific view on the current state of knowledge in climate change and its
potential environmental and socio-economic impacts.
kWh – kilowatt hour; the equivalent of having ten 100 W light bulbs on for an hour. A GWh
is one million kWh.
ML – megalitre – i.e. million litres.
PCP – Partners for Climate Protection; Canadian component of the Cities for Climate
Protection implemented jointly by ICLEI and the Federation of Canadian Municipalities.
t – metric tonne; typically the unit of measure in which emissions are calculated (1000 kg or
2204.6 lbs).
VKT – vehicle kilometres travelled; the total distance travelled within a geographic area in a
period of time
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
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Overview
Community-Wide Performance
The City of Thunder Bay 1 (the community) has committed to community-wide
greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions of 10% below 2005 levels by 2017. The community
has already exceeded its target, by reducing emissions 38% below 2005 levels.
GHG emissions in the community are tracked from residential, commercial, industrial,
transportation and waste sources. Among these, transportation represents the largest
share of emissions (34%), followed by residential (26%), industrial (20%), commercial
(14%) and waste (6%).
Total community GHG emissions in 2011 were estimated to be 895,797 tonnes of
carbon dioxide equivalent GHG emissions (tCO2e).
Figure 1: Community GHG Emissions and Reduction Target Pathway
864,789
895,797
2011
600,000
2010
1,002,364
1,040,506
2008
800,000
1,067,056
1,000,000
2007
1,200,000
1,129,823
1,400,000
1,436,726
Community GHG Emissions (t CO 2e)
1,600,000
400,000
200,000
2017
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
2009
2006
2005
-
From a GHG emissions intensity perspective, GHG emissions per person dropped to
8.3 tCO2e per capita in 2011. This is 37% lower than in 2005.
Community energy consumption followed a similar trajectory as community GHG
emissions between 2005 and 2011. Total community energy consumption in 2011 was
The City of Thunder Bay will be referred to as the Community in this report so as to clearly differentiate it from the
Corporation of the City of Thunder Bay (the local government operations).
1
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
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estimated to be 16,289,615 gigajoules (GJ), down 33% from 2005 levels. Natural gas
was the most prevalent type of energy consumed in Thunder Bay at 53% (in GJ),
followed by electricity (21%), gasoline (19%), and diesel (8%).
Three significant factors drove the decline in community GHG emissions. First,
industrial activity declined sharply between 2005 and 2006, reducing the natural gas
consumption by the industrial sector. Industrial natural gas emissions in Thunder Bay
were 69% lower in 2011 than 2005. The forest sector collapse in 2005-2006 and the
economic recession in 2008-2009 both reduced activity, not only in the industrial sector
but community-wide.
Second, the total vehicle kilometres travelled (VKT) within the City of Thunder Bay were
modelled to be 26% lower in 2011 than 2005. This may be related to the economic
downturn or it may simply be an artifact of a change in how VKT is measured. 2
Third, the Ontario electricity emissions intensity decreased by 43% as the province
brought on a greater proportion of renewable electricity generation. GHG emissions
associated with electricity used in Thunder Bay were 49% lower in 2011 than in 2005.
Local Government Performance
The Corporation of the City of Thunder Bay 3 (the “Corporation”) set a GHG emissions
reduction target of 35% below 2005 levels by 2017.
The Corporation selected the target after forecasting “business as usual” (BAU) and
assessing conservative (16%), moderate (31%) and aggressive (53%) reduction
scenarios. The BAU assumed that even without new emission reduction initiatives
growth in the Corporation would increase GHG emissions by only 1.1% between 2005
and 2016. The Corporation has expanded more than was forecast under BAU; the floor
area of corporate facilities, for example, increased 9% from 2005 to 2011. Even with
energy conservation initiatives that have so far contributed to an 11% reduction in total
GHG emissions below 2005 levels, the additional load makes it challenging to achieve
the 35% target by 2017. The implications of expanding operations must be considered
in the context of total corporate GHG emissions and whether the unanticipated growth
can be offset by additional efficiency and conservation initiatives.
In 2008, City Council approved the consolidation of all energy data into the Energy,
Financial and Administrative Services of the Facility, Fleet and Transit Department. As a
result the data moving forward from 2009 will be used as a benchmark year for the local
government. Since Ontario electricity emissions intensity was lowest in 2009, that
benchmark year has relatively lower emissions. Emissions in 2011 were 3% higher than
in 2009.
2
The City updated the methodology by which VKT are calculated, which may explain the decrease in modelled traffic
volumes between 2005 and 2011, as described in section 3.6.
3
The Corporation of the City of Thunder Bay will be referred to as the Corporation in this report so as to clearly
differentiate it from the wider community.
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
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The Corporation’s GHG emissions are tracked from corporate facilities, fleet, street
lighting (street lights, traffic control and signal systems, and other lighting), water and
wastewater treatment operations. Among these, buildings represent the largest share of
emissions (44%), followed by the corporate fleet (34%), water and wastewater (17%),
and lighting (5%).
The Corporation’s total GHG emissions in 2011 were estimated to be 29,546 tCO2e,
which represents approximately 3.3% of the total emissions produced by the
community.
Figure 2: Local Government GHG Emissions and Reduction Target Pathway
4
40,000
29,119
28,970
29,546
2010
2011
20,000
2009
25,000
33,261
30,000
15,000
10,000
2017
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
2008
2007
0
2006
5,000
2005
Local Government GHG Emissions
(t CO 2e)
35,000
The Corporation’s total energy consumption in 2011 was estimated to be 606,746 GJ,
down 5% from 2009 levels. Natural gas and electricity were the most prevalent types of
energy consumed (38% and 37%, respectively), followed by biodiesel blends (19%),
and gasoline (6%). Overall, 2011 energy expenditures across municipal operations for
the activities covered in this inventory were $14,670,055.
Energy use in corporate buildings declined 5% between 2009 and 2011, while floor area
increased by 1%. GHG emissions from buildings increased 2% during that time despite
the reduction in energy use because of an increase in electricity emissions intensity
over that period.
Vehicle fleet energy use increased 1% between 2009 and 2011. Due to a shift to
biodiesel blends, which produce fewer GHG emissions per unit energy than diesel,
vehicle fleet GHG emissions decreased 3%.
Lighting energy use declined 3% between 2009 and 2011. Associated emissions in that
period increased 26% because of the increase in electricity emissions intensity.
4
Total emissions for 2006 to 2008 are not shown, as the vehicle fleet data for those years is incomplete.
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
8
Water and wastewater energy use declined 12% between 2009 and 2011. Associated
emissions in that period rose 4%.
Going Forward
The information contained in this 2011 greenhouse gas emissions inventory report
demonstrates the City of Thunder Bay’s progress towards its emission reduction goals
and the Partners for Climate Protection milestones.
The report is intended to enable the Corporation of the City of Thunder Bay to:
• Track progress towards the 2017 GHG emissions reduction targets;
• Further manage its emissions based upon reliable GHG emissions-related data;
• Facilitate updates to the GHG emissions inventory to track longer term progress;
and,
• Identify opportunities for continual improvement to the Corporation’s energy data
management and reporting processes.
The tracking of accurate, detailed data on energy use and emissions in the City of
Thunder Bay provides a basis for informed decision-making as it measures its success
and sets further goals.
As the economy recovers, the Community will experience increased activity, particularly
in the industrial and commercial sectors. Also, the Corporation is expanding its facilities,
such as the addition of the new EMS Headquarters and stations, new fire halls, new
centralized transit terminal and the proposed multipurpose event centre. These areas of
growth will increase energy consumption, and it will become more challenging for
Thunder Bay to maintain its GHG reductions without the implementation of energy
management initiatives and energy efficient building practices.
With strong leadership, there is opportunity to start decoupling economic growth from
GHG emissions by improving energy efficiency and using clean energy with lower
emissions intensity. Success will be measured by a growth in output and productivity
without directly corresponding growth in GHG emissions.
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
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1. Background
1.1.
City of Thunder Bay
Thunder Bay is located on the northwestern shore of Lake Superior in Ontario, Canada,
approximately 65 km north of the border with the U.S. State of Minnesota. It lies almost
equidistant between Winnipeg and Sault Ste. Marie. The City of Thunder Bay, which is
made up of the former cities of Fort William and Port Arthur, as well as the townships of
Neebing and McIntyre, covers a land area of 328 km2.
The City of Thunder Bay is the second most
populous in Northern Ontario, and 46th
largest in Ontario, with a population of
108,359. As seen in Table 1, the population
and number of households have remained
fairly steady in the last decade. When
including the surrounding municipalities and
townships and the Fort William First Nation,
the Thunder Bay census metropolitan area
(CMA), at a population of 121,596, is the
32nd largest in Canada.
Thunder Bay is the regional service centre
for Northwestern Ontario. It is home to one
of the busiest international airports in
Ontario. It has significant educational institutions – Lakehead University, Confederation
College, and the Northern Ontario School of Medicine. It is an important Canadian
transportation hub where rail (CN and CP), TransCanada highway routes, and Great
Lakes shipping meet. The Thunder Bay port is the largest outbound port in the St.
Lawrence Seaway System. Thunder Bay is also home to world class health and medical
facilities.
Table 1. City of Thunder Bay Population and Households in 2000, 2006 and 2011
2001
2006
2011
Population
109,016
109,160
108,359
Households
44,915
49,023
46,945
5
Natural resources form the basis of the local economy. Major employers include the
local, provincial and federal government, the health sciences centre, educational
institutions, Resolute (forest products), and Bombardier Transportation (mass
transportation). There are also several call centres. The city is preparing to be a major
economic centre for the mining and minerals sector (i.e. chromite, gold, platinum,
5
Statistics Canada. 2012. Census subdivision of Thunder Bay, CY. Focus on Geography Series, 2011 Census.
Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-310-XWE2011004.
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
10
diamond, nickel and copper), which is forecast to expand its operations in Northwestern
Ontario over the next five years.
Thunder Bay experienced a downturn in its economy during the worldwide recession of
2008-2009, and was also particularly affected by the downturn in the forestry sector.
The sharpest decline in activity, and therefore GHG emissions, occurred in 2006, with
the closure of the Cascades Fine Papers operation, the shutdown of a Great West
Timber production line, and the idling of one of the two kraft mills at the Bowater plant
(now Resolute). An estimated 905 direct job losses were associated with those changes
in mill activity between September 2005 and May 2006. 6 Northern Wood Preservers Inc.
also shut down during this downturn. Employment losses spread to construction,
distribution and professional and management professions.
Thunder Bay has not fully recovered the employment losses of the last decade, but it
has stabilized. Figure 3 shows that overall employment declined slightly and has since
remained relatively stable. There are indications of an improving economy, with
transition toward a knowledge-based economy, investment in public infrastructure, and
diversification through growth of the mining sector.
Figure 3: Employment within the Thunder Bay Census Metropolitan Area
7
120
Thousands of People
100
80
60
Population of Working
Age (15+)
40
Seasonally Adjusted
Employment
20
0
Jan-05 Jan-06 Jan-07 Jan-08 Jan-09 Jan-10 Jan-11
The climate of Thunder Bay is ‘humid continental climate’, with average daily
temperatures range from 17.6°C in July to −14.8°C in January. Its location on Lake
Superior results in cooler summer temperatures and warmer winter temperatures than
inland.
6
North Superior Training Board. 2006. Community Assessment: Impact of Closures and Layoffs in the District of
Thunder Bay. Prepared by Trendline Consulting Services. pp.iii
7
Statistics Canada. 2012. Labour Force Survey. CANSIM Table 282-0116. Labour force survey estimates (LFS), by
census metropolitan area based on 2006 census boundaries, 3-month moving average, seasonally adjusted.
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
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1.2.
Thunder Bay Community Environmental Action
In 1997 the Corporation of the City of Thunder Bay made a commitment to take action
on climate change. The Corporation joined other municipalities in the Partners for
Climate Protection (PCP) program managed by the Federation of Canadian
Municipalities (FCM) and by Local Governments for Sustainability (ICLEI).
After several years of community engagement and planning, the Thunder Bay
Community Environmental Action Plan (CEAP) was adopted by City Council in October
2008. The purpose of the CEAP is “to help promote a sustainable, healthy community,”
and the mission statement is “to focus the energy, involvement and collective wisdom of
the community to secure the environmental health of our region, and thereby improve
the social and economic wellbeing of future generations.”
The CEAP incorporates two emissions reduction targets for 2017: 10% below the 2005
baseline for community emissions and 35% below 2005 for local government emissions.
The CEAP was developed using information provided in the “Greenhouse Gas
Emissions Inventory and Local Action Plan for Emissions Reductions” prepared by
ICLEI Energy Services in 2008. 8 That report established a greenhouse gas baseline
inventory using data on Thunder Bay’s 2005 community and local government energy
and emissions.
The CEAP is supported by other policy tools, such as Thunder Bay’s Strategic Plan
2011 – 2014, the Strategic Approach to Corporate Energy Management Plan, and the
Corporate Environmental Policy, to achieve reductions in GHG emissions within the
Corporation .
1.3.
Partners for Climate Protection Milestones to Sustainability
The Corporation of the City of Thunder Bay has committed to follow the five milestone
framework of the PCP program. 9 The framework guides local governments on a path to
building capacity in reducing GHG emissions. The foundational step is to undertake a
community GHG inventory and forecast.
8
ICLEI Energy Services. 2008. Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory and Local Action Plan for Emissions
Reductions. Prepared for the City of Thunder Bay.
9
Federation of Canadian Municipalities, Partners for Climate Protection Program.
http://www.fcm.ca/home/programs/partners-for-climate-protection/milestone-framework.htm
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
12
The five milestones of the PCP program are:
Milestone 1: Creating a greenhouse gas emissions inventory and forecast
Milestone 2: Setting an emissions reductions target
Milestone 3: Developing a local action plan
Milestone 4: Implementing the local action plan or a set of activities
Milestone 5: Monitoring progress and reporting results
Thunder Bay is already recognized for having achieved milestone 3 and it has been
implementing the Community Environmental Action Plan for over three years. This
updated GHG inventory report supports the fulfillment of the PCP Program milestone 5 monitoring progress and reporting results – by demonstrating how the City of Thunder
Bay is making progress towards its community and local government emission
reduction targets.
2. Methodology
2.1.
Partners for Climate Protection Inventory Approach
The 2011 community-wide and local government (i.e. municipal operations) GHG
inventory has been developed using approved standardized procedures as set out by
the ICLEI-PCP guide book Developing Inventories for Greenhouse Gas Emissions and
Energy Consumption: A Guidance Document for Partners for Climate Protection in
Canada. 10
The PCP inventory methodology breaks down GHG emissions in two ways, with a
separate inventory for each: community-wide and local government.
The community-wide emissions inventory includes emissions from the following sectors:
• residential, commercial, institutional, industrial, transportation and waste.
