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I
120/240 disconnect, 435f
A
Abbreviations, 449–457
AC. See Alternating current; Armored
cable
Acceptance tests. See Electrical
Access control system. See Electrical
Access levels, 417
Accordion door, 187f
Accumulators
symbol, 140f
symbology, 140f
Acid waste, symbol, 130f
Acorn clamp, 436f
Actuating error signal, 154f
Actuators, symbology, 141f–142f
Addenda (addendum), 102
Adjustable cushion, symbol, 141f
Aerial cable/wire, symbol, 158f
Aerial distribution, electrical symbology
(representation), 118f
Air conditioning
symbology, 130f
symbols, 133f–134f. See also
Heating, Ventilation, and Air
Conditioning
Air device, hydraulic device (contrast),
139f
Air eliminator, symbol, 132f
Air relief line, symbol, 130f
Air terminals, description, 339
Alarm
priorities, 420
response, 420
Alphabet of lines, 3
example, 5f
Alternating current (AC) disconnect, 435f
Alternating current (AC) power supply,
symbol, 119f
Aluminum bussing, grade level, 329
American National Standards Institute
(ANSI), 4
ANSI/NEMA 250, 395
ANSI/NEMA ICS 2, 395
ANSI/NFPA 30, 395
Amplifier, symbol, 115f
Anchor, symbol, 132f
N
D
E
ANDing, 405
Angles, sketching, 16
Annunciator, symbol, 116f
ANSI. See American National
Standards Institute
Arc-fault breaker, 435f
Architect’s scale, 62f, 64f
Architectural considerations, 94
objectives, 94
overview, 94
review questions, 106
summary, 106
Architectural scale, 64
Arcs, sketching, 17
Area
calculation, 54–55
practice exercises, 55
formulas/conversions, 54t
method, 54–55
Arm bath, symbol, 127f
Armor-clad cable, 438f
Armored cable (AC), 438
As-built drawings, 102
Automatic battery charger, 390
Automatic damper, symbol, 133f
Automatic drain, symbol, 141f
Automatic transfer switches. See
Electrical
Auxiliary views, 25
examples, 25f
Awning window, 188f, 213f
B
Backbone conduit, symbol, 158f
Backbone sleeve, symbol, 158f
Backfilling, 320–321
Ball note, 221
Ballasts. See Fluorescent ballasts
example. See Class P ballast
Balloon framing, 78
illustration, 78f
Base elbow, symbol, 128f
Bath elevation, 214f. See also Master
bath elevation
Battery supervision, 423
Beams, definition, 79
Bearing angles. See Property lines
Bell ringing transformer, symbol, 116f
X
Bidding requirements. See Industrial
specifications
Bi-fold doors, 187f
Blade type cartridge fuse, 435f
Blanked outlet, symbol, 112f
Block diagrams, 157f
Blonder Tongue Model OC-8d, 350
Boiler return trap, symbol, 132f
Bolted plate joint areas, 329
Bond beam, 255f
Bonding devices, 339
Bottom chord, illustration, 77f
Bottom plate, illustration, 78f
Boxes, 444. See also Metal boxes;
Plastic boxes
example. See Explosion-proof box
Branch circuit conductors,
characteristic, 377
Breakers, 434
examples, 434f, 435f
Brine return/supply, symbol, 130f
Building
construction, 224f, 228f
elevations. See Front side building
elevations; Rear building
elevations
front, elevation naming (usage), 208f
portion, plan view, 226f
section view, 225f
vertical dimensions, elevations
(usage), 210f
Building column/wall, 99f
Bus bar
characteristic, 375
joints, 333
Bus bars, description, 332
Bus disconnect, 447f
Bus duct. See Electrical
Bus ducts/wireways, electrical
symbology (representation), 116f
Bus supports, 329–330
Bushing, symbol, 128f
Busway, 447
cross, 447f
examples, 447f
marking, 375
symbol, 158f
Buzzer, symbol, 111f, 116f
463
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Index
C
Cabinet elevations, 214f
Cable. See Armored cable; Electrical;
Range cable; Service cable
fasteners, 339
splicers, 339
tray. See Electrical
Cable tray, 447
detail, 225f
example, 447f
installation, 198f
support tray, 225f
Caged opening doors, 187f
Can washer, symbol, 127f
Canvas connections, symbol, 133f
CAP, symbol, 128f
Capacitor, symbol, 120f
Capillary tube, symbol, 133f
Card reader, 417
Cartridge fuse. See Blade type
cartridge fuse; Class G cartridge
fuse
Case breakers, static trip. See
Insulated case breakers
Casement window, 188f, 213f
Ceiling fixtures, 442f
Ceiling joists, illustration, 78f
Ceiling outlet, symbol, 158f
Ceiling pull switch, symbol, 114f
Ceiling/wall connection, 228f
Center line, 3
example, 5f
Change notes, 259. See also
Panelboard change note
example, 260
Change orders, 102
Channel combiner, broadband inputs,
350
Chassis ground, symbol, 120f
Check valve
symbol, 129f, 132f
symbology, 140f
Chime, symbol, 116f
Circle
area, calculation, 54t
sketching, 17–18
Circuit
identification, 371
listing, 257f
number (indication), arrows
(usage), 194f
Circuit breakers
operating mechanisms, description,
333
switch, symbol, 114f
Circuit recloser, symbol, 118f
Circuit sectionalizer, symbol, 118f
Circuitry
clutter, elimination, 192f
location, power plan (usage), 193f
City disconnect, 345
Civil engineer’s scale, 62f, 64f
Class G cartridge fuse, 435f
Class P ballast, 443f
Clock, symbol, 110f
Clock outlet, symbol, 112f
Closed circuit television system. See
Electrical
Closed-loop diagrams, 154f
CMUs. See Concrete masonry units
Code-size green ground conductors,
399
Coils
symbol, 120f
symbology, 150f
Cold water, symbol, 130f
Color printing, usage, 11
Combination FVNR starters, 335
Combination motor starters. See
Electrical
Commercial building, front elevation,
209f
Commercial construction
metal column-and-beam framing,
usage, 81f
metal stud framing, usage, 82f
Commercial dishwasher, symbol, 126f
Commercial electrical floor plans,
193–198
Commercial panel, 434f
Commercial plans/elevations, 266
Commercial print, 459
Commercial print analysis, 265–286
Commercial print reading
objectives, 264
overview, 264
review questions, 287
summary, 287
Commercial prints, legends (usage),
183f
Commercial site plan, 169f
Commercial specifications, 266
contracting requirements, 309
general requirements, 310,
314–318
partial set, 309
table of contents, 309–314
Compass, usage, 6
Compressed air, symbol, 130f
Compressor, symbol, 133f, 142f
Computer function, symbol, 155f
Computer-aided design (CAD), 9–11
advantages, 10–11
drawing, layers (usage), 10–11
usage, 3
usefulness. See Walls
Concentric reducer, symbol, 128f
