"The Role of Power Producing
Buildings in the 21st Century
Energy Network."
Brian T. Patterson – IEEE
President, EMerge Alliance
Track: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT
and STANDARDS
Wednesday, April 13, , 2016 3:05 - 4:20 pm
The Big Picture
Grid to chip …and back again.
The ENERNET
Renewable Energy Sources (RES)
Solar (PV) – Wind - Fuel Cells
Micro-turbines - Combined Heat & Power
Distributed Energy Resources (DER)
Clean Energy
Energy Storage
Smart Grid
Eminent Domain
Synchronization
Frequency Control
Voltage Maintenance
Reactive Power (VARs)
Spinning Reserves
Peaking Turbines
Power System Resiliency
Electro-Magnetic Pulses
Brownouts-Blackouts
Terrorism
Extreme Weather
Power Quality
Linear Dynamic Failure
Remote Power Access
Off-grid
Islanding
Microgrids
Load Shifting
Demand Response
Net Metering
SSL - Efficiency
Smart Controls
Digital Devices – IoT
AC/DC Power Conversion
Fast Charge Electric Vehicles
Smart Buildings
Zero Net Energy (ZNE)
Over Dependency on Fossil Fuel Sources
Coal & Oil is leading to Increased Use of NG, Nuclear, Solar, Wind
Increasing Demand – Decreasing Supply
Despite Conservation Efforts – Use Grows at Double-Digit Rates
Resistance to New Centralized Infrastructure
“Don’t Tread On Me”
SANDY
Category 3
EMP
5KnT/min.
Growing Problems of Quality and Resiliency
There’s no easy answers for the existing grid
A Rising Population with No Electricity
More Than 1/4 of the World Has No Electricity
Solution:
The ENERNET
62,500
1,700,000,000
Community Microgrid
Building Services
Power Storage & Control
Office & Occupied Space
Outdoor Sources
Factory or Warehouse
Industrial Space
Data Center
Commercial Campus Microgrid
Peaking
Power Plant
Community
Microgrids
Solar Farm
Sub-station
Commercial
Campus
Microgrid
Sub-station
Wind Farm
Utility-Scale Microgrids
Utility Microgrids are Ener-connected
into ‘Smart-Macro-Grids’
Base Load
Power Plant
Base Load
Power Plant
Base Load
Power Plant
Base Load
Power Plant
Utility Transmission Macrogrid
The ENERNET
The Complete Grid Interconnect
The New Energy
Marketplace
Combining ideal solutions with
key virtues learned from the Internet
Resilient
Infrastructure
Nanogrids, Microgrids and Macrogrids
Organized into an Increasingly
Expansive and Inclusive Tiered Framework
The ENERNET
Macrogrids
Microgrids
Nanogrids
National
Regional
Community
Campus
Building
Level, Room, Device Area
Tier 3
Tier 2
Tier 1
Transforming Traditional Power Grids
to an ENERNET Mesh Topology:
Cluster Tree Network
Integrated Mesh Network
But who will manage the Enernet?
Public Utility?
Local Service Provider?
Cloud Service Provider?
You?
All of the Above…
Your Public Utility?
A Local Service Provider?
A Cloud Based Service Provider?
You?
Using a
Transactive Power
Management Framework
+
Transactive Power Management Framework Timing
Predicted Transition to a market driven Transactive Energy Framework
Source: GridWise Architecture Council
The ENERNET
Flexible, clean, efficient, resilient, affordable and
sustainable energy infrastructure
Private Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid Basics…
Low Voltage Loads
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
AC Power Sources
• Utility Grid
• AC Service Gen.
• Transformers
Office Lighting
Ceiling Grid
Wireless Controls
Pwr. Mgmt. / Monitor
Sensors
Fans
IT Access / Security
Microgrid
Technology
DC Power Sources
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Solar PV
Wind Turbine
Fuel Cell
Comb. Heat & Power
Micro-turbine Gen.
Battery Storage
Future Energy Harvest?