10
FCM–ICLEI Partners for Climate Protection. 2008. Developing Inventories for Greenhouse Gas Emissions and
Energy Consumption: A Guidance Document for Partners for Climate Protection in Canada. Prepared by Hyla
Environmental Services Ltd. Accessed from
http://www.fcm.ca/Documents/reports/PCP/Developing_Inventories_for_Greenhouse_Gas_Emissions_and_Energy_
Consumption_EN.pdf
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
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The local government emissions inventory can include the following sectors:
• municipal buildings, vehicle fleet, lighting (street lights, traffic control and signal
systems, and other lighting), water and wastewater, and possibly local
government waste if it can be separated from community waste.
The local government emissions inventory is a subset of the community-wide emissions
inventory. All local government emissions are also captured in the community-wide
inventory, though categorized in another way (e.g. through commercial electricity
consumption instead of electricity consumption under buildings, water and wastewater.)
Figure 4 shows the Corporation of the City of Thunder Bay’s emissions as
approximately 3% of total community-wide emissions.
Figure 4: Local Government Share of Community Emissions in 2011
3.3%
Local Government Emissions
Other Community Emissions
96.7%
2.1.1. Emissions in Scope of Inventory
Greenhouse gas emission inventories consider two types of emissions: direct and
indirect. Direct emissions are from sources within the organizational boundaries of the
reporting entity, such as sources that are owned or managed by that entity. Indirect
emissions are those that are a consequence of the activities of the reporting entity, but
occur at sources owned or controlled by another entity. The PCP methodology requires
that all direct emissions, but limited indirect emissions, are reported in the inventory.
In the Thunder Bay community-wide emissions inventory, direct emissions are those
that are produced upon consumption of energy by an end user within the boundary of
the City of Thunder Bay (such as the burning of gasoline in vehicles commuting within
the city). Indirect emissions are those that are produced ‘upstream’ of consumption in
Thunder Bay (such as electricity generation elsewhere in the province).
Table 2 provides an overview of those emissions that are included within the Thunder
Bay community-wide inventory and those that are excluded.
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
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Table 2: Community-Wide GHG Emissions Sources in Scope
Scope 1: Direct
Scope 2: Indirect
Emissions Out of Scope
Sector
Emissions in Scope
Emissions in
or Not Captured
Scope
Residential
Fuel consumption from Electricity use
Fuel consumption by off-road
heating
equipment;
Refrigerant leakage
Commercial &
Fuel consumption from Electricity use
Fuel consumption by construction
Industrial
heating and processes
and landscaping equipment;
Refrigerant leakage; Consumption
of coal, coke and heavy fuel oil
Transportation Fuel consumption by
Fuel consumption by recreational
vehicles
and off-road vehicles;
Fuel consumption from rail and air
transportation
Community
Methane from landfill
Contracted waste disposal not
Waste
waste decomposition
delivered to the Thunder Bay’s
Mapleward Road Solid Waste &
Recycling Facility
Land Use
Land use changes between forest,
Change
agriculture and urban development
Other
Fuel from extraction, production
and transportation of materials and
fuels outside Thunder Bay that are
transported to and consumed within
the city
Those emissions that are not captured within the scope of the community inventory
were not included due to:
• the lack of control the community has over the source, making it difficult to
implement emissions reductions;
• the small or insignificant portion it would constitute of the total source;
• the complexity and lack of standard methodology to measure that source at the
community level;
• the uncertainty associated with the data; or,
• the absence or difficulty of obtaining the data.
The inventory reflects actual emissions as closely as possible. However, in certain
cases where data was unavailable, particularly for years 2006 to 2008, a note has been
made within the relevant section.
2.1.2. Types of Greenhouse Gas
Six types of GHG emissions are reported at the national level by Environment Canada.
This inventory report tracks and reports on the three most significant greenhouse gases
from communities: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O).
Those greenhouse gases that are not included in this inventory would represent only a
very small portion of the overall inventories. 11
11
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and perfluorocarbons (PFCs) are being phased out of production and general use in
many cases, are not usually measured (e.g. from equipment leaks or releases) and are often hard to estimate. Sulfur
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
15
Each type of GHG emission has a different impact on the climate per tonne emitted into
the atmosphere, referred to as its global warming potential (GWP). To report on all of
the greenhouse gases together, the mass of each gas is converted into “carbon dioxide
equivalents” based upon its GWP. In this report, all emissions are reported in carbon
dioxide equivalents, or CO2e.
Environment Canada uses the 100-year GWPs set out by the Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change (IPCC) in its Second Assessment Report (1996). 12 Revised GWPs
were published by IPCC in its Fourth Assessment Report in 2007, 13 but Environment
Canada continues to use the original numbers since the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change inventory reporting guidelines made no
recommendation on which GWPs should be applied. The PCP inventory follows the
GWPs used by Environment Canada, as listed in the middle column of Table 3. 14
Table 3: 100-year Global Warming Potentials used in the PCP Inventories
Greenhouse
100-year Global Warming 100-year Global Warming
Gas
Potential (IPCC 1996)
Potential (IPCC 2007)
CO2
1
1
CH4
21
25
N2O
310
298
SF6
23,900
22,800
Note that if the IPCC 2007 GWPs were adopted by Environment Canada, the modelled
impact of methane emissions would be more significant. This is particularly relevant for
waste emissions, as landfill gas is typically 50 to 55% methane.
2.1.3. Fuel Emission Factors
Emission factors are used to convert activity data (i.e. energy use) into associated GHG
emissions. This is done by multiplying the units of energy consumed by a corresponding
emission factor for the type of energy consumed. A fuel emission factor specifies the
amount of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) for each type of gas (carbon dioxide,
nitrous oxide and methane) produced by burning one unit of fuel.
hexafluoride (SF6) is used in electricity distribution and some other specialized uses and can also be difficult to
estimate.
12
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 1995. IPCC Second Assessment Report: Climate Change 1995
(SAR). Accessed from
http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_and_data_reports.shtml#.USzJsmf3N0k.
13
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2007. IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007
(AR4). Accessed from
http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_and_data_reports.shtml#.USzJsmf3N0k.
14
Environment Canada. 2012. Global Warming Potentials. Accessed from
www.ec.gc.ca/ges-ghg/default.asp?lang=En&n=CAD07259-1.
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
16
Table 4 lists the emissions factors used in the PCP methodology for some common fuel
types. Other than natural gas, these factors remain relatively steady year to year.
Table 4. PCP Fuel Emission Factors for 2011
Fuel
Units
Natural Gas
Gasoline (mobile)
Diesel (mobile)
B5 Biodiesel Blend
B10 Biodiesel Blend
Propane
3
Cubic Metres (m )
Litres (L)
Litres (L)
Litres (L)
Litres (L)
Litres (L)
Emission Coefficients (t GHG/unit of fuel)
CO2
N2O
CH4
Total
CO2e
0.001879
3.50E-08 3.70E-08
0.00189
0.002289
4.70E-07 2.30E-07 0.002440
0.002663
5.10E-08 2.20E-07 0.002683
0.002549
0.002415
0.00151
1.08E-07 2.70E-08
0.00154
2.1.4. Biogenic Emissions
Emissions from burning biomass are considered carbon-neutral because the carbon is
generated by the natural carbon cycle. Thus, carbon dioxide emissions from natural
vegetation and biological sources (i.e. wood and other wood derived fuels, sewage gas,
methanol, ethanol and biodiesel) are excluded from the inventory. However, the small
portion of methane and nitrous oxide that are also emitted with carbon dioxide during
biomass combustion are included in the inventory. This methodology is consistent with
the IPCC standard applied in Canada’s National Inventory Report: Greenhouse Gas
Sources and Sinks, 1990-2010. 15
Where blended fuels (i.e. B10 – comprised of 10% biodiesel and 90% traditional diesel)
are combusted, the carbon dioxide emissions from the fossil fuel fraction of the blended
fuel are included in the inventory.
2.1.5. Electricity Coefficient
While electricity does not generate emissions at its end use, GHG emissions are
generated during many forms of electricity production. To incorporate the indirect
emissions associated with the electricity used in Thunder Bay, an electricity coefficient
is used.
PCP derives the annual electricity coefficients from Canada’s National Inventory Report:
Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks. 16 The emissions intensity of power produced in
the province of Ontario is calculated annually, based upon the profile of electricity
generation (e.g. types and quantities of fuels used, technologies applied and their
efficiency.) Ontario generates electricity through coal, natural gas, nuclear,
hydroelectricity, solar and wind facilities. Hydroelectricity plants provide the majority of
generation for Northwestern Ontario; however, a coefficient based upon the provincewide electricity emissions intensity is used as per Environment Canada’s methodology.
15
Environment Canada. 2012. National Inventory Report 1990-2010: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in
Canada. Accessed from
www.ec.gc.ca/Publications/default.asp?lang=En&xml=A91164E0-7CEB-4D61-841C-BEA8BAA223F9.
16
Environment Canada. 2012. National Inventory Report 1990-2010: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in
Canada. Accessed from www.ec.gc.ca/ges-ghg/.
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
17
Between 2005 and 2011, the GHG emissions intensity of Ontario’s power production
decreased significantly, from 0.23 to 0.13 kg CO2e per kilowatt hour (kWh). This has
been achieved by expanding renewable energy production and reducing coal-fired
electricity production under Ontario’s Green Energy Act (Bill 150, Green Energy and
Green Economy Act, 2009).
Table 5 lists Ontario’s electricity emission coefficients between 2005 and 2011.
Table 5. Ontario Electricity Coefficients
Electricity
Year
Coefficient
(kg CO2e/kWh)
2005
0.23
2006
0.19
2007
0.21
2008
0.17
2009
0.10
2010
0.13
2011
0.13
Even if electricity consumption were to have remained steady since 2005, the GHG
emissions associated with that electricity use would have declined by 43%. This shift to
green energy has been instrumental in contributing to Community and Corporate GHG
emissions reductions.
2.2.
Data Collection
In addition to collecting 2011 data for the inventory, the 2005 baseline data has also
been updated in the same PCP Inventory Quantification Spreadsheet (a Microsoft Excel
workbook) format for comparison. Also, 2006 to 2010 data was collected to track annual
progress.
Thunder Bay’s community-wide and local government energy usage data was obtained
from a variety of sources. Table 6 provides a list of the data providers for the Thunder
Bay community inventory.
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
18
Table 6. Data Providers for the Community Inventory
Sector
Data Provided
Residential,
Electricity consumption by
Commercial &
customer type
Industrial Sectors
Natural gas sales by
customer type
Transportation
Vehicle kilometres travelled
Waste
Waste tonnage, emissions
capture and electricity
generation
Landfill gas capture
Indicators
Population and households
Source
Bill Willis, Supervisor, Conservation & Energy
Services, Thunder Bay Hydro
Tim Pagee, Commercial, Contract Industrial
and Industrial Sales Account Manager,
Union Gas
Irene Dahl, Co-ordinator, Budgets &
Operational Planning, Roads Division,
Infrastructure & Operations, City of Thunder
Bay
Jason Sherband, Coordinator, Solid Waste
Diversion and Recycling, Roads Division,
Infrastructure & Operations Department,
City of Thunder Bay
Matt Miedema, Project Engineer, Engineering
Division, Infrastructure & Operations
Department, City of Thunder Bay
17
Statistics Canada
The Corporation of the City of Thunder Bay’s, Energy, Financial and Administrative
Services Division within the Facilities, Fleet and Transit Department is responsible for
the budgeting, monitoring, verification, conservation, and environmental initiatives for
Corporate energy. The Division provided energy consumption, energy cost and other
activity data for Corporate Facilities. Table 7 provides a list of the data providers for the
Corporation of the City of Thunder Bay local government inventory.
17
Statistics Canada. 2012. Census subdivision of Thunder Bay, CY [City]. Focus on Geography Series, 2011
Census. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-310-XWE2011004. Ottawa, Ontario.
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
19
Table 7. Data Providers for the Local Government Inventory
Sector
Data Provided
Source
Buildings
Building energy consumption
Vanessa DeGiacomo-Zwaresh, Energy
and cost
Analyst, Energy, Financial & Administrative
Services, Facilities, Fleet & Transit Services
Department, City of Thunder Bay
Diesel generation set
consumption
Fleets
Lighting
Water & Wastewater
Thunder Bay Community
Auditorium energy
consumption
Thunder Bay Tournament
Center energy consumption
and cost
Thunder Bay Museum energy
consumption
Northwestern Ontario Sports
Hall of Fame and Museum
energy consumption
Fleet fuel consumption and
costs
Street lights, traffic control and
other outdoor lighting energy
consumption and cost
Number of lights
Water and wastewater energy
consumption
Water and wastewater output
and energy cost
Karen Pasko, Energy Analyst, Energy,
Financial & Administrative Services,
Facilities, Fleet & Transit Services
Department, City of Thunder Bay
Mike Sandrin, Manager, Facilities Services,
Facilities, Fleet &Transit Services
Department, City of Thunder Bay
Brent Panasyk, Building Services Manager,
Thunder Bay Community Auditorium
Cindy Paul, Best Western Norwester Hotel
Mark Tilbury, CAO, Thunder Bay Museum
Diane Imrie, Executive Director,
Northwestern Ontario Sports Hall of Fame
and Museum
Jim Suffak, Manager, Fleet Services,
Facilities, Fleet & Transit Services
Department, City of Thunder Bay
Vanessa DeGiacomo-Zwaresh
Karen Pasko
Brad Adams, Manager, Roads Division, City
of Thunder Bay
Vanessa DeGiacomo-Zwaresh
Karen Pasko
Michelle Warywoda, Process Engineer,
Environment Division, Infrastructure &
Operations Department, City of Thunder Bay
Carl Goodwin, Process Engineer,
Environment Division, Infrastructure &
Operations Department, City of Thunder Bay
Some data was not available to be incorporated into the Corporate Energy Database
and local government inventory. A summary of the notable data gaps is provided in
Appendix A.
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
20
3. Community Inventory
3.1.
2011 Community Overview
The Thunder Bay community inventory provides an estimate of all the GHG emissions
produced within the City of Thunder Bay (the “community”) in 2011, both by residents in
their homes and by local businesses and institutions as they carry out their operations.
Five key sectors are included in the community inventory: residential, commercial,
industrial, transportation, and solid waste.
In 2011, the community produced approximately 895,797 tCO2e. This is 38% lower than
the 2005 baseline of 1,436,726 tonnes CO2e, having progressed well beyond the target
of reducing community emissions 10% below 2005 levels by 2017.
Figure 5 shows Thunder Bay’s community GHG emissions against a linear pathway
towards its 2017 reduction target.
Figure 5: Thunder Bay Community GHG Emissions 2005 – 2011
864,789
895,797
2011
600,000
2010
1,002,364
1,040,506
2008
800,000
1,067,056
1,000,000
2007
1,200,000
1,129,823
1,400,000
1,436,726
Community GHG Emissions (t CO 2e)
1,600,000
400,000
200,000
2017
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
2009
2006
2005
-
The 4% rise in GHG emissions between 2010 and 2011 may be associated with
increasing economic activity as the region recovers from the forest sector collapse and
the 2008-2009 recession. In 2010, Thunder Bay’s gross domestic product (GDP)
indicator went up 0.9% after years of negative growth, and then remained relatively
unchanged in 2011. Economic growth is forecast to continue with a 1.8% increase in
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
21
2013 and another 1.9% in 2014. 18 Between 2010 and 2011, the residential, commercial
and industrial sectors all experienced an increase in energy use and emissions.