Concrete
calculation, 57
construction, 83–86
division, 310, 356
setting, 84f
specification category, 242t
Concrete block
foundation, 255f
wall, 83f
Concrete in poured concrete walls,
pouring, 84f
Concrete masonry units (CMUs), 83
wall, 83f
Condensate, symbol, 130f
Condenser, symbol, 133f
Condensing unit, symbol, 133f
Conductors. See Electrical
Conduits, 440
bodies, 441
examples, 441f
examples, 99f, 440f
markers, 370
seal, installation, 227f
strapping. See Strut rod
straps, 441
symbol, 118f
termination, 338
Connected load schedules, 240
calculation, 241f
Construction. See Special construction
industry, scales (usage), 64f
line, 4
example, 5f
lumber sizes, 77t
project, specifications (information),
101f
Construction drawings
notes, usage, 185f
symbols/abbreviations
(identification), legends (usage),
183f
visualization, 105
Construction Specifications Institute
(CSI), MasterFormat divisions, 244f
Construction types
objectives, 76
overview, 76
practice problems, 89–91
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Index
review questions, 88
summary, 88
Contacts, symbology, 150f
Continuous studs, illustration, 78f
Contour lines
natural grade, indication, 164f
slope indication, 164f
understanding, 165
Contract work, summary, 315
Contracting requirements. See
Commercial specifications
Contracts, 315
Control
diagram, 306f
schedule. See Lighting
schematic, 149f
side, symbol, 149f
symbols. See Process control
symbols
Control cabinet, symbol, 111f
Control circuit
bypass, 345
schedules, 240
Control coil, symbol, 153f
Control panel, 391
symbol, 114f
Control relay, symbol, 150f
Controller, 154f
Controls, symbology, 141f–142f
Conveying system
division, 312, 358
specification category, 242t
Cooler, symbol, 140f
Cooling tower, symbol, 133f
Copper bussing, characteristics, 329
Count, 405
Counter, symbol, 153f
Cover sheet, 249f
Coverplate. See Metal coverplate;
Outdoor coverplate
Crimp connectors, 439f
Crossover, symbol, 128f
CSI. See Construction Specifications
Institute
Cube, volume (calculation), 55t
Current dependent resistor, symbol,
120f
Current transformer, symbol, 150f
Curvimeter
example, 67f
usage, 67
Cutting-plane line (viewing-plane line), 3
example, 5f
Cycle, 405
Cylindrical shape, auxiliary view, 25f
D
DC. See Direct current
Decimal scale, 62f, 63f
Decorative finish, usage. See Pre-cast
concrete walls
Deflecting damper, symbol, 133f
Delay, 405
Demolition plan, 189
hash mounts, usage, 190f
Denominator, 48
Design build, 249
Desk phone, symbol, 115f
Details, 99
definition, 99
drawings, 223–231. See also Site
plans
information, 225f, 226f
notes, usage, 228f
exercises, 232–234
number, 223f
objectives, 219
overview, 220
review questions, 232
sheets. See Industrial print reading
summary, 232
Devices
graphic symbology, 250
location, power plan (usage), 193f
Dimension line, 4
break, 70f
dimensions, writing over, 70f
ending, 69f
example, 5f
usage, 69. See also Points
Dimensioning, 68–71
explanation, 181–182
Dimensions. See Location dimensions;
Size dimensions
absence, 70f, 71f
overview/objectives, 60
reading, 68–71
types, 70
writing
over. See Dimension line
room, unavailability, 70f
Diode, symbol, 120f
Direct costs, 259
Direct current (DC) motor armature,
symbol, 151f
Direct current (DC) power supply,
symbol, 120f
Direct job costs, 257
Directional couplers, compliance,
350
Disaster alarm signal activate, 345
465
Disconnects, 435. See also Bus
disconnect; City disconnect;
Electrical; Meter base/disconnect
circuit breaker, inclusion, 435f
examples, 435f
Discrete instrument, symbol, 155f
Distances (determination), scale
(usage), 66f
Distribution amplifier. See Rackmounted distribution amplifier
Distribution board (DPB), 267
Distribution panelboards. See Electrical
Divider, usage, 6, 8
Doors, 211–212
configurations, 418
division, 311, 357
holders, 348
pictorial/plan views, 187f
schedule, 238
list, 100f, 238f
switch, symbol, 114f
symbols, 184
usage, electrician knowledge,
184
Dormer, 210
Double branch elbow, symbol, 128f
Double check valve, symbol, 140f
Double duplex receptacle, symbol,
111f
Double hung window, 188f, 213f
Double plate, illustration, 78f
Double T concrete ceiling joists, 86f
Double-pole switch, 437f
symbol, 114f
DPB. See Distribution board
Drain, symbol, 130f
Drain line, symbol, 139f
Drawing. See As-built drawings
change/revision, ability (ease), 10
objectives, 2
practice, 15–19
precision, 10
review questions, 20
scale
title block, usage, 65f
verification, 66f
writing, 65f
scaling, 64–67
tools, 4–11
visualization. See Construction
drawings
Drinking fountain, symbol, 127f
Drinking water flow/return, symbol,
130f
Drop cable, characteristics, 350
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Index
Dry type K-rated transformers. See
Electrical
Dry type transformers. See Electrical
Dryer, symbol, 134f
Duct, symbol, 133f
Duct smoke sensors, 346–347
Duplex ground fault receptacle,
380
Duplex grounding receptacle, 380
Duplex receptacle, 436f
symbol, 111f
symbology, 109f
Duplex special purpose outlet, symbol,
112f
E
Easements, 166
land portion, public utility usage,
167f
Eccentric reducer, symbol, 128f
EIA T568A, 157f
Elbow, symbol, 128f
Electric door opener, symbol, 116f
Electric eye, symbol, 118f
Electric heat, symbol, 110f
Electric water cooler, symbol, 111f,
127f
Electrical, 318–353
acceptance tests, 365–368,
431
access control system, 413–421
products, 414–421
automatic transfer switches,
387–388
bus duct, 322–323
execution, 323
products, 322–323
cable, 366–367
tray, 376
closed circuit television system,
432
codes/fees, 364
combination motor starters,
334–335
execution, 335
products, 335
quality assurance, 334
work, description, 334
conductors, 377
demonstration, 431
disconnects, 379
distribution panelboards, 332–334
execution, 333–334
products, 333
division, 313–314, 360
dry type K-rated transformers,
336–337
execution, 336–337
products, 336
dry type transformers, 401
electrical equipment, 352–353
equipment, rotating, 367
estimation, 257, 258
execution, 319–320
exterior wiring methods, 320–321
execution, 320–321