High Voltage Loads
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
DC Power Distribution
High Voltage Bus
Hi Bay/Hi Output Lights
Ext. Lighting / Signage
EV Vehicle Charging
Data Centers
VFD Motor Drives
Microgrids Require Power Conversions
Electric Function
Power Sources
(Solar / Wind / Fuel Cell / CHP/ grid)
Power Storage
AC Microgrid
AC + DC
to AC
IN: DC + AC
DC + DC
Hybrid DC Microgrid
DC + AC
to DC
IN: DC
(Battery / Thermal Electric)
OUT: DC
to AC
OUT: DC
Distribution/Wiring
AC + DC
to AC
DC
AC + AC
to DC
(Conduit / Wiring / Circuit Protection)
Loads/Devices/Outlets
(Lighting / Motors / Pumps / IT
Security / Appliances / Desktop)
Controls/Monitoring
(Wired / Wireless)
Total Frequency Conversion Points
AC
to DC
6
DC + DC
to AC
DC
2
Notes:
• Frequency conversions are generally much less efficient than simple voltage conversions
• Conversion efficiency is almost always better at higher voltages and currents
• Wire Size favors DC at equivalent voltages
Status Quo…
Common Building
Loads (80%DC)
V
DC
F
D
DC
AC
AC
DC
4% to
8% Loss
AC
4% - 8%
Typical
Conversion
Loss
2% to 10%
loss
DC
AC
12% to
20% loss
DC
AC
AC
15% to
20% loss
DC
AC Bus
AC
4% to
8% Loss
DC
AC
3% to 10%
loss
DC storage
AC
DC
4% to
8% Loss
AC Grid
A Better Way…
DC / Semiconductor
Based Loads
DC
V
F
D
DC
2% to 5%
loss
0% loss
DC
AC
2% to 5%
loss
DC
3% to 6%
loss
DC Bus
3% to 5%
loss
DC
DC
AC
DC
3% to 6%
loss
DC
AC
1% to 5%
DC
DC
loss
DC storage
0% to 2%
loss
AC Grid
• Higher Efficiency
• Minimal Conversion Loss
• Lower Operating Expense
• Safer
• Fewer Components
• More Reliable
• Less Real Estate
• Reduced Carbon Footprint
Existing Codes and
Standards
Voltages and Application Categories
Significant US Standards
EXISTING LVDC CODES AND STANDARDS
Standard
Description
MANDATORY STANDARDS - apply to all electrical installations
NFPA 70
US Nat. Elec. Code - principles of protection for safety. LVDC (under 1000V).
Article 250 Section VIII Grounding & Bonding - Direct Current Systems - Articles 250.160-250.169
Article 393
Low-Voltage Suspended Ceiling Power Distribution Systems
Article 408
Switchboards, Switchgear, and Panellboards
Article 480
Storage Batteries
Article 690
PV Systems over 600 Volts
NFPA 70E
Standard for electrical safety in the workplace - Includes LVDC.
NFPA 70B
Recommended practice for electrical equipment maintenance.
GENERAL APPLICATION STANDARDS
EMerge Occupied Space V. 2.0 DC power distrib. Req'mts for commercial bldg. interiors 24, 48 & 360Vdc, Class 1 &2
EMerge Residential V1.0
DC power distrib. Req'mts for residential bldgs. 24, 48, 380 Vdc, Class 1 & 2
EMerge Commercial Bldg. V1.0 DC power distrib. Req'mts for commercial bldg. and Campus 380-760 Vdc, Class 1
EMerge Data/Telecom V.1.1 DC power distribution requirements in data centers/telecom
USB-PD
Extra Low Voltage DC for Desktop and Personal Electronics 5-20Vdc, 100watts
PoE
Extra Low Voltage DC for ICT Equipment 24 & 48 Vdc, 35 watts
Region Status
US
US
US
US
US
US
US
2014 version released
2014 version released
2014 version releasedjn
2014 version releasedjn
2014 Released (2017 revisions)
2014 Released (2017 revisions)
2014 version released
2014 version released
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Released
Scheduled Release 2016
Scheduled Release 2016
Released
Released
Released
NFPA 70E
NFPA 70B
Standard for electrical safety in the workplace - Includes LVDC.
Recommended practice for electrical equipment maintenance.