Figure 6 illustrates the breakdown of community emissions by sector in 2011. The
transportation sector was responsible for the largest portion of emissions, followed by
the residential sector, the industrial sector, commercial sector and waste.
Figure 6. 2011 Community GHG Emissions by Sector
Waste
6%
Residential
26%
Transportation
34%
Commercial
14%
Industrial
20%
Table 8 provides the GHG emissions produced by each sector in 2011 and the baseline
year 2005. The residential sector includes residential buildings and related energy
sources (natural gas and electricity). The commercial sector includes commercial
buildings and related energy sources (natural gas and electricity). The industrial sector
includes industrial buildings, processes and related energy sources (natural gas and
electricity). The transportation sector includes community-wide vehicle emissions based
on fuel type (diesel, gasoline, and propane). The waste sector includes life-cycle
emissions from waste landfilled in the inventory year.
Table 8. Community Energy Use and GHG Emissions by Sector
2005
2011
Sector
CO2e (tonnes)
CO2e (%)
CO2e (tonnes)
Residential
300,074
21%
234,200
Commercial
132,520
9%
128,486
Industrial
505,657
35%
180,986
Transportation
450,675
31%
302,169
Waste
47,800
3%
49,955
Total
1,436,726
895,797
CO2e (%)
26%
14%
20%
34%
6%
18
The Conference Board of Canada. 2013. Metropolitan Outlook 1: Economic Insights into 13 Canadian Metropolitan
Economies: Winter 2013. Prepared by Alan Arcand, Mario Lefebvre, Jane McIntyre, Greg Sutherland, and Robin
Wiebe. Available at http://www.conferenceboard.ca/products/reports/metro_reports.aspx.
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
22
Figure 7 compares community emissions by sector in 2005 and 2011. The most
significant reduction in emissions occurred in the industrial sector, which went down
64% in that period, predominately due to the decline in industrial activity. Transportation
emissions dropped 33% (though some of that may be due to a change in how traffic is
modeled). It is not possible to ascertain how closely the reduction in transportation
emissions was linked to the reduction in industrial activity. The residential sector
emissions dropped 22% and commercial sector emissions dropped 3%. Community
waste emissions increased by 5% before taking into account the landfill gas emissions
capture and use to produce electricity.
Figure 7. Community GHG Emissions by Sector
1,600,000
Tonnes CO2e
1,400,000
Waste
1,200,000
Transportation
1,000,000
800,000
Industrial
600,000
400,000
Commercial
200,000
2005
2011
Residential
Figure 8 provides the breakdown of Thunder Bay’s community emissions produced by
source (predominately energy type). Natural gas produced the largest portion of
emissions in Thunder Bay in 2011, followed by electricity, gasoline, diesel and solid
waste.
Figure 8. 2011 Community GHG Emissions by Source
Propane Waste
5%
Diesel 0%
10%
Electricity
14%
Gasoline
24%
Natural Gas
47%
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
23
Table 9 provides the energy use and GHG emissions produced by each energy type in
the baseline year 2005 and in 2011. The share of natural gas and electricity in the fuel
mix declined over that time period.
Table 9. Community Energy Use and GHG Emissions by Source
2005
Energy Type Total Use
CO2e
Total Use
CO2e (%)
19
(GJ)
(tonnes)
(GJ)
Electricity
3,757,524
240,064
17%
3,401,984
Natural Gas
14,128,975
698,187
49%
8,553,904
Diesel
4,477,399
312,074
22%
1,260,325
Gasoline
1,930,234
135,239
9%
3,032,839
Propane
55,105
3,362
0%
40,563
Waste
N/A
47,800
3%
N/A
Total
1,436,726
2011
CO2e
(tonnes)
122,849
420,823
211,391
88,303
2,475
49,555
895,797
CO2e (%)
14%
47%
24%
10%
0%
6%
Emissions from electricity declined 49% between 2005 and 2011. Actual electricity
consumption decreased 9%, but because the electricity coefficient dropped to reflect the
greening of Ontario’s electricity profile (see Section 2.1.5 for an explanation), emissions
dropped by a greater factor.
Emissions from natural gas declined by 40% between 2005 and 2011. A significant
portion of that drop took place between 2005 and 2007, when the volume of natural gas
consumed by the industrial sector dropped from about 202 million m3 to 75 million m3
per year.
Emissions from transportation-related fuels also declined by between 26 and 35%
(details in section 3.6). A decline in transportation activity is expected with economic
contraction. Real success would be to decouple road transportation activity from
economic growth going forward, where GDP grows at a faster rate than the growth in
VKT. Section 3.6 also describes that this apparent change in transportation fuel
consumption may be related to a revised methodology rather than an actual change in
transportation activity.
Figure 9 graphically compares community emissions by source in 2005 and 2011.
For reference, the conversion factors used in the PCP methodology to convert other energy units to GJ are
3
0.00360 GJ for 1 kWh electricity and 0.03843 GJ for 1 m natural gas in 2011. The natural gas factor changes slightly
over time. The conversion factors for diesel, motor gasoline and propane were 0.03830, 0.03500 and 0.02531 GJ per
litre, respectively. They are derived from Statistics Canada`s Report on Energy Supply and Demand in Canada.
19
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
24
Figure 9. Community GHG Emissions by Source
1,600,000
Waste
Tonnes CO2e
1,400,000
1,200,000
Propane
1,000,000
Diesel
800,000
Gasoline
600,000
Electricity
400,000
Natural Gas
200,000
2005
2011
The energy consumption and resulting emissions produced within each of the
community sectors will be discussed in further detail in subsequent sections of this
report.
Thunder Bay generated approximately 8.3 tonnes of CO2e per capita in 2011, down
from 13.2 CO2e per capita in 2005. In comparison, Ontario’s overall 2010 emissions
intensity was 13.0 tonnes CO2e per capita. 20 The 2010 Canadian national average was
approximately 20.3 tonnes CO2e per capita. 21 However, the Ontario and national figures
include a wider scope of emissions than the Thunder Bay figure.
3.2.
Key Energy Sources
3.2.1. Electricity
Thunder Bay Hydro, a private distribution company owned by the Corporation of the
City of Thunder Bay, is the exclusive distributor of electricity in the community. It covers
an urban service area of 122 km2, and a rural service area of 259 km2. 22 It has a
network of 1,186 km of power lines. 23 The boundary of Thunder Bay Hydro’s service
area is generally the city limits. 24
20
Climate Vision. Climate Change Progress Report – Technical Appendix. Government of Ontario. 2012. Accessed
from
http://www.ene.gov.on.ca/stdprodconsume/groups/lr/@ene/@resources/documents/resource/stdprod_100824.pdf
21
National Inventory Report 1990-2010: Executive Summary. Figure S-3: Canadian Per Capita Emissions 1990–
2010. Accessed from http://www.ec.gc.ca/ges-ghg/default.asp?lang=En&n=8BAF9C6D-1#figs3.
22
Ontario Energy Board 2011 Yearbook of Electricity Distributors. General Statistics.
23
Ibid.
24
There are roughly 15 residences served outside city limits along Townline Road across from where Hydro One
becomes the service provider. (Personal communication - Bill Willis, Thunder Bay Hydro.)
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
25
Thunder Bay Hydro categorizes its customers based upon annual kW of electricity
consumed, not sector (e.g. commercial vs. industrial). For the purpose of this inventory,
the assumptions in Table 10 have been made. Note that some large commercial
warehouses may have sufficient lighting and heating demand to have been categorized
under the industrial sector.
Table 10. Thunder Bay Hydro Customer Type Categorization for Inventory
Thunder Bay
Re-categorization for Inventory
Hydro Category
Residential
Residential
<50 kW
Commercial
>50 kW
Industrial
Scattered
Commercial
Using this categorization, in 2011 Thunder Bay Hydro serviced approximately 44,749
residential customers, 4,485 commercial customers and 531 industrial customers.
Thunder Bay Hydro also served 471 unmetered scattered load connections, primarily
used for functions such as sentinel lighting and Shaw cable amplifiers, which were
added to the commercial category for the purposes of the community inventory.
Through “demand-side management” such as energy efficiency, conservation and time
of use initiatives, Thunder Bay Hydro has encouraged its customers to reduce winter
and summer peak demand over time, as shown in Figure 10. Reducing load demand
during high cost, peak demand periods means that less thermal peaking plant electricity
generation is required. Reducing peak demand can also yield overall energy savings.
Figure 10: Thunder Bay Hydro Peak Demands 2005 to 2011
25
Peak Electricity Demand (kW)
250,000
200,000
150,000
Winter Peak (kW)
Summer Peak (kW)
100,000
Average Peak (kW)
50,000
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
25
Ontario Energy Board. 2005 to 2011Yearbooks of Electricity Distributors. Accessed from
http://www.ontarioenergyboard.ca/OEB/Industry/Rules+and+Requirements/Reporting+and+Record+Keeping+Requir
ements/Yearbook+of+Distributors.
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
26
Annual electricity consumption per Thunder Bay Hydro customer has also declined, as
seen in Figure 11.
Figure 11: Indexed Average Annual Electricity Sales per Customer
Indexed annual electricity sales
per customer (2005=100)
120
100
80
Residential
60
Commercial
Industrial
40
20
0
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
As Ontario electricity producers emit fewer GHG emissions per kilowatt hour generated,
the emissions associated with electricity use in Thunder Bay declined. Figure 12 shows
how Thunder Bay’s community GHG emissions from electricity are sensitive to the
Ontario electricity coefficient, as described in section 2.1.5. The drop in GHG emissions
between 2008 and 2009, for example, is almost entirely due to the electricity coefficient
(there was just a 3% decline in electricity consumption).
250,000
0.25
200,000
0.20
150,000
0.15
100,000
0.10
50,000
0.05
-
Electricity Coefficient
Tonnes CO2e
Figure 12: Community Electricity Emissions and Ontario Electricity Coefficient
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
Electricity Coefficient
(kgCO2e/kWh)
0.00
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
27
The Thunder Bay Generating Station, located within the City of Thunder Bay, is
operated by the Ontario Power Authority. The generating station has two coal-fuelled
generators capable of producing 306 megawatts (MW) of power. Annual production at
the plant could be approximately 1500 gigawatt-hours (GWh) - enough energy to supply
over 100,000 households for one year. However, production has declined over time as
local industrial demand for electricity declined and the province has shifted production to
clean electricity options. As a thermal plant, the Thunder Bay Generating Station is
mostly used to cover peaks, low water periods and system stability. The Ontario
Government has considered converting the plant to natural gas as part of its
commitment to phase out all coal-burning power generation by 2014.
Since emissions associated with electricity generation are captured in the electricity
coefficient, it would be double-counting to also include the direct emissions from the
Thunder Bay Generating Station. However, as additional information, the GHG
emissions associated with the facility are shown in Figure 13.
1,400,000
1200
1,200,000
1000
1,000,000
800
800,000
600
600,000
400
400,000
200
200,000
0
Net Energy Generation (GWh)
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
(t CO 2e)
Figure 13: Thunder Bay Generating Station Power Generation and GHG Emissions
Emissions
Net Energy
Generation
0
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
3.2.2. Natural Gas
Union Gas, owned by Spectra Energy, is the only distributor of natural gas in Thunder
Bay. In 2011, Union Gas served 38,518 residential customers, 3,182 commercial
customers, 9 industrial customers and 22 contracts in Thunder Bay. 26
The 2011 and 2010 natural gas consumption data was updated in November 2012 by
Union Gas for the purpose of this inventory. The 2006 to 2009 data was based upon
older records provided by Union Gas to the CEAP Energy Working Group. The 2005
26
Union Gas also serves residential and commercial customers in areas surrounding Thunder Bay (i.e. Neebing,
Oliver Paipoonge, Shuniah and Vickers Heights) but these were not included in the scope of this inventory.
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
28
data was based upon what was established for the 2005 ICLEI baseline, and could not
be updated.
Union Gas categorizes its customer types into residential, commercial (“engaged in
selling, warehousing or distributing a commodity, in some business activity or in some
other form of economic or social activity”) and industrial (“engaged in a process which
creates or changes raw or unfinished materials into another form or product, or who
change or complete a semi-finished material into a finished form”). 27 Union Gas also
establishes contracts that it records separately, with customers such as industrial
facilities, hospitals, and academic institutions. Contract customers generally consume a
peak daily usage of over 14,000 m3 per day. For the purpose of this inventory, contracts
(of which there were 22 in 2011) were included within the industrial category, as per
Table 11.
Table 11. Union Gas Customer Type Categorization for Inventory
Union Gas
Categorization for Inventory
Category
Residential
Residential
Commercial
Commercial
Industrial
Industrial
Contracts
Industrial
Union Gas has instituted a variety of “demand-side management” programs. Annual
natural gas consumption per Union Gas customer in Thunder Bay has declined in the
industrial sector and also the residential sector, and has not risen sigificantly in the
commercial sector, as seen in Figure 14.
Figure 14: Indexed Average Annual Natural Gas Sales per Customer
Indexed annual natural gas sales
per customer (2005=100)
160
140
120
100
Residential
80
Commercial
60
Industrial
40
20
0
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
27
Union Gas. 2013. Conditions of Service. Accessed from
http://www.uniongas.com/aboutus/policies/pdf/ConditionsofService.pdf.
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
29
The jump in natural gas sales per industrial customer in 2006 resulted from the number
of industrial customers dropping from 64 to 27 while the volume of gas consumed by the
sector rose nearly 40%. From 2006 to 2010, the number of industrial customers did not
change significantly and natural gas sales generally declined. It is not known if the jump
from 2005 to 2006 is an artifact of a different methodology of data collection between
2005 and 2006 to 2011.
The weather affects the amount of natural gas and electricity that is consumed in a
year. When comparing energy consumption year over year, it can be valuable to factor
out coldness or heat. Heating degree-days measure the coldness of the weather
experienced based upon the extent to which daily mean temperatures fell below 18°C.
For example, if the average temperature on a given day is 10 degrees Celsius, then the
degree-days would be 8, and if it were above 18 degrees the degree-days would be 0.
Cooling degree-days for a given day the number of degrees Celsius that the mean
temperature is above 18°C. Cooling degree-days are an indicator of air-conditioning
requirements of buildings.
Generally the higher the degree days recorded, the higher the energy consumed. Table
12 provides the heating and cooling degree-days for 2005 to 2011. The 2005 baseline
year and 2011 were not considerably different in terms of heating and cooling needs
due to weather.
28
Table 12: Heating and Cooling Degree-Days
2005
2006
Heating degree-days
5,469.2
5,038.5
Cooling degree-days
114.6
114.7
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
5,449.3
5,818.9
5,710.7
4,937.2
5,408.6
90.6
55.9
33.4
111.4
114.2
Figure 15 demonstrates how Thunder Bay’s community natural gas use is affected by
heating degree-days.