work, 320
fire alarm system, 341–349
execution, 348–349
general information, 341–342
operation, 342
products, 343–344
fire alarm/detection system,
405–412
execution, 410–412
external devices, 410
power requirements, 409
quality assurance, 406
submittals, 406
supervision, 408–409
system operation, 407–408
wiring/guarantee, 410–411
grounding, 337–338, 368,
399–400
execution, 337–338
products, 337
incoming line sections, 398
interior wiring methods, 321–322
execution, 322
products, 321–322
junction boxes, 324
lighting fixtures, 402
lightning protection system,
338–341
execution, 340–341
products, 339–340
quality assurance, 339
submittals, 338–339
main switchboard, 397–398
materials/methods, 333–335
Megger test, 366
motors, 381
control, 352–353
starters, 382–384
outdoor lighting fixtures, 403
outlet boxes, 326–327
execution, 327
products, 326–327
outlet boxes/fittings, 378
overcurrent protective devices, 393
paging system, 429–431
panelboards, 385–386
pilot controls, 328
plug-in bus duct, 375
power factor correction, 395–396
products, 320
pull boxes, 326
raceways, 372–374
execution, 372–374
receptacles, 380
roughing, 78f
security alarm system, 422–427
display capability, 424
execution, 426–427
loop/zone capability, 424
products, 426
system capability, 424
service/distribution, 394
single-phase motor controls,
327–328
splices/terminations, 325
execution, 325
products, 325
standby generator, 389–392
equipment, monitoring, 391
execution, 392
products, 389–392
submittals, 363
switchboard, 329–332
execution, 332
products, 330–331
switches, 379
telephones, 428
television distribution system,
349–352
execution, 351
products, 350
scope, 349–350
work, 349
wire/cable, 323–325
execution, 325
products, 324–325
work
scope, 319, 361
summary, 318
Electrical devices/materials, 433
contents, 433
Electrical equipment, identification,
369–370
Electrical floor plans, 189–198. See
also Commercial electrical floor
plans; Industrial electrical floor
plans; Residential electrical floor
plans
Electrical information, 170
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Index
Electrical metal tubing (EMT) conduit,
440f
Electrical outlet, symbol, 112f
Electrical service, arrangement, 370
Electrical symbol schedule, 110f–111f
Electrical symbology, 112–119
abbreviations, 119
objectives, 108
overview, 108
representation, 112f, 114f, 115f,
118f
review questions, 121
summary, 121
Electrical Y Seal (EYS), 445f
Electrolytic capacitor, symbol, 120f
Electronic symbology, 119
representation, 120f
Elevations, 96. See also Exterior
elevations; Interior elevations;
Residential elevation
detail, 226
example, 254f
explanation, 164–165
naming
compass direction, usage, 207
usage. See Building
objectives, 206
overview, 205
Ellipse, sketching, 18–19
Emergency bath, symbol, 127f
Emergency light, examples, 443f
Emergency lighting, 443
Emergency remote lamp, symbol, 110f
EMT. See Electrical metal tubing
Entrance register, symbol, 115f
EPDM. See Ethylene-propylene-dienemonomer
Equipment
division, 312, 358
ground wire, usage. See Raceways
layout, 230f
location, power plan (usage), 193f
room, symbol, 157f
rotation. See Electrical
schedules, 240. See also Partial
equipment schedule
list, 241f
specification category, 242t
Equipment room isometric, 306f
isometric view, 230f
print, 304
Erection sequence, 315
Estimating, 256–260
Estimation sheets, 256
sample. See Fixtures
Ethylene-propylene-diene-monomer
(EPDM) roofs, adhesive fastening
(characteristic), 340
Evaporative condenser, symbol, 135rf
Exhaust inlet ceiling/wall, symbol,
133f
Exhaust line, 389–390
symbol, 139f
Exit light, example, 443f
Expansion joint, symbol, 128f, 132f
Explosion-proof box, 445f
Explosion-proof devices, 445
examples, 445f
Explosion-proof receptacle, 380
detail, 99f, 303f
installation, detail, 227f
Extension line, 4
example, 5f
usage, 68. See also Points
extension
Exterior elevations, 96, 207–212
dimensions, 208, 210
Exterior speaker, symbol, 115f
Exterior wall
finish, 208
penetration, 223
Exterior wiring methods. See Electrical
EYS. See Electrical Y Seal
F
Facility construction subgroup, 244f
Facility services subgroup, 244f
Fan hanger, symbol, 112f
Fast starter coil, symbol, 150f
Feeder cable. See Underground feeder
cable
meggering, 366
Feeder circuit breakers, 331
Feeder designation, 269f
Feeder riser diagrams, 266
explanation, 266–267
Feeder schedule, 269f
Feedwater pump discharge, symbol,
130f
Feet/inches, 43–47
addition, 45
practice exercises, 47
conversion, 43–44
practice exercises, 44
measurement, 43f
subtraction, 46
practice exercises, 47
Files, sending/storage (ease), 11
Filter, symbol, 134f
Filter separator, symbol, 141f
467
Finished floor, 99f
Finished wall surface, attachment, 84f
Finishes
division, 311, 357
specification category, 242t
Fire alarm
control panel, 343
allowance, 343–344
symbol, 111f
system. See Electrical
wiring supervision, 342
True Alarm Detection, 343–344
Fire alarm/detection system. See
Electrical
Fire stop, illustration, 78f
Fire suppression system supervision, 342
Fireline, symbol, 130f
Fireplace detail, plan/section/
elevation view, 231f
Fireplace elevation, detail drawing,
226f
First-floor joists, illustration, 77f, 78f
First-floor plan, 97f
example, 252f
First-level lighting plan, 65f
Fittings, symbology, 128f–131f
Fixed cushion, symbol, 141f
Fixed window, 188f, 213f
Fixtures. See Fluorescent fixtures;
Incandescent fixtures
estimating sheet, sample, 258f
schedules, 280f–283f
symbology, 127f
Flashing, weep holes (inclusion), 255f
Flat roofs
flatness, discussion, 87
pitch/drain, 87f
Flexible conduit, 440
example. See Liquid-tight flexible
conduit
Flexible metal conduit, 440f
Float switch, symbol, 118f
Float trap, symbol, 132f
Floodlight, symbology, 109f
Floor ducts, 446
example. See Subway floor duct
Floor duplex receptacle, symbol, 112f
Floor joists, 80
example, 80f
usage. See Wood construction
Floor outlet, symbol, 111f, 126f, 158f
Floor plans, 96. See also Electrical
floor plans; Main floor plan;
Residential first floor plan;
Residential second floor plan
