Transient Overvoltages and Distance Protection:
Problems and Solutions
A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of Master of Engineering by Research
Leonardo Torelli
B.Eng. (Hons)
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
RMIT University
November 2010
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Table of Contents
The Author ..........................................................................................................................5
Acknowledgement...............................................................................................................6
Declaration ..........................................................................................................................7
Abbreviations ......................................................................................................................8
Executive Summary ..........................................................................................................10
1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................11
2 Neutral Earth Resistor and Transient Overvoltages .....................................................14
2.1
Introduction ..........................................................................................................14
2.2
Method of Earthing...............................................................................................15
2.3
Review of the Existing Body of Knowledge ........................................................16
2.4
Design of the Experiment ....................................................................................25
2.4.1
The Software Package .................................................................................. 25
2.4.2
The Model .................................................................................................... 26
2.4.3
The experimental design............................................................................... 27
2.4.4
System Configuration ................................................................................... 29
2.4.5
Simulation Characteristics............................................................................ 31
2.4.6
Model Components ...................................................................................... 32
2.5
Simulation Results................................................................................................40
2.5.1
Simulation 1 : Unloaded Line - Fault at the End of the Line ....................... 41
2.5.2
Simulation 2 : Unloaded Line - Fault at the Beginning of the Line ............. 47
2.5.3
Simulation 3 : Capacitor Bank. Fault at the End of the Line....................... 50
2.5.4
Simulation 4 : Capacitor Bank. Fault at the Beginning of the Line ............. 56
2.5.5
Simulation 5 : Light inductive Load. Fault at the End of the Line............... 59
2.5.6
Simulation 6 : Energized 66/22kV Transformer Fault at the 66kV Bus. .... 62
2.5.7
Overvoltages and Traveling Waves.............................................................. 63
2.5.8
Impact of Time of Fault with the Overvoltage ............................................. 68
2.5.9
Overvoltage Response on Phase a ,b and c .................................................. 72
2.5.10
Overvoltage Harmonic Response ................................................................. 76
2.6
Conclusion............................................................................................................78
3 CVT and Transient Overvoltages .................................................................................80
3.1
Overview ..............................................................................................................80
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3.2
The CVT Model ..................................................................................................81
3.3
Simulation Settings...............................................................................................84
3.4
Simulation Results................................................................................................86
3.5
CVT Conclusion.................................................................................................100
4 Distance Protection Scheme .......................................................................................101
4.1
Introduction ........................................................................................................101
4.2
MHO Characteristics Theory .............................................................................107
5 Transient Overvoltages and Distance Protection: Solutions ......................................111
5.1
Introduction ........................................................................................................111
5.2
Polarisation Techniques......................................................................................113
5.3
Polarising Techniques ........................................................................................117
5.4
CVT Techniques.................................................................................................119
5.5
Setting Advice ....................................................................................................121
6 Conclusion..................................................................................................................125
6.1
Research Findings ..............................................................................................125
6.2
Areas for Further Investigation...........................................................................127
7 References ..................................................................................................................129
Appendix A .....................................................................................................................133
10th International Conference on Developments in Power System Protection, March
2010, Manchester, UK -Abstract.....................................................................................133
Appendix B .....................................................................................................................134
Overvoltage Study –PSCAD Data ..................................................................................134
Appendix C .....................................................................................................................135
Overvoltage study – Steady State Voltage Data .............................................................135
Appendix D .....................................................................................................................136
Overvoltage Study- PSCAD Model ................................................................................136
Appendix E......................................................................................................................137
Voltage and Current as function of SIR ..........................................................................137
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Appendix F......................................................................................................................138
CVT Study – PSCAD Data .............................................................................................138
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The Author
My name is Leonardo Torelli. I have been working for fourteen years in power
industry. I have worked in Italy in Utilities and in Australia in consulting firms. I am
currently working at Hydro Tasmania Consulting and involved in Protection and
Power System Analysis projects.
It is not a surprise that the topic of this research goes across these two areas of
electrical engineering. The aim of this study was, indeed, proving how important is
the knowledge of power system analysis for Protection Engineers.
As result of this study, I presented a paper at the 10th International Conference on
Developments in Power System Protection, March 2010, Manchester, UK
This research has given me the opportunity to expand my skills, challenging my
knowledge and improved my analytical skills. I am committed to use this
experience at RMIT University as starting point for further studies.
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Acknowledgement
I thank Dr Selva Moorthy for his contribution, support and expert advice during this
study. I have appreciated his sincere interest in my professional development and
support of my personal life. Dr Moorthy’s feedback helped me to stay in line with
my schedule and achieve the completion of this research.
I would like to thank my former and existing colleagues at Hydro Tasmania
Consulting for their encouragement during this journey.
Last, I would like to thank my three beautiful children, my family and friends for
their warm and enthusiastic appreciation of my work.
.
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Declaration
I certify that except where due acknowledgement has been made, the work is that
of the author alone; the work has not been submitted previously, in whole or in
part, to qualify for any other academic award; the content of the thesis is the result
of work which has been carried out since the official commencement date of the
approved research program; and, any editorial work, paid or unpaid, carried out by
a third party is acknowledged.
………………………………….
Leonardo Torelli
Date
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Abbreviations
The following terms are used in this thesis:

HVDC - High Voltage Direct Current

MHO relay - Distance relay with circular characteristic which passes through
the origin of the R-X plane

NER - Neutral Earth Resistor

NEX - Neutral Earth Reactance

PSCAD-EMTDC - Power system software package

SIR- Source Impedance Ratio

TRV- Transient Recovery Voltage
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Executive Summary
This thesis investigates the relationship between transient overvoltages that follow
a fault and the functionality of the digital distance protection. The study is
conducted in a 66kV subtransmission network with a neutral earth resistor as
method to earth the power system.
The results of this study show that fault current limitation and consequent reduction
of the thermal stress and aging of the equipment are successfully supported by
modern digital distance relays.
This thesis begins by performing an extensive power system analysis on ground
fault transient overvoltages. The study is conducted by using the PSCAD-EMTC
software package. The results of this analysis are discussed to determine the
impact of a disturbed voltage signal fed to the distance relay, with particular
attention to the polarisation and CVT transient mitigation techniques as
implemented by digital distance relays.
Finally, this research provides recommendation for the design of the protection
settings of the distance relay. This thesis supports the implementation of digital
distance protection relays on short lines, lines with ineffective grounding system
and weak impedance source as a valuable alternative solution to the differential
protection scheme.
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1 Introduction
Power systems are designed and operated to supply electrical energy to the
customers in a safe, reliable and economical way. Faults represent one of the main
challenges for the power system. Among all the types of faults, phase to ground
faults represent the majority of the events, with records between 80 to 90 % of all
faults. Ground faults are generated from insulation breakdown, atmospheric
conditions and accidental contacts of birds or branches of trees with power lines.
Therefore, these faults are transitory in nature.
During this post fault initial period, the voltage change dramatically from a pre fault
steady state value to a post fault steady state value. In addition, the voltage signal
is disturbed by higher and lower frequency components. Therefore, transient
overvoltages could affect the accuracy of the protection scheme. At the same time,
the protection scheme should be able to operate in a fast manner to reduce the risk
to personnel, equipment damage, and system stability.
It is evident that achieving a short operating time and high accuracy of the
protection scheme represents a major challenge for protection relay manufacturers
and protection engineers. This research investigated the performance of modern
digital distance relay during the transient overvoltages period which follows a
ground fault.
Initially, this study focused on power system analysis to have a clear understanding
of the transient overvoltage phenomena. The overvoltage study was conducted
using PSCAD-EMTC software package. The investigation was performed by using
the experimental method that involves the scientific manipulation of the variables
involved in the process and the systematic study of the behavior of the system.
The study was conducted on a radial system using a neutral earth resistor, NER,
as a method to earth the 66 kV network. However, the theory and the results
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obtained are largely applicable to higher transmission voltages and in power
systems earthed via a neutral earth reactor, NEX.
Following the transient overvoltages study, the research focused on the
performance of five modern digital distance relays.
In summary, the project objectives are as follow:

Determine the characteristics of transient overvoltages generated by a
phase to ground fault. This work should highlight the main factors that
influence the voltage disturbances

Analyze the characteristics of modern digital distance relays to determine if
the transient overvoltages could affect the accuracy ad operating time of
the protection relay

Establish a method to predict the performance of the distance protection
relay following a phase to ground fault

Elaborate a list of setting advice that could enhance the application of the
distance protection relay in relation to the transient overvoltages
disturbance
This study aimed to validate the existing body of knowledge, highlight new insight
and views and determine new findings.
The research is organised in six Sections:

Section 2 -NER and Overvoltage

Section 3 - NER and Capacitor Voltage Transformers

Section 4- NER and Distance Protection

Section 5- Distance Relay Applications
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In the last part of this study, Section 6, research conclusions and recommendations
for areas of further investigations are also provided.
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2 Neutral Earth Resistor and Transient Overvoltages
2.1 Introduction
This Section investigated the influence of the neutral earth resistor on transient
overvoltages.
The study focused on a 66kV radial overhead subtransmission system.
The expected deliverables of this section are:

Documenting the transient overvoltage phenomena under a series of
system configurations and a set of neutral earth resistor sizes using
PSCAD-EMTC transient software package

Determining whether the neutral earth resistor has particular and/or peculiar
effect on the overvoltage that may be considered in design and planning of
the power system.
The research only focused on the impact of the resistor under ground faults.
Therefore this work did not pursue the study of overvoltages during normal
switching condition and lighting phenomena. The method and the technologies to
control the overvoltage and the impact of the size of the resistor to the overall
insulation coordination were also excluded from this study.
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2.2 Method of Earthing
The earthing of the power system involves the implementation of an electrical
connection between the neutral point and the ground.
Connection of the neutral to the earth can be done in several methods:

Solidly earthing

Neutral earth resistor, NER

Neutral earth reactance, NEX

Compensated earthing

Ungrounded
The type and size of the earthing system will affect the following system
parameters [1-4]:

Fault current

Personnel safety

System Protection

Steady state overvoltage during ground faults

Transient overvoltage during ground faults

Thermal stress on the equipment

Effect on communication circuit

Harmonic current on neutral connection

System stability
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
System availability

Operating procedure

Equipment selection

Cost
While the power system is operating in normal condition, the method of earthing is
not relevant. The method and design of the system earthing becomes critical
during a ground fault. In this condition the fault current magnitude and fault
duration will affect critical elements of the power system.
For a 66 kV subtransmission network, system earthing has developed in different
ways in different parts of the world[2]. Generally, English speaking country such as
Australia, England and America prefers solidly earthed or low impedance earthing.
North European Countries, Italy and France have instead a good experience with
compensated earthing using the Petersen Coil at the Substation. High Impedance
grounding or isolated earthing is instead limited to a relatively smaller part of
systems.
It is also noted that the value of the impedance is not consistent among utilities.
Moreover, some utilities use a resistor and others use a reactor. For example, In
Australia, SPAusnet, Ergon and Energex use a reactor. Jemena and many
industrial consumers often prefer a resistor.
2.3 Review of the Existing Body of Knowledge
Overvoltages are a common disturbance in power systems. The increase of the
system voltage can create malfunction, damage of the equipment and
consequently disruption of the service[5].
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Transient overvoltages are produced by sudden changes in the electrical system
as caused by lightning, faults or switching [6]. The method of earthing system does
not have any effect on the system during normal operation [4]. However, during the
transient period the method of earthing has an impact on the system response and
magnitude of the transient overvoltage.
Power demand, power generated and system configuration vary continuously with
time. Therefore the power system always changes from one steady state to
another steady state. In this very short periods current and voltages may reach
dangerous values for the equipment and the insulation of the system.
Overvoltages are often classified according to their duration in two groups [7, 8]:

Temporary Overvoltage above 200 ms

Transient Overvoltage below 200 ms
Alternatively, overvoltages can be classified according to their origin:

External overvoltage caused by atmospheric phenomena as lighting and
electrostatic charges

Internal overvoltage generated within the power systems
This type of disturbances are also classified according to the frequency of the two
major overvoltage components [9]:

Power frequency overvoltage

Natural frequency overvoltage of a short duration superimposed on the
power frequency overvoltage
The sum of the power and natural frequency overvoltage is the voltage recorded in
the field. This voltage is commonly defined as a transient overvoltage.
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The overvoltage component with a power frequency does not theoretically have
any decaying component and it often termed as steady state overvoltage. Instead,
the short duration component usually decays in less than 100 ms. Above all; the
magnitude of the overall overvoltage is of greatest interest for the impact on the
planning, design and financial cost of the power system.
A fault in the power system can be represented and analysed as the closing of a
switch in the electrical system. This change in the power system develops a new
redistribution of stored energy in the system [6]. Phase to ground faults represent
the majority of faults in the power system. These types of faults are produced by
atmospheric condition, mechanical breakdown of the insulation, objects such as
birds or branches or trees in contact with the overhead line and poles or structures.
Recent statistics conducted by protection relay manufacturers found that these
types of faults represent between 80 and 90 % of the faults in a given power
system [3, 4, 10]. A large majority of these faults involving overhead lines also
have transient characteristics and, therefore, self extinguish in a short period of
time.
When a phase to ground fault occurs, an overvoltage can be measured in the
system during the fault itself or after clearing [10]. The maximum transient
overvoltage is obtained by adding the peak of the temporary overvoltage at power
frequency overvoltage at 50Hz sinusoidal pattern to the transient overvoltage
which usually has a higher frequency. This relation is based on the worst case
scenario with the assumptions that the two components will have maximum peak
values at the same time. This is plausible because of the different time frames.
Power frequency peak lasts long in the context of high frequency oscillations.
The magnitude of the power frequency overvoltage is strictly related to the
characteristic parameters of the system. This overvoltage can be calculated using
the symmetrical components theory. Considering some system simplification as
necessary, this engineering technique produces accurate results. The fundamental
frequency voltage, which is also referred to the steady state overvoltage, is absent
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in a solidly earthed system. In an ungrounded system the overvoltage reaches the
maximum value of √3=1.732. In this latter case, the phase to ground voltage is
equal to the phase to phase voltage.
Application of the neutral earth resistor as a method of grounding increases the
fundamental frequency overvoltage from none to a maximum of 1.732 for the
insulated system.
Between these two boundaries of the overvoltage measured in the system, the
institution of Electrical and Electronic Engineers established an arbitrary limit of
the overvoltage measured, which is named “effective grounding” [11].
The effective grounding term indicates that, during a ground fault, the voltage on
the healthy phases will not exceed 80 % of the maximum line to line voltage. The
term “effective grounding” is commonly used in the power industry as a point of
reference for the design of the earthing system and sizing of the neutral
impedance. Therefore a power system can be “effectively grounded” or
“ineffectively grounded”. In other words, in a 66kV subtransmission system, the
phase to ground voltage during fault condition will be:
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V Nominal
Vph-ph=66kV
Vph-g = 66kV/√3=38.1 kV
Solidly Grounded System
Vph-g fault= 66/ √3 = 38.1 kV
Effective grounding System
Vph-g fault= 66 * 0.8= 52.8 kV
Ungrounded System
Vph-g fault= 66kV
The main advantage of having an effective grounded system is limiting the
overvoltage magnitude which has a direct impact on the cost of the system. For
instance, the required insulation medium can be reduced with direct benefits to the
cost of the electrical equipment. This advantage is a key factor for the design of
subtransmission and transmission power systems.
The effective grounding system is nowadays considered the best compromise
between reducing the phase to ground fault and keeping the overvoltages at a
reasonable level. Therefore the effective grounding is the preferred solution for the
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higher voltages in countries where the power system is grounded via an
impedance[4] .
How to achieve an effective grounded system? IEEE “Recommended Practice for
Grounding of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems” states the required
system conditions:

The system must be” grounded through a sufficient low impedance such
that
for all system conditions the ratio of zero sequence reactance to
positive sequence reactance is positive and equal or less than ( X0/X1≤3)
and

the ratio of zero sequence resistance to positive-sequence reactance is
positive and less than 1( R0/X1<1)
These system conditions, if satisfied, maintain the power frequency overvoltage
within 80 % of the nominal voltage (ground reference)
Instead, to limit the natural frequency overvoltage the system conditions are:

R0 
XC 0
.Total zero sequence resistance less than one third total zero
3
sequence reactance. This condition requires that the current flowing
through the neutral earth resistor shall be at least 3 times the charging
current
per phase
of the system[4] Non compliance with this system
condition could lead to dangerous faults with subsequent restrikes and
overvoltages, usually named as arcing faults

R 0  2 X 0 Zero sequence impedance system resistance at least twice the
value of zero sequence reactance. This conditions shows that grounding
the power system through a resistance contains transient overvoltages
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
X0
 20 , which is inherently met in resistance grounding and with delta
X1
star power transformers [12], unless the power system is earthed via a
large reactor
From the system conditions stated above, it can be derived that the size of neutral
earth resistor or neutral earth reactor is not critical by itself for the magnitude of the
overvoltage. The relation with other system parameters determines the magnitude
of the overvoltage. The above conditions also highlights that unplanned increase of
the size of the resistor will increase the value of the overvoltage due to the fault
clearing restrike.
Besides, the system conditions show that the reactance of the overall zero
sequence network shall be inductive and not capacitive.
These system conditions aim to limit transient overvoltages and, at the same time,
reduce the phase to ground fault current between 10 and 25 % of the steady state
fault current [9]. The lower level is dictated by the minimum current requirement for
relay operation. Nowadays with modern digital relays, this requirement could be
reconsidered. The 25 % upper level takes into consideration the resistor cost in
comparison to the reactive option.
Plots of power frequency overvoltage following faults as a function of different
system parameters or system parameters or ratios of system parameters have
been published and are available in the existing literature[9].
Existing studies on overvoltage and impact of the neutral earth resistor on the
measured overvoltages are based on field testing, software simulation and
theoretical analysis.
First researches on transient overvoltages during faults were conducted before the
Second World War. Overvoltages were analytically determined and tested using
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miniature models[9] . Maximum peak voltages were recorded mainly between 3
and 4 pu with 20 % above 4 pu. The researchers also considered current chopping
produced by the circuit breakers and restrike phenomena known as transient
recovery voltage, usually abbreviated as TRV. Overvoltage calculations and tests
using miniature system have also been conducted by other researchers[6, 8].
These papers provide a complete explanation of the maximum overvoltage in
relation to system parameters and formed the basis for future IEEE standards.
Measurements of overvoltages following a fault were performed in the distribution
network in the 10kV Croatian distribution network[13]. The system was earthed
using the NER. Maximum overvoltage factors are below 2 pu and minimum
variations are recorded for different values of the resistor. A transient software
program was used to validate the results.
It is possible to determine the maximum transient overvoltage by applying the RLC
circuit analysis and the use of symmetrical components. [14]. Generalized plots
which took into consideration the damping effect of the resistor were also
produced.
An overall indication of the effect of the resistor is defined by:
R 0  2 X 0 circuit is oscillatory
R 0  2 X 0 critical damped
R 0  2 X 0 over damped
Recent studies usually apply the traveling waves theory. In line with this theory,
modern transient software packages also avoid the use of lumped elements [15].
Lumped elements representation is adequate for steady state analysis but give
inaccurate results in transient studies. In the latter studies, where travel time of the
electromagnetic waves and the energy exchange between capacitance and
inductance must be taken into consideration, traveling waves theory is the most
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accurate method for the computation of the overvoltages along the transmission
line.
Fault generated traveling waves propagates not only on the overhead line to line.
but also line to earth with different propagation parameters [16]. A phase to ground
fault can be represented as disturbance that generates current and voltage
traveling waves on a subtransmission line. At each point of discontinuity the
traveling waves will be refracted and reflected according to the surge impedance
characteristic of the line [17].It is possible to represent the large number of forward
and backwards waves and determine the maximum overvoltage generated as a
function of time by using the Bewley Lattice diagram. However, there are also
some other considerations which must be dealt with which include mutual coupling
with other conductors and wave shape distortion experienced along the
transmission line.
It is important to point out that overvoltage studies and traveling wave application
mainly focus on switching and lightning transients [16]. However, overvoltages
produced by switching episode can be used as a reference for this type of study.
To conclude, what overvoltage magnitude can be developed under a ground fault?
From the existing literature it can be inferred generally that the maximum
overvoltages following a phase to ground fault are below 3 pu [18-20]. Maximum
overvoltage can instead reach 4.1 pu with trapped charges on the line as in the
case of switching a capacitor bank connected on the line [19].
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2.4 Design of the Experiment
2.4.1 The Software Package
Usually, software packages are used to facilitate transient overvoltage studies. In
fact, these investigations involve complex and time consuming computation that
can be achieved with sufficient accuracy with software packages.
PSCAD-EMTDC is a state of the art software package developed using the wave
propagation theory first published by DR Hernmann W Dommel in the transaction
of IEEE Power Apparatus and Systems in 1969. based on this paper another two
transient analysis software packages well known in the industry, EMTP and, later,
the ATP software package [21] were developed.
PSCAD is a very powerful and flexible graphical interface that uses the EMTDC
simulation program. The first version of PSCAD was produced by Denis Woodford
to model and simulate the high voltage DC system in Canada. The software is now
developed and maintained by the Manitoba HVDSC Research Centre and is
continually upgraded to incorporate the latest validated research.
The software allows one to model an electrical circuit, run a simulation, analyze the
results and manage the data information in an efficient way. The software package
is provided with an equipment library, but also allows the creation of new models
and building a personal equipment library. It is used by consulting engineers,
equipment manufacturers and laboratories for planning and design of power
systems.
Typical projects involve transient stability, dynamic stability, relay coordination,
transformer saturation, insulation coordination studies, HVDC studies, harmonic
studies, power electronics studies and optimisation of controller parameters.
Further information is located on the website http://www.pscad.com
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All PSCAD software editions must be licensed except for the student license. The
student license version, which was used for this research, contains a limitation of
15 electric nodes. However, considering the purpose of this study, PSCAD was still
found suitable. PSCAD-EMTDC was selected for its performance, the graphical
interface and the technical support provided by Application Engineers at Manitoba
HVDC Research Centre.
2.4.2 The Model
The system modeled is a basic radial subtransmission system.
The model contains a 220 kV source, one 220/66 kV transformer and one
overhead line. Although power systems are more complex and contain more
components, the overhead line and the power transformer represent the backbone
of the system and have the major influence in the transient overvoltage. It also
contains the part of the system that is affected by the fault current.
This system reduction is in line with previous studies [22]. This type of
configuration also allows keeping at minimum the required number of nodes and
the use of PSCAD student license version.
The measured overvoltage can be represented as the superposition of the
temporary overvoltage at power frequency and the natural overvoltage component
at higher frequency.
Power Frequency V + Natural Frequency V = Measured Overvoltage
PSCAD software was used to measured the absolute value of the instantaneous
peak of the three phase to ground voltages. Measurement was conducted at the
fault location using the maximum/minimum recorder function offered by PSCAD.
The maximum value of the three phases was selected for the analysis.
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Steady state overvoltage for a given value of the neutral earth resistor was
calculated by applying symmetrical components theory. Factor K2 and K0
were
used to determine fault currents and steady state overvoltages[4].
K2  Z2/Z1
K0  Z0/Z1
Where:
Z1= Positive system impedance
Z2= Negative system impedance
Z0= Zero system impedance
The factor K0 gives us a prompt understanding of the power frequency overvoltage
on the healthy phases during a ground fault.
The factor K2 is assumed to be 1. If the fault occurs close to the generator the
factor K2 may increase to 1.4 [4].
Knowing the steady state overvoltage and the total overvoltage, the transient
component can be calculated with:
Natural Frequency V = Measured Overvoltage - Power Frequency V
2.4.3 The experimental design
The most relevant factors that influence the overvoltage magnitude during phase to
ground faults are as follow:
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
Method of earthing