28
Thunder Bay Hydro. 2012. Thunder Bay Hydro Load Forecast for 2013 Rate Application. Weather Analysis Summary of Degree Day Information from Station Toronto, Lester B Pearson International Airport. Accessed from
www.rds.ontarioenergyboard.ca. Note that Union Gas uses a different source that varies but not significantly.
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
30
400,000,000
8,000
350,000,000
7,000
300,000,000
6,000
250,000,000
5,000
200,000,000
4,000
150,000,000
3,000
100,000,000
2,000
50,000,000
1,000
-
Annual Heating Degree Days
Natural Gas (m3)
Figure 15: Community Natural Gas Consumption and Heating Degree Days
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
Heating Degree Days
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
31
3.3.
Residential
26% of community emissions
234,200 tonnes CO2e
In 2011, there were approximately 46,945 households in Thunder Bay including singlefamily, multi-family and semi-detached homes, townhouses, apartments and
condominiums. Within the residential sector, energy is consumed for such end-uses as
space and water heating, cooling, appliances, and lighting.
The residential sector produced approximately 234,200 tonnes CO2e in 2011, or
approximately 26% of the total GHG emissions within Thunder Bay. Table 13 provides a
summary of energy consumption and emissions produced within the residential sector
in Thunder Bay in 2005 and 2011 by fuel type. Electricity use accounted for 19% of
residential emissions, while natural gas accounted for 81%. Emissions from household
wood burning are not included in the inventory since biomass fuel is being treated as
carbon neutral (see section 2.1.4) and the methane and nitrous oxide emissions from
wood burning would not be significant.
Table 13. Residential Sector Energy Use and GHG Emissions
2005
Energy
Energy
CO
Energy
2e
Type
CO2e (%)
Use (GJ)
(tonnes)
Use (GJ)
Electricity
Natural Gas
Total
1,287,499
4,407,886
5,695,385
82,257
217,817
300,074
27%
73%
2011
CO2e
(tonnes)
1,216,184
3,872,990
5,089,173
CO2e (%)
43,662
190,538
234,200
19%
81%
Figure 16 shows the trend in residential GHG emissions between 2005 and 2011.
43,662
3,000
194,967
205,110
204,487
176,679
190,538
-
2,000
182,657
100,000
50,000
4,000
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
Heating Degree Days
150,000
43,382
200,000
5,000
34,580
250,000
59,780
6,000
72,347
300,000
65,819
7,000
82,257
350,000
217,817
Residential GHG Emissions (t CO 2e)
Figure 16: Residential GHG Emissions by Source
Electricity
Natural Gas
Heating Degree Days
1,000
-
32
3.4.
Commercial
14% of community emissions
128,486 tonnes CO2e
The commercial sector consists of offices, retail outlets, institutions (i.e. hospitals,
schools, university, college, etc.) and government facilities. The Corporation of the City
of Thunder Bay’s buildings are also included within this sector. The unmetered
scattered load of electricity is also included in the commercial sector.
The commercial sector produced 128,486 tonnes CO2e, or around 14% of the
community’s total emissions. The largest source of GHG emissions was natural gas
consumption (86%). The share attributed to electricity declined from 26% in 2005 to
14% in 2011 as the emissions intensity of electricity decreased significantly over that
period. A summary of the commercial sector’s energy use and associated emissions by
fuel type is provided in Table 14.
Table 14. Commercial Sector Energy Use and GHG Emissions
2005
Energy Type
Energy
CO2e
Energy
CO2e (%)
Use (GJ)
(tonnes)
Use (GJ)
Electricity
537,628
34,348
26%
494,921
Natural Gas
1,986,663
98,171
74%
2,243,214
Total
2,524,292
132,520
2,738,135
2011
CO2e
(tonnes)
17,872
110,359
128,486
CO2e (%)
14%
86%
Figure 17 shows the trend in commercial GHG emissions between 2005 and 2011.
119,445
120,560
101,591
110,359
50,000
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
-
3,000
2,000
115,567
100,000
110,591
150,000
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
Heating Degree Days
4,000
18,128
200,000
17,783
5,000
14,342
250,000
24,366
6,000
29,722
300,000
27,484
7,000
34,348
350,000
98,171
Commercial GHG Emissions (t CO 2e)
Figure 17: Commercial GHG Emissions by Source
Electricity
Natural Gas
Heating Degree Days
1,000
-
33
3.5.
Industrial
20% of community emissions
180,986 tonnes CO2e
This sector consists of industrial facilities and those that consume more than 50 kW of
electricity per year. It includes, for example, the Resolute Forest Products pulp and
paper mill, Bombardier Transportation equipment manufacturing, the Port of Thunder
Bay, the Thunder Bay International Airport, machinery and metal fabricators and others.
It excludes the Thunder Bay Generating Station, as described in section 2.1.1.
The industrial sector contributed approximately 180,986 tonnes of CO2e in 2011,
equivalent to 20% of Thunder Bay’s total emissions. The largest source of GHG
emissions within the sector was natural gas consumption (66%), followed by electricity
consumption (34%).
This inventory does not capture the industrial sector’s consumption of coal, coke and
heavy fuel oil because the data was not available. Some communities have chosen to
prorate the provincial consumption of those fuels (as per Natural Resource Canada’s
National Energy Use Database) in their community inventories. This step could be taken
for the Thunder Bay Inventory if it is of interest in the future. It would increase total
reported emissions both in the baseline year and subsequent years.
Biogenic fuels are used by the natural resource industries, such as wood fibre in pulp
mills. As described in section 2.1.4, the carbon dioxide emissions from these fuels are
not counted in the inventory because the carbon is assumed to be sequestered again in
biomass regrowth as part of the natural carbon cycle. However, biofuels do produce
small quantities of methane and nitrous oxide, which were not captured in this inventory
due to lack of data and uncertainty.
Table 15 provides a summary of energy use and associated GHG emissions produced
within Thunder Bay’s industrial sector in 2005 and 2011 by fuel type.
Table 15. Industrial Sector Energy Use and GHG Emissions
2005
Energy Type
Energy
CO2e
CO2e (%)
Use (GJ)
(tonnes)
Electricity
1,932,396
123,459
24%
Natural Gas
7,734,426
382,198
76%
Total
9,666,822
505,657
Energy
Use (GJ)
1,690,879
2,437,701
4,128,579
2011
CO2e
(tonnes)
61,060
119,927
180,986
CO2e (%)
34%
66%
Industry had produced the largest proportion of community emissions - 35% - in 2005.
The industrial sector then experienced the largest decline in emissions, with both
natural gas and electricity consumption dropping as production dropped. The number of
industrial natural gas customers in 2005 was recorded as 64, while just a year later it
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
34
was down to 27. Section 1.1 describes some of the economic factors that drove this
decline in emissions.
Figure 18 shows the trend in industrial GHG emissions between 2005 and 2011.
Figure 18: Industrial GHG Emissions by Source
101,942
400,000
123,459
500,000
221,804
142,312 110,856
142,547 85,172
131,285 48,181
105,118 60,426
119,927 61,060
300,000
382,198
Industrial GHG Emissions (t CO 2e)
600,000
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
200,000
100,000
-
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
Electricity
Natural Gas
35
3.6.
Transportation
34% of community emissions
302,169 tonnes CO2e
The transportation sector includes privately-owned and government operated
passenger vehicles, commercial vehicles, transport trucks, transit buses, and all other
vehicles associated with private, commercial, industrial and government activities within
the city limits.
As noted in section 2.1.1, air transportation and rail transportation are not included in
this inventory. Community-wide use of off-road vehicles and snow vehicles are also not
included in this inventory, as activity data for them is challenging to obtain. 29
Vehicles in Thunder Bay travelled approximately 869,499,971 km in 2011. The
transportation sector was responsible for approximately 302,169 tonnes CO2e or 34% of
all community emissions.
Table 16 summarizes the fuel consumption and emissions modeled for the
transportation sector in 2005 and 2011. Note that the proportion of gasoline, diesel and
propane consumption is based upon assumptions in the PCP transportation model.
Table 16. Transportation Sector Modeled Energy Use and GHG Emissions
2005
2011
Energy
Energy
CO2e
Energy
CO2e
Type
CO2e (%)
Use (GJ)
(tonnes)
Use (GJ)
(tonnes)
Gasoline
4,477,339
312,074
69%
3,032,839
211,391
Diesel
1,930,234
135,239
30%
1,260,325
88,303
Propane
55,105
3,362
1%
40,563
2,475
Total
6,462,679
450,675
4,333,727
302,169
CO2e (%)
70%
29%
1%
Figure 19 shows the trend in transportation-related GHG emissions between 2005 and
2011.
However, the Local Government inventory includes the Corporation of the City of Thunder Bay’s off-road and snow
vehicles (section 4.3).
29
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
36
Figure 19: Transportation GHG Emissions by Source
2,475
211,391
88,303
216,488
90,432
2,534
3,281
280,256
117,069
2,913
248,860
103,954
246,901
0
258,444
100,000
2,890
2,784
3,362
200,000
103,136
300,000
111,998
400,000
135,239
500,000
312,074
Transportation GHG Emissions (t CO 2e)
600,000
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Propane
Diesel
Gasoline
While the Ontario Ethanol in Gasoline Regulation 535/05 (effective January 1, 2007)
and the federal Renewable Fuels Regulations SOR/2010-189 (effective July 1, 2011)
require total gasoline volume to average 5% ethanol/renewable content, Northern
Ontario is exempt from complying with the requirements due to transportation
limitations.
Transportation emissions are estimated based on total VKT in Thunder Bay, as
calculated by the Corporation of the City of Thunder Bay for the Ontario Municipal
Benchmarking Initiative. 30 In 2010, the Corporation’s Engineering Division reviewed the
information in its Geographic Information System and revised classifications of streets,
benchmarking definitions, and vehicle kilometre calculations. The updated methodology
used in 2010 and 2011 will be followed in the future, allowing for more accurate
comparisons going forward. The change in methodology does, however, limit the
conclusions that can be drawn from differences in VKT between 2005 and 2011.
In order to estimate the total fuel use by all on road vehicles in Thunder Bay and the
resulting GHG emissions from this fuel use, the PCP methodology allows for the use of
a transportation model based on VKT. The model uses assumptions about the
distribution of vehicle types (i.e. car, light truck, heavy truck, and bus) and associated
fuel type (gasoline, diesel, propane, compressed natural gas, and ethanol blend) in a
Canadian community, coupled with fuel efficiencies for each combination. Emissions in
2005 and 2006 are estimated using older, less efficient fuel efficiencies than those since
2007, reflecting the fact that overall vehicle fuel efficiency has improved over time.
30
VKT is modeled using a variety of inputs such as the kilometres of road by class, and the traffic volume on each of
those road classes. Urban and rural roads (i.e. ditches only, not curb or gutter; typically not sewer and water services;
some gravel, some paved) are distinguished. Roads are also classed based upon speed and volume of traffic. A City
traffic technician conducts traffic counts at every signalized intersection every three to five years. The average traffic
volume per class and per lane is estimated.
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
37
Thunder Bay is likely to have relatively more light and heavy duty trucks and fewer cars
as passenger vehicles than the national averages assumed in the PCP model. Under
the PCP methodology, cities are permitted to apply local information about the
distribution of vehicle classes if it is available. Table 17 shows the number of active
vehicle registrations by type in Thunder Bay, as provided by the Ontario Ministry of
Transportation. Since passenger vehicles and commercial vehicles are not
disaggregated by weight class, the information is too coarse to customize the PCP
model to Thunder Bay.
Table 17. Active Vehicle Registrations within the Community
Year
Personal
MotorMopeds
ComBuses
Passenger
cycles
mercial
Vehicles
Vehicles
2005
71,141
2,152
55
39,113
458
Snow
Vehicles
Off Road
Vehicles
14,487
8,856
2006
71,307
2,286
54
38,945
459
14,388
9,312
2007
71,903
2,403
49
38,881
485
13,967
9,955
2008
73,050
2,593
48
39,158
489
14,179
10,681
2009
73,222
2,692
45
38,677
501
14,120
11,251
2010
73,117
2,872
35
39,005
523
13,967
11,981
2011
73,521
3,047
34
39,808
532
14,109
12,680
As Table 17 shows, the vehicle type for which registrations increased most significantly
between 2005 and 2011 was off-road vehicles (43%). There were also increases in
registration of motorcycles (42%) and buses (16%). Personal passenger vehicle
registrations increased 3%.
Changes in transportation emissions between 2005 and 2011 are primarily attributed to
the changes in the methodology of estimating VKT. An analysis was conducted to see if
any trends in traffic counts could be identified over time, as anecdotal observations are
that traffic volumes are increasing particularly around the Thunder Centre and Intercity
area. However, since traffic volumes have been collected only three times at most at
major intersections in different years since the initiative was started a decade ago, the
data are fairly scattered and the results considered unreliable. The Corporation will
continue to collect data, and may be able to draw more conclusions in the future.
Eighty percent of the employed labour force in the Thunder Bay Census Metropolitan
Area drove themselves to work in census year 2006. 31,32 Nine percent received a ride to
work from others (as a passenger, as in a carpool situation.) Three percent took public
31
Statistics Canada. 2008. Commuting Distance (km) (9), Age Groups (9) and Sex (3) for the Employed Labour
Force 15 Years and Over Having a Usual Place of Work of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan
Areas
and
Census
Agglomerations,
2006
Census
20%
Sample
Data.
Accessed
at
http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rpeng.cfm?TABID=1&LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=95839&
PRID=0&PTYPE=88971,97154&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=76&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VN
AMEF=.
32
Statistics Canada collects commuting data for Census Agglomerations and Census Metropolitan Areas (a larger
geographic area), but not Cities.
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
38
transit. Eight percent walked or bicycled. With the active transportation initiatives, such
as bike lanes, educational programs and other improvements that were made between
2006 and 2011, there may be a growing number of commuters who cycle or walk. Data
on 2011 commutes to work and commuting distance will be available in June 2013. 33
The median commuting distance of residents of the Thunder Bay Census Metropolitan
Areas was 4.7 km in 2006, as compared to 8.7 km for Ontario. Shorter commutes
increase the likelihood of people walking, cycling or using public transit.
Thunder Bay has an active local food movement, which recognizes the importance of
sourcing locally produced food to the extent possible. Local food can have less
transportation emissions associated with it than food imported from thousands of
kilometres away, particularly depending upon how emissions-intensive a mode by which
the imported food has been transported. As noted in section 2.1.1, indirect emissions
associated with the transportation of food and goods to Thunder Bay are not captured in
the community inventory. Only transportation within the city limits of Thunder Bay is
calculated.
33
Statistics Canada’s National Households Survey, to be released in June 2013, will provide 2011 commuting to work
data for comparison.
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
39
3.7.