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Index
Floor plans (continued)
abbreviations, 184
exercises, 200, 201f–203f
explanation, 179–181
imaginary cut, 179f
notations, 184
objectives, 178
overview, 178
review questions, 199
summary, 199
symbols, 182
viewpoint, 179f
Floor single receptacle, symbol, 112f
Floor special receptacle, symbol,
112f
Floor telephone outlet, symbol, 114f
Flow control, symbol, 140f
Flow diagram, 155f
Flow direction, symbol, 139f
Flow meter, symbol, 143f
Fluid conditioners, symbology,
140f–141f
Fluid power, 140f–143f
accessories, symbology, 142f–143f
symbology, 140f–143f
Fluorescent ballasts, 443
Fluorescent fixtures, 443
example. See Surface mount
fluorescent fixture
Flush annunciator, symbol, 114f
Flush mounted terminal cabinet,
symbol, 116f
Footing, 255f
Forward starter coil, symbol, 150f
Foundation
detail, 255f
illustration, 77f, 78f
plan, 184. See also Residential
foundation plan
example, 255f
Four-way switch, 437f
symbol, 114f, 183f
Four-way valves, symbol, 143f
Fractions, 47–53
addition, 49–50
practice exercises, 51–52
conversion. See Improper fractions
division, 53
practice exercises, 53
example, 47f, 48f
multiplication, 52–53
practice exercises, 53
reduction, 48
subtraction, 50–51
practice exercises, 51–52
Frame mounted fuel storage tank,
usage, 391–392
Franklin Residence, 459
Freehand sketching, 13
example, 13f, 14f
Front side building elevations, 211f
Fuel oil flow/return, symbol, 130f
Fuel tank, provision, 390
Full voltage nonreversing (FVNR)
starters, 335. See also
Combination FVNR starters
Full-capacity taps, provision, 336
Full-voltage AC combination starters,
382
Furnishings, 312
Fusable resistor, symbol, 120f
Fuses, 435
examples, 435f
symbol, 151f
FVNR starters. See Full voltage
nonreversing
G
Gable roof, 87f
Gambrel roof, 87f
Gas, symbol, 130f
Gasketed cast junction box, 99f
Gate valve, symbol, 132f
Gauge, symbol, 134f
General notes, usage. See Location;
Plan
General requirements. See
Commercial specifications;
Industrial specifications
Generator, characteristic, 390–391
GFCI. See Ground Fault Circuit
Interrupter
GFI. See Ground Fault Interrupter
Globe, symbol, 129f
Globe valve, symbol, 132f
Graph paper. See Orthographic paper
Ground
clamps, examples, 436f
network, installation, 399
plates, 339–340
resistance measurements, 368
rods, 339
example, 436f
supervision, 423
symbol, 120f
system resistance, verification,
341
wire, usage. See Raceways
Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI)
breaker, 435f
Ground Fault Interrupter (GFI)
receptacle, 436f
Ground fault tripping, provision, 331
Grounding. See Electrical
details, 304f
devices, 436
system. See Main service
grounding system
Group devices, 144f
H
Hammer handle
height, receptacle outlets
(installation), 71f
usage. See Residential contractors
Hand expansion valve, symbol, 134f
Handhole, symbol, 118f
Hash mounts, usage. See Demolition
plan
Head-end tests, 351–352
Header joist, illustration, 77f
Heat exchanger
symbol, 132f
triangles, symbol, 140f
Heat sensors, 347
Heat transfer surface, symbol, 132f
Heater, symbol, 153f
Heating, Ventilation, and Air
Conditioning (HVAC)
columns, usage, 295
equipment, wiring, 352–353
plan, 286f, 297f
returns system, 295, 303
runs, 278
symbology, 130f, 132f–134f
symbols, 132, 135
Height, requirement, 71f
Hi-Cap Type KRP-C, 101f
Hidden line, 3
example, 5f
High pressure return/steam, symbol,
130f
High side float, symbol, 134f
Hip roof, 87f
Homerun, usage. See Panel
identification
Hopper window, 188f, 213f
Horizontal lines, sketching, 14
Hose angle, symbol, 129f
Hose valve, symbol, 129f
Hot water
heating return/supply, symbol, 130f
return, symbol, 130f
symbol, 130f
Hourly labor cost, 257
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Index
House
square footage, knowledge, 55
weather head, usage, 439f
Human interface, 414
Humidification, symbol, 130f
HVAC. See Heating, Ventilation, and
Air Conditioning
Hydraulic device, contrast. See Air
device
Hydraulic motors, symbology, 142f
Hydraulic pumps, symbology, 142f
Hydraulic symbology, 139–144
objectives, 138
overview, 138
review questions, 145
summary, 145
I
IAM. See Individual Addressable Module
Improper fractions
conversion, 48–49. See also Mixed
numbers
mixed numbers, conversion, 48–49
practice exercises, 49
Incandescent fixtures, 442
examples, 442f
symbol, 158f
Inches. See Feet/inches
scale, 62f, 63f
Inches/feet, conversion, 43–44
Inclined lines, sketching, 15
Indirect costs, 259
Indirect job costs, 257
Individual Addressable Module (IAM),
347–348
Inductor, symbol, 120f
Industrial electrical floor plans,
193–198
Industrial print, 459
Industrial print analysis, 291–306
Industrial print reading
cover sheet, 291, 292f
detail sheets, 295, 303–304
feeder riser diagram, 292
industrial specifications, 292
objectives, 290
overview, 290
panelboard schedule, 292
plans/elevations, 293, 295
review questions, 307
summary, 307
Industrial prints, legends (usage), 183f
Industrial specifications, 292, 355
bidding requirements, 355–360
contract forms/conditions, 355
contract requirements, 355–360
general requirements, 356
table of contents, 355–360
Infant bath, symbol, 127f
Infinite positioning, symbol, 143f
Information, copying (ease), 11
Infrastructure subgroup, 244f
Input devices, symbology, 153f
Input/output (I/O) board, 416
Input/output (I/O) control functions, 405
Instrument function symbols, 155f
Instruments, symbology
explanation, 154
representation, 142f–143f
Insulated case breakers, static trip,
331
Insulation resistance tests, 367
Intake louvers, symbol, 133f
Integral tank, symbol, 126f
Interconnecting telephone, symbol,
116f
Interior elevations, 96, 212
size/location dimensions, 214f
Interior wiring methods. See Electrical
International Brotherhood of Electrical
Workers, NJATC Commercial Print
Set, 265f
Iron clamps. See Malleable iron
clamps
Iron core transformer, symbol, 150f
Isolated ground receptacle, 380
Isometric detail, 228f
Isometric graph paper, 31, 32f
Isometric paper, usage, 31–32
Isometric projections, 26–27
drawing, 28
examples, 27f, 28f, 29f
J