Type of fault

System configuration

Number of earthing points and location in respect to the fault location

Electrical parameters of the equipment

Size of the neutral earth resistor

Location of the fault

Time of the fault applied

Type of subtransmission network as underground cables and overhead
lines have different electrical characteristics

Type of overhead line

Length of the line

Fault impedance
Each variable was analyzed in order to determine the most critical and relevant
factors to be used in this research. In the end, the study was based on the
following five factors:

System configuration

Type of faults

Size of the neutral earth resistor
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
Location of the fault

Time of the fault
2.4.4 System Configuration
Four system configurations were selected. These configurations were considered
the most likely configurations to produce the highest overvoltages during a ground
fault [5, 14]:
#2
R esis
#1
+
RL
T
66kV Subtransmission Line
Figure 2.1: Overhead line with no load at the end of the line model
T
66kV Subtransmission Line
#2
Resis
#1
+
RL
30 [MVAR]
Figure 2.2: Overhead line with capacitor bank at the end of the line
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T
66kV Subtransmission Line
#2
Resis
#1
+
RL
2.0 [MVAR]
Figure 2.3: Overhead line with light inductive load at the end of the line
#2
#1
#2
Resis
#1
+
RL
Figure 2.4: 66/22kV transformer connected directly to the secondary side of the 220/66kV
transformer
Type of faults
Phase to ground fault and phase to phase to ground fault.
Neutral earth resistor
The sizes of the resistor selected cover the entire spectrum between a solidly
earthed system (no resistor installed) and ungrounded system (infinite resistor
installed). 15 resistor sizes were selected. In particular, the data was selected
between K0=0 to K0=10 as the research focused on low resistance grounding.
System response was assumed to be linear between adjacent samples.
Location of the fault
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Faults were simulated at the beginning and at the end of line.
Time of fault
Considering the symmetry of the alternating voltage cycle, the samples were
selected only on one half cycle. As one semi cycle at 50Hz takes 10 ms, 21 sample
spaced 0.5 ms apart were selected.
Line length
Line lengths were set to 100, 10 and 0.2 km.
These line lengths are based on the minimum, maximum and typical line length in
the Victorian Network. Typical subtransmission lines vary between 10-20 km in the
urban area around Melbourne and increase to 30-40 km in the country area. In
Victoria the maximum line length is about 80 Km. The line length of 100 km reflects
the need to investigate the system in the worst case scenario.
2.4.5 Simulation Characteristics
In this study no randomization factor is applied as the chance of biasing the results
in a software simulation is considered negligible. Therefore, simulation studies
were conducted in a logical order to maximize the efficiency of the work.
The simulations were conducted using PSCAD multiple run function. This software
tool allows completion of complex studies in an efficient manner by manipulating
variables sequentially and automatically. PSCAD Multiple Run tool can run and
modulate up to six variables.
31/138
Maximum instantaneous voltage peak was recorded for each run and on each
phase. Only the maximum overvoltage among the three phases was selected for
the maximum overvoltage record.
Duration of the run time was set to 0.6 s with fault start at 0.4 s plus selected time
delay. The end time of the fault was 0.1 s with clearing fault at the first zero
crossing intersection of the fault current.
According to the Nyquist_Shannon Sampling Theorem, to avoid aliasing and
incorrect representation of the selected variable, sampling rate should be at least
double of the variable frequency to be represented. PSCAD recommends that 50µs
for the time step of the process and computation would be sufficient. However,
time step resolution was reduced to 20 µs to capture transient components up to
25 kHz [22].
Sampling rate=20 µs
Frequency rate= 1/T=106/20= 50kHz
2.4.6 Model Components
Source
The source represents the power system which is upstream the 220/66 kV power
transformer in the substation. The voltage source selected from the PSCAD library
enabled to specify the positive, negative and zero-sequence impedance.
The impedance value is selected to produce a three fault current of 30 kA on the
220 kV bus at the substation. Positive impedance is equal to negative impedance.
Zero impedance was set to be equal to the positive sequence impedance to allow
for a phase to ground fault level equal to the three phase fault level.
The X/R ratio was set to 10.
32/138
The control system for the output voltage was set using the “Fixed Control” function
offered by PSCAD software package. Through several trial and error experiments
this type of control produced a model behavior very similar to an “infinite bus”. This
setting enhances the robustness of the source model in respect to disturbances on
a lower voltage level. It is assumed that the impact of the overvoltage on the 66 kV
radial line is limited on the higher transmission network.
In summary:
Source Type = Three Phase Voltage-Source Model 3
MVA = 100 MVA
Vph- Vph = 220 kV
Frequency = 50 Hz
Time constant = 0.06 s
Z1=Z2=Z0= 4.23 Ohm
Z1 angle= 84.289 deg
Voltage Fixed Control
Es = 220 kV
Ph = 0.0 deg
Frequency = 50 Hz
Transformer
The two winding 220/66 kV power transformer connects the transmission system to
the subtransmission system.
33/138
Often substation have more than one transformer operating in parallel with the bus
tie on the 220 kV closed and on the 66 kV bus open or closed according to system
requirement, the fault level in the system and the rating of the equipment. To
simplify the study the model represents only one transformer.
Winding connection of the transformer is delta on the HV side and star on the LV
side. Tap changer operation is disabled
The transformer is represented in PSCAD according to the classical approach of
the transformer theory. Magnetising current is represented as well as core
saturation placed on the HV side. In PSCAD the HV side is the closest winding to
the core of the transformer.
Hysteresis losses in the transformer core are included. Copper losses are disabled
to reduce the number of nodes in the system. Considering that a typical X/R for a
power transformer of 100 MVA and 220/66 kV is above 30, this simplification was
considered acceptable.
TRANSFORMER DATA:
3 Phase
2 Winding Transformer
MVA Rating: 100.0 MVA
Freq= 50 Hz,
V ph-ph primary= 220 kV
Vph-ph secondary= 66kV
No Load Losses= 0.01 pu
34/138
Copper Losses=0.0 pu.
Positive Sequence Reactance= 0.15 pu.
Saturation enabled simulated on primary winding
Air core reactance= 0.3 pu
In Rush Decay Time Constant= 0.03 pu.
Knee Point Voltage: 1.25 pu
Time to release Flux Clipping=0.1s
Magnetising Current= 0.02 pu.
Overhead line
In electromagnetic simulation studies there are two main methods to represent
transmission lines[21]:.

Simplified studies generally rely on the PI Section model

Distributed transmission line, which is most suited for transient line response
modeling using a digital computer. This method was used for this study
PSCAD operates applying the traveling wave theory but also implementing mutual
coupling between conductors and wave shape attenuation produced by the
transmission line. Transmission lines under PSCAD transient software packages
are modeled using one of the three traveling wave models:

Bergeron Model

Frequency Dependent Mode Model
35/138

Frequency Dependent Phase Model
The Frequency Dependent Phase Model was selected for this study as is the most
accurate model. This model is a distributed RLC traveling wave model, which
incorporates the frequency dependence of all parameters in the model. This model
is recommended by the PSCAD User’s Guide for this type of study.
The overhead line parameters are based on a typical 66 kV line as represented in
Victoria.
Conductor Data
400 mm2 aluminum
Conductor Resistance= 0.071 Ohm/km
Conductor Geometric Mean Radius 0.00982 m
Capacitor bank
The capacitor bank is implemented in Simulation 3 and 4. The capacitor bank is
connected at the end of the line to produce maximum peak value of the system
response during the transient period. The capacitance value was set under the
assumption that the load on the overhead line is 60 MVA with a power factor of
0.707.
Load Current = S/ ( √ 3 * V ) = 60 *106 / √ 3 * 66000 )= 524.8 A
P = S * PF = 52.42 MW
If PF is 0.707
Power angle á= 45 degrees
36/138
P=Q = 42.42 MVAR
The selected size for the MVAR is set to correct the power factor above 0.95
Q/P= tan ( cos-1 PF ) = tan ( cos-1 0.95 )= 0.3287
Q final= P * 0.3287 = 13.94 MVAR
Q capacitor bank = Q load- Q final = 42.42- 13.94= 28.48 MVAR
The capacitor bank rating is set to 30 MVAR and connected in star to the network.
The star point of the capacitor bank is ungrounded
Light Inductive Load
The rating of the inductive load is 2 MVAR and a resistive load of 0.2 MW. The
load is star connected and is ungrounded.
The load size is designed a very light 66 kV subtransmission load or a substation
at the end of the line with no load and supplying only the substation auxiliary
services.
66/22kV Transformer
Simulation 6 is configured to simulate the 220/66 kV transformer that feeds a 66/22
kV transformer within the substation.
The 66/22 kV transformer rating is 30 MVA. For simplicity the internal parameters
of the transformers are set as the 220/66kV transformer.
37/138
TRANSFORMER DATA:
3 Phase
2 Winding Transformer
MVA Rating: 30 MVA
Freq= 50.0 Hz,
V ph-ph primary=66 kV
Vph-ph secondary= 22 kV
No Load Losses= 0.1 pu
Copper Losses=0.0 pu.
Positive Sequence Reactance= 0.15 pu.
Saturation enabled simulated on primary wounding
Air core reactance= 0.3 pu
In Rush Decay Time Constant= 0.03 pu.
Knee Point Voltage: 1.25 pu
Time to release Flux Clipping=0.1 s
Phase to Ground Fault
PSCAD fault logic enables to specify the type of fault, time of fault and fault
duration.
38/138
Phase to ground and phase to phase to ground the fault were simulated. Current
interruption was simulated at 0 current crossing to avoid any overvoltage related to
magnetic field being trapped in the circuit. This type of overvoltage is usually
referred as “ current chopping”[3].
Fault resistance is set to zero to evaluate the impact of the neutral earth resistor by
itself.
In summary:
Fault Type = Phase to ground and phase to phase to ground
Fault start =0.4 s to fault 0.410 s
Fault length =0.1 s
Fault ON resistance = 0.01 ohm
Fault OFF resistance = 106 ohm
Current Chopping limit= 0 kA
39/138
2.5 Simulation Results
Simulation results are organized according to the six system configuration and
related simulations.
Simulation results data is attached in Appendix B.
Each simulation result Section contains two graphs. The first plot summarizes the
main objective of this investigation which is the maximum overvoltage as a function
of the reduced fault current. The fault current was calculated by applying the
symmetrical components theory as illustrated in Appendix B.
The second plot highlights the specific weight of the transitory overvoltage
component in respect to the steady state overvoltage component. Power frequency
overvoltage was subtracted from the measured overvoltage only if the recorded
maximum overvoltage took place during the fault and not at fault clearing. After
fault clearing, the power frequency overvoltage can be considered absent as the
three phases are now connected to a symmetrical voltage source.
Additional investigations were also performed on the following topics:

Overvoltages and traveling waves

Influence of the fault time

Overvoltage response on healthy and faulty phases

Frequency spectrum analysis
40/138
2.5.1 Simulation 1 : Unloaded Line - Fault at the End of the Line
TABLE 2-1 – SIMULATION 1 RESULTS
Line Length= 100km
Max
Measured
V
from
NER
PSCAD
(Ohm)
(kV)
0
126.216
5
124.898
10
126.607
15
128.809
20
128.021
25
129.201
30
131.007
35
131.669
40
132.052
45
132.457
50
132.599
100
103.588
550
112.552
1000
122.539
1000000 140.632
Iph-g with
NER/ Iph-g
solidly
earthed
1.000
0.977
0.946
0.909
0.867
0.824
0.782
0.740
0.700
0.663
0.628
0.394
0.082
0.045
0.000
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
100
1.000
0.882
0.705
0.561
0.457
0.383
0.328
0.286
0.253
0.227
0.206
0.105
90.447
99.668
100.711
99.279
99.031
96.724
96.071
95.465
95.437
95.512
95.526
94.901
K0
1.0
1.1
1.3
1.5
1.8
2.0
2.3
2.6
2.9
3.2
3.6
6.8
36.0
65.4
65217.4
V Meas / Power
Nominal
Frequency
Voltage
V (pu)
2.342
1.002
2.318
1.103
2.349
1.204
2.390
1.296
2.376
1.378
2.398
1.448
2.431
1.507
2.443
1.555
2.450
1.596
2.458
1.629
2.461
1.656
1.922
1.763
2.089
1.757
2.274
1.747
2.610
1.736
Line Length=10km
1.0
1.678
1.7
1.850
3.0
1.869
4.3
1.842
5.7
1.838
7.1
1.795
8.5
1.783
9.8
1.772
11.2
1.771
12.6
1.772
14.0
1.773
27.9
1.761
41/138
1.006
1.412
1.647
1.745
1.783
1.797
1.802
1.802
1.800
1.797
1.794
1.771
Natural
Frequency V
(pu)
2.342
2.318
2.349
2.390
2.376
2.398
2.431
2.443
2.450
2.458
2.461
1.922
0.332
0.527
0.873
1.678
1.850
1.869
1.842
0.054
-0.003
-0.019
-0.030
-0.029
-0.025
-0.021
-0.010
Max
Measured
V
from
NER
PSCAD
(Ohm)
(kV)
550
101.180
1000
107.676
1000000 120.050
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
100
550
1000
1000000
76.644
86.617
92.223
95.204
96.245
96.587
96.206
96.501
96.337
96.163
95.991
94.486
96.337
102.533
118.593
Iph-g with
NER/ Iph-g
solidly
earthed
0.019
0.011
0.000
1.000
0.806
0.564
0.415
0.324
0.264
0.223
0.192
0.169
0.151
0.136
0.068
0.012
0.007
0.000
V Meas / Power
Nominal
Frequency
K0
Voltage
V (pu)
153.0
1.878
1.740
278.1
1.998
1.736
278041.7 2.228
1.736
Line Length=0.2km
0.9
1.422
2.3
1.607
4.4
1.711
6.5
1.767
8.6
1.786
10.8
1.792
12.9
1.785
15.1
1.791
17.2
1.788
19.3
1.784
21.5
1.781
42.9
1.753
236.1
1.788
429.2
1.903
429200.4 2.201
Natural
Frequency V
(pu)
0.137
0.262
0.491
1.011
1.358
1.455
1.478
1.822
1.817
1.810
1.804
1.798
1.792
1.788
1.763
1.738
1.735
1.736
1.422
1.607
0.257
0.288
-0.036
-0.025
-0.025
-0.013
-0.010
-0.008
-0.007
-0.010
0.050
0.167
0.464
Configuration 1- Fault at the of the line- No load- Measured Overvoltage
3.0
Overvoltage ( pu)
2.5
2.0
L=100km
L = 10km
L= 0.2km
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
Ifault/I ph-g solidly earthed (pu)
Figure 2.5: Configuration 1 Measured overvoltage result
42/138
0.2
0.1
0.0
The maximum overvoltage reaches 2.5 times the value of the normal phase to
earth voltage. Maximum overvoltage below 3.0 pu is in line with existing
literature[6, 20].
The maximum overvoltage was recorded with the longest subtransmission line
which is 100km. This characteristic is common with previous studies[23] and tests
with a miniature circuit. It is also in line with all the other simulations of this study.
The characteristic is due to the larger line capacitance and inductance which are
proportional to the length of the line. As the capacitance increases, the energy
stored in the electric field increases producing more severe transient phenomena
upon a sudden change in the power system.
The simulation results show that the maximum recorded overvoltage plots have a
consistent pattern across the neutral earth resistor spectrum. The increase of the
resistor size slightly increases the measured overvoltage due to the highest
contribution of the power frequency overvoltage.
A high maximum overvoltage is recorded once the resistor size is increased to
reduce the phase to ground fault below 0.1 pu. The high value of transient
overvoltage is due to the effect of transient phenomena after fault clearing, also
called transient restrike, as is also shown in Figure 2.5. As we increase the size of
the resistor and the fault current decreases, the maximum overvoltage is recorded
during the fault. The restrike is due to the excessive increase of the neutral earth
resistor. In other words the ratio R0/Xco becomes well above the recommended
limit of 1/3[9]. This factor was found to be more relevant of the positive damping
provided by the resistor. As per Reference [14] , the increase of the resistor should
damp the transient overvoltage as R0>2ZO
Please also note that the shift of the peak voltage from the fault clearing time to the
fault period takes place first in the shortest line system configuration, then with line
length of 10km and last to the longest subtransmission line. This behavior can be
43/138
explained using the factor K0=Z0/Z1. The implementation of the resistor will
increase Z0. As the neutral impedance has a bigger impact on the factor K0, in the
shortest line the expected steady state overvoltage has a bigger increase
The results show that the maximum overvoltages recorded in the simulation with a
line length of 10km are similar to the results obtained from the simulation with a
line length of 0.2km. This characteristic is recorded throughout the study. We can
explain this characteristic by referring to the overvoltage plots as function of system
parameters of IEEE standards[18]. The different line length does not have a
particular impact on the Xco/X1. For both line lengths, the ratio is larger than 100 .
Beyond this value the expected overvoltage is considered constant.[6].
Xsource= 0.0087 pu
X Tx= 0.15 pu
X line=0.0088 Ohm/km
C= 9.4 nF/Km
Line length 10km
Xc = 1/(2Ð f C )/ 10 = 1/( 2* Ð 50 * 9.4 10-9 )/ 10 = 33879 Ohm
X1= Xsource+ Xtx + X line = 0.0087 + 0.15 + 0.088 ( 10km) = 0.2467 pu
Z base = 484 Ohm
Xc in pu = Xc value/ Z base= 33879/484= 70 pu
Ratio Xco/X1= 70/ 0.2467= 283.7
Line length 0.2km
44/138
Xc = 1/(2Ð f C )/0.2 = 1/( 2* Ð 50 * 9.4 10-9 )/ 0.2 = 1693996 Ohm
X1= Xsource+ Xtx + X line( 0.2km) = 0.0087 + 0.15 + 0.0018 = 0.1605 pu
Z base = 484 Ohm
Xc in pu = Xc value/ Z base= 636/484= 3500 pu
Ratio Xco/X1= 3500/ 0.1605= 21806
Line length 100 km
Xc = 1/(2Ð f C )/0.2 = 1/( 2* Ð 50 * 9.4 10-9 )/ 100 = 3387.9 Ohm
X1= Xsource+ Xtx + X line( 100km) = 0.0087 + 0.15 + 0.88 = 0.1605 pu
Z base = 484 Ohm
Xc in pu = Xc value/ Z base= 3387.9/484= 7 pu
Ratio Xco/X1= 7/ 0.1605= 43.6
The Xco/X1 ratio for line length of 100km is also proved to be below 100.
Therefore, the line will produce a higher overvoltage.
45/138
Configuration 1- Fault at the of the line- No load- Transient Overvoltage Contribution
Overvoltage ( pu)
3.0
2.5
L=100km
L = 10km
2.0
L= 0.2km
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
-0.5
Ifault/I ph-g solidly earthed (pu)
Figure 2.6: Configuration 1 Transient overvoltage component
Figure 2.6 shows the contribution of the transient overvoltage to the maximum
recorded overvoltage.
46/138
2.5.2 Simulation 2 : Unloaded Line - Fault at the Beginning of the Line
TABLE 2-2 – SIMULATION 2 RESULTS
Line Length= 100km
Max
Measured
V
from
NER
PSCAD
(Ohm)
(kV)
0
72.597
5
94.147
10
99.371
15
101.219
20
102.529
25
103.542
30
104.549
35
106.192
40
107.291
45
108.035
50
108.486
100
111.955
550
110.022
1000
111.633
1000000 111.941
Iph-g with
NER/ Iph-g
solidly
earthed
1.000
0.804
0.561
0.412
0.321
0.262
0.220
0.190
0.167
0.149
0.134
0.068
0.012
0.007
0.000
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
100
1.000
0.804
0.561
0.412
0.321
0.262
0.220
0.190
0.167
0.149
0.134
0.068
72.781
91.485
97.134
97.917
97.710
97.291
96.880
96.520
96.212
95.950
95.727
94.570
V Meas / Power
Nominal
Frequency
K0
Voltage
V (pu)
0.9
1.347
1.011
2.4
1.747
1.361
4.4
1.844
1.456
6.6
1.878
1.479
8.7
1.903
1.488
10.9
1.921
1.817
13.1
1.940
1.810
15.2
1.971
1.803
17.4
1.991
1.797
19.6
2.005
1.792
21.7
2.013
1.788
43.4
2.078
1.763
238.7
2.042
1.738
434.0
2.072
1.735
433986.8 2.077
1.736
Line Length=10km
0.9
1.351
2.4
1.698
4.4
1.802
6.6
1.817
8.7
1.813
10.9
1.805
13.1
1.798
15.2
1.791
17.4
1.785
19.6
1.781
21.7
1.776
43.4
1.755
47/138
1.011
1.361
1.456
1.479
1.488
1.817
1.810
1.803
1.797
1.792
1.788
1.763
Natural
Frequency
V (pu)
1.347
1.747
1.844
1.878
1.903
0.104
0.130
0.167
0.194
0.213
0.226
0.315
0.304
0.336
0.341
1.351
1.698
1.802
0.338
0.325
-0.012
-0.012
-0.012
-0.012
-0.012
-0.011
-0.008
Max
Measured
V
from
NER
PSCAD
(Ohm)
(kV)
550
108.220
1000
112.946
1000000 119.533
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
100
550
1000
1000000
67.090
91.473
97.117
97.898
97.681
97.272
96.861
96.501
96.193
95.931
95.708
94.570
108.314
112.946
113.404
Iph-g with
NER/ Iph-g
solidly
earthed
0.012
0.007
0.000
V Meas / Power
Nominal
Frequency
K0
Voltage
V (pu)
238.7
2.008
1.738
434.0
2.096
1.735
433986.8 2.218
1.736
Line Length=0.2km
0.9
1.245
2.4
1.697
4.4
1.802
6.6
1.817
8.7
1.813
10.9
1.805
13.1
1.797
15.2
1.791
17.4
1.785
19.6
1.780
21.7
1.776
43.4
1.755
238.7
2.010
434.0
2.096
433986.8 2.104
1.000
0.804
0.561
0.412
0.321
0.262
0.220
0.190
0.167
0.149
0.134
0.068
0.012
0.007
0.000
1.011
1.361
1.456
1.479
1.488
1.817
1.810
1.803
1.797
1.792
1.788
1.763
1.738
1.735
1.736
Natural
Frequency
V (pu)
0.270
0.361
0.482
1.245
1.697
0.346
0.338
0.325
-0.012
-0.013
-0.013
-0.012
-0.012
-0.012
-0.008
0.272
0.361
0.368
Configuration 2- Fault at the bus- No load- Measured Overvoltage
2.5
Overvoltage ( pu)
2.0
L=100km
L = 10km
1.5
L= 0.2km
1.0
0.5
0.0
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
Ifault/I ph-g solidly earthed (pu)
Figure 2.7- Configuration 2 Measured overvoltage result
48/138
0.2
0.1
0.0
Configuration 2- Fault at the bus- No load- Transient Ov erv oltage Contribution
Overvoltage ( pu)
2.5
2.0
L=100km
L = 10km
1.5
L= 0.2km
1.0
0.5
0.0
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
-0.5
Ifault/I ph-g solidly earthed (pu)
Figure 2.8: Configuration 2 Transient overvoltage component
This simulation has the same system configuration of the first study except the
location of the fault. The results however show that different transmission line
lengths do not produce any particular effect on the maximum overvoltage except to
a slightly lower level of the recorded overvoltage. Lower results of the maximum
overvoltages are due to different effect produced by the traveling waves that
propagates along the subtransmission lines and different impact of the system
conditions.
49/138
2.5.3 Simulation 3 : Capacitor Bank. Fault at the End of the Line
TABLE 2-3 – SIMULATION 3 RESULTS
Line Length= 100km
Max
Measured
V
from
NER
PSCAD
(Ohm)
(kV)
0
187.403
5
185.285
10
184.351
15
184.572
20
185.656
25
187.384
30
189.670
35
192.279
40
195.097
45
199.190
50
203.527
100
245.786
550
406.039
1000
453.542
1000000 526.382
Iph-g with
NER/ Iph-g
solidly
earthed
1.000
0.977
0.946
0.909
0.867
0.824
0.782
0.740
0.700
0.663
0.628
0.394
0.082
0.045
0.000
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
100
1.000
0.882
0.705
0.561
0.457
0.383
0.328
0.286
0.253
0.227
0.206
0.105
110.323
123.489
127.826
128.511
124.144
154.689
160.269
164.680
168.268
171.273
173.731
186.406
K0
1.0
1.1
1.3
1.5
1.8
2.0
2.3
2.6
2.9
3.2
3.6
6.8
36.0
65.4
65217.4
V Meas / Power
Nominal
Frequency
Voltage
V (pu)
3.478
1.002
3.438
1.102
3.421
1.204
3.425
1.296
3.445
1.378
3.477
1.448
3.520
1.507
3.568
1.555
3.620
1.596
3.696
1.629
3.777
1.656
4.561
1.763
7.535
1.757
8.416
1.747
9.768
1.732
Line Length=10km
1.0
2.047
1.7
2.292
3.0
2.372
4.3
2.385
5.7
2.304
7.1
2.871
8.5
2.974
9.8
3.056
11.2
3.123
12.6
3.178
14.0
3.224
27.9
3.459
50/138
1.006
1.412
1.647
1.745
1.783
1.797
1.802
1.802
1.800
1.797
1.794
1.771
Natural
Frequency
V (pu)
2.476
2.336
2.217
2.129
2.067
2.029
2.013
2.013
2.025
2.068
2.121
2.798
5.778
6.669
8.036
1.041
0.879
0.725
0.640
0.521
1.073
1.172
1.254
1.323
1.381
1.430
1.688
Max
Measured
V
from
NER
PSCAD
(Ohm)
(kV)
550
198.797
1000
200.148
1000000 182.224
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
100
550
1000
1000000
109.095
135.208
135.715
127.208
148.710
152.521
162.300
166.755
170.288
173.169
175.588
188.724
200.208
201.435
203.044
Iph-g with
NER/ Iph-g
solidly
earthed
0.019
0.011
0.000
V Meas / Power
Nominal
Frequency
K0
Voltage
V (pu)
153.0
3.689
1.740
278.1
3.714
1.736
278041.7 3.381
1.736
Line Length=0.2km
0.9
2.024
2.3
2.509
4.4
2.518
6.5
2.361
8.6
2.760
10.8
2.830
12.9
3.012
15.1
3.094
17.2
3.160
19.3
3.213
21.5
3.258
42.9
3.502
236.1
3.715
429.2
3.738
429200.4 3.768
1.000
0.806
0.564
0.415
0.324
0.264
0.223
0.192
0.169
0.151
0.136
0.068
0.012
0.007
0.000
Natural
Frequency
V (pu)
1.949
1.978
1.645
1.011
1.358
1.455
1.478
1.822
1.817
1.810
1.804
1.798
1.792
1.788
1.763
1.738
1.735
1.736
1.014
1.151
1.064
0.882
0.937
1.013
1.202
1.291
1.362
1.421
1.471
1.739
1.977
2.003
2.031
Configuration 3- Fault at the end of the line- Cap Bank connected at the end of the line- Measured
Overvoltage
12.0
10.0
Overvoltage ( pu)
L=100km
L = 10km
8.0
L= 0.2km
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
Ifault/I ph-g solidly earthed (pu)
Figure 2.9: Configuration 3 Measured overvoltage result
51/138
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
Configuration 3- Fault at the end of the line- Cap Bank connected at the end of the lineTransient Overvoltage Contribution
9.0
8.0
L=100km
L = 10km
7.0
L= 0.2km
Overvoltage ( pu)
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
Ifault/I ph-g solidly e arthe d (pu)
Figure 2.10: Configuration 3 Transient overvoltage component
The dangerous effects of capacitor switching are well known in the engineering
field [23]. The results obtained with this simulation show that, following a fault in the
network with no or small loads and a capacitor bank connected to the grid
represent a danger to the insulation of the power system.
The overvoltages measured in this simulation are the highest of the entire study
reported here. The results are in line with previous studies [5, 14]
except for
results obtained with line length of 100 km . This is due to the combination of the
following system parameters:

Length of the line

NER size
These parameters affect the R0 
XC 0
transient overvoltages condition. If this
3
condition is not met, dangerous fault restrikes are generated [9]. Is it worth noting
that field experience of arcing ground fault above 7 pu are quite rare as the
insulation of the power system usually breaks down between 6 to 7 pu [9]
52/138
Line length impact is shown in Figure 2.9 and 2.10. Instead, to review the impact of
the NER size further simulations were performed. Four snapshots with a NER of
Voltage (kV)
10, 100, 1000 and 1000000 Ohm were taken as shown in Figures 2.11 to 2.14.
100
80
60
40
20
0
-20
-40
-60
-80
Vs
Figure 2.11: Configuration 3 Transient overvoltage Snapshot with NER of 10 Ohms
300
200
100
0
-100
-200
-300
53/138
Figure 2.14: Configuration 3 Transient overvoltage Snapshot with NER of 1000000 Ohms
The graphs show that the increase of the resistor will increase the transient
overvoltages.
The dangerous transient overvoltages are also due to the conservative approach in
selecting the size of the capacitor bank. A further simulation is conducted to
validate this theory. A smaller capacitor bank of 15 MVA was used for the analysis.
Configuration 3- Line Length 100km- Comparison between 30MVAR and 15MVAR Capacitor Bank
Results- Measured Overvoltage
12.0
10.0
Overvoltage ( pu)
15MVAR
30MVAR
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
Ifault/I ph-g solidly earthed (pu)
Figure 2.15: Configuration 3 30 and 15 MVAR Cap bank overvoltage comparison
54/138
0.0
The system response with a smaller capacitor gives a result which is acceptable
and in line with previous studies [5, 19]. Maximum overvoltage with the insulated
system is 4.1 pu.
55/138
2.5.4 Simulation 4 : Capacitor Bank. Fault at the Beginning of the Line
TABLE 2-4 – SIMULATION 4 RESULTS
Line Length= 100km
Max
Measured
V
from
NER
PSCAD
(Ohm)
(kV)
0
73.660
5
102.229
10
110.677
15
120.455
20
139.620
25
156.662
30
171.647
35
185.697
40
198.103
45
209.035
50
219.140
100
282.383
550
373.638
1000
431.569
1000000 553.568
Iph-g with
NER/ Iph-g
solidly
earthed
1.000
0.804
0.561
0.412
0.321
0.262
0.220
0.190
0.167
0.149
0.134
0.068
0.012
0.007
0.000
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
100
550
1.000
0.804
0.561
0.412
0.321
0.262
0.220
0.190
0.167
0.149
0.134
0.068
0.012
73.885
104.589
115.953
126.137
129.761
140.232
143.196
147.174
151.560
155.590
158.744
173.853
185.633
V Meas / Power
Nominal
Frequency
K0
Voltage
V (pu)
0.9
1.367
1.011
2.4
1.897
1.361
4.4
2.054
1.456
6.6
2.235
1.479
8.7
2.591
1.488
10.9
2.907
1.817
13.1
3.185
1.810
15.2
3.446
1.803
17.4
3.676
1.797
19.6
3.879
1.792
21.7
4.067
1.788
43.4
5.240
1.763
238.7
6.934
1.738
434.0
8.009
1.735
433986.8 10.272
1.736
Line Length=10km
0.9
1.371
2.4
1.941
4.4
2.152
6.6
2.341
8.7
2.408
10.9
2.602
13.1
2.657
15.2
2.731
17.4
2.812
19.6
2.887
21.7
2.946
43.4
3.226
238.7
3.445
56/138
1.011
1.361
1.456
1.479
1.488
1.817
1.810
1.803
1.797
1.792
1.788
1.763
1.738
Natural
Frequency
V (pu)
1.367
1.897
2.054
2.235
2.591
2.907
3.185
3.446
3.676
3.879
4.067
5.240
6.934
8.009
10.272
0.360
0.580
0.696
0.862
0.920
0.785
0.847
0.928
1.015
1.095
1.158
1.463
1.707
Max
Measured
V
from
NER
PSCAD
(Ohm)
(kV)
1000
187.731
1000000 200.403
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
100
550
1000
1000000
90.349
110.113
125.484
142.000
149.540
152.234
157.592
160.073
161.970
163.420
165.426
173.384
178.234
188.233
200.173
Iph-g with
NER/ Iph-g
solidly
earthed
K0
0.007
434.0
0.000
433986.8
V Meas / Power
Nominal
Frequency
Voltage
V (pu)
3.484
1.735
3.719
1.736
Line Length=0.2km
0.9
1.677
2.4
2.043
4.4
2.329
6.6
2.635
8.7
2.775
10.9
2.825
13.1
2.924
15.2
2.970
17.4
3.006
19.6
3.033
21.7
3.070
43.4
3.217
238.7
3.307
434.0
3.493
433986.8 3.715
1.000
0.804
0.561
0.412
0.321
0.262
0.220
0.190
0.167
0.149
0.134
0.068
0.012
0.007
0.000
1.011
1.361
1.456
1.479
1.488
1.817
1.810
1.803
1.797
1.792
1.788
1.763
1.738
1.735
1.736
Natural
Frequency
V (pu)
1.748
1.982
0.666
0.683
0.873
1.156
1.287
1.008
1.114
1.167
1.208
1.240
1.282
1.454
1.569
1.758
1.978
Configuration 4- Fault at the bus- Cap Bank at the end of the line- Measured Overvoltage
12.0
10.0
Overvoltage ( pu)
L=100km
8.0
L = 10km
L= 0.2km
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
Ifault/I ph-g solidly earthed (pu)
Figure 2.16: Configuration 4 Measured overvoltage result
57/138
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
Configuration 4- Fault at the bus- Cap Bank at the end of the lineTransient Overvoltage Contribution
12.0
L=100km
L = 10km
10.0
Overvoltage ( pu)
L= 0.2km
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
Ifault/I ph-g solidly e arthe d (pu)
Figure 2.17: Configuration 4 Transient overvoltage component
This simulation uses the same system configuration of Simulation 3 except for the
location of the fault. Measured overvoltage shows that these results are similar to
the results obtained from Simulation 3.
Maximum overvoltages are recorded with the transmission line of 100km and after
fault clearing.
As discussed in Simulation 2, location of the fault in proximity of the neutral earth
resistor decreases the value of the maximum overvoltages.
58/138
2.5.5 Simulation 5 : Light inductive Load. Fault at the End of the Line.
TABLE 2-5 – SIMULATION 5 RESULTS
Line Length= 100km
Max
Measured
V
from
NER
PSCAD
(Ohm)
(kV)
0
123.996
5
121.497
10
127.242
15
124.414
20
125.584
25
126.472
30
127.242
35
127.753
40
128.210
45
128.382
50
128.563
100
125.448
550
106.256
1000
114.514
1000000 131.252
Iph-g with
NER/ Iph-g
solidly
earthed
1.000
0.977
0.946
0.909
0.867
0.824
0.782
0.740
0.700
0.663
0.628
0.394
0.082
0.045
0.000
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
100
1.000
0.882
0.705
0.561
0.457
0.383
0.328
0.286
0.253
0.227
0.206
0.105
89.031
98.999
99.542
98.172
97.019
95.755
95.531
95.024
94.367
94.358
94.180
93.855
K0
1.0
1.1
1.3
1.5
1.8
2.0
2.3
2.6
2.9
3.2
3.6
6.8
36.0
65.4
65217.4
V Meas / Power
Nominal
Frequency
Voltage
V (pu)
2.301
1.002
2.255
1.102
2.361
1.204
2.309
1.296
2.330
1.378
2.347
1.448
2.361
1.507
2.371
1.555
2.379
1.596
2.382
1.629
2.386
1.656
2.328
1.763
1.972
1.757
2.125
1.747
2.436
1.732
Line Length=10km
1.0
1.652
1.7
1.837
3.0
1.847
4.3
1.822
5.7
1.800
7.1
1.777
8.5
1.773
9.8
1.763
11.2
1.751
12.6
1.751
14.0
1.748
27.9
1.742
59/138
1.006
1.412
1.647
1.745
1.783
1.797
1.802
1.802
1.800
1.797
1.794
1.771
Natural
Frequenc
y V (pu)
2.301
2.255
2.361
2.309
2.330
2.347
2.361
2.371
2.379
2.382
2.386
2.328
0.215
0.378
0.704
1.652
1.837
1.847
1.822
0.017
-0.021
-0.029
-0.038
-0.049
-0.046
-0.046
-0.029
550
99.236
0.019
153.0
1.841
Max
Measured
V
from
NER
PSCAD
(Ohm)
(kV)
1000
109.857
1000000 241.638
Iph-g with
NER/ Iph-g
solidly
earthed
K0
0.011
278.1
0.000
278041.7
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
100
550
1000
1000000
1.000
0.806
0.564
0.415
0.324
0.264
0.223
0.192
0.169
0.151
0.136
0.068
0.012
0.007
0.000
74.717
85.939
91.418
94.402
95.404
95.743
95.531
95.640
95.477
95.301
95.131
94.017
97.021
107.684
126.718
1.740
0.101
V Meas / Power
Nominal
Frequency
Voltage
V (pu)
2.039
1.736
4.484
1.736
Line Length=0.2km
0.9
1.387
2.3
1.595
4.4
1.696
6.5
1.752
8.6
1.770
10.8
1.777
12.9
1.773
15.1
1.775
17.2
1.772
19.3
1.768
21.5
1.765
42.9
1.745
236.1
1.800
429.2
1.998
429200.4 2.351
Natural
Frequenc
y V (pu)
0.302
2.748
1.011
1.358
1.455
1.478
1.822
1.817
1.810
1.804
1.798
1.792
1.788
1.763
1.738
1.735
1.736
1.387
1.595
0.242
0.273
-0.052
-0.040
-0.037
-0.029
-0.026
-0.024
-0.022
-0.019
0.062
0.263
0.615
Configuration 5- Fault at the of end the line- Inductive Load connected at the end of the
line- Measured Overvoltage
5.0
4.5
Overvoltage ( pu)
4.0
3.5
L=100km
L = 10km
3.0
L= 0.2km
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
Ifault/I ph-g solidly earthed (pu)
Figure 2.18: Configuration 1 Measured overvoltage result
60/138
0.2
0.1
0.0
Configuration 5- Fault at the end of the line- Inductive Load connected at the end of the lineTransient Overvoltage Contribution
3.0
L=100km
L = 10km
2.5
L= 0.2km
Overvoltage ( pu)
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
-0.5
Ifa ult/I ph-g solidly e arthed (pu)
Figure 2.19: Configuration 5 Transient overvoltage component
Maximum overvoltages recorded are similar to the results from Simulation 1. It is
likely that this inductive load was not large enough to produce any relevant impact
on the overvoltages. Therefore, not further analysis was conducted using the
results of this system configuration.
61/138
2.5.6 Simulation 6 : Energized 66/22kV Transformer Fault at the 66kV
Bus.
TABLE 2-6 – SIMULATION 61 RESULTS
Max
Measured
V
from
NER
PSCAD
(Ohm)
(kV)
0
54.929
5
91.224
10
96.846
15
97.661
20
97.464
25
97.053
30
96.646
35
96.287
40
95.982
45
95.721
50
95.499
100
94.343
550
93.211
1000
93.089
1000000 92.838
Iph-g with
NER/ Iph-g
solidly
earthed
1.000
0.804
0.561
0.412
0.321
0.262
0.220
0.190
0.167
0.149
0.134
0.068
0.012
0.007
0.000
V Meas / Power
Nominal
Frequency
K0
Voltage
V (pu)
0.9
1.017
1.011
2.4
1.692
1.361
4.4
1.792
1.456
6.6
1.812
1.479
8.7
1.806
1.488
10.9
1.800
1.817
13.1
1.793
1.810
15.2
1.788
1.804
17.4
1.786
1.798
19.6
1.776
1.792
21.7
1.772
1.788
43.4
1.763
1.763
238.7
1.729
1.738
434.0
1.727
1.735
433986.8 1.723
1.732
Configuration 6- Fault at the bus- Tx 30 MVA delta/star at the bus- Measured Overvoltage
2.0
1.8
Overvoltage ( pu)
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
Ifault/I ph-g solidly earthed (pu)
Figure 2.20: Configuration 6 Measured overvoltage result
62/138
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
Natural
Frequenc
y V (pu)
0.006
0.331
0.336
0.333
0.318
-0.017
-0.017
-0.016
-0.012
-0.016
-0.016
0.000
-0.009
-0.008
-0.009
Configuration 6- Fault at the bus- Tx 30 MVA at the busTransient Overvoltage Contribution
0.4
0.4
Overvoltage( pu)
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.0
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
-0.1
Ifault/I ph-g s olidly e ar the d (pu)
Figure 2.21: Configuration 6- Transient overvoltage result
Overvoltages recorded in this study are relatively lower than in the other
simulations. Maximum overvoltage reaches a maximum of 1.8pu as phase to
ground fault decreases below 0.6 pu.
Please note that the transient overvoltage component disappears as the phase to
ground fault decreases below 0. 25 pu. Therefore, for high resistor values the
overvoltages are only produced by the power frequency voltage.
No further analysis was conducted using the data from this simulation
2.5.7 Overvoltages and Traveling Waves
This section documents the propagation of the voltage traveling waves along the
transmission line. A series of snapshots are presented to describe the behavior of
the overvoltages using the data from Simulation 1 – No load at the end of the lineand with the line length of 100 km
63/138
Bus Current,Bus Voltage : Graphs
1.50
Is
Current (kA)
1.00
0.50
0.00
-0.50
-1.00
Voltage (kV)
-1.50
Time ...
80
60
40
20
0
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100
Vs
0.3850
0.3900
0.3950
0.4000
0.4050
0.4100
0.4150
0.4200
0.4250
0.4300
...
...
...
Figure 2.22: Configuration 1 - Maximum Overvoltage - Phase to Ground Fault – NER 0 Ohm
Snapshots were recorded at fault inception and fault clearing time. The graph also
shows that the transient overvoltage at higher frequency is superimposed on a
lower frequency overvoltage. The overvoltage has a period of 0.7 ms which is
equivalent to a frequency of 1400 Hz. The high frequency component decays in
approximately 10ms.
Traveling waves are triggered at the same time on both healthy phases and travel
on the conductors. The steps pattern of the transient overvoltage is the effect of the
traveling waves that reflect back and forward between the two ends of the line.
64/138
Bus Current,Bus Voltage : Graphs
1.50
Is
Current (kA)
1.00
0.50
0.00
-0.50
-1.00
Voltage (kV)
-1.50
Time ...
125
100
75
50
25
0
-25
-50
-75
-100
Vs
0.5050
0.5075
0.5100
0.5125
0.5150
0.5175
0.5200
0.5225
0.5250
0.5275
...
...
...
Figure 2.23: Configuration 1- Snapshot of after clearing overvoltage- Phase to Ground Fault – NER
0 Ohm
Transient overvoltage superimposed on the power frequency voltage has a
frequency of 590 Hz. Maximum overvoltage appears on the phase which has the
highest voltage at the clearing time. The overvoltage is produced by the energy
stored in the electric field of the capacitance that will discharge at fault clearing
time.
65/138
Bus Current,Bus Voltage : Graphs
1.50
Is
Current (kA)
1.00
0.50
0.00
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
150
Vs
Voltage (kV)
100
50
0
-50
-100
Time ...
0.490
0.500
0.510
0.520
0.530
0.540
0.550
...
...
...
Figure 2.24: Configuration 1- Snapshot of Maximum Overvoltage- Phase to Phase to Ground Fault
– NER 0 Ohm
In the phase to phase ground fault the maximum overvoltage is recorded at the
fault clearing time. Frequency of the superimposed transient overvoltage is 590 Hz
as in the phase to ground faults. The overvoltages on each phase have the same
frequency. This transient overvoltage decays after 30ms.
66/138
Bus Current,Bus Voltage : Graphs
Current (kA)
0.80
0.60
Is
0.40
0.20
0.00
-0.20
-0.40
-0.60
-0.80
Voltage (kV)
100
75
50
Vs
25
0
-25
-50
-75
-100
Time ...
0.3950
0.4000
0.4050
0.4100
0.4150
0.4200
0.4250
0.4300
...
...
...
Figure 2.25: Configuration 1- Snapshot of Maximum Overvoltage- Phase to Ground Fault – NER 50
Ohm
Bus Current,Bus Voltage : Graphs
0.60
Is
Current (kA)
0.40
0.20
0.00
-0.20
-0.40
Voltage (kV)
-0.60
Time ...
125
100
75
50
25
0
-25
-50
-75
-100
Vs
0.5025
0.5050
0.5075
0.5100
0.5125
0.5150
0.5175
0.5200
0.5225
...
...
...
Figure 2.26: Configuration 1- Snapshot of Maximum Overvoltage- Phase to Phase to Ground Fault
– NER 50 Ohm
67/138
As the NER approaches 50 Ohm, the pattern of the plots remains similar to plots
with NER equal to 0 Ohm. Overvoltage frequencies are 590 Hz in all three phases.
Bus Current,Bus Voltage : Graphs
0.200
Is
Current (kA)
0.150
0.100
0.050
0.000
-0.050
Voltage (kV)
-0.100
100
75
50
25
0
-25
-50
-75
-100
-125
Time ...
Vs
0.4000
0.4050
0.4100
0.4150
0.4200
0.4250
...
...
...
Figure 2.27: Configuration 1- Snapshot of Maximum Overvoltage- Phase to Ground Fault – NER
1000 Ohm
The large size of the resistor now makes the phase to ground fault as the most
prominent overvoltage. Traveling waves are visible in the current and voltage plots.
2.5.8 Impact of Time of Fault with the Overvoltage
This investigation highlights the relation between the time of fault and the
amplitude of the measured overvoltage. Plots are divided into phase to ground fault
and phase to phase to ground fault.
68/138
Simulation 1- Measured Overvoltage
Ph-g fault- All Data Plot
3
O
vervoltage
2.5
2
Solidly Earthed
System
Insulated
System
L=100km
L=10km
L=0.2km
1.5
1
0.5
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Sample
Figure 2.28: Configuration 1- All Data Plot
Simulation 2- Measured Overvoltage
Ph-g Fault- All Data Plot
2.5
O
vervoltage
2
Solidly Earthed
System
1.5
Insulated
System
L=100km
L=10km
L=0.2km
1
0.5
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Sample
Figure 2.29: Configuration 2 All Data Plot
Simulation 3- Measured Overvoltage
Ph-g Fault- All Data Plot
12
O
vervoltage
10
8
Solidly Earthed
System
Insulated
System
L=100km
L=10km
L=0.2km
6
4
2
0
0
50
100
150
200
Sample
Figure 2.30: Configuration 3 All data plot
69/138
250
300
350
Simulation 4- Measured Overvoltage
Ph-g Fault- All Data Plot
12
Overvoltage
10
8
Solidly Earthed
System
Insulated
System
L=100km
L=10km
L=0.2km
6
4
2
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Sample
Figure 2.31: Configuration 4- All data plot
Simulation 1- Measured Overvoltage
Ph-Ph-G Fault- All Data Plot
3
2.5
O
vervoltage(p
u)
2
1.5
1
Series1
Series2
Insulated
System
Solidly Earthed
System
Series3
0.5
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Simulation
Figure 2.32: Configuration 1- All data plot
Simulation 2- Measured Overvoltage
Ph-Ph-G Fault- All Data Plot
2.5
O
vervoltag
e(pu
)
2
1.5
L=100km
Insulated
System
Solidly Earthed
System
1
L=10km
L=0.2km
0.5
0
0
50
100
150
200
Sim ulation
Figure 2.33: Configuration 2 All data plot
70/138
250
300
350
Simulation 3- Measured Overvoltage
Ph-Ph-G Fault- All Data Plot
5
4.5
4
O
vervoltag
e(p
u)
3.5
Insulated
System
3
2.5
L=100km
L=10km
L=0.2km
Solidly Earthed
System
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Sim ulation
Figure 2.34: Configuration 3- All data plot
Simulation 4- Measured Overvoltage
Ph-Ph-G Fault- All Data Plot
8
7
O
vervoltage(pu)
6
5
Insulated
System
4
L=100km
L=10km
L=0.2km
Solidly Earthed
System
3
2
1
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Simulation
Figure 2.35: Configuration 3 All data plot
These graphs are produced by using the maximum overvoltage recorded on each
simulation. It is reminded that 11 simulations were performed for each NER size
configuration. Besides, 1 ms additional delay time was applied on each simulation.
Points were plotted sequentially, starting on the simulation with a NER of 0 Ohm to
the maximum value of the NER, which corresponds to the insulated system.
In these eight plots, Figure 2.28 to Figure 2.35, it is possible to recognize the 15
peaks related to the 15 resistor sizes used in the simulations.
71/138
Phase to ground faults for transmission line of 10 and 0.1km showed a smoother
pattern with lower peak values. Only in Simulation 2 there is an irregularity in the
maximum overvoltage. Overall, the maximum overvoltage in the phase to ground
fault is therefore less dependent on the time of fault.
Phase to ground fault maximum overvoltages show a similar pattern across the
three different subtransmission line lengths. Maximum overvoltages appear only for
a brief period of time and at the same time in all the three line lengths.
The
8 plots also show similar results for simulations conducted
with
subtransmission line of 10km and 0.1km.
These graphs confirm that time of fault is relevant in determining the maximum
overvoltage during phase to phase to ground faults.
2.5.9 Overvoltage Response on Phase a ,b and c
The section investigates the relationship between faults and different overvoltage
responses on each phase.
This study was conducted only for subtransmission line of 100km in the simulation
1, 2, 3 and 4. Graphs are divided in phase to ground faults and phase to phase to
ground faults.
On PSCAD software package phase to ground fault takes place on phase a and
phase to phase to ground fault takes place on phases a and b.
72/138
Simulation 1-Measured Overvoltage
Phase Comparison-Phase to Ground Fault- L=100km
3
2.5
O
vervoltage(pu)
2
Phase a
Insulated
System
1.5
Phase b
Phase c
Solidly Earthed
System
1
0.5
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Simulation
Figure 2.36: Configuration 1 Phase comparison
Simulation 2-Measured Overvoltage
Phase Comparison-Phase to Ground Fault- L=100km
2.5
O
v
e
rv
o
lta
g
e(p
u
)
2
Insulated
System
1.5
Phase a
Phase b
Phase c
1
Solidly Earthed
System
0.5
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Simulation
Figure 2.37: Configuration 2 Phase comparison
Simulation 3-Measured Overvoltage
Phase Comparison-Phase to Ground Fault- L=100km
12
10
Insulated
System
O
vervoltage(pu)
8
Phase a
6
Phase b
Phase c
Solidly Earthed
System
4
2
0
0
50
100
150
200
Simulation
Figure 2.38: Configuration 3 Phase comparison
73/138
250
300
350
Simulation 4-Measured Overvoltage
Phase Comparison-Phase to Ground Fault- L=100km
12
10
O
vervo
ltag
e(p
u
)
8
Insulated
System
Phase a
6
Phase b
Phase c
4
Solidly Earthed
System
2
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Simulation
Figure 2.39: Configuration 4 Phase comparison
Simulation 1-Measured Overvoltage
Phase Comparison-Phase to Phase to Ground Fault- L=100km
3
2.5
O
vervo
ltag
e(p
u
)
2
Phase a
Phase b
1.5
Phase c
Insulated
System
Solidly Earthed
System
1
0.5
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Simulation
Figure 2.40: Configuration 1 Phase comparison
Simulation 2-Measured Overvoltage
Phase Comparison-Phase to Phase to Ground Fault- L=100km
2.5
O
v
e
rv
o
lta
g
e(p
u
)
2
1.5
Phase a
Phase b
Insulated
System
1
Phase c
Solidly Earthed
System
0.5
0
0
50
100
150
200
Simulation
Figure 2.41: Configuration 2 Phase comparison
74/138
250
300
350
Simulation 3-Measured Overvoltage
Phase Comparison-Phase to Phase to Ground Fault- L=100km
5
4.5
4
O
v
e
rv
o
lta
g
e(p
u
)
3.5
3
Insulated
System
2.5
Phase a
Phase b
Phase c
2
Solidly Earthed
System
1.5
1
0.5
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Simulation
Figure 2.42: Configuration 3 Phase comparison
Simulation 4-Measured Overvoltage
Phase Comparison-Phase to Phase to Ground Fault- L=100km
8
7
Insulated
System
O
vervo
ltag
e(p
u
)
6
5
Phase a
4
Phase b
Phase c
Solidly Earthed
System
3
2
1
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Simulation
Figure 2.43: Configuration 4 Phase comparison
This investigation shows that maximum overvoltage can be recorded in the healthy
phases as well as in the faulty phases following fault clearing. In this case the
impact of the power frequency overvoltage is null. This characteristic is particularly
defined on phase to phase to ground faults at clearing time and for both types of
faults for Simulation 3 and 4, where the capacitor bank is connected.
In each phase the overvoltage pattern is same for all resistor values. Constant
overvoltages are broken by regular small “bumps” at the time where the voltage on
the related phases have the highest magnitude at fault clearing or fault inception.
75/138
As noted in Section 2.4.9, the plots for the phase to phase to ground faults show
that the time of fault is a key element to determine in which phase the maximum
overvoltage is recorded.
2.5.10
Overvoltage Harmonic Response
A further analysis was conducted on the frequency spectrum of the transient
overvoltage. The study was done using the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) function,
which determine the harmonic magnitude and phase of the input signal as a
function of time[21].
Base frequency was set to 12.5 Hz to detect noise elements lower than power
frequency voltage.
Here below few snapshots of the healthy and faulty phases for a phase to ground
fault following a fault are provided. Snapshots were captured after 10 ms fault
injection.
Referring to the graphs left hand side spectrum refers to 12.5 Hz component and
right hand side spectrum refers to 322.5 HZ noise element. The number in the plot
frame refers to the voltage magnitude in the first frequency band, 12.5 Hz.
Ea
60.0
0.0
[1] 1.79434
Figure 2.44: Configuration 1 Harmonic analysis
NER 0 ohms –after 10ms
76/138
Ea
60.0
0.0
[1] 3.50508
Figure 2.45: Configuration 1 Harmonic analysis
NER 5 ohms –after 10ms
Ea
60.0
0.0
[1] 6.13753
Figure 2.46: Configuration 1 Harmonic analysis
NER 50 ohms –after 10ms
From the graphs we can observe that voltage noise appears at frequencies higher
and lower values in respect of the power frequency voltage The major components
are in the band close to 50 Hz. Components with lower magnitude, less than 3 %
of nominal voltage, are visible on high frequency up to 300 Hz.
The harmonics were recorded on the healthy phase. The graphs show that the
noise is not limited to odd harmonics. Therefore, filtering this natural frequency
component could be problematic and slow down the information process of the
digital relays.
77/138
2.6 Conclusion
1. Results obtained from this study are in line with the existing literature and
previous studies in this field. Maximum overvoltages are below 2.5 pu for a
ground fault in an unloaded subtransmission line and below 4 pu in an
unloaded line with a capacitor bank connected at the end of the line
2. Maximum overvoltage is influenced by the power system parameters. The
size of the neutral earth resistor itself does not give a clear indication of the
system response and expected maximum overvoltage during a ground fault
3. Increasing the size of the neutral earth resistor controls the maximum
overvoltage on unloaded line as the resistor has a positive impact in limiting
the natural frequency overvoltage until the fault current is equal to 10 % of
the fault current with a solidly earthed system
4. The limitation of the transitory overvoltage component is strictly connected
to the increase of the ratio R0/X0 until the R0<1/3 Xc0 factor and
subsequent fault clearing restrike takes place. Therefore, to design a high
impedance grounding , a transient recovery voltage study, TRV, should be
conducted to safely determine the magnitude of the resistor
5. The positive effect of the neutral earth resistor is negligible if a capacitor
bank is connected to an unloaded line. In this event, further increase of the
resistor could generate dangerous overvoltages
6. Phase to ground faults generally produce higher overvoltage than the
overvoltage response for phase to phase to ground faults for high value of
neutral earth resistor are in the higher end of the of the value considered
7. There is a clear connection between line length and maximum overvoltage.
Line length increases transient overvoltages. Requirement for system
78/138
analysis and related transient studies should be carefully considered for
long subtransmission lines as is usually done for transmission lines
8. There is also a consistent similarity of results for line length of 10km and
0.2km. This characteristic should be taken into consideration to optimize the
work during planning and design activities for short and medium length
subtransmission lines
9. Transient overvoltages appear in the faulty and healthy phases. There is a
relation between time of fault and location where the maximum overvoltages
takes place
10. There is not a strong relation between the time of fault and the magnitude of
the maximum overvoltage during phase to ground faults. Relation between
the magnitude of the maximum overvoltage and the time of fault is only
relevant on the phase to phase to ground faults
11. Considering the overvoltage component at higher frequency, this study
shows that beyond the debate of effective or non effective grounding, design
of the neutral earth resistors could safely aim to limit the ground fault current
to 0.1pu of the fault current in a solidly earthed system without
compromising the insulation level of the system
79/138
3 CVT and Transient Overvoltages
3.1 Overview
Capacitive voltage transformer, CVT, represents the most common method of
voltage source for the impedance protection relays installed for transmission and
subtransmission power systems.
Until few years ago the use of the CVT was limited to extra high voltage system. In
recent years the use of the CVT has become more popular even for application
with nominal voltage down to 33kV (as applied by Energex and Ergon in
Queensland) due the lower capital cost compared to the traditional voltage
transformer, VT. CVTs also
offer the advantage to couple power line carrier to
inject teleprotection signals between substations.
During a fault, ideally, the low voltage source provided by the CVT should be an
exact copy of the primary voltage. Unfortunately this is not the reality. CVT
contains a large number of stored energy components which must charge and
discharge during voltage changes [24-29]. The transfer of energy between
capacitances and inductances within the CVT requires some time to take place.
Therefore, the CVT introduces some transients that affect the magnitude and
shape of the voltage signal.
CVT creates some problems to the distance relays especially during faults that
severely depress the voltage at the relay location. Faults located at the beginning
of the protected line can bring the voltage down to few percents of the nominal
voltage and this could affect accuracy and operating time of the relay.
This section aims to investigate the CVT transient response during phase to
ground fault and the impact that this disturbance can have on the distance relay.
80/138
3.2 The CVT Model
Introduction
The main component of the CVT are the capacitive voltage divider , a tuning
reactor, a voltage transformer, a ferroresonance suppression circuit and the burden
made by the relay.
The CVT model can be further simplified where the equivalent circuit is referred to
the intermediate voltage: The CVT model has been design according to this
References [24, 25, 27]
Capacitive Voltage Divider
The capacitive voltage divider steps down the voltage from 66 to 10-15 kV. A lower
voltage is required to reduce the insulation of the subsequent voltage
transformation and, therefore, to the overall cost of the CVT. The design of the
capacitors is one of the main challenges faced by manufacturers. In fact, the higher
the size of the capacitance, the lower is the magnitude of the transient overvoltage
during sudden changes in the power system [24]. At the same time, CVT with a
high capacitor size are more expensive. CVTs are often classified as normal C,
high C and extra high C according to the value of the stack capacitance [25].
Typically the value of the capacitors is in the range of 100nF [24, 27].
A Normal C capacitor with a total value of 100 nF was selected.
Tuning reactor
81/138
The tuning reactor is required to cancel out the value of the capacitive divider at
the system frequency [24] . Therefore, the reactor prevents the phase shift
between the voltage signal at the transmission line and the voltage fed to the relay.
The size of the reactor is tuned for the system frequency of 50 Hz. In this study the
reactor is 111 H.
Voltage transformer
The voltage transformer reduces the voltage from 10-15 kV to a voltage suitable for
the relay which is usually 100 or 110 V. Copper and iron losses were taken into
consideration by adding in the CVT model a resistance of 2000 Ohm.
Ferroresonance Suppression Circuit
The ferroresonance suppression circuit is installed in the low voltage side of the
voltage transformer to prevent dangerous overvoltages due to the saturation of the
iron core of the step down transformer.
Two types of ferroresonance suppression circuits are normally used by CVT
manufacturers [24, 25, 27]:

Active ferroresonance suppression circuit

Passive ferroresonance suppression circuit
The active ferroresonance suppression circuit consists of a parallel tuning circuit in
series with a damping resistor. The LC parallel circuit behaves as an open circuit at
the nominal power frequency to prevent shunt current flowing through the circuit.
During transient condition the tuning circuit will decrease the impedance to the
value of the damping resistor. The resistor will attenuate the energy of the transient
surge [24]
82/138
The passive ferroresonance suppression circuit has a resistor, a saturable inductor
and air gap loading resistor. In normal condition the voltage is not high enough to
flash the air gap. During transient conditions, the air gap will flash over through the
resistor and will attenuate the transient energy.
Existing
literature
and
previous
study
demonstrated
that
the
passive
ferroresonance circuit has better transient performance than the active device [24,
25, 27, 28, 31, 32]. However, as the study aims to test the CVT under the worst
case scenario, the active suppression circuit was implemented.
Device Data
R= 77379 Ohms
C=29 nF
L=111 H
CVT Burden
The burden connected at the end of the circuit represents the static or numerical
digital relays. Modern relays have a small burden. Typically the burden is below 5
VA .
The value of the burden is 1000 Ohms
83/138
3.3 Simulation Settings
Fault time
System faults can happen at any time. Considering the two voltage magnitude end
range, the fault could take place at 0 voltage or at maximum voltage. Fault at zero
voltage are less common than faults at the maximum voltage. In fact, this type of
fault could only happen during lightning or close of the circuit breaker on fault
condition. Faults at the maximum voltage usually take place when insulation failure
occurs and are statistically more likely to happen.
Simulations were conducted with fault at zero crossing of the primary voltage. At
this time the energy store in the capacitor is at the maximum and this condition will
generate the worst voltage transient conditions. The sudden change in the system
will release the energy stored in the active elements of the CVT creating the worst
transient overvoltage condition. These voltage oscillations are composed of lower
and higher frequency components.
Network and Source Settings
66 kV subtransmission line model is as per the model used in Section 1
(Overvoltage). The line model was set to 2 km and 10 km. Short lines were
selected to increase the source impedance ratio, SIR, and testing the performance
of the CVT with a higher SIR. It is reminded that SIR is the ration between the
source impedance and the line impedance at the relay point.
84/138
The source impedance was set to determine a starting SIR of 1 and 10 without the
implementation of the NER. Then, the neutral earth resistor was increased to
obtain the desired SIR.
To conclude, four network models were investigated:

10km line length- SIR of 1( No NER), 5, 10, 20, 30 and 60

10km line length- SIR of 10( No NER), 20, 30 and 60

2 km line length- SIR of 1( No NER), 5, 10, 20, 30 and 60

10km line length- SIR of 10( No NER), 20, 30 and 60
85/138
3.4 Simulation Results
Simulations results are provided in Appendix D and summarised in the graphs here
below:
Overvoltage( pu)
Transient Overvoltage- 10km line- Initial SIR 1
50.00
45.00
40.00
35.00
30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
SIR 1
SIR 5
SIR 10
SIR 20
SIR 30
SIR 60
10
30
50
70
Time (ms)
Figure 3.1: Peak overvoltage after fault- Initial SIR 1- Line length 10 km
Overvoltage ( pu)
Transient Overvoltage- 10km line- Initial SIR 10
50.00
45.00
40.00
35.00
30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
SIR 10
SIR 20
SIR 30
SIR 60
10
30
50
70
Time (ms)
Figure 3.2: Peak overvoltage after fault- Initial SIR 10- Line length 10 km
86/138
Overvoltage( pu)
Transient Overvoltage- 2km line- Initial SIR 1
50.00
45.00
40.00
35.00
30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
SIR 1
SIR 5
SIR 10
SIR 20
SIR 30
SIR 60
10
30
50
70
Time (ms)
Figure 3.3: Peak overvoltage after fault- Initial SIR 1- Line length 2 km
Overvoltage( pu)
Transient Overvoltage- 2km line- Initial SIR 1
50.00
45.00
40.00
35.00
30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
SIR 10
SIR 20
SIR 30
SIR 60
10
30
50
70
Time (ms)
Figure 3.4: Peak overvoltage after fault – Initial SIR 10 - Line length 2 km
Some snapshots of the Voltage are shown in Figure 3.5 to 3.8. Er is the voltage at
the CVT output. Ea is the voltage at the CVT input. These snapshots were
captured during the simulation with line length of 10 km and increasing SIR from 1
to 60. Please note the transient time constant and phase shift.
87/138
Figure 3.5: Peak overvoltage - Line length 10 km –SIR 1
Figure 3.6: Peak overvoltage - Line length 10 km –SIR 10
Figure 3.7: Peak overvoltage - Line length 10 km –SIR 30
88/138
Voltage (kV)
12.5
10.0
7.5
5.0
2.5
0.0
-2.5
-5.0
-7.5
-10.0
Er
Ea
Figure 3.8: Peak overvoltage - Line length 10 km –SIR 60
From this study, the following observations are derived:
1. The application of the resistor increases the SIR ratio. The increase of the
SIR ratio decreases the voltage at the relay point during a fault and
increases the magnitude and phase shift of the transient overvoltage in
respect to the steady state overvoltage
2. Transient overvoltage decay between 2 and 4 cycles after the fault event.
The overvoltage decays with a longer time with high SIR ratio. This
phenomena is a consequence of the voltage gap between the pre fault and
post fault steady state. Transient components are also highlighted from the
overvoltage snapshots
3. The results are consistent throughout the 4 simulations. The results are
also in line with previous studies [24, 25, 27].
4. The four simulations produce similar results at the same SIR ratio as shown
in Figure 3.9 to 3.12. These results confirm that grounding the system via
the resistor do not have a peculiar impact on the CVT performance. The
critical element for the transient results is the SIR. It influences more than
the length of the transmission line or the source impedance. A high SIR will
generate a significant voltage depression at the CVT location.
89/138
Overvoltage Comparison- SIR 10
Overvoltage (pu)
10
8
Simulation 1
6
Simulation 2
ime
4
Simulation 3
Simulation 4
2
0
10
30
50
70
Time (ms)
Figure 3.9: Overvoltage comparison - Line length 10 km –SIR 10
Overvoltage Comparison- SIR 20
Overvoltage (pu)
20
15
Simulation 1
Simulation 2
10
Simulation 3
Simulation 4
5
0
10
30
50
70
Time (ms)
Figure 3.10: Overvoltage comparison - Line length 10 km –SIR 20
90/138
Overvoltage Comparison- SIR 30
Overvoltage (pu)
25
20
Simulation 1
15
Simulation 2
10
Simulation 3
Simulation 4
5
0
10
30
50
70
Time (ms)
Figure 3.11: Overvoltage comparison - Line length 10 km –SIR 30
Overvoltage Comparison- SIR 60
Overvoltage (pu)
50
40
Simulation 1
30
Simulation 2
20
Simulation 3
Simulation 4
10
0
10
30
50
70
Time (ms)
Figure 3.12: Overvoltage comparison - Line length 10 km –SIR 60
5. The size of the capacitance has an impact on the transient overvoltage
produced by the CVT [24, 27]. Three snapshots shown with a higher
Capacitance of 200, 400nF of 1000 nF were recorded as shown on Figure
3.13 to 3.16.
91/138
Figure 3.13: Overvoltage comparison - Line length 10 km –SIR 10-Capacitance of 100 nF
Figure 3-14:Overvoltage comparison - Line length 10 km –SIR 10-Capacitance of 200 nF
Figure 3.15:- Overvoltage comparison - Line length 10 km –SIR 10-Capacitance of 400 nF
92/138
Figure 3.16: Overvoltage comparison - Line length 10 km –SIR 10-Capacitance of 1000 nF
The graphs show that the fist peak decreases from 8.12 kV, with a
capacitance of 100 nF to 4.64 kV with a capacitance value of 1000 nF.
Decay time is also reduced. These results confirm that CVT manufacturers
need to consider the size of the capacitance which needs to be traded off
with the higher cost of large capacitors.
6. To verify the CVT transient performance in relation to the power factor of the
relay burden, three different simulation with SIR ratio of 10 and burden
power factor of 1, 0.7 and 0.1 were performed.
Voltage (kV)
10.0
8.0
6.0
Er
Ea
4.0
2.0
0.0
-2.0
-4.0
-6.0
Figure 3.17: Overvoltage comparison - Line length 10 km –SIR 10-PF 1
93/138
Voltage (kV)
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
-2.0
-4.0
-6.0
-8.0
Er
Ea
Figure 3.18: Overvoltage comparison - Line length 10 km –SIR 10-PF 0.7
Figure 3.19: Overvoltage comparison - Line length 10 km –SIR 10-PF 0.1
The results show that the CVT transient characteristic is affected
by the inductive burden. Therefore, it is customary to keep the voltage input
relay burden as close as possible to unity power factor. Therefore, digital
relays
with
their
resistive
burden
perform
better
than
the
old
electromechanical relays with the inductive coil.
7. CVT transients are also affected by the magnitude of the connected
burden[24]. A simulation has been conducted to determine the response of
the CVT with a SIR 30 and a burden of 100000 Ohm
94/138
15.0
Er
Ea
Voltage (kV)
10.0
5.0
0.0
-5.0
-10.0
-15.0
Figure 3.20: Overvoltage comparison - Line length 10 km –SIR 10-Burden 10000
Figure 3.21: Overvoltage comparison – Additional simulation- Line length 10 km –SIR 10Burden 100000
The benefit of the additional damping resistor is confirmed as per existing
literature [25, 27].
8. The post fault voltage is the result of the superpositions of several frequency
components. To simplify the analysis we can assume that four main
frequency components are the major elements:

Power frequency component

High frequency decay component

Low frequency decay component
95/138

DC component.
A specific analysis was done on the 10 km model with SIR ratio of 10, 30
and 60 using the Fast Fourier Transformation tool available in PSCAD.
Snapshots were taken at the first peak, 45 ms and 105 ms after fault
injection. Base frequency was set to 12.5 Hz with 31 harmonics setting.
These settings allow monitoring of the noise with a frequency lower than the
power frequency components and up to 350 Hz. DC decay components
graphs are also provided.
SIR 10 – Frequency Response Plots
f MAG
1 5 .0
-1 5 .0
kV
[13]
0.142098
Figure 3.22: Sir 10 – Frequency response 5 ms after the fault
f MAG
1 5.0
-1 5.0
kV
[6]
0.735262
Figure 3.23: Sir 10 – Frequency response 45 ms after the fault
96/138
f MAG
15.0
-15.0
kV
[6] 0.822083
Figure 3.24: Sir 10 – Frequency response 105 ms after the fault
SIR 30 – Frequency Response Plots
f MAG
15.0
-15.0
kV
[6]
8.43448
Figure 3.25: Sir 30 – Frequency response 5 ms after the fault
f MAG
1 5 .0
-1 5 .0
kV
[6]
7.99076
Figure 3.26: Sir 30 – Frequency response 45 ms after the fault
97/138
f MAG
1 5 .0
-1 5 .0
kV
[6]
2.11216
Figure 3.27: Sir 30 – Frequency response 105 ms after the fault
SIR 60 – Frequency Response Plots
f MAG
1 5 .0
-1 5 .0
kV
[6]
8.92664
Figure 3.28: Sir 60 – Frequency response 5 ms after the fault
f MAG
1 5 .0
-1 5 .0
kV
[6]
8.15062
Figure 3.29: Sir 60 – Frequency response 45 ms after the fault
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f MAG
15.0
-15.0
kV
[6]
2.15804
Figure 3.30: Sir 60 – Frequency response 105 ms after the fault
The DC component contained in the signal is shown on Figure 3.34 and 35.
As expected, the sudden changes produced by the fault produces a decay
a-periodic component damped approximately after 60ms
DC
2.0
-2.0
kV
[1] -0.802959
Figure 3.31: DC component 5ms after the fault
DC
2.0
-2.0
kV
[1] -0.0367069
Figure 3.32: DC component after 60ms after the fault
99/138
3.5 CVT Conclusion
This study did not find any relevant issues on the CVT performance when a
resistor is used in the grounding of the voltage source.
Transient overvoltage magnitude, voltage waveform, frequency response and time
constant results obtained using the PSCAD software package and the simplified
CVT model are in line with the existing body of knowledge.
The difference of magnitudes between the steady state voltage pre fault and after
fault, which is well represented by the System Impedance Ratio, SIR, is the key
element in determine the transient response of the CVT and the impact on the
distance protection scheme.
This study confirms that the transient overvoltages generated by the overall power
systems is made worse by the CVT transient performance.
100/138
4 Distance Protection Scheme
4.1 Introduction
Distance protection scheme is extensively implemented in subtransmission and
transmission lines. The popularity of this protection scheme is due to its inherent
simplicity of implementation, the relative cost and the speed of operation.
Distance protection relays are divided in two main characteristic groups:

MHO characteristic, also called admittance characteristic. The zone reach,
is represented by a circumference that passes through the origin of the X/R
plane providing an inherent directional protection capability

Quadrilateral characteristics. The quadrilateral shape is made by four
reaches in the four directions. The setting reach of each element can be
usually controlled independently
With the advent of digital technology other impedance characteristics such as
elliptical and polygonal have been implemented by relay manufacturers. However,
this research will focus on the Mho characteristic which is still a point of reference
for protection engineers. In particular, this investigation now pays attention to the
accuracy and operating time of the relay to determine how they are affected by
transient overvoltages.
In fact, it is a standard practice to assess the performance of the relay in terms of
accuracy and operating time [4]. The accuracy of the distance reach is a
comparison of the measured impedance with the actual impedance. In theory, if
correct current and voltage are fed to the relay, and the relay is set with the exact
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impedance data, the distance protection scheme is immune from malfunction or
incorrect measurement.
In reality the distance protection is not just Z= V/I [4].The operation and the
technical performance of the relay can be affected by a large variety of elements
such as system configuration, load current, system data, power swing, transients,
location of the fault and fault resistance. Therefore, the accuracy of the distance
protection relay varies according to the specific application.
The operating time, which is the time between the fault and the tripping of the relay
output contact, is another key element of the distance protection. In the old
electromechanical relays the magnitude of the voltage and current measured by
the protection relay had a relevant impact on the performance of the protection
schemes. Current and voltage would determine the operating torque of the relay.
The latest digital relays have more consistent performance independent of the
magnitude of the measured quantities.
In terms of accuracy and operating time a critical factor to determine the
performance of a distance protection relay is the system impedance ratio, SIR.
SIR= Zs/Zl
Where:
Zs =Source impedance
Zl = Line impedance
SIR ratio is a term commonly used in the industry. Relay manufacturers use the
SIR as reference to specify the performance of their protective devices. The
vendors specifies the accuracy of the impedance calculation with ± 3 % error with a
SIR lower than 30 [26-29] The same manufacturer also guarantee relay operation
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within two cycles with SIR below 30. In fact, this relays are often named “ two cycle
relays”.
New digital relay techniques are expanding the SIR limit to 60 [27, 30].At the same
time relay manufacturers are now producing relays with excellent accuracy and
operating time within one cycle. These relays are often called “one cycle relay”
The relevance of the SIR has been successfully captured by IEEE Standard
C37.113-1999.”IEEE Guide for protective Relay Application For Transmission
Lines”[31]. Preferred protection schemes for transmission lines are classified by
the SIR. Three types of lines are defined in the IEEE Standard:
1. Long line with SIR below 0.5
2. Medium line with SIR smaller than 4 and larger than 0.5
3. Short line with SIR above 4
Implementation of the neutral earth resistor increases the source impedance and,
therefore, the source impedance ratio. Strong source with a high fault current
usually have a low SIR and vice versa. Weak infeed source have high SIR value.
From a transmission line point of view, we can also state that, short line have a
lower line impedance and, therefore, a higher SIR. As result, it is more appropriate
referring to the SIR instead than weighting Zs and Zl magnitude on isolation.
With a good approximation it is possible to determine the voltage at the relay
location with the following equation:
Vr=1/ ( 1+ SIR)
103/138
For a phase to ground fault, more precise computation of the voltage at the relay
point can be performed by using this formula: [32]:
SIR= Zs/ Zl
Where
Zs= 2Zs1 + Zs0= Z s1 * (2+Zso/Z s1)= Z s1 ( 2 + p)
Zl= 2Zl1 + Zlo = Z l1 * (2+Zlo/Z l1)= Z l1 ( 2 + q)
And
p= Zso/Z s1
q= Zlo/Z l1
In the event of a fault at the zone reach, it is possible to determine the voltage at
the relay by using the following formulas [32]
Vr= (1 /( (Zs/Zl) * (( 2+ p)/ ( 2+ q))) V
Vr 
1
2p
(Zs/Zl) * (
) 1
2q
Vl  n
The impedances in the above formulas refer to the setting reach. This means that if
the fault is closer to the relay, SIR will increase and the voltage will decrease.
Using PSCAD software and modeling a simple radial system made by the source,
a 220/66kV delta/star transformer, and a transmission line. In Figure 4.1 to Figure
4.4, the relation between the SIR, voltage and fault current at the relay point is
highlighted. The study was done with a line length of 2, 5 and 10 km. The curve
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points were determined by increasing from 0 Ohm, the value of the NER in steps of
2 Ohms to 30 Ohms. Results are shown in Figure 4.2, 4.3 and 4.4.
V at the Relay
Fault Current
Line 2 km
1.200
Vr an If in pu
1.000
0.800
0.600
0.400
0.200
0.000
4
4.
3
8.
.2
12
.1
16
.0
20
.9
23
.8
27
.7
31
.6
35
.5
39
.4
43
.3
47
SIR
Figure 4.1: Voltage and Current at the relay point as a function of SIR- Line length 2 km
Line 5 km
V at the relay
Fault Current
Vr and If in pu
1.200
1.000
0.800
0.600
0.400
0.200
0.000
8
1.
3
3.
9
4.
4
6.
0
8.
6
9.
.1
11
.7
12
.2
14
.8
15
.3
17
.9
18
SIR
Figure 4.2: Voltage and Current at the relay point as a function of SIR –Line length 5 km
105/138
Line 10 km
V at the Relay
Fault Current
Vr and If in pu
1.200
1.000
0.800
0.600
0.400
0.200
0.000
9
0.
7
1.
4
2.
2
3.
0
4.
8
4.
6
5.
3
6.
1
7.
9
7.
7
8.
5
9.
SIR
Figure 4.3: Voltage and Current at the relay point as a function of SIR- Line lenght 10km
The increase of the resistor will decrease the voltage at the relay location.
Moreover, the increase of the line length will decrease the value of the SIR. It is
anticipated by the existing literature [24, 25, 27, 31, 39] that the reduced voltage
supplied to the distance relay is in fact a major challenge to the functionality of the
distance relay.
106/138
4.2 MHO Characteristics Theory
Distance relays measure the impedance in the impedance plane to determine if the
measurement is within the reach boundary. To accomplish this result the relay
compares the magnitude or phase of two different quantities. In the early stage,
since 1920s’, relay manufacturers, for instance Siemens in Germany, employed a
line replica impedance to determine if the fault was in the protected zone [33]. To
the contrary, English and American manufacturers mainly used an induction
cylinder comparator which, according to the torque produced by the current [34] ,
will operate the tripping mechanism.
In both cases, phase comparison was the preferred method to implement the
distance protection scheme. The Mho characteristics was a natural outcome of this
technology [35]. Therefore, the Mho impedance relays had the majority of attention
from the researchers and quadrilateral characteristics appeared on the market only
in the late 70’ with the first static relays.
As anticipated, in the Mho relay, the basic of the distance protection is achieved by
comparing the angle between two voltages which are commonly named the
operating signal and the polarising signal.
The operating signal is the vectorial subtraction of the voltage produced by the
zone reach impedance times the fault current and the voltage measured during
fault.
S1= I Z – V
The polarising signal Voltage IZ is instead the voltage measured during fault V
S2= V
107/138
The angle between these two vectors will determine if the fault is inside or outside
the zone reach.
It is useful reviewing how this is achieved [32-34, 36, 37]. The voltage across the
fault impedance, IZ, represents the diameter of the Mho characteristics in the event
that the measured impedance Z is equal to the zone reach. In this condition, the
angle opposite to IZ is always 90 degrees once intercepts the circumference.
Figure 4.4: MHO self polarised- Fault at the zone reach
108/138
Figure 4.5: MHO self polarised- Fault within the zone reach
Consequently, if the angle between the operating signal and the polarising signal is
less than 90 degrees the impedance is within the zone reach. As shown in Figure
4.5, the angle will move towards 0 degrees as the fault moves towards the relay
point [36].
109/138
Figure 4.6: MHO self polarised- Fault outside the zone reach
If the impedance Z is outside the zone reach this angle will be above 90 degrees.
110/138
5 Transient
Overvoltages
and
Distance
Protection:
Solutions
5.1 Introduction
In Section 2 and 3 this research has illustrated that, after fault inception, the power
frequency voltage fed to distance protection relay is superimposed by transients
generated by the power systems and from the CVT. In Section 4 this study has
also highlighted that correct calculation of the zone reach relies on the correctness
of the voltage magnitude and angle implemented in the distance algorithm.
Besides, using the resistor for grounding will increase the SIR with consequent
reduction of the available voltage at the relay location.
This research is mainly concerned about the accuracy of the distance
measurements
As the impedance settings are defined at the power frequency, it is required that
the protection relay shall be able to keep the fundamental frequency and reject the
other frequency components before data processing is initiated. If a distorted signal
is fed to the relay, the relay will perform an incorrect computation of the impedance
leading to overreach or underreach measurements. In other words, the relay could
see a fault outside the zone reach as if it is inside the protected zone (Underreach
problem) and execute the trip command to the circuit breaker. Vice versa, voltage
over estimation could determine that a fault inside the zone reach could be seen as
that outside the zone reach (Overreach phenomena). The same type of errors
could be determined if the voltage noise produces a significant phase angle error.
111/138
While few static distance protection relays are still in use, the study will focus only
on the latest generation of numerical protection relays as implemented worldwide
in the last 10 years.
Modern digital filtering techniques have dramatically improved the performance of
the distance protection relays by optimizing the following requirements:

Quality of the voltage input to the relay

Operating time

Cost
Reference [38] provides a complete background of the purpose and characteristics
of the filters.
Although the latest digital filtering techniques have made significant improvements,
relay manufactures do not guarantee that the voltage used for the impedance
computation will be noise free [35, 37, 38, 44, 45]. Therefore, further engineering
techniques are required to enhance the performance of the protection relay.
112/138
5.2 Polarisation Techniques
The Mho characteristic relay performs the impedance calculation by comparing two
voltage signals, commonly known as operating signal, S1, and polarising signal,
S2.
S1= Operating V = I fault* Z settings – V meas.
S2= Polarising signal= V measured
This technique, commonly named Mho self polarised technique, uses the voltage
measured during the fault without any signal modification as polarising signal.
As the fault gets closer to the relay location, the voltage signal fed to the protection
relay will decrease to the point to be so small that it will not allow a reliable
computation of the phase comparison algorithm. In particular, the voltage
measured could not be sufficient to determine if the fault is on the line side or on
the bus side of the voltage transformer placing at risk the inherent directionality of
the Mho characteristics [25, 30, 31, 39, 41]. For the old electromagnetic relays the
minimum requirement to operate correctly was about 1 V [33]. For the modern
digital relays the lower limit is approximately 0.1 V[33].
To overcome these problems, protection engineers have developed several
techniques to manipulate the polarizing signal to ensure correct impedance
calculation and determination of the direction of the fault. These techniques have
been known as” polarisation signal techniques”.
The end result of all these engineering methods is expanding the Mho circle to
protect the impedance area around the X-R origin without affecting the inherent
113/138
directionality of the Mho characteristic. Besides, the Mho circle is also expanded in
the R axis direction which provides a better fault resistance coverage. In other
words, the circle is lowered and expanded in the impedance plane to fully cover the
area of the origin of the axis.
Mho expansion example:
Zs= 1 Ohm
Z setting= 1 Ohm
Memorising setting = 20 % = 0.2 pu
Vr=1/ ( 1+ SIR)
Mho expansion = [(Polarizing Setting)/(Setting + 1)] . Zs=[27]
= (0.2/ 2) * 1= 0.1 pu=10 %
114/138
Figure 5.1: MHO characteristics- Reach expansion with polarising techniques
Polarising techniques achieve this result by boosting the polarising voltage. There
is a wide literature about the available polarising techniques which also take into
consideration critical factors such as fault resistance, load flow and single pole
auto-reclose function [25, 30, 40, 41]. Given below is a summary of these
techniques:
1. Cross polarisation. The phase to phase voltage between the healthy
phases is used. The voltage Vbc is rotated of 90 degrees to be in phase with
the faulty phase Va
2. Median.The phase A to the median point of the healthy phase Vbc
implemented
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is
3. Lagging and leading polarisation. When a phase to ground fault takes
place, another technique is adding a percentage of the lagging or leading
healthy phase voltage to the faulty phase voltage. Lagging phase will be
added by rotating the vector of 120 degrees. Contrary, leading phase
voltage will be added by adding to the vector 120 degrees [35]. The two
polarising techniques are similar with the end result of “boosting” the
polarizing signal.
4. Faulty phase memory polarisation. This technique consists in using the
voltage memorised as polarizing signal. In the past, with analog relays, the
memory was available only for few cycles. With digital relays , in theory, the
memory does not have any time limit. However, frequency compensation
would be required for long length widow to avoid any maloperation Usually
the signal used refers to 2 to cycles before the starting element of the
distance protection picks up.
5. Positive sequence voltage memory polarisation. With the advent of
digital relays, it is standard practice to derive the symmetrical components
from the phase values and used those values in the algorithms defined in
the relays. Therefore, it is possible to use the positive sequence memory as
a polarizing signal
6. Hybrid Polarisation. It must be noted that each polarizing technique can be
designed according to the quantity and percentage of each technique used.
For instance an hybrid technique could refer to a polarising signal which is
made by 50 % of self polarised an 50 % of cross polarisation.
7. Adaptive Polarisation. Latest advance in digital technology have allowed
relay designers to accommodate different requirements in the distance
protection algorithms. This philosophy which is called adaptive protection is
well described in Reference [35]” Adaptive protection is
protection
philosophy which permits and seek adjustment in various protection
116/138
functions automatically in order to make them more attuned to prevailing
power system conditions”.
This techniques have created adaptive algorithms that switch from a
polarising signal to another according to the voltage at the relay point and
the time elapsed from fault inception create Modern digital relays implement
adaptive algorithms to detect the best polarizing signal.
5.3 Polarising Techniques
This section is to pay attention to the polarising technique implemented in five
modern digital relays[27, 29, 30, 39, 40].
Siemens 7SA522 offers to the User the ability to determine the percentage of self
and memorized voltage for the polarising signal. The memory polarisation is only
used if the available phase to neutral voltage is above 40% of the nominal phase to
ground voltage. The threshold is set to 70 % for the phase to phase voltage. Below
these thresholds the algorithm uses the cross polarisation voltage. Default setting
for both polarisation is 15% with a maximum of 100%. Therefore, the self
Polarisation is kept at 85% but could vary from 0 to 100 %. The relay offers
independent settings for the phase to ground and phase to phase measuring loops.
Even Areva P543 uses a combination of memorizing and self polarised voltage.
The User shall determine the best composition of the memory and cross polarised
voltage prior to relay configuration. The memorizing voltage can vary between16 %
to 83 % of the overall polarising signal. The memorizing voltage is taken from two
cycles before fault and is used for 16 cycles after the loss of the voltage supply.
After this period, cross polarised voltage is used.
Schweitzer SEL 311 relay fully implements the memorised positive sequence
voltage as polarising signal.
117/138
ABB-REL 670 employs a memorizing voltage. The memorized voltage is used for 5
cycles and refers to 2 cycles before fault detection. After 100 ms few conditions are
checked to determine if a genuine fault is taking place. More details are provided in
the Reference [39]
General Electric Multilin D30 uses the memory voltage if the actual voltage is
below 80% of the nominal voltage. After the memory timer elapsed the voltage is
checked. If the voltage is above 10%, the actual voltage is used. Otherwise, the
memorised voltage is still used.
This brief reviews of five modern distance relays shows that there is a clear choice
to use the entire or a percentage of the voltage memory as polarising signal. The
use of this voltage will also prevent the feeding of a voltage signal which contains
the transient disturbance on the healthy and faulty phases to the relay. The voltage
sample used refers to 2 cycles before the fault inceptions. This time gap is
considered satisfactory as compromise between two different requirements:

Using a voltage sample as close as possible to the fault inception. This will
prevent that a frequency change in the network could cause a phase error in
the calculation