Solid Waste
6% of community emissions
49,955 tonnes CO2e
The Corporation of the City of Thunder Bay Roads Division collects community waste
and delivers it to the Mapleward Road Solid Waste & Recycling Facility. 34 This waste
comes from residential, commercial and industrial sectors. Up to three bags or items of
waste (maximum 120 pounds) are picked up from each residential household weekly.
Paper, cardboard, glass bottles and jars, metal cans and #1 and #2 plastic bottles can
be recycled. Seasonal collections of compostables take place, including leaf and yard
waste pick-ups, and pumpkin and Christmas tree collection sites. The Mapleward Road
facility also accepts leaf and yard waste, scrap metal, scrap tires, electronic waste and
household hazardous waste.
Not all waste generated within the City of Thunder Bay may be captured in the tonnage
of waste delivered to the Mapleward Road Solid Waste & Recycling Facility. Some
private haulers that transport waste from commercial and institutional entities in
Thunder Bay may choose at times to deliver their loads to the Neebing or Shuniah
municipal landfills. Also, a privately-owned facility in Oliver Paipoonge accepts
construction and demolition material and contaminated soil (but not garbage) at a lower
rate than the Thunder Bay facility. Thus, there may be a portion of community waste
from Thunder Bay that is not captured in this inventory. Conversely, private haulers may
also deliver some waste from the surrounding townships to the Thunder Bay facility.
Landfill gas emissions are produced as solid waste decomposes through anaerobic
digestion (without oxygen) within the landfill over time. The amount of emissions
produced depends upon factors such as climate, landfill years of operation, and the
composition and amount of waste in place over the past 30 years or more. Modelling
landfill gas emissions requires considerable data. To simplify this, the PCP methodology
relies on a basic emissions factor that “front loads” all future emissions from the solid
waste produced during the inventory year and doesn’t factor in emissions from waste
landfilled in previous years.
Using the PCP methodology, it is estimated that 49,955 tonnes CO2e was generated
from the 103,706 tonnes of solid waste added to the Solid Waste & Recycling Facility in
2011. That represents 6% of the community’s total emissions in 2011. Waste emissions
were 5% higher than in 2005.
Table 18. Community Waste Modeled GHG Emissions
2005 CO2e (tonnes)
2011 CO2e (tonnes)
Waste Emissions
47,800
49,955
34
The Thunder Bay Solid Waste & Recycling Facility was referred to as the “John Street Landfill” until 2009, when the
facility was upgraded and the entrance was moved to 5405 Mapleward Road. The location and footprint of the facility
remain the same.
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
40
As the PCP methodology does not take into account the landfill gas captured from the
Mapleward Road Solid Waste & Recycling Facility, the 2011 emissions modeled may be
overestimated. Figure 20 shows the modeled GHG emissions for 2005 to 2011, and the
actual landfill gas captured in the last quarter of 2010 and in 2011.
Figure 20: Waste GHG Emissions and Landfill Gas Capture
100,000
80,000
70,000
60,000
Modelled Waste
Emissions
Landfill Gas Captured
50,000
40,000
48,324
50,356
49,955
0
48,359
10,000
48,359
20,000
46,301
30,000
47,800
Waste GHG Emissions (t CO 2e)
90,000
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Landfill gas is collected in a system of wells or trenches and then connected through
piping to a biogas collection system. The gas is composed of about 50 to 60% methane
and 40 to 45% carbon dioxide, with the balance being trace amounts of hydrogen
sulfide, other sulfur compounds, organic compounds, nitrogen and oxygen. Methane is
at least 21 times more potent a GHG than carbon dioxide, 35 making it worthwhile to
capture and combust. The methane combustion can also serve an additional purpose –
generating heat and electricity that might otherwise be produced using fossil fuels.
In mid-August 2010 the Mapleward Renewable Generating Station, with two generator
sets to combust landfill gas captured from the Solid Waste & Recycling Facility, started
operating under a partnership with Thunder Bay Hydro. The generator sets run
continuously at variable loads except during maintenance and upgrades to the plant and
gas collection systems. Some of the power produced is consumed internally, but most
of it is sold to the Ontario Power Authority. The Mapleward Renewable Generating
Station converts the methane gas into enough electricity to power over 2,000 city
homes.
In 2011, an estimated 89,754 tonnes CO2e was captured at the Solid Waste &
Recycling Facility, as shown in Table 19. Note that this figure is higher than the total
waste emissions that the simple PCP methodology modeled, likely because of
emissions produced by waste in place before 2011. Given that the landfill gas collection
35
See section 2.1.2 on global warming potential for an explanation of methane’s potency as a greenhouse gas.
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
41
system efficiency can only be estimated, the resultant net actual waste emissions after
landfill gas capture are not known.
Table 19: Landfill Gas Consumption at Mapleward Renewable Generating Station
Landfill Gas
Landfill Gas
3
Year
Consumed (m )
Consumed (est.
tonnes CO2e)
2010 (partial
2,985,099
23,127
from August)
2011
11,209,727
89,754
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
42
4. Local Government Inventory
4.1.
2011 Local Government Overview
The Corporation of the City of Thunder Bay (the Corporation) inventory provides an
estimate of all the GHG emissions produced by the corporate facilities, vehicle fleet,
lighting (street lights, traffic controls and signal systems, and other lighting), water and
wastewater treatment facilities. The data is reported in more detail than the community
inventory because the Corporation is able to directly affect emissions reductions
activities in its own municipal operations. The local government emissions account for
approximately 3.3% of the emissions produced by the community as a whole. The
Corporation actively tracks its energy use to identify the greatest opportunities for
savings.
In 2011, operations of the Corporation of the City of Thunder Bay produced
approximately 29,546 tCO2e. This is a reduction of 11% compared to 2005 (at 33,261
tCO2e). The Corporation is progressing towards its target of reducing local government
emissions 35% below 2005 levels by 2017, but growth in municipal operations and
facilities has made it more challenging to achieve the goal.
In 2008, through the consolidation of the Corporate Energy Portfolio into the Energy,
Financial and Administrative Services Division, the Corporation developed a
comprehensive energy management database to track, monitor, verify, and budget for
all corporate energy use. As a result, the 2009 data will be used as a basis for
comparison with the 2011 inventory. Note that in 2009 the Ontario electricity coefficient
was at its lowest, at 0.10 as compared to 0.13 in 2011 (see section 2.1.5 for more on
the electricity coefficient). Therefore, where electricity consumption has remained stable
between 2009 and 2011, emissions will show a 30% rise based on the increased
emissions intensity of Ontario’s electricity production over that period.
Figure 21 shows Thunder Bay’s local government GHG emissions against a linear
pathway towards its 2017 reduction target.
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
43
Figure 21: Thunder Bay Local Government GHG Emissions 2005 - 2011
36
40,000
29,119
28,970
29,546
2010
2011
20,000
2009
25,000
33,261
30,000
15,000
10,000
2017
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
2008
2007
0
2006
5,000
2005
Local Government GHG Emissions
(t CO 2e)
35,000
Figure 22 illustrates the contribution to total local government emissions by sector in
2011. Buildings were responsible for the largest proportion (44%) of local government
emissions, followed by the vehicle fleet (34%), water and wastewater (16%), and
lighting (5%).
Figure 22. 2011 Local Government GHG Emissions by Sector
Water and
Sewage
17%
Streetlights
5%
Buildings
44%
Vehicle Fleet
34%
Table 20 provides the GHG emissions produced by each sector in 2005, 2009 and
2011. In 2011, the Corporation spent approximately $14.7 million on energy costs, an
increase of approximately $1.6 million from 2009.
36
Total emissions for 2006 to 2008 are not shown, as the vehicle fleet data for those years is incomplete.
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
44
Table 20. Local Government Energy Use and GHG Emissions by Sector
2005
2009
CO2e
CO2e
Sector
CO2e (%)*
CO2e (%)*
(tonnes)
(tonnes)
Buildings
15,988
48%
12,829
44%
Vehicle Fleet
9,179
28%
10,396
36%
Lighting
2,901
9%
1,231
4%
Water &
5,194
16%
4,663
16%
Wastewater
Total
33,261
29,119
* Percentages may not total 100 due to rounding
2011
CO2e
CO2e (%)*
(tonnes)
13,025
44%
10,111
34%
1,548
5%
4,861
16%
29,546
Figure 23 compares local government emissions by sector. The largest relative
reduction in emissions occurred in lighting, which declined by 47% between 2005 and
2011. The next most significant reduction was in buildings, which declined by 19%, and
represent a much larger absolute reduction of 2,962 tonnes CO2e. Water and
wastewater declined by approximately 6%, and possibly more as not all the natural gas
data was reported in the 2005 inventory. Vehicle fleet emissions increased by 10%
between 2005 and 2011, but declined 3% between 2009 and 2011.
Figure 23. Local Government GHG Emissions by Sector
35,000
Tonnes CO2e
30,000
25,000
Water and Sewage
20,000
Streetlights
15,000
Vehicle Fleet
Buildings
10,000
5,000
2005
2009
2011
Figure 24 provides the GHG emissions produced by each source type (predominately
energy) in 2011 and the baseline year 2005. Natural gas combustion is the largest
source of emissions (38%) for the Corporation in 2011, followed by electricity (27%).
This is a shift from 2005, when more emissions-intensive electricity was the energy type
that produced the most emissions (Table 21).
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
45
Figure 24. 2011 Local Government GHG Emissions by Source
B10 Biodiesel
10%
Electricity
27%
B5 Biodiesel
15%
Diesel
0%
Gasoline
9%
Natural Gas
39%
Table 21 shows that local government energy use increased between 2005 and 2011,
but because the emissions intensity of electricity declined dramatically (at its lowest in
2009), overall emissions declined.
Table 21. Local Government Energy Use and GHG Emissions by Source
2009
2005
Source Type
Energy
Use (GJ)
CO2e
(tonne
s)
CO2e
(%)*
Energy
Use (GJ)
Electricity
220,609 14,104 42%
245,839
Natural Gas
201,262
9,945 30%
241,762
Gasoline
28,390
1,979
6%
37,575
Diesel
102,768
7,234 22%
66,055
B5 Biodiesel
0
0
0%
47,152
B10 Biodiesel
0
0
0%
0
Propane
0
0
0%
0
Total
553,029 34,083
638,382
* Percentages may not total 100 due to rounding
CO2e
(tonne
s)
6,829
11,894
2,619
4,628
3,149
0
0
29,119
2011
CO2e
(%)*
Energy
Use (GJ)
CO2e
(tonne
s)
23%
41%
9%
16%
11%
0%
0%
223,943
230,663
37,065
0
67,223
47,853
0
606,746
8,087
11,348
2,583
0
4,490
3,038
0
29,546
CO2e
(%)*
27%
38%
9%
0%
15%
10%
0%
Figure 25 compares local government emissions by source in 2005 and 2011.
Emissions from electricity declined by 43% between 2005 and 2011. Note that while
electricity consumption stayed nearly constant during that time, the 43% reduction in
emissions intensity of the Ontario electricity coefficient between 2005 and 2011 drove
the reduction in emissions. Emissions from natural gas increased 14%, but were highest
in 2009. (The 2005 emissions from natural gas estimate may be missing data for water
and wastewater treatment.) Diesel use transitioned to B5 and B10 biodiesel blends
starting in 2009. Energy use from diesel and biodiesels combined rose 11% from
103,225 GJ in 2005 to 115,075 GJ in 2011. However, given the lower emissions
intensity of biodiesel, emissions only rose 4% (from 7,234 tCO2e to 7,528 tCO2e) over
the same period.
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
46
Figure 25. Local Government GHG Emissions by Source
35,000
B10 Biodiesel
Tonnes CO2e
30,000
B5 Biodiesel
25,000
Diesel
20,000
15,000
Gasoline
10,000
Natural Gas
Electricity
5,000
2005
2009
2011
The following sections of the report provide a breakdown and analysis of Thunder Bay’s
local government emissions by sector.
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
47
4.2.
Buildings
44% of local government emissions
13,025 tonnes CO2e
Approximately 130 buildings managed by the Corporation that are in the inventory
represent over 220,388 m2 of floor space. Most of the buildings are managed directly by
the Corporation. A few are managed by their own boards or agencies, but are included
because their energy consumption is influenced by the Corporation (e.g. representation
on the board or approval required for capital expenditures).
Buildings for which the Corporation has lease agreements “facilities management
agreements” in place (e.g. Shelter House, Soccer Northwest, Magnus Theatre, Thunder
Bay Tennis Club and Kinsmen Northwood Centre) are excluded because their energy
use is managed and paid for privately. Also the buildings owned by TBayTel and
Thunder Bay Hydro are excluded because they are managed at arm’s length from the
Corporation.
Note that local government facilities associated with water and wastewater treatment
are included in their own category, under section 4.5, rather than under this section.
There are approximately 32 diesel fired generation sets in the Corporation that provide
backup electrical generation in the event of a power failure. A conservative estimate (i.e.
likely overestimate) 37 of fuel use for these generation sets has been included under the
Vehicle Fleet category rather than Buildings from 2009 to 2011 because the generators
are refilled from fleet diesel fuel sources, and the Vehicle Fleet worksheet under the
PCP methodology allows for biodiesel blends (B5 and B10), while the Buildings
worksheet does not.
Collectively, energy use within the local government buildings resulted in the production
of an estimated 13,025 tonnes CO2e in 2011. This is down 19% from 15,988 tonnes
CO2e in 2005, due principally to lower electricity emissions intensity, but also to a
corporate awareness and culture to efficiently manage energy within all facilities.
Building emissions were up 2% in 2011 from 2009, but that is due to 2009 having a
lower Ontario electricity coefficient. Table 22 demonstrates that energy use (in total GJ
electricity and natural gas consumption) declined by 5% between 2009 and 2011.
37
If all generation sets were run at full load for 20 minutes monthly, total consumption (based on manufacturer’s
specifications) would be roughly 11,952 litres annually (roughly 30 tonnes CO2e). This is a highly conservative
estimate, as most of the gen sets never run at full load and the actual consumption rate per hour is generally less
than the manufacture's specifications.