Jalousie window, 188f, 213f
Job costs. See Direct job costs; Indirect
job costs; Total job cost
Junction box. See Electrical
installation, 227f
symbol, 112f
K
Key operated switch, symbol, 114f,
183f
Keyboard, symbol, 114f
Keypad communications, 423
Kitchen
elevation, 214f
fixtures, symbology, 126f
plan detail, 256f
469
L
Ladder logic
diagrams, 152–153
overload, symbol, 151f
schematic, 153f
Latching coil, symbol, 153f
Laundry tray, symbol, 126f
Lavatory, symbol, 126f
Layers, usage. See Computer-aided
design
LB. See Plastic LB
fittings, 440f
Leader, arrow, 70f
Leader line, 4
example, 5f
LED. See Light emitting diode
Legend
notes, inclusion, 71f
usage. See Commercial prints;
Construction drawings; Industrial
prints
Legends
explanation, 276
Length (determination), plan wheel
(usage), 67f
Let-in ribbon, 78
illustration, 78f
Lettering, consistency/neatness, 10
Level switch, symbol, 153f
Lever, symbol, 141f
Light, symbol, 153f
Light dependent resistor, symbol,
120f
Light emitting diode (LED)
display, symbol, 153f
indicator, symbol, 151f
Light fixtures
location, lighting plan (usage),
195f
schedule, 195f
list, 239f, 301f
Light indicator, symbol, 151f
Lighting
allowance, 250
capital letter, usage, 113f
control schedule, 240f
list, 300f
electrical symbology
explanation, 112
fixture. See Electrical
notes, 186f
schedules, 238
structural support, 402
load, calculation, 55
outlets, electrical symbology, 112f
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Index
Lighting (continued)
plan, 194–196. See also First-level
lighting plan; Partial lighting
plan
renovation, 189
schedules, 300f
switch, control (indication), 113f
transformers, 366
Lightning protection system. See
Electrical
Limit switch, symbol, 118f, 150f, 153f
Line symbols, 139f
Line vibration damper, symbol, 134f
Line weights, consistency, 10
Linear devices, symbology, 141f
Lines. See Alphabet of lines
crossing, symbol, 139f
joining, symbol, 139f
symbology, 140f
Lines, types, 3–4
determination, example, 5f
Liquid-tight flexible conduit, 440f
Location
dimensions, 70
discovery, 71f
general notes, usage, 186f
Lock shield valve, symbol, 129f
Logic devices, symbology, 153f
Logic diagrams. See Ladder logic
Logic schematic. See Ladder logic
Logic/power, 149f
Long radius elbow, symbol, 128f
Long-break line, 4
example, 5f
Long-time trip unit, 331
Loop message, 425
Louver opening, symbol, 133f
Low voltage relay control, symbol,
112f
Low voltage switching system, symbol,
114f
Low-Peak Type LPS-RK, 101f
Lubricator, symbol, 141f
LV transformer, 445f
M
Magnetic starter, symbol, 111f
Magnetic stop, symbol, 134f
Main cross connect, 157f
Main floor plan, 296f
Main line, symbol, 139f
Main service grounding system,
337–338
Main switchboard. See Electrical
Make up water, symbol, 130f
Malleable iron clamps, 99f
Manhole, symbol, 118f
Manipulated variable, 154f
Mansard roof, 87f
Manual disconnect, 379
Manual motor starters, 379
Manual pull stations, 346
Masonry
division, 310
specification category, 242t
Master bath elevation, 214f
Master switch, low voltage system
(symbol), 114f
Math
conversion, 43–44, 48–49
overview/objectives, 42
summary, 58
Mechanical, division, 312–313,
358–359
Mechanical engineer, scale, 62f, 63f
Mechanical plan. See Partial
mechanical plan
Mechanical room, dimensions
(example), 47, 47f
Mechanical symbology
objectives, 124
overview, 124
review questions, 136
summary, 136
Megger reading, 366t
Megger test. See Electrical
Megger voltage, 366t
Metal boxes, 444
example, 444f. See also Sliding
metal box
Metal C shape joists, illustration, 83f
Metal column-and-beam framing
terminology, 81f
usage. See Commercial
construction
Metal coping attachments, 340
Metal coverplate, 441f
Metal light poles, indication, 403
Metal stud
hole, making, 82f
wall, 267f
Metal stud framing, 82
terminology, 82f
usage. See Commercial
construction
Metal truss joists, illustration, 82f
Metal-enclosed switchgear, 443f
Metals
division, 310, 356–357
specification category, 242t
Meter, symbol, 153f
Meter bases, 434
disconnect, 434f
Microphone, symbol, 115f
Microphone outlet, symbol, 110f
Mixed numbers
addition/subtraction, practice
exercises, 51–52
conversion, 48–49
improper fraction, conversion, 48
subtraction, 51
Moisture protection
division, 311, 357
specification category, 242t
Molded case breakers
static trip, 332
thermal magnetic trip, 332
Momentary contact switch, symbol,
114f
Mortar, division, 356
Motor controls
lab, example, 44
symbology, 150f–151f
symbols, 149–150
Motor starter, 151f. See also Electrical
coil, 151f
symbol, 150f
installation, 335
Motors. See Electrical
compressor, symbol, 134f
symbol, 151f
Muffler, symbol, 143f
Multi-outlet assembly, symbol, 111f
Municipal connection, 342
N
National Electrical Code, colors
(establishment), 324
National Joint Apprenticeship and
Training Committee (NJATC)
commercial print set, 265f. See
also International Brotherhood of
Electrical Workers
plant industrial print set, 292f
residential print set, 249f
Natural grade, 164
Network wiring, 416
NMC. See Nonmetallic cable
Nonmetallic cable (NMC; Romex),
438
examples, 438f
Notations. See Floor plans
Notes, usage, 185f. See also
Construction drawings
Notification appliances, 347
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Index
NOTing, 405
Nozzle, symbol, 143f
Numerator, 48
O
Object, three-point visualization, 23f
Object line (visible line), 3
example, 5f
Oblique projections, 28
drawing, 28
example, 29f
On-line maintenance, 421
Op amp, symbol, 120f
Open-loop diagrams, 154f
Operation/maintenance data, 395
Operator levels, 417–418
Operator tutorial screens, 420
Orifice plate, symbol, 143f
ORing, 405
Orthographic drawing, views, 26
Orthographic paper (graph paper), 12
usage, 31
Orthographic projections, 23–26
drawing, 26
Outdoor coverplate, 441f
Outdoor fixtures, 442f
Outdoor lighting fixtures. See
Electrical
Outlet, conduit stub-up (symbol),
158f
Outlet boxes. See Electrical
Outlet fittings. See Electrical
Outlet pictorial, 156f
Output devices, symbology, 151f,
153f
Output relay, 423
Overcurrent protective devices, 101f.