Use a voltage sample recorded well before fault inception to fully prevent a
post fault noise being memorised in the relay
It is noted that some relays allow the users to determine the composition of the
polarising signal [8, 13]. The author suggests that in the future this capability could
be implemented by all the relay manufacturers in the next series of distance digital
relays.
118/138
5.4 CVT Techniques
Modern distance digital relays employ a wide variety of techniques to reduce the
negative impact created by CVT transients. Precise details of the algorithms are
not published by the Manufacturers who need to protect their intellectual
properties. Besides, modern relays use parallel and different computation
techniques to validate the measured fault impedance during high SIR condition. All
these algorithms obviously are not published in relay manuals.
However, relay manuals and existing literature provide some useful information on
the algorithms and CVT compensation techniques implemented in modern relays.
Areva P543 allows the User to select the type of ferroresonance suppression used
in the CVT. At fault inception, the relay will determine the SIR and apply a delay of
5 ms if the SIR is above 2 for active filters. The same delay is applied with the
passive filters when the SIR is above a selectable value varying from 5 to 60.
SEL 311 relay delays the operating time of Zone 1 reach of 30 ms either if SIR
above 5 is detected or the CVT has an active ferroresonance-suppression circuit.
Latest technology also provide CVT transient compensation function using
customised CVT transient filtering and impedance estimation techniques. GE D30
relay implements a patented special digital filter designed to cope with CVT
transients. The relay calculates the SIR and adjusts the voltage signal and the
operating time to prevent relay overreach
There is no doubt that digital relays are now able to detect CVT transient
conditions and, at the same time, calculate the SIR[24]. These CVT transient
detection logics determine the required time delay between 20 and 60 ms before
issuing the trip command. The time delay will allow the transient to decay and
lower the likelihood to have some errors in the impedance measurements at the
119/138
start. The CVT algorithms are also able to recognize if it is a close in fault. In this
event the CVT logic will be bypassed to provide a fast protection trip.
Another technique includes applying a time delay to CB trip in the zone before the
Z1 setting reach. This zone is the most critical area for relay accuracy. An error on
the computation of the fault impedance could lead to maloperation as the relay
could “overreach” or underreach[25].”
There are also researches on new digital filtering methods to include Finite Impulse
Response filter with a longer window length in the pre-filtering area of the relay and
full cycle Fourier algorithms and least square methods for the phasor estimation
[41]. FIR filter performances are dependant on the window length. Longer window
allows increasing the error on the measured value. To the contrary, decreasing the
window length will improve the operating time but, inevitably, will increase the error
on the measured voltage.
120/138
5.5 Setting Advice
Modern filtering techniques, CVT adaptive algorithms and the use of memorised
voltage as a polarising signal have dramatically improved the performance of the
distance protection relays. Nevertheless, protection engineers are still required to “
tune” the distance protection during the preparation of the relay setting for each
specific project. In relation to the protection settings, the following items should be
considered:
1. Liaise with the planning engineer to determine the size of the neutral earth
resistor and consequent SIR. For instance, designing a SIR below 25 at
Zone 1 reach will usually ensure adequate relay performance. Please note
that SIR is calculated at the end of the line
2. Contact the CVT Manufacturer to determine if the device is provided with an
active
or
passive
ferroresonance
suppression
circuit.
Usually
this
information is not provided in the primary and secondary drawings. Although
the CVT will comply with the IEC standard accuracy requirements, the
knowledge of the type of suppression circuit will give more confidence in the
estimate of the CVT transient behavior
3. Estimate the expected post fault transient overvoltages (magnitude and time
to decay), based on system earthing, power system characteristics, SIR,
CVT characteristics including ferroresonance suppression filter and relay
performance. Although a precise figure can’t be determined unless a power
system study is performed, the above data and the existing literature as
listed in the Reference should be sufficient to complete the exercise
4. Select the polarising technique according to the estimation above and the
SIR at the end of zone 1 reach. The design shall consider the SIR excursion
under minimum and maximum fault levels. For the minimum fault level, the
121/138
worst case scenario of a single ( N-1) or double contingencies (N-2) should
be adopted according to the project/client requirements
5. Implement multiple group protection settings in the relay to adapt the
protection scheme to different system configuration and different SIR
6. Apply a constant time delay to zone 1 longer than the CVT transient. This
solution is not dynamic and penalizes fast fault clearing time for close in
faults or low SIR condition
7. Reduce the distance reach of Zone 1(instantaneous trip) to less than the
traditional 80-85 %
8. Limit the use of distance protection, where practicable, to transmission line
with a SIR of less than 25 [33] or higher if specific type of relays are
implemented
9. The majority of modern distance relays offer the capability to implement 4
[30] or 5 [27, 39, 40] zones. According to the application a zone could be
used to divide zone 1 in two zones, a fast zone and a slow zone. The first
zone covers the safe reach area of the line, for instance 60% of the line. The
second zone, Z1 “slow”, will cover the reach between 60% and 85% with a
time delay longer than the CVT transient. The time delay could vary
between 20 and 60 ms
10. CVT transient performance is improved if the transformer is adequately
loaded. Considering that modern digital relays have a small burden, it is
good engineering practice to increase the load connected to the CVT by
using a resistor. The load shall be above 50 % the nominal rating of the
CVT[33]
11. Test the protection settings using different SIR to verify and ensure that the
performance of the relay is not affected by the reduced input voltage.
122/138
12. Verify the type of polarisation used in the relay to determine the Mho
dynamic
expansion
and
additional
resistance
coverage
provided.
Implementation of the neutral earth resistor decreases the fault current and ,
therefore, increase the arc resistance as calculated using the Warrington’s
formula.
R arc 
28700 * length of the arc
I arc1.4
If required, the use of quadrilateral characteristics might be considered for
this type of application
13. Protection settings shall consider the system stability requirement. In
Australia, the Australian National Electricity Rules, NER, Chapter 5,[33]
Clause S5.1a.8 [28], requires that the primary protection system during a
fault should operate within the relevant time as detailed in Column 2 of
Table 1:
TABLE 4-I: -NER- FAULT CLEARING TIME
Nominal
voltage kV
Time(milliseconds)
Primary
Prot
400 kV and
above
80
End of
line
Prot
100
Back
up Prot
At least 250kV
but less than
400 kV
More than 100
kV but less
than 250 kV
Less than or
equal 100 kV
100
120
250
120
220
430
175
As necessary to prevent plant damage and
meet stability requirements
123/138
On the 66 kV network the application of a time delay between 60 and 85 %
of Z1 reach will not affect system stability and the overall performance of the
overall protection scheme. For instance, in the Melbourne metropolitan area,
system stability could be affected only if a fault is not cleared within 600 ms.
The critical fault clearing time exceeds 1000 ms in the Victorian regional
area. In a 220 kV network, a small time delay could also be applied. For
instance, applying a 20 ms time delay with a modern CB and protection
relay, the total CB operating time would be still within the 120 ms limit
124/138
6 Conclusion
6.1 Research Findings
The major findings of this research are the following:

After a phase to ground fault, the power system generates transient
overvoltages. Maximum overvoltage is influenced by all the power system
parameter. In particular, the method of earthing was found to be critical.
Designing the resistor to limit the phase to ground fault to 10% of the fault
current with a solidly earthed system, will contain the transient overvoltages
below 3 pu. Time and location of the fault are the other main factors to
determine the magnitude and on which phase the maximum overvoltage is
recorded.

Modern distance relays are capable to operate correctly during the transient
period that follows a phase to ground fault. Modern distance relays are
provided with digital filters, adaptive algorithm, polarising techniques to
overcome the issues created by the transient overvoltages. In the event of a
fault with a high source impedance ratio, SIR, the available voltage to the
distance relay could be so small to impact the functionality of the relay. In
particular, accurate computation of the fault direction and fault loop
impedance could be affected. The use of memorising voltage overcomes
these issues as well as prevents feeding the relay with a distorted voltage
signal caused by the power system itself and, in particular, the CVT
transient behavior. To conclude, the results of this research show that fault
current limitation and consequent reduction of the thermal stress and aging
of the equipment are successfully supported by modern distance relays

Distance relay performance can be assessed according to the SIR. This
factor provides a correct indication of how the relay performs under transient
125/138
overvoltage conditions. Modern digital relays provide accurate and fast
operation with SIR below 30. Applying a typical engineering safety margin,
sizing of the NER which produces a SIR above 25 should be evaluated in
the early stage of a project