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
48
Table 22. Local Government Building Energy Use and GHG Emissions
2009
Building Group
Corporate
Emergency Medical
Services
Police
Fire
Canada Games Complex
Community Centres
Older Adults
Arenas & Stadia
Community Aquatics
Homes for Aged
Fort William Gardens
Tourism
Transit
Public Works Yards
Landfill/Recycling
Animal Services
Commercial Facilities
Parks
Golf
Day Care
Prince Arthur’s Landing
Parking Authority
Other Boards & Agencies
Total
Floor
Area
(1000
2
m)
Electric
ity Use
(GJ)
Natural
Gas Use
(GJ)
CO2e
(tonne
s)
11
7,477
6,422
524
4
2,220
2,921
205
6
5,373
7
2,694
11
9,289
9
3,103
2
1,508
15 10,031
4
1,734
32 16,056
6
5,634
0
230
10
2,991
10
3,846
3
869
1
573
14 11,612
10
5,224
3
1,008
0
167
0
0
40
3,000
18 12,119
218 106,758
5,288
5,294
20,572
6,519
985
14,547
8,416
57,473
8,445
92
7,375
12,926
1,529
436
7,762
14,129
593
1,129
0
94
17,549
200,496
409
335
1,270
407
90
994
462
3,273
572
11
446
743
99
37
704
840
57
60
0
88
1,200
12,829
2011
Floor
Area
(1000
2
m)
Electric
ity Use
(GJ)
Natural
Gas Use
(GJ)
CO2e
(tonne
s)
12
7,292
6,511
584
4
2,027
2,523
197
6
5,581
7
2,876
11
7,394
9
2,910
2
1,181
15
9,703
4
1,942
32 16,396
6
5,221
0
177
10
2,862
10
3,761
3
1,894
1
512
14 10,455
10
4,394
3
1,033
0
147
2
875
40
2,928
19 12,175
220 103,735
4,722
434
5,239
362
20,546 1,278
5,319
367
1,073
95
13,959 1,037
10,060
565
50,134 3,059
8,926
628
95
11
6,110
404
13,371
794
1,634
149
596
48
5,282
637
13,012
799
654
69
832
46
99
36
95
110
17,828 1,317
188,620 13,025
A complete list of local government buildings and their energy use is provided in
Appendix B.
The Corporation spent an estimated $5,440,532 on building energy consumption in
2011. (This is the gross cost, including all taxes and delivery or customer charges,
before reimbursement for the federal taxes (e.g. GST/HST) that are included in this
figure.)
Natural gas consumption was the largest source of GHG emissions from buildings
(71%) in 2011, followed by electricity consumption (29%). A relatively negligible amount
of biodiesel was also consumed in regular testing of generator sets at the buildings. The
Corporation does not have any record of propane use.
When comparing year to year energy consumption and emissions from the
Corporation’s buildings, a number of variables can mask the effect of facilities
management and energy efficiency projects. Examples of such variables include:
• Changes in building stock (i.e. increases in total floor area);
• Weather (i.e. number of heating degree-days as per Table 12); and,
• Changes in the emissions coefficient of electricity (as per Table 5).
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
49
Since 2005, with the addition of several facilities, the Corporation’s building floor space
has increased by approximately 9% (from 201,934 m2). Between 2009 and 2011 it
increased 1%, as seen in Table 22. Some of the most notable changes in building stock
include:
• Addition of the Whalen building (2006);
• Addition of 12 EMS facilities (2007) located outside the city but managed by the
Corporation, as well as three other EMS facilities since 2005;
• Addition of the Water Pollution Control Plant (2006) and Bare Point Water
Treatment Plant (2007);
• Decommissioning of Loch Lomond Water Treatment Plant, Westfort Community
Centre (2010) and Brodie Street Bus Terminal (2010);
• Expansion of the Solid Waste & Recycling Facility (2009) and City Hall (2009);
and,
• Addition of several buildings at Prince Arthur’s Landing (2011).
The inventory reflects changes in the buildings stock over time.
Building-specific details can be found in Appendix B. The most emissions intensive
buildings, in terms of GHG emissions per square meter floor area, in 2011 were:
• Churchill Pool (Aquatics)
• Conservatory (Parks)
• Sleeping Giant Parkway buildings (Prince Arthur’s Landing)
• Third & High Fieldhouse (Parks)
• Algoma Day Care Centre (Day Cares)
• Heath Pool (Aquatics)
The Homes for Aged as a building group have relative high emissions per square metre
floor area because 1) they are required by regulation to maintain a higher ambient
temperature, and 2) the Corporation has not invested in energy efficiency retrofits in
those facilities as in other corporate facilities because it will soon be transferring
ownership.
The Corporation’s Facilities, Fleet & Transit Services Department, as part of the
Corporate Energy Management Committee developed “The Strategic Approach to
Energy Management Plan 2011-2014”. 38 This City Council-approved Plan is a living
document that provides an energy roadmap and builds internal energy management
knowledge and awareness. It provides the foundation for energy management decisions
and actions within all corporate operations, promoting the wise use and conservation of
energy and energy efficiency within processes, programs and projects. Past years’
successes are reported to City Council through CEAP Annual Reports. The CEAP
Annual Reports list the specific initiatives that have been undertaken to adopt energy
efficiency measures and emerging technologies to reduce the Corporation’s emissions
intensity. 39 Successes include building and equipment energy efficient retrofits,
38
City of Thunder Bay. 2011. The Strategic Approach to Corporate Energy Management . Accessed from
http://www.thunderbay.ca/City_Government/Departments/Facilities_and_Fleet.htm.
39
City of Thunder Bay. 2011. 2011 EarthWise ® Annual Report. Energy Section and Energy Efficiencies at City of
Thunder Bay Facilities Tables. Accessed from
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
50
increasing awareness of energy management and a strategic partnership with Thunder
Bay Hydro to install solar panels on local government rooftops.
The Corporation is preparing for the reporting requirements that will be implemented
under the Green Energy Act regulation (O. Reg. 397/11). The initiative requires annual
“Energy Conservation and Demand Management Plans” that include the floor area,
operating hours, energy consumption, conservation measures and GHG emissions
associated with all the heated or cooled facilities that are owned or leased by or being
managed by the municipality.
http://www.thunderbay.ca/Living/Environment/EarthWise_Thunder_Bay/EarthWise_Annual_Report.htm.
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
51
4.3.
Vehicle Fleet
34% of local government emissions
10,111 tonnes CO2e
The Corporation of the City of Thunder Bay fleet has light, medium and heavy on and
off-road equipment and also includes 50 transit buses. In 2011, the Corporation
operated approximately 600 fuel-powered vehicles, of which 360 units are tracked using
performance indicators.
Fuel consumption by corporate building generation sets is also included in the Vehicle
Fleet category, as explained under section 4.2.
Greenhouse gas emissions from the vehicle fleet contributed 34% of local government
emissions, or 10,111 tonnes CO2e in 2011. This is up 10% from 2005, and down 3%
from 2009. Table 23 provides a summary of fleet GHG emissions by fuel type.
The Corporation spent an estimated $4,207,193 on vehicle fleet energy use in 2011, up
from $3,103,841 in 2009.
Consumption of B5 biodiesel produced 44% of the vehicle fleet GHG emissions,
followed by B10 biodiesel producing 30% and gasoline producing 26%. Emissions from
gasoline-fuelled vehicles rose 31% between 2005 and 2011, more than combined
diesel/biodiesel blends at 5% during that period. Between 2009 and 2011 GHG
emissions from gasoline decreased by 1%, while emissions from combined
diesel/biodiesel decreased 3%.
The Corporation’s Fleet Services Division has implemented an array of emissions
reduction initiatives under its Green Fleet Implementation Plan. These initiatives include
switching from diesel to increasing biodiesel blends, training operators on best
practices, efficiency programs (e.g. route optimization, passenger pooling, maintenance
and fuel efficiency performance tracking), right-sizing fleet units, investigating alternative
vehicles and conducting pilot projects on newer technologies upon vehicle replacement,
reducing idling and more.
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
52
Table 23. Vehicle Fleet Fuel Use and GHG Emissions
2009
B5
Vehicle Group
Gasoline
Diesel
(L)
Transit
Police Services
Fire Rescue Services
Emergency Medical
Services
Infrastructure and
Operations - Roads
I&O - Streetlight
I&O - Waste
Management
I&O - Landfill
I&O - Engineering
I&O - Environment
I&O - Parking
Authority
Community Services
– Parks
CS - Arenas and
Stadia
CS - Golf
CS - Aquatics
CS - Homes
Corporate/Administra
tive Buildings –
Courier
Corporate/Administra
tive Buildings – Pool
Animal Services
Back-up Diesel
Generators for
Buildings
Total
Biodiese
l (L)
(L)
2011
CO2e
(tonnes)
Gasoline
(L)
B5
B10
Biodiese Biodiesel
l (L)
(L)
CO2e
(tonnes)
15,855
1,060,995
757,853
4,818
14,048
1,093,057
780,755
4,706
343,571
14,828
2,040
37,406
1,457
26,719
847
205
354,687
17,032
3,547
43,161
2,534
30,829
880
226
203,488
10,950
7,822
546
223,944
4,947
3,534
567
62,287
248,825
177,732
1,273
63,598
237,237
169,455
1,169
11,515
11,779
8,414
81
12,699
12,946
9,247
86
14,445
141,853
101,324
674
14,847
139,681
99,772
633
8,871
8,259
134,098
56,095
0
108,926
40,067
0
77,804
274
20
818
10,250
7,937
121,092
75,783
0
102,251
54,131
0
73,036
349
19
732
10,356
0
0
25
9,052
0
0
22
94,277
29,215
20,868
362
83,645
27,160
19,400
320
2,812
807
576
10
2,797
521
372
9
48,559
1,311
0
5,652
0
3,903
4,037
0
2,788
144
3
18
27,250
1,606
0
9,526
0
3,842
6,805
0
2,745
107
4
16
6,284
0
0
15
6,781
0
0
17
79,513
1,237
883
200
74,906
502
359
185
13,239
0
0
32
12,817
0
0
31
0
4,980
6,972
31
0
6,972
4,980
30
1,073,569
1,724,663
1,235,316
10,396
1,058,987
1,761,135
1,257,953
10,111
Biodiesel is a biomass-derived product refined to meet a recognized standard that is
blended with conventional diesel fuel to reduce engine exhaust emissions. The
corporate vehicle fleet started using B5 in June 2009 and all of 2010. In 2011 and 2012
a blend of B5 (October 1 – April 30) and B10 (May 1 – September 30) was used. The
B10 blend was limited based on the ability of the fuel supplier to blend and transport
blend values higher than 5%. The Corporation plans to increase the blend to B15 in
summers 2013 and 2014 and to B20 in summers 2015 and beyond. B20 is the highest
level the Corporation can go as recommended by engine manufacturers.
The Corporation records total diesel consumption, rather than breaking it out into the
proportion of B5 and B10 volumes, since the same corporate fuel pump system diesel
tanks are filled with different blends depending upon the time of year. Information is not
available on which fleets may have consumed more diesel when B5 versus B10 was
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
53
being supplied. In order to estimate the relative proportions of biodiesel blends
consumed, the annual measured diesel consumption (χ) of every fleet was allocated as
per Table 24.
Table 24: Biodiesel Blends Consumed by the Local Government Vehicle Fleet
Fuel
2009
2010
2011
Diesel
χ*5/12
0
0
B5 biodiesel blend
χ*7/12
χ
χ*7/12
B10 biodiesel blend
0
0
χ*5/12
In the original 2005 GHG inventory produced by ICLEI Energy Services, Thunder Bay
Transit Services were included within the community-wide inventory as the Transit
buses serve the broader community’s transportation needs. However, Transit Services
are now included within the local government inventory, as the Corporation actively
owns, maintains and operates the service. 40 The Corporation is responsible for
implementing initiatives that will reduce GHG emissions from Transit Services, while
increasing ridership. Transit is one means for the Corporation to affect community-wide
transportation emissions, through increased transit ridership. Transit runs on 14 routes,
running from about 6 am to after midnight in most areas. The Transit Master Plan
entails an expansion of transit service in Thunder Bay over a five year period starting in
2013.
Thunder Bay Transit increased its consumption of fuel by 16% between 2005 and 2011
(1,681,139 litres of standard diesel in 2005 and 1,873,812 litres of biodiesel in 2011). 41
In energy content (lower in biodiesel than diesel) that is an increase of 11% (64,388 GJ
in 2005 to 71,422 GJ in 2011). In 2011 Thunder Bay transit buses produced 4,672
tonnes CO2e, which is an increase of less than 4% from 4,511 tonnes CO2e in 2005.
The increase in GHG emissions would have been greater without the switch to
biodiesel. Much of the increase for transit fuel consumption is due to addition of air
conditioning systems in new buses acquired after 2006. Air conditioning systems were
added to assist in improving ridership growth. Annual kilometric data for Thunder Bay
Transit shows consistent travel volumes year over year due to the same routing system
used for more than a decade.
40
Including transit in the local government inventory is different from the approach taken in the original 2005 baseline
inventory, which included it within the community-wide inventory. The greater the transit services, the higher the
emissions from transit within the local government fleet, but the lower the overall community transportation emissions.
41
2005 transit diesel consumption is taken from the Green Fleet Plan instead of the amount used in the 2005 ICLEI
inventory.
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
54
4.4.
Street Lights, Traffic Lights and Other Outdoor Lighting
5% of local government emissions
1,548 tonnes CO2e
This sector includes road lighting, park lighting, specialty or accent lighting, traffic
signals, and other lights operated by the Corporation. The Corporation operates 109
signalized intersections with LED bulbs. In 2012 there are approximately 13,050 street
lights managed by the Corporation of the City of Thunder Bay.
Lighting produced 1,548 tonnes CO2e in 2011, through the consumption of 11,910,516
kWh of electricity. It accounted for 5% of local government emissions. This is a
reduction from 2005, when 2,901 tonnes CO2e were produced, representing 9% of local
government emissions. Six percent less energy was used by lighting in 2011 than 2005
(3% less than 2009). Table 25 summarizes the energy use and related emissions from
lighting by the Corporation.
Table 25. Lighting Electricity Use and GHG Emissions
2009
2011
Lighting Type
Electricity
CO2e
Electricity
CO2e
(kWh)
(tonnes)
(kWh)
(tonnes)
Street Lights
11,538,827
1,154
11,183,976
1,454
Traffic Signals and
342,591
34
336,332
44
Flashing Lights
Other Outdoor Lights
424,886
42
390,208
51
Total
12,306,304
1,231
11,910,516
1,548
The Corporation spent $2,042,684 on electricity for lighting in 2011, up from $1,358,475
in 2009.
Between 2005 and 2007 the Corporation in partnership with Thunder Bay Hydro
converted traffic head and pedestrian signals at 35 intersections from regular
incandescent lights to LEDs (light emitting diodes). LEDs use as little as 10% of the
energy of incandescent and last longer (five to 10 years instead of one to three years).
Under the program, the Corporation was to use the energy operating savings to
continue with the capital program. As part of the Strategic Approach to Energy
Management Plan, the Roads Division has been investigating the implementation of
LED street lights within the residential areas.
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
55
4.5.
Water and Wastewater
16% of local government emissions
4,861 tonnes CO2e
This category includes water treatment and distribution throughout the city, as well as
treatment of sewage and wastewater. It includes all pumping stations and lift stations.
The utilities are owned by the Corporation of the City of Thunder Bay. The category also
includes a small facility associated with the Grenville Dam, which controls water levels
in Boulevard Lake for recreational purposes, generates power, and operates the fish
ladder.
Water and wastewater treatment was responsible for 16% of emissions produced by
local government operations in Thunder Bay in 2011. These activities produced 4,861
tonnes CO2e, with electricity consumption responsible for 57% and natural gas for 43%.
Table 26 summarizes the energy use and emissions generated by the Corporation’s
water and wastewater treatment operations, including pumping stations.