See also Electrical
Overhead, 257
Overload
magnetic, symbol, 151f
relay, 444f
terminal, symbol, 151f
Overload, symbol, 151f
Owner occupancy, 315–316
P
Pad mount transformer, 445f
Paddle flow switch, symbol, 150f
Paging system. See Electrical
Panel boards, electrical symbology
(representation), 116f
Panelboard schedule, 100f
AA schedule, 299f
BB schedule, 299f
explanation, 238, 266–267, 292
list, 239f, 272f–275f
A schedule, 299f
X2 schedule, 100f
XX2 schedule, 100f
Panelboards. See Electrical
change note, 260f
MSB2 schedule, 294f
Panels. See Commercial panel;
Residential panel/subpanel
boxes, 434
identification
example, 117f
homerun, usage, 119f
schedule, 100f
breakout, 299f
Paper, types/sizes, 12
Partial equipment schedule, 241f
Partial lighting plan, 279f
Partial mechanical plan, 302f
Partial riser diagram, 268f
Patch board point, symbol, 155f
Pedal, symbol, 141f
Pendant exit light, symbol, 112f
Pendant incandescent, 112f
Perspective views, 30
Perspectives, 30
example, 30f
objectives, 22
practice problems, 34–39
review questions, 33
sketching, practice, 32
Phantom line, 3
example, 5f
Phase matching/identification,
checking, 366
Photo cell, symbol, 111f
Pictorial drawings, 26–30
Pilot controls. See Electrical
Pilot differential, symbol, 142f
Pilot light, symbol, 155f
Pilot pressure, symbol, 141f
Pilot tube, symbol, 143f
Pilot-control line, symbol, 139f
Pin connection diagrams, 157f
Pipe fitting valve symbology, 128f–130f
Pipe plug, symbol, 129rf
Pipe symbols, 128
Piping isometric, 131f
Piping layout, 230f
Plan. See Power; Systems
details, 223
plan view, 226f
general notes, usage, 186f
Plan wheel, usage. See Length
471
Plane lines, cutting, 221f
Plant industrial print set. See National
Joint Apprenticeship and Training
Committee
Plant lighting, 298f
Plant power, 298f
Plastic boxes, 444
example, 444f
Plastic LB, 441f
Plastic trim plates, 441f
Plastics
division, 311, 357
specification category, 242t
Plates, illustration, 77f
Platform framing, 77–78
illustration, 77f
terminology, 77f
PLC, symbol, 155f
Plug-in bus duct. See Electrical
Plug-in relays, 444f
Plumbing
division, 359–360
fixtures, symbology, 126f, 127f
symbology, 130f
symbols, 125
Pneumatic motors, symbology, 142f
Pneumatic pumps, symbology, 142f
Pneumatic symbology, 139–144
objectives, 138
overview, 138
review questions, 145
summary, 145
Pocket door, 187f
Points
dimensioning, dimension line
(usage), 69f
extension, extension line (usage),
68f
Position valve, symbol, 143f
Post-and-beam framing, 79. See also
Wood post-and-beam framing
Posts, definition, 79
Potential transformer, symbol, 150f
Poured-in-place concrete, 84–86
Power
amplifiers, 430
control equipment, 367
distribution panelboards/safety
switches, fuses, 393
factor correction. See Electrical
panel, symbol, 158f
plan, 193–194
usage. See Circuitry; Devices;
Equipment
schematic, 149f
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Index
Power-style switchboard, 443f
Precast concrete, 85–86
definition, 85
floor panels, 86f
Pre-cast concrete walls (ordering),
decorative finish (usage), 85f
Pre-construction conference, 316–317
Pre-signal chime, symbol, 114f
Pressure control valve, symbol, 143f
Pressure gauge, symbol, 142f
Pressure reducing valve, symbol, 143f
Pressure switch, symbol, 143f
Prewarn addresses, 425
Primary power, 423
Print layout, 104–105
Print list, 397
Print reading. See Commercial print
reading; Industrial print reading;
Residential print reading
Print sets, 459
Private telephone system, symbol, 115f
Process control symbols, 153–154
Process equipment subgroup, 244f
Process loops, 154f
Production area speakers, 430
Profit, 259
Programmable logic control (PLC)
symbology, 150f–151f
symbols, 149–150
Programmable relay timer, 444f
Progress meetings, 317
Project
identification, 315
meetings, 316
record documents, 395
Projections. See Orthographic
projections
objectives, 22
practice problems, 34–39
review questions, 33
sketching practice, 32
Property lines, 165
bearing angles, 165f
Protection devices, symbology, 151f
Protractor, usage, 6
example, 7f
Public telephone system device,
symbol, 115f
Public toilet room water isometric,
131f
Pull boxes. See Electrical
characteristic, 378
symbol, 116f
Pull switch, symbol, 112f
Purge, symbol, 155f
Push button
switch, symbol, 150f, 153f
symbol, 116f, 141f
Pushbutton stations, symbol, 118f
PVC-coated conduit/fittings, usage,
372
Q
Quick opening valve, symbol, 129f
R
Raceways. See Electrical
concrete floor, relationship, 182
concrete placement, 182f
equipment ground wire, usage,
338
examples. See Surface mount
raceway; Wall mount raceway
number, installation, 229f
sand placement, 85f
Rack-mounted distribution amplifier,
350
Radiation-proof RF splitters,
compliance, 350
Rafters, illustration, 77f, 78f
Range cable, 438
example, 438f
Range outlet, symbol, 112f
Rear building elevations, 211f
Rear elevation, 254f
Receiver vertical, symbol, 134f
Receptacles, 436. See also Single
gang explosion-proof receptacle
detail. See Explosion-proof
receptacle detail
examples, 436f
height, indication, 71f
outlets, electrical symbology
explanation, 112–113
representation, 112f, 114f
outlets, installation, 70
spacing, 71f
Recessed exit light, symbol, 112f
Recessed fluorescent, symbol, 110f
Recessed lights
enclosure, relationship. See
Sheetrock
usage, 193
Rectangle, area (calculation), 54t
Rectifier, symbol, 120f
Reducing elbow, symbol, 128f
Reducing pressure valve, symbol,
132f
Reference input signal, 154f
Reflected ceiling, 284f
Reflected ceiling plan
ceiling view, 197f
definition, 196
first level, 284f
Refrigerant discharge/suction, symbol,
130f
Relays, 444
example. See Overload relay; Plugin relays; Timers
symbology, 150f
Remote annunciator panel, 345