US
US
2014 version relea
2014 version relea
GENERAL APPLICATION STANDARDS
EMerge Occupied Space V. 2.0
DC power distrib. Req'mts for commercial bldg. interiors 24, 48 & 360Vdc, Class 1 &2
EMerge Residential V1.0
DC power distrib. Req'mts for residential bldgs. 24, 48, 380 Vdc, Class 1 & 2
EMerge Commercial Bldg. V1.0
DC power distrib. Req'mts for commercial bldg. and Campus 380-760 Vdc, Class 1
Global
Global
Global
Released
Scheduled Release
Scheduled Release
USB-PD
PoE
Extra Low Voltage DC for Desktop and Personal Electronics 5-20Vdc, 100watts
Extra Low Voltage DC for ICT Equipment 24 & 48 Vdc, 35 watts
Global
Global
Released
Released
DIN VDE 0100-100:2009-06
DIN VDE 0100-410:2007-06
DIN VDE 0100-530:2011-06
DIN VDE 0100-540:2012-06
DIN EN 61557-2:2008-02
DIN EN 61557-8:2007-12
DIN EN 61557-9:2009-11
Low-voltage installations – Part 1: Fundamental principles, assessment of general characteristics, definitions
Low-voltage installations – Part 4-41: Protection for safety - Protection against electric shock
Low-voltage installations – Part 530: Selection & erection of electrical equipment – Switchgear and controlgear
Low-voltage installations – Part 5-54: Selection & erection of electrical equipment – Earthing & protective conductors
Up to 1500 Vdc – testing, measuring or monitoring of protective measures, Part 2: Insulation resistance
Up to 1500 Vdc – testing, measuring or monitoring of protective measures Part 8: Insulation monitoring - IT systems
Up to 1500 Vdc – testing, measuring or monitoring of protective measures Part 9: Insulation fault location - IT systems
Europe
Europe
Europe
Europe
Europe
Europe
Europe
Released
Released
Released
Released
Released
Released
Released
IEC 60050-614
IEC 60034-1
IEC 61362
IEC 60308
IEC 60038:2009 IEC 61992
IEC 62848-1
IEC 62924
IEC 62053-41/Ed1
IEC 61378-3 (2006-04-27)
IEC 62620
IEC 62619
IEC/TS 62735-2
IEC 61869-14
IEC 61869-15
IEC 61180 /Ed1
IEC 60947-2
IEC 60947-3
IEC 61439-X
International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - Part 614: Generation, transmission and distribution of electricity
Rotating electrical machines - Part 1: Rating and performance
Guide to specification of hydraulic turbine governing systems
Hydraulic turbines - Testing of control systems
Standard Voltages
DC switchgear
DC Surge arresters
Stationary energy storage system for DC traction systems
ELECTRICITY METERING EQUIPMENT (DC)
Convertor transformers - Part 2: Transformers for HVDC applications
Performance of lithium ion batteries for industrial apparatus (unit battery/ battery pack)
Safety of lithium ion batteries for industrial apparatus (unit battery/ battery pack)
D.C. Plugs and socket-outlets - indoor access controlled areas - Part 2: Plug and socket-outlet system for 5,2 kW
Instrument Transformers- Part 14: Specific Requirements for DC Current Transformers (CDV)
Instrument Transformers- Part 15: Specific Requirements for DC Voltage Transformers (CDV)
HIGH-VOLTAGE TEST TECHNIQUES FOR LOW-VOLTAGE EQUIP. Definitions, test & procedure requirements, test equip.
Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear – Part 2: Circuit-breakers）
Low-voltage switchgear & controlgear - Part 3: Switches, disconnectors, switch-disconnectors & fuse units.
LOW-VOLTAGE SWITCHGEAR AND CONTROLGEAR ASSEMBLIES –Part X: Assemblies for photovoltaic installations
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Released
Released
Released
Released
Released
Released
Released
Released
Released
Released
Released
Released
Released
Released
Released
Released
Released
Released
Released
Europe
Europe
Global
Global
Released
Released
Released
Released
European & Global Standards
TELECOM and DATA CENTERS (Higher voltage DC - 380VDC)
GENERAL
ETSI EN 300 132-3-0
Power supply interface at the input to telecommunications and datacom (ICT) equipment
ETSI EN 3061605
Earting and bonding for 400VDC systems
ITU -T L.1200
Specification of DC power feeding interface
EMerge Data/Telecom V.1.1
DC power distribution requirements in data centers/telecom
IEEE Global Standards
IEEE SA - 1653.6-2013 - IEEE Trial-Use Recommended Practice for Grounding of DC Equipment ...