Table 26. Water and Wastewater Treatment Energy Use and GHG Emissions
2009
2011
Facility Group
Electricity
Natural
CO2e
Electricity
Natural
3
3
(kWh)
Gas (m )
(tonnes)
(kWh)
Gas (m )
Bare Point Water
7,416,660
230,759
1,178
6,778,200
212,317
Treatment Plant
Remote Water
2,172,125
28,716
272
2,070,117
29,131
Pumping Stations &
Reservoirs
Atlantic Avenue
16,142,132
814,310
3,154 12,397,968
852,563
WPCP
Remote Sewage
17,758
0
2
23,119
0
Pumping Stations
Storm Water Pump
114,848
0
11
107,782
0
Stations
Taphouses
12,640
0
1
10,202
0
Kam River Tunnels
24,880
0
2
47,797
0
Loch Lomond
374,445
0
37
10,080
0
Supply
Grenville Dam
51,624
0
5
35,442
0
Total
26,327,112 1,073,784
4,663 21,480,708 1,094,011
CO2e
(tonnes)
1,283
342
3,224
3
14
1
6
1
5
4,861
Greenhouse gas emissions from water and wastewater were 4% higher in 2011 than
2009. Electricity consumption declined 18% from 2009 to 2011, but since Ontario’s
electricity emissions intensity increased during that time, emissions from electricity rose
6%. Natural gas consumption rose 2% from 2009 to 2011, resulting in emissions from
natural gas also rising 2%. Comparisons cannot be made between 2005 and 2011, as
some natural gas consumption from 2005 is missing (see Appendix A).
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
56
The Corporation spent $2,979,646 on water and wastewater treatment energy in 2011,
down from $3,167,959 in 2009.
Water is treated at the Bare Point Water Treatment Plant. Until 2007, water was also
treated at the Loch Lomond Treatment Plant. In 2007 the Bare Point Water Treatment
Plant underwent a major upgrade and now provides all the water for the City of Thunder
Bay (capacity of 113.6 million litres). The Loch Lomond Treatment Plant was
subsequently decommissioned. The Bare Point facility has a floor space of 6,256 m2.
Output was 14,726 million litres in 2011 (down from 15,947 million litres in 2009).
Wastewater is treated at the Atlantic Avenue Sewage Treatment and Water Pollution
Control Plant (WPCP). In 2006 the WPCP was expanded and retrofit to include
secondary sewage treatment, dewatering and nitrification to eliminate ammonia from
the wastewater. The upgrade resulted in an increase in overall natural gas
consumption. The WPCP has a floor space of 11,372 m2. Output was 21,741 million
litres in 2011 (down from 25,329 million litres in 2009), as shown in Table 27.
Table 27. City of Thunder Bay Water and Sewage Output
Activity
Water Treatment
Sewage Treatment
2005 Output
(ML)
2009 Output
(ML)
2011 Output
(ML)
20,647
25,942
15,947
25,329
14,583
21,741
In January 2011 a cogeneration facility was installed in the WPCP. Biogas produced
during the anaerobic digestion process (composed in part of the potent GHG methane)
is captured. The biogas is combusted in a cogeneration engine to produce heat and
approximately 10,000 kW per day of electricity (roughly equivalent to the WPCP’s daily
consumption of energy). The biogas can also be used directly in the plant’s four natural
gas boilers instead of in the electricity cogeneration plant. Any surplus biogas is flared,
so that methane is converted to at least 21 times less potent of a GHG, carbon dioxide.
In 2011 the plant produced 1.7 million cubic metres of biogas, 96% of which was used
on site. Under the PCP methodology, the carbon dioxide emissions from the biogas are
not included in the inventory, since it is a biogenic source (see section 2.1.4).
4.6.
Local Government Solid Waste
The Corporation of the City of Thunder Bay, like many other municipalities, does not
separately track solid waste generated through government operations (i.e. employees,
parks and recreation buildings). Greenhouse gas emissions produced from local
government waste are captured within the community-wide inventory.
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
57
Appendix A: Data Gaps
There are certain sources for which energy use data was not available or deemed too
challenging or costly to acquire.
For the community inventory, data on industrial sector use of coal, coke and heavy fuel
oil was not available. If those fuels were included in the inventory, they likely would have
mirrored the decline in other industrial energy use, which dropped significantly between
2005 and 2011.
For the local government inventory, which is far more detailed, there were some years
for which energy use data is not available for some sources. They are summarized in
Table 28 below.
Table 28: Notable Gaps in Local Government Energy Use Data
Missing Data
Local Government Source
Electricity
Natural Gas
Homes for the Aged - Dawson Court
Homes for the Aged - Grandview Lodge
2006
2006
Homes for the Aged - Pioneer Ridge
2006
Tourism - Pagoda Building
Other Boards & Agencies - Libraries - Brodie
Resources Library
Other Boards & Agencies - Libraries - Waverly
Resource Library
Other Boards & Agencies - Libraries - Old Mary J.L.
Black Library - Brock St
Other Boards & Agencies - Libraries - County Park
Library (1020 Dawson Rd 17)
Other Boards & Agencies - Thunder Bay
Community Auditorium
Bare Point Water Treatment Plant
2005 & 2006
Remote Water Pumping Stations & Reservoirs
Atlantic Avenue WPCP-associated satellite
buildings
Vehicle Fleet
2005 & 2006
Lighting – Other Outdoor Lighting
Gasoline &
Diesel
2006 & 2007
2006 & 2007
2006 & 2007
2006 & 2007
2006 - 2008
2005 & 2006
2005
2006 - 2008
2006 & 2007
There are also some gaps in the data on energy costs for some sources in certain years
(e.g. Buildings - Other Boards & Agencies; Street Lights- Other Outdoor Lighting; and
Water & Sewage Treatment – Bare Point Water Treatment Plant). In order to avoid
inferring trends where data is missing, energy costs have not been discussed much in
this report. However, the accompanying PCP worksheets provide the energy cost data
that is available.
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
58
Appendix B: Local Government Buildings
The following table lists those buildings whose energy is managed or influenced by the Corporation of the City of Thunder
Bay. 42
Table 29: Energy Use and GHG Emissions of all Buildings Managed or Influenced by the Corporation of the City of Thunder Bay
2009
2011
2009
2009
2009
2011
2011
2011
Floor
Floor
Building
Energy
Energy
GHG
Energy
Energy
GHG
Area
Area
Use (GJ)
Cost
(tCO2e)
Use (GJ)
Cost
(tCO2e)
2
2
(1000m )
(1000m )
Corporate/Admin Buildings - City Hall
4.04
6,084
$122,500
271
4.04
6,410
$134,220
280
Corporate/Admin Buildings - Archives
2.04
1,976
$34,717
91
2.04
1,728
$31,097
78
Corporate/Admin Buildings - Human
0.87
1,038
$35,349
37
0.87
961
$34,201
35
Resources (141 May St S)
Corporate/Admin Buildings - Victoriaville Civic
3.62
3,263
$102,731
119
3.62
2,910
$101,560
108
Centre
Corporate/Admin Buildings - Waterfront/Pool
0.79
1,539
$29,862
68
0.79
1,283
$25,058
58
6
Corporate/Admin Buildings - 101 S Syndicate
0.00
0
$0.39
511
$10,374
25
Corporate/Admin Buildings Subtotal
11.37
13,899
$325,160
586
11.76
13,804
$336,510
584
EMS - Temporary Headquarters (401 Donald
0.85
811
$14,301
37
0.85
703
$14,381
31
St)
EMS - Beardmore EMS
0.23
123
$5,120
4
0.23
104
$5,243
4
No
Data
No
Data
EMS - Conmee EMS
39
$1,998
1
36
$2,005
1
EMS - Geraldton EMS
0.37
467
$10,029
21
0.37
416
$7,963
19
EMS - Greenstone EMS (Longlac)
0.30
423
$7,320
20
0.30
374
$6,649
18
EMS - Manitouwadge EMS
0.25
338
$7,479
12
0.25
224
$9,814
8
EMS - Marathon EMS
0.29
75
$3,426
3
0.29
77
$3,692
3
EMS - Nakina EMS
0.20
97
$4,387
3
0.20
89
$4,186
3
EMS – Nipigon EMS
0.19
183
$2,448
9
0.19
217
$2,709
11
EMS - Red Rock EMS
0.15
200
$5,047
9
0.15
188
$4,708
8
EMS - Shuniah EMS
0.07
101
$4,498
4
0.07
101
$4,704
4
EMS - Terrace Bay EMS
0.26
232
$9,478
8
0.26
190
$8,183
7
Please note that in some cases the electricity or natural gas accounts do not line up with facility boundaries. Thus in some cases a few buildings are grouped
together, while in other cases there is more than one account for the same building falling under separate functions.
42
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
59
Building
EMS - Upsala EMS
EMS - Armstrong EMS
EMS - Beck St EMS
EMS - Arthur St EMS
EMS - Roland Ave EMS
EMS - Russell St EMS
EMS Subtotal
Police Services - Balmoral Police Services
Police Services - Leith Street
Police Services - Candy Mountain Tower
Police Services Subtotal
Fire Services - Brown Street Fire Station
Fire Services - Hodder Avenue Fire Station
Fire Services - James Street Fire Station
Fire Services - Junot Avenue Fire Station
Fire Services - Mapleward Fire Station
Fire Services - Neebing Fire Station
Fire Services - Neebing Fire Station (Temp)
Fire Services - Rosslyn Rd & Expressway
Emergency Lights
Fire Services - North Central Fire Station
Fire Services - Vickers Street Fire Station
Fire Services - Protective and Emergency
Services Training Centre and Fire Tower
Fire Services Subtotal
Canada Games Complex
Canada Games Complex Subtotal
Jackpine Community Centre
John Jumbo Gardens Community Centre
North End Community Centre
North McIntyre Community Centre
North Neebing Community Centre
Oliver Road Community Centre
2009
Floor
Area
2
(1000m )
0.19
0.30
2009
Energy
Use (GJ)
2009
Energy
Cost
2009
GHG
(tCO2e)
3.64
6.09
0.16
0.16
6.41
0.37
0.28
0.37
0.33
0.38
0.28
0.00
0.00
191
77
437
595
748
5
5,140
10,373
206
82
10,661
513
514
611
608
405
369
0
3
$7,203
$13,527
$8,583
$10,039
$14,839
$193
$129,915
$211,549
$3,306
$3,296
$218,151
$10,711
$9,028
$10,635
$10,409
$8,925
$6,319
$$347
7
3
20
28
34
0
224
441
10
3
454
23
24
28
28
18
17
0
2.30
1.21
1.63
2,134
2,338
494
$48,692
$39,318
$12,635
7.15
10.50
10.50
0.42
0.27
0.48
0.98
0.33
0.91
7,988
29,861
29,861
529
224
853
986
347
728
$157,018
$506,341
$506,341
$7,904
$3,781
$14,725
$17,221
$6,255
$14,390
No Data
No Data
No Data
No Data
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
2011
Floor
Area
2
(1000m )
0.19
0.30
2011
Energy
Use (GJ)
2011
Energy
Cost
2011
GHG
(tCO2e)
0.00
166
81
325
514
744
0
4,550
10,303
0
0
10,303
503
402
537
570
384
400
55
3
$7,333
$13,091
$6,040
$8,407
$14,711
$$123,819
$238,102
$$$238,102
$9,806
$6,506
$9,392
$11,016
$8,476
$5,927
$2,077
$362
90
108
22
2.30
1.21
1.63
2,392
2,231
637
$59,196
$36,929
$10,397
100
103
28
358
1,348
1,348
25
11
39
45
16
32
7.15
10.50
10.50
0.42
0.27
0.48
0.98
0.33
0.91
8,115
27,940
27,940
367
143
710
848
274
670
$160,084
$468,569
$468,569
$5,537
$2,954
$13,014
$15,536
$5,614
$14,290
362
1,278
1,278
18
7
32
39
12
29
No Data
No Data
No Data
No Data
3.64
6.09
0.00
0.00
6.09
0.37
0.28
0.37
0.33
0.38
0.28
Incl. Above
6
3
15
24
33
197
434
434
23
19
25
26
17
19
2
0
60
Building
South Neebing Community Centre
Vale Community Centre
Vickers Heights Community Centre
West Arthur Community Centre
West Thunder Community Centre
Westfort Community Centre
Current River Community Centre
– also see Arenas
2009
Floor
Area
2
(1000m )
0.66
0.63
0.49
0.76
1.34
0.34
0.88
413
543
403
547
1,793
467
1,252
$7,429
$10,184
$7,196
$11,822
$36,549
$2,568
$25,998
19
24
18
24
79
22
54
2011
Floor
Area
2
(1000m )
0.66
0.63
0.49
0.76
1.34
0.00
0.88
2009
Energy
Use (GJ)
2009
Energy
Cost
2009
GHG
(tCO2e)
2011
Energy
Use (GJ)
2011
Energy
Cost
2011
GHG
(tCO2e)
363
490
389
566
1,788
0
1,089
$6,819
$8,601
$7,438
$12,486
$39,365
$$24,822
17
22
18
25
77
47
Volunteer Pool Community Centre
0.63
537
$9,169
25
0.63
531
$8,972
24
Community Centers Subtotal
Older Adult Centers - TB 55 Plus Center
Older Adult Centers Subtotal
Arenas & Stadia - Current River Arena
Arenas & Stadia - Delaney Arena
Arenas & Stadia - Grandview Arena
Arenas & Stadia - Neebing Arena
Arenas & Stadia - Port Arthur Arena
Arenas & Stadia - Port Arthur Stadium
Arenas & Stadia - Port Arthur Stadium
145002
Arena & Stadia Subtotal
Fort William Gardens
Fort William Gardens 251 4939
Fort William Gardens Concession Stands
Fort William Gardens Subtotal
Aquatics - Dease Pool
Aquatics - Dease Pool Meter UTO1
Aquatics - Heath Pool
Aquatics - Volunteer Pool
Aquatics - Widnall Pool (Spring Street Rink)
Aquatics - Churchill Pool
Aquatics - Pools Subtotal