Remote controls, electrical symbology
(representation), 118f
Reports templates, 420
Reservoirs
symbol, 140f
symbology, 140f
Reset actuator, symbol, 155f
Residence, right elevation, 209f
Residential construction, 249
Residential contractors, hammer
handle (usage), 71f
Residential electrical floor plans, 189,
191
electrical, contractor sketches, 191f
Residential elevation, 96f
Residential first floor plan, 180f
Residential foundation plan, 189f
Residential job, electrical contractor
estimation, 250
Residential panel/subpanel, 434f
Residential print, 459
Residential print reading
analysis, 249
objectives, 248
overview, 248
plans, 250, 256
review questions, 261
summary, 261
views, 250, 256
Residential second floor plan, 181f
Residential site plan, 95f, 163f
Residential wall section, 98f
Resistance
measurements. See Ground
tests. See Insulation resistance tests
Resistor, symbol, 120f
Revisions, 102
Right elevation, 254f
Rise, 210
Riser diagrams, 266. See also Partial
riser diagram
example, 294f
revision clouds, inclusion, 103f
schematic, 270f–271f
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Index
Romex. See Nonmetallic cable
cable, 438f
Roof
conductors, aluminum
characteristic, 339
information, 210
pitch, 210
styles, 87
types, 87f
Room schedules, 237
list, 237f
Rough-in, illustration, 78f
Run, 210
determination, 97
S
Safety switches, 379
Safety valve, symbol, 129f
Scales, 61–64, 166. See also
Architect; Civil engineer; Decimal
scale; Inches; Mechanical engineer
indication, 71f
usage. See Construction industry;
Distances
Scaling, 61–67
definition, 64
overview/objectives, 60
practice, 72
questions, 72
summary, 72
Schedules, 100, 237–241
definition, 100
explanation, 276
objectives, 235
overview, 236
plan, 294f
review questions, 245
summary, 245
Secondary power, 423
Second-floor joists, illustration, 77f,
78f
Second-floor plan, 100f
example, 253f
Section line, 3–4
example, 5f
Section view, 98
Sections, 98, 221–223
details
example, 305f
explanation, 228
example, 255f
exercises, 232–234
identification
arrows/ball notes, usage, 223f
letters, usage, 222f
objectives, 220
overview, 220
review questions, 232
summary, 232
Security alarm system. See Electrical
Semiconductor chip, symbol, 120f
Septic system, solid/liquid waste
separation, 168f
Service cable, 438
Service entrance cable, 438f
Service weather head, symbol, 118f
Servo, symbol, 142f
Shared control, symbol, 155f
Sheathing, illustration, 77
Shed roof, 87f
Sheet number, 223f
Sheetrock, recessed lights enclosure
(relationship), 193f
Short-break line, 4
example, 5f
Shower, symbol, 126f
Side elevation, 211f
Signal circuit bypass, 345
Signal output, 423
Signal system outlets, electrical
symbology (representation),
114f–116f
Signal system (residential), electrical
symbology (representation), 116f
Sill, illustration, 77f, 78f
Sill plate, 77
illustration, 77f, 79f
Single gang explosion-proof
receptacle, 99f
Single grounding receptacle, 380
Single phase power, symbol, 150f
Single-phase motor controls. See
Electrical
Single-pole breaker, 434f
Single-pole switch, 437f
symbol, 114f, 183f
Sink, symbol, 126f
Site, contractor use, 315
Site plans, 95. See also Commercial
site plan; Residential site plan
detail drawings, 229f
examples, 251f, 267f, 293f
exercises, 171–175
objectives, 162
overview, 162
review questions, 171
summary, 171
symbols/abbreviations, 163
usage, 168
Site subgroup, 244f
473
Site work
division, 310, 356
specification category, 242t
Size dimensions, 70
Sketching. See Angles; Arcs; Circle;
Ellipse; Freehand sketching;
Horizontal lines; Inclined lines;
Vertical lines
basics, 13–15
practice, 15–19
review questions, 20
steps, 15–16
usage, discussion, 13
Sliding door, 187f
Sliding metal box, 444f
Sliding window, 188f, 213f
Smoke detection assurance, increase,
344
Smoke sensors, 346–347. See also
Duct smoke sensors; True Alarm
Smoke Sensor
Snap action valve, symbol, 134f
Solenoid, symbol, 141f, 142f, 151f,
153f
Solid floor joist, illustration, 80f
Solid wire, 437f
SP lock type switch, 379
SP toggle switches, 379
Special construction, division, 312,
358
Special purpose meetings,
317–318
Specialized symbology
introduction, 149
objectives, 148
overview, 148
review questions, 159
summary, 159
Specialties
division, 311, 358
specification category, 242t
Specifications, 100–101
categories, 242t
explanation, 242–243
information. See Construction
project
requirements, 242
Splices. See Electrical
Split bolt connectors, 439f
Spring, symbol, 141f
Sprinkler systems, 348
Square, area (calculation), 54t
Staff room register, symbol, 115f
Stair section, 305f
Standby generator. See Electrical
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474
Index
Standing seam roofs, lightning
protection network, 340–341
Starting batteries, provision, 390
Start/stop/green pilot pushbutton
stations, 379
Static trip. See Insulated case
breakers; Molded case breakers
Steel column and beam, 81
Steel column-and-beam construction,
81
Steel construction, 81–83
Steel joists, 82–83, 82–83
Strainer, symbol, 132f
Stranded wire, 437f
Straps, installation, 227f
Street elbow, symbol, 128f
Structured wiring symbology, 156
Strut rod, conduits (strapping), 441f
Stud punch, usage, 82
Studs, illustration, 77f. See also
Continuous studs
Styrofoam concrete forms, placement,
84f
Subfloor, illustration, 77f, 78f
Substations, 366
Subway floor duct, 446f
Surface exit light, symbol, 112f
Surface fluorescent, symbol, 110f,
112f
Surface mount fluorescent fixture, 443f
Surface mount raceway, 446
example, 446f
Surface mounted panel board, symbol,
116f
Surface mounted terminal cabinet,
symbol, 116f
Surfaces, restoration/maintenance,
321
Suspended fixture, symbol, 110f
Swing door, 187f
Switch boards, electrical symbology