... Recommended Practice for Grounding of DC Equipment Enclosures in Traction Power ... Description: The grounding of dc equipment enclosures installed in dc traction power distribution facilities as ... testing of insulation used in
http://standards.ieee.org/findstds/standard/1653.6-2013.html
IEEE SA - 2030.1.1-2015 - IEEE Approved Draft Standard Technical Specifications of a DC ...
... which can accept high current DC charge, and the DC supply equipment which provides it ... as “Fast Charging”, “Fast Charger”, “DC Charger”, “Quick Charger”, etc. DC charging and AC charging vary ... AC current is converted to DC
http://standards.ieee.org/findstds/standard/2030.1.1-2015.html
IEEE SA - 802-1955 - AIEE Proposed Trail Use Test Code DIRECT -- CURRENT CARBON -- PILE ...
It is the purpose of this code to define uniform acceptable methods of making tests to determine that the rating, performance and other characteristics of generator voltage regulators for aircraft comply with ...
http://standards.ieee.org/findstds/standard/802-1955.html
IEEE SA - 485-2010 - IEEE Recommended Practice for Sizing Lead-Acid Batteries for ...
... Stationary Applications Description: Methods for defining the direct current (dc) load and for sizing a lead-acid ... this recommended practice. Design of the dc system and sizing of the battery ...
http://standards.ieee.org/findstds/standard/485-2010.html
IEEE SA - 1709-2010 - IEEE Recommended Practice for 1 kV to 35 kV Medium-Voltage DC Power ...
... to 35 kV Medium-Voltage DC Power Systems on Ships ... effective maintenance of medium-voltage direct current (MVDC) electrical power systems ... Working Group: 1709_WG - DC Power Systems on Ships ...
http://standards.ieee.org/findstds/standard/1709-2010.html
IEEE SA - 460-1988 - IEEE Standard for Electrical Measuring Transducer for Converting AC ...
... Measuring Transducer for Converting AC Electrical Quantities into DC Electrical Quantities Description: This standard ... factor, phase angle or frequency to a direct current or voltage. Within the effective range ...
http://standards.ieee.org/findstds/standard/460-1988.html
IEEE SA - 1277-2010 - IEEE Standard General Requirements and Test Code for Dry-Type and Oil ...
... Dry-Type and Oil-Immersed Smoothing Reactors for DC Power Transmission Description: The electrical ... type aircore smoothing reactors for high-voltage direct current (HVDC) applications are specified. Test code ...
Total of 120+ Standards Generally related to DC power
IEC 62620
IEC 62619
IEC/TS 62735-2
IEC 61869-14
IEC 61869-15
IEC 61180 /Ed1
IEC 60947-2
IEC 60947-3
IEC 61439-X
Performance of lithium ion batteries for industrial apparatus (unit battery/ battery pack)
Safety of lithium ion batteries for industrial apparatus (unit battery/ battery pack)
D.C. Plugs and socket-outlets - indoor access controlled areas - Part 2: Plug and socket-outlet system for 5,2 kW
Instrument Transformers- Part 14: Specific Requirements for DC Current Transformers (CDV)
Instrument Transformers- Part 15: Specific Requirements for DC Voltage Transformers (CDV)
HIGH-VOLTAGE TEST TECHNIQUES FOR LOW-VOLTAGE EQUIP. Definitions, test & procedure requirements, test equip.
Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear – Part 2: Circuit-breakers）
Low-voltage switchgear & controlgear - Part 3: Switches, disconnectors, switch-disconnectors & fuse units.