Although the satisfactory performance of digital distance relays, preparing
the protection settings and determining the correct balance between
operating time and accuracy is still a critical activity for protection engineers.
This study provides protection setting advices to support the implementation
of modern distance protection relays on short lines, ineffective grounding
system and weak impedance source
126/138
6.2 Areas for Further Investigation
Considering the overvoltage data available, together with the analysis performed
on overvoltage and distance protection, this Thesis could be used as starting point
to perform further investigations.
In the power system analysis field, the author advocates similar studies using a
neutral earth reactor in the grounding of power system. This study will facilitate the
comparison of the transient response between the resistor and the reactor. The
results will be beneficial for the planning activity of Utilities and large industrial
plants.
It is also advisable to expand this study by modeling in details the substation and
the surrounding grid and reperform the same analysis. Results obtained could be
used to generate guidelines for power system modeling and allowable model
simplifications in relation to transient overvoltage studies.
In the distance protection areas, it is envisaged to perform further studies in
regards to the percentage of memory or cross polarisation as a function of the
neutral earth resistor and /or the source impedance ratio. Relay manufactures have
not provided clear design instruction in relation to the typology and size of the
earthing connection and calculated SIR. This study should also take into
consideration load flow and fault resistance. It would be also recommended to test
the proposed algorithms in a three terminal line. This line configuration is becoming
more frequent as medium and small wind solar farms connection applications have
been increasing in recent years.
Besides, implementation of the resistor and consequent fault current reduction
creates some difficulties to the fault detection function, often termed as starting
element, of the distance relay. Although modern relays are equipped with
algorithms that use voltage or different techniques to differentiate genuine faults to
127/138
a simply heavy load current, it is believed that further researches could be
performed.
This study could be also used to review the traditional guideline used by protection
engineers for the zone one reach setting. Zone one is typically set to 80 or 85
percent of the protected line. Consideration of modern CVT and relay
performances, together with expected fault current and SIR, could be used to
provide newest insight on the matter.
Lastly, distance protection scheme is often used to provide primary or back up
protection to power transformers. It is envisaged to perform additional studies on
this scheme, and, how the size of the resistor could be used to improve the
functionality of the distance protection relay.
128/138
7 References
[1]
J. Roberts, H. J. Alluve, and H. Daqing, "Review of Ground Fault Protection
Methods for Grounded, Ungrounded, And Compensated Distribution Systems,"
1996.
[2]
R. Lavorin, D. Hou, J. Altuve, N. Fisher, and F. Calero, "Selecting
Directional Elements for Impedance Grounded Distribution Systems," Washington:
SEL Labortories, 2007.
[3]
Areva, "System Earthing," in Analysis and Protection of Power Systems
Course Sydney: Areva, 2006.
[4]
Alstom, "Network Protection & Automation ", 2006.
[5]
D.Fulchiron, "Overvoltage and Insulation Coordination in MV and HV," in
Cahier Technique Merlin Gerin. vol. 151, S. Electric, Ed.: Schneider Electric, 1995.
[6]
H. A. Peterson, Transients in Power Systems. New York: John Wiley &
Sons,Inc. New York -Chapman & Hall,LTD.London, 1951.
[7]
ABB, Transformer handbook, 2003.
[8]
E. C. Clarke, S.B.;Peterson,H.A;, "Overvoltages during Power-System
Faults
" Transactions of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan, Part B, vol. v58, pp.
377-385, Aug-1939 Aug 1939.
[9]
IEEE, "IEEE guide for the application of neutral grounding in electrical utility
systems, part V - transmission systems and subtransmission systems
" IEEE Std C62.92.5-1992, 1993.
129/138
[10]
A. Switchgear, Protection application Handbook. Vastera,Sweden: ABB
Switchgear, 1999.
[11]
IEEE, "IEEE recommended practice for grounding of industrial and
commercial power systems," IEEE Std 142-1991, 1992.
[12]
F. J. Angelini and D. D. Shipp, "Characteristics of different power systems
neutral grounding techniques: fact and fiction," Greenville, SC, USA, 1991, pp. 8-1.
[13]
I. Uglesic, L. Delbianco, and S. Babic, "Overvoltages provoked by faults in
the distribution electrical network," in Proceedings of the Mediterranean
Electrotechnical Conference - MELECON, Lemesos, Cyprus, 2000, pp. 895-898.
[14]
A. Greenwood, Electrical transients in power systems 2nd ed. ed. New York:
New York : Wiley Interscience, 1991.
[15]
L. v. d. Sluis, Transients in Power Systems, 2001.
[16]
S. X. Shenxing, D.; Shuangxi, Z.;, "Analysis of Single-Phase-to-Ground
Fault Generated Initial Travelling Waves," in 2005 IEEE/PES Transmission and
Distribution Conference & Exhibition: Asia and Pacific
Dalian, China
IEEE, 2005.
[17]
S. Moorthy, Electrical Energy Systems. Melbourne: RMIT University, 2004.
[18]
IEEE, "IEEE guide for the application of neutral grounding in electrical utility
systems, part V - transmission systems and subtransmission systems
IEEE guide for the application of neutral grounding in electrical utility systems, part
V - transmission systems and subtransmission systems," IEEE Std C62.92.5-1992,
1993.
[19]
M. S. n. -V.Kamaraju, High Voltage Engineering, Second Edition ed. New
York: McGraw-Hill, 1995.
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[20]
IEEE, "IEEE guide for the application of neutral grounding in electrical utility
systems, part IV - distribution
IEEE guide for the application of neutral grounding in electrical utility systems, part
IV - distribution," IEEE Std C62.92.4-1991, 1992.
[21]
PSCAD-EMTC, PSCAD Software Manual vol. 1, 2007.
[22]
Cigre, "Guidelines for Representation of Transient Network Elements When
Calculating Transients," in Study Commitee 33 ( Overvoltages and Insulation
Coordination), Cigre, Ed. Paris: Cigre, 2000.
[23]
P. C. Tusaliu, C; Dias Pinto, J.A.;, "Neutral Influences about Disturbances at
Switching Capacitor Banks in A 220kV Electrical Power System," in 38th
International Power Engineering Conference Thessalonoik
UPEC 2003, 2003.
[24]
D. Hou and J. Roberts, "Capacitive voltage transformer: transient overreach
concerns and solutions for distance relaying," in Electrical and Computer
Engineering, 1996. Canadian Conference on, 1996, pp. 119-125 vol.1.
[25]
B. Kasztenny, D. Sharples, V. Asaro, and M. Pozzuoli, "Distance Relay and
Capacitive Voltage Transformers Balancing Speed And Transient Overreach," in
52th Annual Conference For Protective Relay Engineers, Markham, Ontario, 2000.
[26]
ABB, "REL512 Protection Relay Manual," ABB, Ed., 2008.
[27]
Areva, "P543 Relay Manual," Areva, Ed., 2008.
[28]
Siemens, "7SA5 Protection Relay Manual," Siemens, Ed., 2007.
[29]
G. Multilin, "D30 Protection Relay Manual," G. Multilin, Ed., 2008.
[30]
Schweitzer, "SEL 311 Manual," 2008.
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[31]
IEEE, "IEEE guide for protective relay applications to transmission lines,"
IEEE Std C37.113-1999, 2000.
[32]
Alstom, "Network Protection & Automation." vol. 1, 2002.
[33]
G. Ziegler, Numerical Distance Protection: Public Corporate Publishing,
2008.
[34]
E. O. Schweitzer and J. Roberts, "Distance Relay Element Design," in 46th
Annual Conference For Protective Relay Engineers, Texas A&M University, 1993.
[35]
Cigre, "Modern Distance Protection Functions and Applications," Cigre, Ed.,
2007.
[36]
G. Alexander and G. Andrichak, "Ground Distance Relaying: Problems and
Principles," in 19th Annual Western Protective Relay Conference, Spokane,
Washington, 1991.
[37]
J. Roberts and A. Guzman, "Z=V/I Does Not Make A Distance Relay," in
20th Annual Western Protective Relay Conference, Washinghton, 1993.
[38]
E. O. Schweitzer and D. Hou, "Filtering for Protective Relays," in 46th
Annual Conference For Protective Relay Engineers, Texas A&M University, 1993.
[39]
ABB, "REL 670 Manual," ABB, Ed., 2007.
[40]
Siemens, "7SA522 Relay Manual," 2007.
[41]
D. Hou, A. Guzman, and J. Roberts, "Innovative Solutions Improve
Transmission Line Protections," in 24th Annual
Conference, 2002.
132/138
Western Protective Relay
Appendix A
10th International Conference on Developments in Power System
Protection, March 2010, Manchester, UK -Abstract
133/138
Abstract
This paper investigates the relationship between post fault transient
overvoltages and the functionality of the numerical distance protection. The
study is conducted on a 66kV network with a neutral earth resistor as
method to earth the power system.
This paper begins by performing an extensive power system analysis on
ground fault transient overvoltages. The study is conducted by using the
PSCAD-EMTC software package. The results of this analysis are
discussed to determine the impact of a disturbed voltage signal fed to the
distance relay, with particular attention to the polarisation and CVT
transient mitigation techniques as implemented by modem relays. Finally,
this paper provides recommendation for the design of the protection
settings of the distance relay.
The results of this study show that fault current limitation and consequent
reduction of the thermal stress and aging of the equipment are
successfully supported by modern distance relays.
Appendix B
Overvoltage Study –PSCAD Data
134/138
Simulation 1
Variables
StartSimulation Delay (s)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
Type of
Fault
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
Line Length=100km
Fault
NER
Duration Size
(s)
(Ohm)
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
Line Length=10km
Va (kV)
Vb (kV)
Vc (kV)
V Max
(kV)
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom
Va (kV)
Vb (kV)
Vc (kV)
V Max
(kV)
88.86
88.86
88.83
88.82
88.78
88.75
88.62
88.69
88.72
88.76
88.79
88.80
88.81
88.82
88.83
88.83
88.83
88.83
88.83
88.83
88.83
87.37
87.61
123.29
123.30
88.50
88.36
88.14
87.77
87.26
86.61
85.91
85.25
84.93
85.05
85.36
85.76
86.15
86.37
86.77
87.05
87.33
87.84
87.84
87.84
87.84
87.83
87.83
87.79
87.80
87.80
87.80
87.81
87.81
87.81
87.81
87.81
87.81
87.82
87.82
87.82
87.81
87.81
84.98
85.01
124.87
124.89
84.15
84.17
84.20
84.25
84.31
84.31
84.32
84.36
84.45
84.55
84.58
84.60
84.67
84.76
84.84
84.91
84.95
86.68
86.69
86.70
86.69
86.69
86.69
86.65
86.66
86.66
86.66
86.66
86.67
86.65
86.64
86.64
86.65
86.65
86.65
86.65
86.64
75.27
76.76
76.41
74.06
73.20
73.71
73.23
73.02
73.05
72.95
73.59
73.72
73.45
73.90
74.12
73.96
74.01
74.06
74.13
74.13
75.33
125.63
125.70
87.68
87.67
126.22
126.19
126.14
126.19
126.18
126.08
126.12
126.06
126.00
126.01
125.94
125.84
125.85
125.84
125.71
125.74
125.63
75.43
76.95
76.64
74.32
71.81
72.56
72.26
71.99
72.51
72.37
72.09
72.23
72.22
72.05
72.19
72.01
72.01
72.04
72.12
72.19
75.48
124.12
124.14
87.85
87.88
124.16
124.14
124.13
124.12
124.12
124.12
124.13
124.15
124.13
124.11
124.09
124.07
124.05
124.03
124.02
124.06
124.11
75.57
77.14
76.86
74.57
71.23
71.79
71.68
71.19
72.17
72.25
71.71
72.33
72.56
72.29
72.09
72.41
72.35
72.24
72.28
72.28
70.32
70.53
70.55
71.31
71.14
72.55
74.57
77.48
81.28
83.08
82.80
80.51
76.25
70.57
70.69
70.62
70.69
70.72
70.75
70.69
70.38
72.68
72.98
86.13
86.13
73.32
73.29
73.48
73.45
74.22
74.93
75.98
78.61
79.32
78.05
74.86
72.66
72.42
72.49
72.55
72.63
72.68
71.76
71.10
71.97
73.29
73.01
73.79
75.72
77.79
81.59
83.37
83.07
80.75
76.45
71.11
71.17
71.10
71.10
71.12
71.16
71.27
71.73
72.81
72.62
85.20
85.22
72.91
73.76
74.24
73.09
74.70
75.44
76.10
78.74
79.46
78.21
75.02
73.02
72.64
72.89
72.92
72.88
72.83
74.08
73.32
73.92
75.13
74.73
74.98
76.83
78.09
81.88
83.65
83.33
80.99
76.66
72.96
73.29
73.54
73.32
73.23
73.02
73.65
88.86
88.86
88.83
88.82
88.78
88.75
88.62
88.69
88.72
88.76
88.79
88.80
88.81
88.82
88.83
88.83
88.83
88.83
88.83
88.83
88.83
125.63
125.70
123.29
123.30
126.22
126.19
126.14
126.19
126.18
126.08
126.12
126.06
126.00
126.01
125.94
125.84
125.85
125.84
125.71
125.74
125.63
87.84
87.84
87.84
87.84
87.83
87.83
87.79
87.80
87.80
87.80
87.81
87.81
87.81
87.81
87.81
87.81
87.82
87.82
87.82
87.81
87.81
124.12
124.14
124.87
124.89
124.16
124.14
124.13
124.12
124.12
124.12
124.13
124.15
124.13
124.11
124.09
124.07
124.05
124.03
124.02
124.06
124.11
86.68
86.69
86.70
86.69
86.69
86.69
86.65
86.66
86.66
86.66
86.66
86.67
86.65
86.64
86.64
86.65
86.65
86.65
86.65
86.64
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.64
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.65
2.33
2.33
2.29
2.29
2.34
2.34
2.34
2.34
2.34
2.34
2.34
2.34
2.34
2.34
2.34
2.34
2.34
2.34
2.33
2.33
2.33
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
2.30
2.30
2.32
2.32
2.30
2.30
2.30
2.30
2.30
2.30
2.30
2.30
2.30
2.30
2.30
2.30
2.30
2.30
2.30
2.30
2.30
1.61
1.61
1.61
1.61
1.61
1.61
1.61
1.61
1.61
1.61
1.61
1.61
1.61
1.61
1.61
1.61
1.61
1.61
1.61
1.61
71.69
72.64
72.33
72.60
72.61
72.52
72.41
73.00
73.03
72.79
72.72
72.63
71.84
72.56
72.20
72.37
71.54
71.42
71.98
71.52
71.62
71.83
72.55
90.01
90.45
90.35
72.53
72.99
72.71
72.93
72.38
72.70
72.08
72.07
72.28
72.48
72.73
72.14
72.09
71.95
72.18
71.84
67.17
67.21
67.25
67.30
67.36
67.70
67.64
67.57
67.51
67.45
67.39
67.33
67.29
67.25
67.21
67.19
67.18
67.18
67.18
67.20
67.23
71.00
71.53
99.31
99.30
99.67
71.22
71.14
71.09
71.08
71.10
71.13
71.18
71.22
71.24
71.23
71.19
71.09
70.93
70.70
70.49
70.94
58.36
58.37
58.39
58.36
58.37
58.39
58.40
58.41
58.42
58.43
58.44
58.45
58.46
58.45
58.44
58.44
58.43
58.43
58.43
58.44
65.58
67.82
68.39
67.28
64.55
63.82
63.78
63.78
63.82
63.86
63.91
63.95
63.99
64.02
64.05
64.07
64.08
64.08
64.07
64.06
65.60
89.75
89.70
71.95
72.12
72.12
89.73
89.35
89.35
89.22
89.49
89.39
89.24
89.26
89.42
89.52
89.37
89.23
89.10
89.36
89.61
89.73
66.01
67.82
68.39
67.28
64.55
60.41
61.04
61.72
62.45
63.20
63.97
64.72
65.43
66.07
66.61
67.01
67.26
67.31
67.13
66.71
66.01
78.31
78.44
62.95
62.85
62.78
78.20
78.11
78.13
78.18
78.24
78.31
78.27
78.13
78.06
78.06
78.16
78.32
78.16
77.95
78.32
78.32
69.15
67.82
68.39
67.28
64.55
64.80
65.24
65.74
66.31
66.94
67.62
68.32
69.02
69.70
70.31
70.79
71.09
71.16
70.91
70.28
62.82
62.80
62.78
62.75
62.72
62.68
62.66
62.68
62.70
62.74
63.79
65.55
65.69
64.24
62.86
62.88
62.88
62.89
62.88
62.87
62.86
66.04
66.06
66.08
66.11
66.12
66.14
66.15
66.15
66.15
66.15
66.14
66.12
66.29
68.42
68.87
67.65
65.99
65.99
66.02
66.04
66.06
78.05
77.51
76.81
75.95
74.92
74.99
75.33
75.70
76.10
76.52
76.93
77.34
77.73
78.07
78.37
78.59
78.72
78.75
78.65
78.42
78.04
71.75
71.89
71.98
72.02
72.00
71.90
71.71
71.42
71.02
70.49
70.11
70.18
70.32
70.48
70.65
70.83
71.02
71.22
71.41
71.59
71.75
86.10
85.52
84.74
84.29
84.37
84.51
84.67
84.85
85.06
85.29
85.53
85.78
86.03
86.27
86.49
86.66
86.76
86.78
86.70
86.47
71.69
72.64
72.33
72.60
72.61
72.52
72.41
73.00
73.03
72.79
72.72
72.63
71.84
72.56
72.20
72.37
71.54
71.42
71.98
71.52
71.62
89.75
89.70
90.01
90.45
90.35
89.73
89.35
89.35
89.22
89.49
89.39
89.24
89.26
89.42
89.52
89.37
89.23
89.10
89.36
89.61
89.73
78.05
77.51
76.81
75.95
74.92
74.99
75.33
75.70
76.10
76.52
76.93
77.34
77.73
78.07
78.37
78.59
78.72
78.75
78.65
78.42
78.04
78.31
78.44
99.31
99.30
99.67
78.20
78.11
78.13
78.18
78.24
78.31
78.27
78.13
78.06
78.06
78.16
78.32
78.16
77.95
78.32
78.32
86.10
85.52
84.74
84.29
84.37
84.51
84.67
84.85
85.06
85.29
85.53
85.78
86.03
86.27
86.49
86.66
86.76
86.78
86.70
86.47
Line Length=0.2km
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom Va (kV)
1.33
1.35
1.34
1.35
1.35
1.35
1.34
1.35
1.36
1.35
1.35
1.35
1.33
1.35
1.34
1.34
1.33
1.33
1.34
1.33
1.33
1.67
1.66
1.67
1.68
1.68
1.67
1.66
1.66
1.66
1.66
1.66
1.66
1.66
1.66
1.66
1.66
1.66
1.65
1.66
1.66
1.67
1.45
1.44
1.43
1.41
1.39
1.39
1.40
1.40
1.41
1.42
1.43
1.44
1.44
1.45
1.45
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.45
1.45
1.46
1.84
1.84
1.85
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.60
1.59
1.57
1.56
1.57
1.57
1.57
1.57
1.58
1.58
1.59
1.59
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.61
1.61
1.61
1.61
1.60
54.23
54.17
55.98
59.44
60.99
63.67
63.42
64.53
63.35
62.19
59.64
56.84
54.12
54.19
54.24
54.27
54.29
54.29
54.28
54.25
54.21
54.25
54.19
68.61
71.27
73.55
62.41
63.67
64.56
64.92
63.72
62.84
59.91
57.90
55.32
54.27
54.30
54.32
54.32
54.31
54.28
54.23
57.11
57.10
57.09
57.08
57.05
57.06
57.08
57.09
57.11
57.12
57.13
57.15
57.16
57.17
57.17
57.18
57.18
57.18
57.18
57.18
57.17
84.20
84.64
86.62
86.08
86.24
85.95
58.41
57.61
56.49
55.32
54.13
54.17
54.20
54.21
54.21
54.19
54.16
79.61
80.13
82.97
84.38
53.79
53.79
53.81
53.81
53.81
53.81
53.81
53.81
53.81
53.81
53.81
53.81
53.81
53.81
53.81
53.81
53.81
53.81
53.81
53.81
Vb (kV)
Vc (kV)
V Max
(kV)
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom
65.17
67.51
68.18
67.17
64.51
60.25
58.93
58.94
58.96
58.99
59.03
59.06
59.09
59.11
59.14
59.15
59.16
59.16
59.15
61.27
65.20
76.64
76.15
60.77
59.09
56.51
67.20
64.71
62.69
59.94
59.45
59.45
59.43
59.40
59.77
63.11
67.18
70.00
71.35
72.97
76.48
76.62
65.17
67.51
68.18
67.17
64.51
60.25
55.91
56.78
57.73
58.75
59.79
60.84
61.86
62.80
63.61
64.24
64.62
64.70
64.41
63.69
65.20
54.10
53.93
53.87
53.80
53.79
53.86
55.60
54.20
55.21
56.17
56.87
57.34
57.63
57.78
57.76
57.60
57.26
55.44
55.48
54.50
54.10
68.39
67.51
68.18
67.17
65.11
65.36
65.66
66.03
66.47
66.98
67.55
68.17
68.83
69.50
70.13
70.67
71.02
71.10
70.77
69.92
57.94
57.92
57.89
57.86
57.83
57.80
57.79
57.81
57.83
59.78
63.26
65.17
65.49
64.19
61.31
58.00
58.01
58.01
58.01
58.00
57.98
61.00
61.02
61.03
61.04
61.05
61.05
61.04
61.04
61.02
61.01
60.99
61.98
65.86
68.13
68.72
67.62
64.85
60.96
60.99
61.01
61.03
82.86
82.13
81.16
79.94
79.29
79.60
79.95
80.35
80.77
81.21
81.67
82.13
82.57
82.98
83.32
83.59
83.76
83.79
83.66
83.36
82.85
72.30
72.47
72.59
72.66
72.64
72.52
72.27
71.85
71.23
70.79
70.81
70.89
70.99
71.10
71.24
71.39
71.56
71.74
71.93
72.12
72.31
91.60
91.02
90.72
90.71
90.71
90.76
90.85
90.95
91.07
91.20
91.35
91.52
91.68
91.85
92.01
92.14
92.22
92.24
92.16
91.96
65.17
67.51
68.18
67.17
64.51
63.67
63.42
64.53
63.35
62.19
63.26
65.17
65.49
64.19
61.31
59.15
59.16
59.16
59.15
61.27
65.20
76.64
76.15
68.61
71.27
73.55
67.20
64.71
64.56
64.92
63.72
62.84
61.98
65.86
68.13
68.72
67.62
70.00
71.35
72.97
76.48
76.62
82.86
82.13
81.16
79.94
79.29
79.60
79.95
80.35
80.77
81.21
81.67
82.13
82.57
82.98
83.32
83.59
83.76
83.79
83.66
83.36
82.85
84.20
84.64
86.62
86.08
86.24
85.95
72.27
71.85
71.23
70.79
70.81
70.89
70.99
71.10
71.24
71.39
71.56
79.61
80.13
82.97
84.38
91.60
91.02
90.72
90.71
90.71
90.76
90.85
90.95
91.07
91.20
91.35
91.52
91.68
91.85
92.01
92.14
92.22
92.24
92.16
91.96
1.21
1.25
1.27
1.25
1.20
1.18
1.18
1.20
1.18
1.15
1.17
1.21
1.22
1.19
1.14
1.10
1.10
1.10
1.10
1.14
1.21
1.42
1.41
1.27
1.32
1.36
1.25
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.18
1.17
1.15
1.22
1.26
1.28
1.25
1.30
1.32
1.35
1.42
1.42
1.54
1.52
1.51
1.48
1.47
1.48
1.48
1.49
1.50
1.51
1.52
1.52
1.53
1.54
1.55
1.55
1.55
1.55
1.55
1.55
1.54
1.56
1.57
1.61
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.34
1.33
1.32
1.31
1.31
1.32
1.32
1.32
1.32
1.32
1.33
1.48
1.49
1.54
1.57
1.70
1.69
1.68
1.68
1.68
1.68
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
Simulation 1
Variables
StartSimulation Delay (s)
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
Type of
Fault
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
Line Length=100km
Fault
NER
Duration Size
(s)
(Ohm)
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
Line Length=10km
Va (kV)
Vb (kV)
Vc (kV)
V Max
(kV)
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom
Va (kV)
Vb (kV)
Vc (kV)
V Max
(kV)
86.64
84.44
84.44
126.61
126.59
84.33
84.33
84.32
84.31
84.30
84.30
84.29
84.29
84.29
84.31
84.33
84.35
84.36
84.38
84.40
84.41
84.41
85.28
85.29
85.29
85.30
85.31
85.29
85.29
85.28
85.27
85.27
85.26
85.25
85.25
85.24
85.24
85.24
85.24
85.24
85.24
85.24
85.24
84.46
84.48
128.02
128.05
84.42
84.41
84.40
84.39
84.38
84.37
84.36
84.36
84.36
84.37
84.38
84.39
84.39
84.40
84.40
84.41
84.43
83.70
83.71
83.71
83.71
83.72
83.69
83.69
83.68
83.68
83.68
83.68
83.67
83.67
83.67
83.67
83.67
83.67
83.67
83.67
83.67
83.67
84.88
84.89
129.20
129.18
84.82
84.82
84.82
84.82
84.82
84.82
84.82
84.82
84.83
84.83
84.83
84.84
84.84
84.85
84.85
75.63
122.26
122.30
87.83
87.83
122.22
122.21
122.22
122.22
122.23
122.23
122.23
122.24
122.24
122.23
122.23
122.22
122.22
122.21
122.20
122.22
122.25
75.72
77.32
77.07
74.81
70.81
71.34
71.41
70.75
72.00
72.31
71.86
72.48
72.95
72.71
72.49
73.00
72.92
72.83
72.89
72.53
75.77
120.57
120.56
86.10
86.09
120.57
120.58
120.59
120.60
120.60
120.61
120.62
120.62
120.62
120.62
120.62
120.62
120.61
120.61
120.60
120.59
120.57
75.89
77.50
77.28
75.05
70.99
71.13
71.36
70.79
71.98
72.49
72.11
72.69
73.37
73.16
72.88
73.57
73.48
73.41
73.49
73.00
75.95
119.08
119.07
82.86
82.84
119.07
119.08
119.09
119.10
119.11
119.12
119.12
119.13
119.12
119.12
119.12
119.13
119.12
119.12
119.11
74.04
73.57
73.17
84.01
84.02
72.92
74.39
74.94
73.72
75.17
75.91
76.22
78.87
79.61
78.35
75.17
73.48
73.16
73.47
73.53
73.51
73.58
76.16
75.33
75.75
76.82
76.31
76.12
77.89
78.39
82.17
83.93
83.59
81.22
76.86
75.09
75.44
75.73
75.55
75.47
75.25
75.80
76.12
74.26
73.85
83.67
83.67
73.61
74.98
75.57
74.38
75.60
76.36
76.34
79.00
79.74
78.50
75.31
73.98
73.70
74.08
74.12
74.10
74.27
78.03
77.13
77.48
78.39
77.76
77.24
78.92
78.72
82.46
84.20
83.84
81.44
77.43
77.01
77.38
77.69
77.54
77.47
77.24
77.74
77.99
74.89
74.47
83.61
83.60
74.28
75.51
76.14
74.98
76.00
76.78
76.45
79.13
79.88
78.64
75.45
74.50
74.24
74.67
74.69
86.64
122.26
122.30
126.61
126.59
122.22
122.21
122.22
122.22
122.23
122.23
122.23
122.24
122.24
122.23
122.23
122.22
122.22
122.21
122.20
122.22
122.25
85.28
85.29
85.29
85.30
85.31
85.29
85.29
85.28
85.27
85.27
85.26
85.25
85.25
85.24
85.24
85.24
85.24
85.24
85.24
85.24
85.24
120.57
120.56
128.02
128.05
120.57
120.58
120.59
120.60
120.60
120.61
120.62
120.62
120.62
120.62
120.62
120.62
120.61
120.61
120.60
120.59
120.57
83.70
83.71
83.71
83.71
83.72
83.69
83.69
83.68
83.68
84.20
83.84
83.67
83.67
83.67
83.67
83.67
83.67
83.67
83.67
83.67
83.67
119.08
119.07
129.20
129.18
119.07
119.08
119.09
119.10
119.11
119.12
119.12
119.13
119.12
119.12
119.12
119.13
119.12
119.12
119.11
1.61
2.27
2.27
2.35
2.35
2.27
2.27
2.27
2.27
2.27
2.27
2.27
2.27
2.27
2.27
2.27
2.27
2.27
2.27
2.27
2.27
2.27
1.58
1.58
1.58
1.58
1.58
1.58
1.58
1.58
1.58
1.58
1.58
1.58
1.58
1.58
1.58
1.58
1.58
1.58
1.58
1.58
1.58
2.24
2.24
2.38
2.38
2.24
2.24
2.24
2.24
2.24
2.24
2.24
2.24
2.24
2.24
2.24
2.24
2.24
2.24
2.24
2.24
2.24
1.55
1.55
1.55
1.55