(representation), 116f
Switch outlets, electrical symbology
explanation, 114
representation, 114f
Switchboard. See Electrical
feeds, 267
protective devices, 331
section, 397
service entrance, 330
symbol, 115f
Switches, 437. See also Electrical
examples, 437f
operation, control, 387–388
symbology, 150f
Switchgear, 366. See also Metalenclosed switchboard; Power-style
switchboard
Switch-gear, 443
Switch/pilot lamp, symbol, 114f
Symbol schedule, 110f–111f
Symbology, 109. See also Electrical
symbology
description, 109f
Symbols
clutter (elimination), CAD
(usefulness), 192f
consistency/neatness, 10
System software, 417–421
Systems
devices/equipment (locations),
systems plan (usage), 198f
maintenance, 420
plan, 196
T
Tank type, symbol, 126f
Tape measure
inches, division, 166f
tenths, division, 166f
usage, 67f
Telecommunications closet, 157f, 285f
Telecommunications details, 285f
Telecommunications distribution,
157–158
symbols, 158f
Telephones. See Electrical
panel, symbol, 158f
Television distribution system. See
Electrical
Television system test, 351–352
Temperature controller, symbol, 140f
Temperature dependent resistor,
symbol, 120f
Temperature gauge, symbol, 142f
Temperature switch, symbol, 150f,
153f
Terminal controllers, 415–416
Terminations. See Electrical
Thermal magnetic trip. See Molded
case breakers
Thermal protection
division, 311, 357
specification category, 242t
Thermal switch, symbol, 110f
Thermo suction valve, symbol, 134f
Thermostat, symbol, 118f, 132f, 134f
Thermostatic trap, symbol, 132f
Three-dimensional object/region, cubic
unit expression, 55f
Three-phase motor, symbol, 151f
Three-phase power side, symbol, 149f
Three-pole breaker, 434f
Three-way switch, 437f
symbol, 114f, 183f
Three-way valves, symbol, 143f
Time chart, 258f
Time delay relay, symbol, 150f
Time delay switch, symbol, 150f
Time switch, symbol, 111f, 114f
Timers, 445
coil, symbol, 153f
example, 445f. See also
Programmable relay timer;
Water heater timer
relay, 445f
Timing, 405
Title block, 104–105
drawing/owner/designer
information, inclusion, 104f
information, inclusion, 104
usage. See Drawing
Toilet room isometric. See Public toilet
room water isometric
Toilet symbol, elevation/plan, 125f
Tone generator, 430
Top chord, illustration, 77f
Total job cost, 259
calculation, 259f
Total labor, 259
Transformers, 445. See also Electrical
examples, 445f. See also LV
transformers; Pad mount
transformer
pad, symbol, 158f
representation, 135f
symbol, 111f, 115f, 120f
symbology, 150f
TT-1 feeds, 267
Transponder panels, 345–346
Trench header feed, symbol, 158f
Triangle, area (calculation), 54t
Trim plates, 441
examples, 441f. See also Plastic
trim plates
True Alarm Detection. See Fire alarm
True Alarm Smoke Sensor, 346
Trunk cable, characteristics, 350
Truss floor joist (web floor joist),
illustration, 81f
Twist connectors, 439f
Two-face annunciator, symbol, 114f
Two-hole strap, 441f
Two-pole breaker, 434f
Two-pole double throw, symbol, 150f
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Index
Two-pole single throw, symbol, 150f
Two-position double throw, symbol,
150f
Two-position single throw, symbol,
150f
Two-way valves, symbol, 143f
Type W edison-base fuse, 435f
U
Undefined interlock logic, symbol,
155f
Underfloor duct, symbol, 158f
Underground distribution, electrical
symbology (representation), 118f
Underground feeder cable, 438f
Union, symbol, 129f
Unistrut, requirement, 99f
Unit heater, symbol, 132f
Urinal, symbol, 126f
USOC, 157f
Utilities, 166
V
Vacuum cleaning, symbol, 130f
Valve
envelopes, 144f
ports, 144f
Valves, symbology, 128f–129f, 143f
Vapor barrier, 267f
Variable capacitor, symbol, 120f
Variable displacement bidirectional,
symbol, 142f
Variable frequency AC drives,
operation, 383
Variable frequency controller, symbol,
110f
Variable inductor/coil, symbol,
120f
Variable resistor, symbol, 120f
Variable transformer, symbol, 150f
Vent, symbol, 130f
Vent point, symbol, 132f
Ventilation
symbology. See Heating,
Ventilation, and Air Conditioning
symbols, 132f–133f. See also
Heating, Ventilation, and Air
Conditioning
Venturi sensing, symbol, 143f
Vertical conduit seals, 99f
Vertical lines, sketching, 14
View direction, 223f
Viewing-plane line. See Cutting-plane
line
Views. See Auxiliary views;
Orthographic drawing
selection, 25
Visible line. See Object line
Visualization
difficulty, 24
process, 25
Voltage control, symbol, 183f
Voltage dependent resistor, symbol,
120f
Volume
calculation, 55–57
method, 56
practice exercises, 57
definition, 55
formulas/conversions, 55t
illustration, 57f
W
Wall hung tank type, symbol, 126f
Wall junction box, symbol, 110f
Wall mount raceway, 446f
Wall mounted speaker, symbol, 110f
Wall phone, symbol, 115f
Walls
finish. See Exterior wall finish
layout, CAD (usefulness), 192f
plates, 380
475
section, 305f. See also Residential
wall section
information, 224f
scale, listing, 267f
Washroom fixtures, symbology,
126f
Water heater timer, 445f
Water valve, symbol, 134f
Weather head, 439
example, 439f
usage. See House
Windows, 211–212
division, 311, 357
pictorial/plan/elevation views,
188f, 213f
schedules, 238
symbols, 184
Wire. See Solid wire; Stranded wire
connectors, 439
examples, 439f
markers, 370
symbol, 158f
Wire basket type, symbol, 111f
Wire range receptacle, 436f
Wire/cable, 437. See also Electrical
example, 437f
Wireway, symbol, 116f, 158f
Wiring
electrical symbology,
representation, 118f
methods. See Electrical
Wood
division, 311, 357
specification category, 242t
Wood construction, 77–81
floor joists, 80
Wood I-beam TJI floor joist, illustration,
80f
Wood post-and-beam framing, 79
terminology, 79f
Work summary, 314–316
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