9.12
2.24
2.24
2.45
3.27
2.17
2.32
2.80
2.27
9,622
2,493
2,493
4,876
7,762
3,464
3,186
4,445
768
79
$175,190
$59,518
$59,518
$100,643
$148,416
$64,231
$58,414
$94,946
$13,993
$7,631
433
103
103
209
339
156
142
195
35
3
8.78
2.24
2.24
2.45
3.27
2.17
2.32
2.80
2.27
8,228
2,254
2,254
4,022
7,131
3,483
3,112
4,991
864
60
$165,448
$53,059
$53,059
$93,878
$149,286
$69,015
$64,048
$110,037
$15,206
$12,639
367
95
95
172
312
156
138
216
40
2
15.29
6.21
24,578
13,783
297
0
14,080
9
94
622
4,832
1,091
3,504
10,151
$488,274
$258,534
$5,130
$$263,664
$475
$3,610
$11,902
$82,524
$17,668
$89,574
$205,753
1,078
604
15
15.29
6.21
23,662
13,869
192
86
14,147
6
81
605
4,781
843
5,687
12,002
$514,109
$270,450
$2,448
$958
$273,855
$449
$3,000
$12,108
$80,748
$14,171
$59,757
$170,233
1,037
614
9
4
628
0
3
27
220
39
276
565
– also see Aquatics
Incl. Above
Incl. Above
0.00
6.21
0.13
Incl. Above
0.19
1.95
0.58
1.02
3.87
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
619
0
3
28
221
51
172
477
Incl. Above
Incl. Above
Incl. Above
6.21
0.13
Incl. Above
0.19
1.95
0.58
1.02
3.87
61
Building
Homes for the Aged - Dawson Court
Homes for the Aged - Grandview Lodge
Homes for the Aged - Pioneer Ridge
Homes for the Aged Subtotal
Tourism - Pagoda
Tourism - Hwy 61 Tourism Sign
Tourism - Princess Sign
Tourism - W Hwy 17 Sign
Tourism - Terry Fox Tourism Sign
Tourism Subtotal
Transit Division - Transit Main Garage - Fort
William Rd
Transit Division - Brodie Street Terminal
Transit Division - Water Street Terminal
Transit Division Assets Subtotal
Public Works - Front & Egan Garage # 3
Public Works - Front & Egan Admin/Garage
Public Works - Front & Egan Garage Wash
Bay
Public Works - Mountdale Parks Mechanics
Stores #4
Public Works - Mountdale TWKS Garage #3
Public Works - Mountdale Administration
Building #1
Public Works - Pento Yard (McIntyre )
Public Works - Traffic Control & Street
Lighting
Public Works - Front & Egan Yard Meter 1
Public Works - Front & Egan Yard Meter 2
Public Works - Mountdale Yard #1
Public Works - Mountdale Yard #2
Public Works - Mountdale Yard #3
2009
Floor
Area
2
(1000m )
9.57
12.29
10.44
32.30
2009
Energy
Use (GJ)
771
1,272
1,365
3,408
2011
Floor
Area
2
(1000m )
9.57
12.29
10.44
32.30
5
2
2
2
2
13
426
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.05
9.57
107
46
42
34
43
271
8,493
$230,771
$379,327
$455,902
$1,065,99
9
$2,012
$1,699
$1,830
$1,373
$2,276
$9,191
$155,607
0.00
0.20
9.76
3.49
0.37
0
480
8,973
44
1,329
194
$$8,282
$163,888
$1,696
$48,428
$6,724
22
404
2
48
7
2009
GHG
(tCO2e)
2011
Energy
Use (GJ)
2011
GHG
(tCO2e)
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.05
9.57
105
63
42
52
60
322
9,403
0.20
0.20
9.96
3.49
0.37
404
559
10,366
47
1,373
279
$7,067
$9,868
$190,016
$1,560
$43,048
$8,311
19
26
471
2
50
10
1.34
692
$23,458
25
1.34
642
$23,071
23
2.50
1.00
730
411
$24,376
$13,846
26
15
2.50
1.00
929
449
$30,401
$15,469
34
16
0.57
1.07
125
775
$3,092
$13,613
5
36
0.00
1.07
0
768
$$12,987
36
Incl. Above
Incl. Above
Incl. Above
Incl. Above
Incl. Above
5,611
232
853
389
3,840
$65,753
$3,806
$7,501
$5,384
$44,189
276
11
42
19
189
Incl. Above
Incl. Above
Incl. Above
Incl. Above
Incl. Above
5,421
345
720
287
4,752
$56,615
$4,077
$5,885
$3,468
$49,208
267
17
35
14
234
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
No Data
14,660
25,441
26,430
66,530
2011
Energy
Cost
$219,493
$395,048
$469,867
$1,084,40
8
$2,284
$2,142
$1,523
$1,905
$$7,854
$173,081
No Data
16,702
27,098
29,729
73,529
2009
Energy
Cost
671
1,189
1,199
3,059
5
2
2
1
2
11
382
62
Building
2009
Floor
Area
2
(1000m )
2009
Energy
Use (GJ)
Public Works - Mountdale Yard #4
Incl. Above
1,414
10.34
0.30
2.80
0.16
Public Works Subtotal
Landfill/Recycling - John Street Landfill Site
Landfill/Recycling - Solid Waste & Recycling
Facility
Landfill/Recycling - Landfill Site Bomag
Building
Landfill/Recycling - John St Rd Pumphouse
Landfill/Recycling - HHW Depot
Landfill/Recycling - 900 Walsh St Recycling
Depot
Landfill/Recycling - Landfill Gas Collect
Landfill/Recycling Subtotal
Animal Services - Animal Services
Animal Services Subtotal
Commercial Properties - 125 S Syndicate start Feb 2009
Commercial Properties - 600 Victoriaville
Canopy
Commercial Properties - 700 Victoria Ave
Commercial Properties - Whalen Building
120-208
Commercial Properties - CN Station
Commercial Properties - CN Station UT001
Commercial Properties - CN Station UT002
Commercial Properties - 9 Water Street
Commercial Properties - Victoriaville Mall
Commercial Properties - CN Station 1053840
Commercial Properties Subtotal
Parks Division - Parks North - Cumberland
Parks Division - Conservatory
Parks Division - George Burke Park
Parks Division - Centennial Park Chalet
2009
GHG
(tCO2e)
2011
Floor
Area
2
(1000m )
2011
Energy
Use (GJ)
$17,152
70
Incl. Above
1,253
$14,092
62
16,772
163
2,018
$275,089
$5,347
$36,536
775
6
93
9.77
0.30
2.80
17,133
3
3,311
$272,121
$333
$72,024
794
0
141
43
$1,609
2
0.16
61
$2,260
2
133
31
10
$4,922
$770
$552
5
1
0
136
0
11
$4,847
$$621
5
No Data
0
2,398
1,008
1,008
7
$$49,736
$24,276
$24,276
$412
107
42
42
0
No Data
6
3,528
1,107
1,107
6
$556
$80,641
$24,450
$24,450
$456
0
149
48
48
0
No Data
5,695
$176,964
206
No Data
4,870
$174,238
176
No Data
152
7,767
$5,312
$195,430
5
315
No Data
124
6,340
$4,458
$196,807
4
248
244
107
55
242
3,206
1,899
19,374
1,721
10,841
162
544
$8,658
$3,903
$1,943
$8,272
$52,610
$26,101
$479,605
$28,198
$125,028
$2,503
$16,695
9
4
2
9
158
93
801
80
530
8
20
191
109
33
215
2,141
1,708
15,737
1,451
10,056
138
508
$6,730
$3,951
$1,353
$7,504
$22,867
$19,585
$437,949
$23,666
$110,240
$2,150
$18,228
7
4
1
8
105
84
637
67
491
7
18
No Data
0.01
0.00
0.00
3.28
0.79
0.79
7.43
1.29
Incl. Above
Incl. Above
Incl. Above
5.20
Incl. Above
13.92
1.58
1.84
No Data
0.31
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
2009
Energy
Cost
No Data
0.00
0.00
0.00
3.27
0.79
0.79
7.43
1.29
Incl. Above
Incl. Above
Incl. Above
5.20
Incl. Above
13.92
1.58
1.84
No Data
0.31
2011
Energy
Cost
2011
GHG
(tCO2e)
0
63
Building
Parks Division - Mountview Cemetery Church
(183714)
Parks Division - Mountview Cemetery Chapel
(184284)
Parks Division - J Kusznier (Fitzgerald) Park
Parks Division - Carrick St Park
Parks Division - Third & High Fieldhouse
Parks Division - Frank Charry Park
Parks Division - Tarbutt Park
Parks Division - Westfort Playfield
Parks Division - Wayland Park (Mary St Rink)
Parks Division - County Park
Parks Division - Seasonal Buildings
Parks Division - Chippewa Park Feed
Parks Division - Chippewa Park Maintenance
Parks Division - Chippewa Park Meter
140634
Parks Division - 2465 1/2 City Rd
Parks Division - 2465 City Rd
Parks Division - Boulevard Lake South
Parks Division - Trowbridge Campground
200856
Parks Division - Marina Park
Parks Division - Marina Park UT001
Parks Division - N. Camelot St
Parks Division - West End
Parks Division - Parks North Maintenance Gibson Yard
Parks Division Assets Subtotal
Golf Courses - Municipal Golf Course
Golf Courses - Chapples Golf Course
Golf Courses - Strathcona Golf Course
180236
Golf Courses - Strathcona Golf Course
2009
Floor
Area
2
(1000m )
0.32
342
$1,764
16
2011
Floor
Area
2
(1000m )
0.32
Incl. Above
104
$1,891
5
0.16
0.12
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.08
0.22
Incl. Above
Incl. Above
198
112
241
210
161
160
147
56
413
411
255
649
$3,603
$2,560
$4,380
$4,064
$2,644
$2,816
$3,010
$1,250
$14,717
$11,363
$8,212
$20,719
9
5
12
10
8
8
7
3
15
15
9
23
0.00
0.00
0.83
0.42
0
0
717
98
$$$23,066
$3,736
26
4
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.11
0.17
648
532
54
298
280
$22,101
$$1,964
$3,889
$4,482
10.41
0.63
0.90
0.87
19,353
354
138
295
Incl. Above
163
No Data
No Data
4.02
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
2009
Energy
Use (GJ)
2009
Energy
Cost
2009
GHG
(tCO2e)
2011
Energy
Use (GJ)
2011
Energy
Cost
2011
GHG
(tCO2e)
321
$5,088
15
Incl. Above
100
$1,894
5
0.16
0.12
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.08
0.22
185
128
282
222
176
141
155
52
379
341
295
198
$3,510
$3,034
$4,165
$4,233
$2,813
$2,419
$2,961
$1,246
$16,291
$11,637
$10,102
$6,650
9
6
14
10
8
7
7
2
14
12
11
7
0.83
0.42
289
40
663
11
$14,431
$1,628
$22,418
$617
10
1
24
0
23
19
2
15
14
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.11
0.17
356
374
55
272
216
$5,070
$$2,112
$3,341
$2,994
13
13
2
13
11
$314,657
$4,420
$4,609
$5,088
884
17
5
14
10.41
0.63
0.90
0.87
17,406
286
314
267
$282,937
$3,487
$7,037
$4,359
799
14
13
12
$5,259
6
Incl. Above
161
$5,683
6
No Data
No Data
4.02
Incl. Above
Incl. Above
Incl. Above
Incl. Above
64
Building
180142
Golf Courses - Strathcona Golf Course
UTD01
Golf Courses - Municipal Golf - 1NKR
Golf Courses - Municipal Golf - 130 Irrigation
Golf Courses - Municipal Golf - 138 Hwy 130
Golf Courses - Municipal Golf - 0 Mtnc Shop
Golf Courses Subtotal
Day Cares - Algoma Day Care Centre
Day Cares Subtotal
PAL - 2200 Sleeping Giant Parkway
(Baggage building)
PAL - Baggage Building
PAL - Water Garden Pavilion 1
PAL - Water Garden Pavilion 2
PAL - 2205 Sleeping Giant Parkway (pond
pavilion building, marina boater services
building, lights in park, pier outlets, etc.)
PAL - Sleeping Giant Parkway Sign
Prince Arthur's Landing Subtotal
Parking Authority - Lot 8 Paterson 520 Leith
St
Parking Authority - Lot 13 Brodie St
Parking Authority - Lot 15 Heart of the
Harbour Parkade (formerly Keskus)
Parking Authority - Lot 3A 18 N Court St
Parking Authority - North Parking Lot
Parking Authority - Southward Parking
Structure Victoriaville
Parking Authority Subtotal
Other Boards & Agencies - Thunder Bay
Community Auditorium
Other Boards & Agencies - Sports Hall of
Fame
2009
Floor
Area
2
(1000m )
2009
Energy
Use (GJ)
2009
GHG
(tCO2e)
2011
Floor
Area
2
(1000m )
2011
Energy
Use (GJ)
Incl. Above
388
$12,617
14
Incl. Above
409
$14,015
15
Incl. Above
0.05
0.44
0.11
3.00
0.28
0.28
0.00
15
2
217
29
1,601
1,296
1,296
0
$1,044
$473
$9,324
$1,384
$44,217
$19,306
$19,306
$-
1
0
8
1
66
62
62
Incl. Above
11
12
204
23
1,687
979
979
102
$930
$974
$8,967
$1,375
$46,826
$14,799
$14,799
$3,763
0
0
7
1
69
46
46
5
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0
0
0
0
$$$$-
75
222
12
562
$4,801
$11,845
$555
$21,967
3
8
0
20
0.00
0.00
0
0
61
$$$2,023
$70
$43,001
$-
0
36
2
0
973
0
29
1,080
$1,114
$35,161
1
39
0
1,089
$$40,207
39
20.23
127
58
1,740
$2,997
$2,267
$46,138
6
2
63
20.23
132
58
1,743
$2,843
$2,615
$62,151
6
2
63
40.08
5.57
3,094
6,163
$89,701
$-
113
268
40.08
5.57
3,023
5,585
$107,817
$-
110
240
0.31
389
$-
18
0.31
376
$-
17
No Data
No Data
19.86
No Data
No Data
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
2009
Energy
Cost
0.05
0.44
0.11
3.00
0.28
0.28
No Data
1.09
1.07
Incl. Above
0.08
0.00
2.24
No Data
0.00
19.86
No Data
No Data
2011
Energy
Cost
2011
GHG
(tCO2e)
65
Building
Other Boards & Agencies - Thunder Bay
Museum
Other Boards & Agencies - Thunder Bay
Tournament Centre
Other Boards & Agencies - Brodie Resources
Library
Other Boards & Agencies - Waverly
Resource Library
Other Boards & Agencies - Old Mary J.L.
Black Library - Brock St
Other Boards & Agencies - New Mary J.L.
Black Library - 901 S Edward
Other Boards & Agencies - County Park
Library (1020 Dawson Rd 16)
Other Boards & Agencies - County Park
Library (1020 Dawson Rd 17)
Other Boards & Agencies Subtotal
CORPORATE BUILDINGS TOTAL
2009
Floor
Area
2
(1000m )
1.11
1,536
$-
70
2011
Floor
Area
2
(1000m )
1.11
5.95
13,821
$199,360
609
2.16
2,812
$57,580
2.16
3,663
0.86
0.00
2009
Energy
Use (GJ)
2009
Energy
Cost
2009
GHG
(tCO2e)
2011
Energy
Use (GJ)
2011
Energy
Cost
2011
GHG
(tCO2e)
1,640
$-
73
5.95
14,155
$212,373
625
122
2.16
2,631
$59,158
115
$79,225
157
2.16
3,595
$80,027
156
1,162
$21,729
53
0.86
942
$14,020
44
0
$-
0.88
941
$16,355
40
No Data
24
$1,062
1
No Data
33
$1,369
1
No Data
99
$3,224
4
No Data
105
$3,827
4
29,668
$362,180
1,301
19.00
30,004
$387,128
1,317
307,255 $5,470,029
13,721
220.39
292,355 $5,440,532
13,027
18.12
218.33
Thunder Bay 2011 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
66