LOW-VOLTAGE SWITCHGEAR AND CONTROLGEAR ASSEMBLIES –Part X: Assemblies for photovoltaic installations
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Released
Released
Released
Released
Released
Released
Released
Released
Released
TELECOM and DATA CENTERS (Higher voltage DC - 380VDC)
GENERAL
ETSI EN 300 132-3-0
Power supply interface at the input to telecommunications and datacom (ICT) equipment
ETSI EN 3061605
Earting and bonding for 400VDC systems
ITU -T L.1200
Specification of DC power feeding interface
EMerge Data/Telecom V.1.1
DC power distribution requirements in data centers/telecom
YD/T2378-2011
240VDC systems
YD/T XXXX-201X
336V direct current power supply systems for telecom
ATIS -0600315.01.2015
Voltage levels for 400VDC systems
Europe
Europe
Global
Global
China
China
US
Released
Released
Released
Released
Released
Approval process
Released
PRODUCT SPECIFIC STANDARDS
IEC 62040-5-3
IEC 62040-5-1
IEC TS62735-1
YD/T 2524-2015
DC UPS test and performance standard
Safety for DC UPS
400VDC plug & socket outlet
336V HF switchmode rectifier for telecommunication
IEC
IEC
IEC
China
Scheduled release 2016
Work started
Released
Approval process
ELECTRICAL VEHICLE CHARGING
CHAdeMO
SAE/CCS
DC fast charging
DC charging
Rail Transit DC Systems
BS EN 50163 (2007)
IEC 60850 (2007)
IEEE C2-2012 (2012)
Railway applications. Supply voltages of traction systems, IET
Railway applications - Supply voltages of traction systems (3rd ed.)
National Electrical Safety Code (NESC)
Europe
Global
Global
Released
Released
Released
Marine DC Systems
ABYC E-9
DIRECT CURRENT (DC) ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS ON BOATS
USA
Released
Special Application Standards
GENERAL SAFETY STANDARDS - apply to all use cases (data centers, commercial and residential applications)
Existing safety standards (NEC in US and ICC, IEC- global) address both AC and DC installations today.
However, these standards were principally written for AC and are not explicit for DC. Updating for clarity is required.
Released
Released?
Various
Various
Issues with Current Standards
• Written for AC
• Reflect historical applications
• Generally “equipment, safety, test” oriented
• Tend to penalize direct current
• New standards are developed slowly
Potential Remedies
• “Vanguard” Standards
• Early product commercialization
• Inter-SDO collaboration
• Industry led effort
• Champion projects
IEEE Partnership
• Extensive collaboration
• Joint standards-development
• Roadmap for hybrid AC/DC technologies
• Mutual publication
• Remote Access DC Microgrid Standard
100+ Test, Beta, & Production Sites
Commercial, Residential, Data Center Applications
NextHome
Campion Homes
Detroit. MI
PNC Banking on Net Zero
Uses 50% of traditional branch – annually produces a surplus of electric energy
System Case Studies
Bedrock (Quicken Loans – Detroit,
MI)
• 3 Floors of Class A
Office Space
• 14th Floor:
T8 Fluorescent – No Controls
• 15th Floor:
LED Retro Tube – No controls
• 16th Floor:
LED Retro Tube – W IPv6
controls
• Dramatic Energy
Savings
75%!
• Recognized by
Americas Green
Challenge
(White House Initiative)
System Case Studies
State of Michigan – Flint Office
Bldg.
• Deep
Renovation of 7
Story Office
Bldg.
• 110,000sf of 24v
DC LED Lighting
• 70,000sf of DC
Energized
Ceiling
• IPv6 Wireless
Lighting Control
• Complete Early
2016
System Case Studies
NextEnergy Center – Detroit …
380v DC Microgrid
 380v DC Bus
 380v DC Data Center
 30kW Rectifier
 23,300sf of 24v DC Lighting
 IPv6 Wireless Controls
 16kW of PV Solar
 High Bay Lighting
See our microgrid demonstrations at:
Solar Power International and
Greenbuild 2016
Questions - Discussion
Thank you!
"The Role of Power Producing
Buildings in the 21st Century
Energy Network."
THANK YOU!
Track: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT
and STANDARDS
Wednesday, April 13, , 2016 3:05 - 4:20 pm