1.55
1.55
1.55
1.55
1.55
1.56
1.56
1.55
1.55
1.55
1.55
1.55
1.55
1.55
1.55
1.55
1.55
2.21
2.21
2.40
2.40
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
58.45
68.17
68.48
99.95
100.71
68.04
67.94
67.89
67.86
67.87
67.90
67.95
68.00
68.05
68.08
68.07
68.03
67.92
67.76
67.52
67.68
68.11
53.79
53.79
53.78
53.78
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.80
53.80
53.80
53.80
53.80
53.80
53.80
53.80
53.80
65.66
65.46
65.39
99.28
65.06
64.98
64.95
64.95
64.98
65.04
65.11
65.18
65.24
65.27
65.27
65.21
65.09
64.89
64.89
65.22
65.62
53.79
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
63.43
62.94
63.31
98.03
63.01
62.96
62.90
62.83
62.75
62.74
62.85
62.94
63.02
63.07
63.06
62.99
62.84
62.69
62.86
69.16
75.40
75.31
53.80
53.81
75.28
75.25
75.24
75.26
75.31
75.37
75.21
75.06
74.94
74.88
74.89
74.97
75.15
75.27
75.03
75.16
75.40
72.39
70.53
69.73
69.83
69.97
70.16
70.38
70.66
70.99
71.38
71.82
72.30
72.81
73.33
73.82
74.24
74.52
74.58
74.32
73.64
72.41
76.44
76.15
76.55
53.80
76.32
76.27
76.26
76.28
76.33
76.23
76.08
75.94
75.85
75.79
75.80
75.87
76.02
76.26
76.01
76.03
76.45
75.28
74.41
74.41
74.44
74.50
74.58
74.68
74.82
75.00
75.21
75.47
75.76
76.10
76.46
76.82
77.14
77.36
77.41
77.18
76.53
75.30
77.78
78.22
78.00
53.80
78.20
78.09
77.96
77.82
77.67
77.52
77.44
77.53
77.60
77.64
77.63
77.57
77.44
77.54
77.81
86.09
75.22
75.30
75.36
75.39
75.37
75.28
75.09
74.79
74.51
74.53
74.54
74.56
74.61
74.66
74.72
74.79
74.86
74.95
75.04
75.13
75.22
90.36
89.88
89.73
89.73
89.74
89.78
89.83
89.91
89.99
90.09
90.20
90.32
90.45
90.58
90.70
90.80
90.87
90.88
90.82
90.65
90.35
77.18
77.21
77.24
77.25
77.23
77.16
77.03
76.97
76.98
77.00
77.01
77.02
77.02
77.02
77.02
77.04
77.06
77.09
77.11
77.15
77.18
92.69
92.59
92.59
92.60
92.60
92.60
92.60
92.60
92.62
92.66
92.71
92.76
92.82
92.88
92.95
93.00
93.04
93.05
93.01
92.90
92.68
78.32
78.33
78.33
78.33
78.32
78.27
78.27
78.28
78.30
78.31
78.33
78.33
78.34
78.34
78.34
78.34
78.33
78.32
78.31
86.09
75.40
75.31
99.95
100.71
75.37
75.28
75.24
75.26
75.31
75.37
75.21
75.06
74.94
74.88
74.89
74.97
75.15
75.27
75.04
75.16
75.40
90.36
89.88
89.73
89.73
89.74
89.78
89.83
89.91
89.99
90.09
90.20
90.32
90.45
90.58
90.70
90.80
90.87
90.88
90.82
90.65
90.35
77.18
77.21
77.24
99.28
77.23
77.16
77.03
76.97
76.98
77.00
77.01
77.02
77.02
77.02
77.02
77.04
77.06
77.09
77.11
77.15
77.18
92.69
92.59
92.59
92.60
92.60
92.60
92.60
92.60
92.62
92.66
92.71
92.76
92.82
92.88
92.95
93.00
93.04
93.05
93.01
92.90
92.68
78.32
78.33
78.33
98.03
78.32
78.27
78.27
78.28
78.30
78.31
78.33
78.33
78.34
78.34
78.34
78.34
78.33
78.32
78.31
Line Length=0.2km
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom Va (kV)
1.60
1.40
1.40
1.85
1.87
1.40
1.40
1.40
1.40
1.40
1.40
1.40
1.39
1.39
1.39
1.39
1.39
1.39
1.40
1.39
1.39
1.40
1.68
1.67
1.67
1.67
1.67
1.67
1.67
1.67
1.67
1.67
1.67
1.68
1.68
1.68
1.68
1.68
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.68
1.68
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.84
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.72
1.72
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.82
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
53.81
82.57
83.98
82.93
85.57
84.43
56.31
54.01
53.96
54.03
54.09
54.14
54.18
54.20
54.21
54.21
54.20
54.17
54.13
54.08
54.01
82.56
53.78
53.80
53.80
53.80
53.80
53.80
53.80
53.80
53.80
53.80
53.80
53.80
53.80
53.80
53.80
53.80
53.80
53.80
53.80
53.80
53.80
53.97
53.89
81.51
82.28
56.20
53.80
53.88
53.96
54.03
54.09
54.14
54.18
54.21
54.22
54.22
54.20
54.17
54.13
54.08
54.02
53.95
53.80
53.80
53.80
53.80
53.80
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.78
53.97
53.89
83.90
81.47
55.68
53.80
53.89
53.97
54.04
54.10
54.15
54.18
54.21
54.22
54.22
54.20
54.18
54.14
54.09
Vb (kV)
Vc (kV)
V Max
(kV)
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom
68.41
53.96
53.90
53.84
53.78
53.81
59.17
56.52
57.17
57.91
58.52
58.88
59.00
59.11
59.23
59.19
59.18
59.00
58.79
58.33
57.77
53.96
73.59
73.12
73.12
73.12
73.17
73.24
73.34
73.47
73.63
73.83
74.07
74.36
74.69
75.06
75.43
75.77
76.02
76.07
75.80
75.05
73.61
57.98
60.39
53.83
53.77
62.04
61.25
60.00
58.03
58.49
58.93
59.03
59.10
59.13
59.07
59.02
59.05
59.12
58.91
58.97
58.33
57.95
78.25
78.25
78.25
78.25
78.25
78.25
78.27
78.31
78.37
78.44
78.54
78.67
78.83
79.01
79.21
79.42
79.57
79.61
79.41
78.79
78.26
60.45
62.33
53.82
53.77
64.74
63.88
62.89
59.55
58.52
58.99
58.74
58.94
58.75
58.61
58.54
58.55
58.94
58.96
58.61
91.58
76.79
76.83
76.88
76.90
76.89
76.83
76.68
76.58
76.59
76.59
76.59
76.59
76.60
76.60
76.60
76.61
76.63
76.66
76.70
76.74
76.79
94.85
94.82
94.82
94.82
94.82
94.82
94.82
94.82
94.82
94.85
94.89
94.94
94.99
95.05
95.11
95.16
95.20
95.20
95.16
95.05
94.83
78.58
78.58
78.58
78.59
78.59
78.58
78.57
78.57
78.58
78.58
78.58
78.58
78.58
78.58
78.58
78.58
78.58
78.58
78.58
78.58
78.57
96.20
96.19
96.19
96.19
96.19
96.19
96.19
96.19
96.19
96.19
96.19
96.19
96.19
96.19
96.21
96.23
96.24
96.25
96.23
96.19
96.19
79.42
79.42
79.42
79.41
79.42
79.41
79.41
79.41
79.41
79.42
79.42
79.42
79.42
79.42
79.42
79.42
79.42
79.42
79.42
91.58
82.57
83.98
82.93
85.57
84.43
76.83
76.68
76.58
76.59
76.59
76.59
76.59
76.60
76.60
76.60
76.61
76.63
76.66
76.70
76.74
82.56
94.85
94.82
94.82
94.82
94.82
94.82
94.82
94.82
94.82
94.85
94.89
94.94
94.99
95.05
95.11
95.16
95.20
95.20
95.16
95.05
94.83
78.58
78.58
81.51
82.28
78.59
78.58
78.57
78.57
78.58
78.58
78.58
78.58
78.58
78.58
78.58
78.58
78.58
78.58
78.58
78.58
78.57
96.20
96.19
96.19
96.19
96.19
96.19
96.19
96.19
96.19
96.19
96.19
96.19
96.19
96.19
96.21
96.23
96.24
96.25
96.23
96.19
96.19
79.42
79.42
83.90
81.47
79.42
79.41
79.41
79.41
79.41
79.42
79.42
79.42
79.42
79.42
79.42
79.42
79.42
79.42
79.42
1.70
1.53
1.56
1.54
1.59
1.57
1.43
1.42
1.42
1.42
1.42
1.42
1.42
1.42
1.42
1.42
1.42
1.42
1.42
1.42
1.42
1.53
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.76
1.76
1.46
1.46
1.51
1.53
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.78
1.78
1.47
1.47
1.56
1.51
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
Simulation 1
Variables
StartSimulation Delay (s)
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
Type of
Fault
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
Line Length=100km
Fault
NER
Duration Size
(s)
(Ohm)
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
20
20
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
Line Length=10km
Va (kV)
Vb (kV)
Vc (kV)
V Max
(kV)
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom
Va (kV)
Vb (kV)
Vc (kV)
V Max
(kV)
84.86
84.86
81.94
81.94
81.94
81.94
81.91
81.91
81.91
81.91
81.91
81.91
81.91
81.91
81.92
81.92
81.92
81.92
81.92
81.92
81.92
81.92
81.92
85.55
85.56
130.27
130.30
85.51
85.50
85.50
85.50
85.49
85.49
85.49
85.49
85.49
85.49
85.49
85.50
85.50
85.50
85.51
85.52
85.52
80.07
80.07
80.07
80.07
80.05
80.04
80.04
80.04
80.04
80.04
80.04
80.04
80.04
80.04
80.04
80.04
80.04
80.04
80.04
80.04
80.04
86.45
86.46
131.01
130.99
86.42
86.42
86.41
86.39
86.37
86.36
86.35
86.34
86.33
86.33
86.33
86.33
86.34
86.36
86.37
86.39
86.42
78.08
78.08
78.08
78.08
78.07
78.07
78.07
78.07
78.07
78.07
78.07
78.07
78.07
78.07
78.07
78.07
78.07
78.07
119.09
119.08
76.08
77.68
77.49
75.28
71.24
71.13
71.50
70.99
72.08
72.77
72.43
72.93
73.81
73.63
73.27
74.12
74.04
73.98
74.07
73.45
76.13
117.74
117.72
79.25
79.23
117.73
117.74
117.75
117.76
117.77
117.77
117.78
117.79
117.79
117.79
117.79
117.79
117.78
117.78
117.77
117.75
117.74
76.26
77.90
77.69
75.51
71.49
71.28
71.77
71.31
72.27
73.11
72.82
73.22
74.26
74.13
73.66
74.66
74.60
74.56
74.64
73.89
76.32
116.67
116.70
76.13
76.12
116.69
116.67
116.66
116.64
116.63
116.61
116.61
116.61
116.62
116.62
116.62
116.62
116.61
116.61
116.62
116.64
116.66
76.44
78.13
77.94
75.73
71.73
71.57
72.15
71.73
72.54
73.50
73.26
73.53
74.71
74.63
74.13
75.18
75.15
75.12
74.66
74.91
79.71
78.74
79.09
79.83
79.09
78.31
79.90
79.60
82.73
84.46
84.09
81.66
79.12
78.74
79.13
79.44
79.31
79.25
79.03
79.48
79.67
75.48
75.05
81.57
81.59
74.88
76.00
76.66
75.52
76.38
77.18
76.57
79.25
80.01
78.78
75.59
75.02
74.78
75.25
75.24
75.19
75.49
81.22
80.18
80.57
81.16
80.32
79.34
80.84
80.44
83.00
84.72
84.33
81.88
80.64
80.30
80.70
81.01
80.88
80.83
80.63
81.04
81.17
76.01
75.57
81.09
81.11
75.41
76.44
77.13
76.00
76.75
77.56
76.68
79.37
80.14
78.91
75.79
75.52
75.29
75.79
75.75
75.67
76.03
82.57
81.46
81.93
82.38
81.43
80.52
81.73
81.24
83.27
84.98
84.56
82.09
82.03
81.70
82.12
82.42
82.29
82.25
119.09
119.08
81.94
81.94
81.94
81.94
81.91
81.91
81.91
81.91
82.73
84.46
84.09
81.91
81.92
81.92
81.92
81.92
81.92
81.92
81.92
81.92
81.92
117.74
117.72
130.27
130.30
117.73
117.74
117.75
117.76
117.77
117.77
117.78
117.79
117.79
117.79
117.79
117.79
117.78
117.78
117.77
117.75
117.74
81.22
80.18
80.57
81.16
80.32
80.04
80.84
80.44
83.00
84.72
84.33
81.88
80.64
80.30
80.70
81.01
80.88
80.83
80.63
81.04
81.17
116.67
116.70
131.01
130.99
116.69
116.67
116.66
116.64
116.63
116.61
116.61
116.61
116.62
116.62
116.62
116.62
116.61
116.61
116.62
116.64
116.66
82.57
81.46
81.93
82.38
81.43
80.52
81.73
81.24
83.27
84.98
84.56
82.09
82.03
81.70
82.12
82.42
82.29
82.25
2.21
2.21
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.54
1.57
1.56
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.52
2.18
2.18
2.42
2.42
2.18
2.18
2.18
2.19
2.19
2.19
2.19
2.19
2.19
2.19
2.19
2.19
2.19
2.19
2.19
2.19
2.18
1.51
1.49
1.50
1.51
1.49
1.49
1.50
1.49
1.54
1.57
1.56
1.52
1.50
1.49
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.51
2.17
2.17
2.43
2.43
2.17
2.17
2.16
2.16
2.16
2.16
2.16
2.16
2.16
2.16
2.16
2.16
2.16
2.16
2.16
2.16
2.16
1.53
1.51
1.52
1.53
1.51
1.49
1.52
1.51
1.55
1.58
1.57
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.53
1.53
1.53
63.11
63.40
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.80
64.20
64.83
65.10
96.72
64.76
64.68
64.56
64.41
64.24
64.07
63.90
63.75
63.70
63.64
63.65
63.68
63.86
64.15
64.56
64.60
64.19
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
62.36
62.25
62.36
96.07
62.42
62.37
62.34
62.31
62.29
62.32
62.31
62.32
62.32
62.32
62.32
62.31
62.30
62.24
62.21
62.35
62.36
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
77.91
77.77
77.89
77.89
77.89
77.88
77.89
77.92
77.97
78.03
78.12
78.23
78.38
78.55
78.76
79.00
79.25
79.48
79.66
79.70
79.49
78.90
77.88
79.53
79.59
79.72
53.80
79.91
79.81
79.69
79.56
79.43
79.30
79.18
79.08
79.00
78.96
78.97
79.02
79.13
79.30
79.53
79.23
79.52
80.44
80.44
80.44
80.44
80.44
80.43
80.43
80.46
80.51
80.57
80.65
80.75
80.87
81.03
81.19
81.36
81.49
81.52
81.35
80.83
80.43
80.89
81.07
81.08
53.80
81.24
81.14
81.03
80.92
80.80
80.68
80.58
80.49
80.43
80.40
80.40
80.45
80.54
80.68
80.87
80.67
80.89
82.35
82.35
82.35
82.34
82.34
82.34
82.34
82.34
82.34
82.37
82.41
82.47
82.55
82.64
82.75
82.87
82.97
82.99
78.31
78.32
94.08
94.08
94.08
94.08
94.08
94.08
94.08
94.09
94.09
94.09
94.09
94.09
94.11
94.14
94.17
94.20
94.22
94.23
94.20
94.13
94.09
79.04
79.02
79.01
79.00
78.99
79.00
79.02
79.03
79.05
79.06
79.08
79.08
79.09
79.09
79.09
79.09
79.08
79.07
79.06
79.04
79.02
94.85
94.85
94.85
94.85
94.85
94.86
94.86
94.86
94.86
94.86
94.86
94.86
94.86
94.86
94.86
94.86
94.86
94.86
94.86
94.86
94.86
79.50
79.48
79.47
79.45
79.45
79.46
79.48
79.49
79.51
79.52
79.54
79.54
79.55
79.55
79.55
79.55
79.54
79.53
79.52
79.50
79.49
95.25
95.25
95.25
95.25
95.25
95.25
95.25
95.25
95.25
95.25
95.25
95.25
95.26
95.26
95.26
95.26
95.26
95.26
78.31
78.32
94.08
94.08
94.08
94.08
94.08
94.08
94.08
94.09
94.09
94.09
94.09
94.09
94.11
94.14
94.17
94.20
94.22
94.23
94.20
94.13
94.09
79.53
79.59
79.72
96.72
79.91
79.81
79.69
79.56
79.43
79.30
79.18
79.08
79.09
79.09
79.09
79.09
79.13
79.30
79.53
79.23
79.52
94.85
94.85
94.85
94.85
94.85
94.86
94.86
94.86
94.86
94.86
94.86
94.86
94.86
94.86
94.86
94.86
94.86
94.86
94.86
94.86
94.86
80.89
81.07
81.08
96.07
81.24
81.14
81.03
80.92
80.80
80.68
80.58
80.49
80.43
80.40
80.40
80.45
80.54
80.68
80.87
80.67
80.89
95.25
95.25
95.25
95.25
95.25
95.25
95.25
95.25
95.25
95.25
95.25
95.25
95.26
95.26
95.26
95.26
95.26
95.26
Line Length=0.2km
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom Va (kV)
1.45
1.45
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.79
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.48
1.47
1.48
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.78
1.51
1.51
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
54.02
53.95
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.77
53.77
53.97
53.89
53.81
82.87
55.07
53.81
53.89
53.97
54.04
54.10
54.15
54.19
54.21
54.22
54.22
54.21
54.18
54.14
54.09
54.03
53.96
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.77
53.77
53.98
53.90
53.81
84.30
54.27
53.81
53.89
53.97
54.04
54.10
54.15
54.19
54.21
54.22
54.22
54.21
54.18
54.14
54.09
54.03
53.96
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
Vb (kV)
Vc (kV)
V Max
(kV)
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom
58.79
60.54
81.50
81.50
81.50
81.50
81.50
81.50
81.50
81.50
81.50
81.52
81.56
81.62
81.69
81.78
81.89
82.01
82.10
82.13
81.98
81.51
81.51
62.04
65.21
65.68
53.77
66.76
65.50
64.24
61.72
59.85
58.52
58.59
58.63
58.45
58.30
58.22
58.22
58.60
58.34
58.60
59.81
62.02
83.67
83.67
83.67
83.67
83.67
83.67
83.67
83.67
83.67
83.67
83.67
83.68
83.71
83.76
83.82
83.88
83.94
83.96
83.85
83.68
83.68
63.76
65.85
67.19
53.77
68.62
67.62
65.34
63.16
60.40
57.95
58.59
58.19
57.58
57.53
57.95
57.77
58.28
58.30
58.33
61.36
63.86
85.20
85.20
85.20
85.20
85.20
85.20
85.20
85.20
85.20
85.20
85.20
85.20
85.20
85.21
85.24
85.27
85.31
85.32
79.41
79.41
96.59
96.59
96.59
96.59
96.59
96.59
96.59
96.59
96.59
96.58
96.58
96.58
96.58
96.58
96.58
96.58
96.58
96.58
96.58
96.58
96.58
79.84
79.84
79.84
79.83
79.84
79.84
79.83
79.83
79.83
79.84
79.84
79.84
79.84
79.84
79.84
79.84
79.84
79.84
79.84
79.83
79.83
96.61
96.61
96.61
96.61
96.61
96.61
96.61
96.61
96.61
96.61
96.61
96.61
96.61
96.61
96.61
96.61
96.61
96.61
96.61
96.61
96.61
80.08
80.08
80.08
80.07
80.08
80.08
80.07
80.07
80.07
80.08
80.08
80.08
80.08
80.08
80.08
80.08
80.08
80.08
80.08
80.07
80.07
96.50
96.50
96.50
96.50
96.50
96.50
96.50
96.50
96.50
96.50
96.50
96.50
96.50
96.50
96.50
96.50
96.50
96.50
79.41
79.41
96.59
96.59
96.59
96.59
96.59
96.59
96.59
96.59
96.59
96.58
96.58
96.58
96.58
96.58
96.58
96.58
96.58
96.58
96.58
96.58
96.58
79.84
79.84
79.84
82.87
79.84
79.84
79.83
79.83
79.83
79.84
79.84
79.84
79.84
79.84
79.84
79.84
79.84
79.84
79.84
79.83
79.83
96.61
96.61
96.61
96.61
96.61
96.61
96.61
96.61
96.61
96.61
96.61
96.61
96.61
96.61
96.61
96.61
96.61
96.61
96.61
96.61
96.61
80.08
80.08
80.08
84.30
80.08
80.08
80.07
80.07
80.07
80.08
80.08
80.08
80.08
80.08
80.08
80.08
80.08
80.08
80.08
80.07
80.07
96.50
96.50
96.50
96.50
96.50
96.50
96.50
96.50
96.50
96.50
96.50
96.50
96.50
96.50
96.50
96.50
96.50
96.50
1.47
1.47
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.54
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.56
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
Simulation 1
Variables
StartSimulation Delay (s)
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
Type of
Fault
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
Line Length=100km
Fault
NER
Duration Size
(s)
(Ohm)
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
Line Length=10km
Va (kV)
Vb (kV)
Vc (kV)
V Max
(kV)
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom
Va (kV)
Vb (kV)
Vc (kV)
V Max
(kV)
78.07
78.07
78.07
87.16
87.16
131.67
131.69
87.13
87.13
87.13
87.12
87.12
87.12
87.11
87.11
87.11
87.11
87.11
87.11
87.12
87.12
87.13
87.13
87.14
76.03
76.03
76.03
76.03
76.01
76.01
76.01
76.01
76.01
76.01
76.01
76.01
76.01
76.01
76.01
76.01
76.01
76.01
76.01
76.01
76.01
87.31
87.32
132.03
132.03
87.29
87.28
87.28
87.27
87.26
87.26
87.25
87.25
87.24
87.24
87.24
87.25
87.25
87.25
87.26
87.27
87.28
73.96
73.96
73.96
73.96
73.96
73.96
73.96
73.96
73.96
73.96
73.96
73.96
73.96
73.96
73.96
73.96
73.96
73.96
73.96
73.96
73.96
86.37
86.36
132.46
86.32
86.33
86.34
86.34
86.34
86.33
86.33
86.33
86.33
86.33
86.33
86.33
86.33
86.33
75.19
74.31
76.49
115.82
115.80
73.65
73.65
115.80
115.81
115.83
115.84
115.84
115.82
115.81
115.80
115.80
115.79
115.80
115.80
115.81
115.82
115.83
115.83
115.82
76.61
78.34
78.19
76.01
71.97
71.95
72.60
72.22
72.88
73.94
73.74
73.87
75.18
75.14
74.69
75.68
75.68
75.67
75.73
74.84
76.67
115.05
115.07
71.71
71.71
115.06
115.04
115.03
115.02
115.03
115.04
115.04
115.05
115.06
115.06
115.06
115.05
115.05
115.04
115.03
115.01
115.03
76.79
78.56
78.44
76.29
72.28
72.42
73.11
72.77
73.27
74.41
74.28
74.23
75.64
75.64
75.24
76.17
76.22
76.21
76.26
75.41
76.84
114.60
114.59
70.08
114.58
114.59
114.60
114.59
114.57
114.56
114.55
114.54
114.53
114.53
114.52
114.52
114.53
114.53
82.06
82.45
82.53
76.50
76.06
80.75
80.76
75.89
76.85
77.56
76.45
77.09
77.92
76.84
79.49
80.27
79.04
76.29
76.00
75.79
76.30
76.22
76.13
76.52
83.78
82.62
83.17
83.50
82.45
81.87
82.60
82.00
83.56
85.22
84.79
82.99
83.28
82.98
83.40
83.68
83.56
83.52
83.34
83.72
83.74
76.95
76.51
80.49
80.50
76.31
77.23
77.95
76.85
77.41
78.25
77.17
79.61
80.39
79.17
76.76
76.46
76.25
76.78
76.66
76.55
76.97
84.87
83.66
84.30
84.53
83.39
83.13
83.42
83.07
83.90
85.50
85.02
84.15
84.41
84.13
84.54
84.80
84.68
84.66
84.50
84.85
84.82
77.36
76.92
80.32
77.84
76.70
77.57
78.30
77.21
77.72
78.56
77.48
79.72
80.51
79.30
77.21
76.88
76.69
82.06
82.45
82.53
115.82
115.80
131.67
131.69
115.80
115.81
115.83
115.84
115.84
115.82
115.81
115.80
115.80
115.79
115.80
115.80
115.81
115.82
115.83
115.83
115.82
83.78
82.62
83.17
83.50
82.45
81.87
82.60
82.00
83.56
85.22
84.79
82.99
83.28
82.98
83.40
83.68
83.56
83.52
83.34
83.72
83.74
115.05
115.07
132.03
132.03
115.06
115.04
115.03
115.02
115.03
115.04
115.04
115.05
115.06
115.06
115.06
115.05
115.05
115.04
115.03
115.01
115.03
84.87
83.66
84.30
84.53
83.39
83.13
83.42
83.07
83.90
85.50
85.02
84.15
84.41
84.13
84.54
84.80
84.68
84.66
84.50
84.85
84.82
114.60
114.59
132.46
114.58
114.59
114.60
114.59
114.57
114.56
114.55
114.54
114.53
114.53
114.52
114.52
114.53
114.53
1.52
1.53
1.53
2.15
2.15
2.44
2.44
2.15
2.15
2.15
2.15
2.15
2.15
2.15
2.15
2.15
2.15
2.15
2.15
2.15
2.15
2.15
2.15
2.15
1.55
1.53
1.54
1.55
1.53
1.52
1.53
1.52
1.55
1.58
1.57
1.54
1.55
1.54
1.55
1.55
1.55
1.55
1.55
1.55
1.55
2.13
2.14
2.45
2.45
2.14
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.14
2.14
2.14
2.14
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.13
1.57
1.55
1.56
1.57
1.55
1.54
1.55
1.54
1.56
1.59
1.58
1.56
1.57
1.56
1.57
1.57
1.57
1.57
1.57
1.57
1.57
2.13
2.13
2.46
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.13
53.79
53.79
53.79
58.21
58.19
58.52
95.47
58.18
58.12
58.07
58.01
57.99
57.98
57.97
57.97
57.97
57.97
57.97
57.96
57.96
57.94
57.97
58.24
58.28
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
58.60
59.12
58.92
95.22
58.73
58.68
58.66
58.66
58.56
58.38
58.21
58.07
57.95
57.89
57.90
57.99
58.18
58.46
58.42
58.28
58.59
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
60.71
61.10
61.11
95.15
60.67
60.60
60.55
60.50
60.46
60.42
60.18
59.92
59.72
59.61
59.63
59.79
60.12
82.85
82.40
82.34
82.21
82.10
82.39
53.80
82.23
82.18
82.17
82.21
82.11
82.01
81.92
81.85
81.79
81.77
81.77
81.81
81.88
81.99
81.85
81.97
82.20
83.80
83.80
83.80
83.80
83.80
83.80
83.80
83.80
83.80
83.79
83.80
83.83
83.88
83.94
84.01
84.09
84.16
84.18
84.06
83.80
83.80
83.20
83.17
83.38
53.80
83.47
83.38
83.28
83.19
83.09
83.01
82.93
82.87
82.83
82.81
82.81
82.84
82.90
82.98
83.09
83.02
83.20
84.94
84.94
84.94
84.94
84.94
84.94
84.94
84.94
84.93
84.93
84.93
84.93
84.95
84.98
85.03
85.09
85.14
85.15
85.06
84.94
84.94
82.92
82.64
82.27
53.80
83.11
83.06
83.07
83.12
83.21
83.33
83.18
82.98
82.83
82.75
82.76
82.88
83.13
95.26
95.26
95.26
79.80
79.78
79.77
79.75
79.75
79.76
79.78
79.79
79.81
79.82
79.84
79.84
79.85
79.85
79.85
79.85
79.84
79.83
79.82
79.80
79.79
95.44
95.44
95.44
95.44
95.44
95.44
95.44
95.44
95.44
95.44
95.44
95.44
95.44
95.44
95.44
95.44
95.44
95.44
95.44
95.44
95.44
80.01
79.99
79.98
79.96
79.96
79.97
79.98
80.00
80.02
80.03
80.04
80.05
80.06
80.06
80.06
80.06
80.05
80.04
80.02
80.01
79.99
95.51
95.51
95.51
95.51
95.51
95.51
95.51
95.51
95.51
95.51
95.52
95.52
95.52
95.52
95.52
95.52
95.52
95.52
95.52
95.52
95.52
80.16
80.14
80.13
80.11
80.10
80.12
80.13
80.15
80.16
80.18
80.19
80.20
80.21
80.21
80.21
80.20
80.20
95.26
95.26
95.26
82.21
82.10
82.39
95.47
82.23
82.18
82.17
82.21
82.11
82.01
81.92
81.85
81.79
81.77
81.77
81.81
81.88
81.99
81.85
81.97
82.20
95.44
95.44
95.44
95.44
95.44
95.44
95.44
95.44
95.44
95.44
95.44
95.44
95.44
95.44
95.44
95.44
95.44
95.44
95.44
95.44
95.44
83.20
83.17
83.38
95.22
83.47
83.38
83.28
83.19
83.09
83.01
82.93
82.87
82.83
82.81
82.81
82.84
82.90
82.98
83.09
83.02
83.20
95.51
95.51
95.51
95.51
95.51
95.51
95.51
95.51
95.51
95.51
95.52
95.52
95.52
95.52
95.52
95.52
95.52
95.52
95.52
95.52
95.52
82.92
82.64
82.27
95.15
83.11
83.06
83.07
83.12
83.21
83.33
83.18
82.98
82.83
82.75
82.76
82.88
83.13
Line Length=0.2km
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom Va (kV)
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.53
1.52
1.53
1.77
1.53
1.52
1.52
1.53
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.53
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.54
1.54
1.55
1.77
1.55
1.55
1.55
1.54
1.54
1.54
1.54
1.54
1.54
1.54
1.54
1.54
1.54
1.54
1.54
1.54
1.54
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.54
1.53
1.53
1.77
1.54
1.54
1.54
1.54
1.54
1.55
1.54
1.54
1.54
1.54
1.54
1.54
1.54
53.78
53.77
53.77
53.98
53.90
53.81
85.45
53.78
53.81
53.90
53.97
54.04
54.10
54.15
54.19
54.21
54.22
54.22
54.21
54.18
54.14
54.09
54.03
53.96
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.77
53.77
53.98
53.90
53.81
86.38
53.78
53.81
53.90
53.97
54.04
54.10
54.15
54.19
54.21
54.23
54.22
54.21
54.18
54.14
54.09
54.03
53.96
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.77
53.77
53.98
53.90
53.82
87.15
54.97
53.81
53.90
53.98
54.04
54.10
54.15
54.19
54.21
54.23
54.22
54.21
54.18
Vb (kV)
Vc (kV)
V Max
(kV)
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom
85.24
85.21
85.21
65.04
67.19
68.46
53.77
69.27
68.90
66.52
64.66
62.16
59.28
57.41
58.19
57.67
57.51
57.42
57.87
58.03
57.66
60.31
62.99
65.03
86.32
86.32
86.32
86.32
86.32
86.32
86.32
86.33
86.33
86.33
86.33
86.33
86.33
86.33
86.33
86.33
86.36
86.36
86.33
86.33
86.33
66.00
68.10
69.84
53.77
69.01
69.25
67.55
65.56
63.27
60.05
57.34
57.12
57.25
57.46
57.25
57.43
57.46
58.31
60.62
63.81
65.98
87.18
87.18
87.18
87.18
87.18
87.18
87.18
87.18
87.18
87.18
87.18
87.18
87.18
87.19
87.19
87.19
87.19
87.19
87.19
87.19
87.19
67.57
69.59
70.54
53.77
66.61
70.23
69.04
66.39
63.89
60.96
58.23
57.31
56.98
56.87
56.83
57.11
57.18
96.50
96.50
96.50
80.23
80.23
80.23
80.22
80.23
80.22
80.22
80.22
80.22
80.23
80.23
80.23
80.23
80.23
80.23
80.23
80.23
80.23
80.23
80.22
80.22
96.34
96.34
96.34
96.34
96.34
96.34
96.34
96.34
96.34
96.34
96.34
96.34
96.34
96.34
96.34
96.33
96.33
96.33
96.33
96.34
96.34
80.33
80.33
80.33
80.32
80.33
80.32
80.32
80.32
80.32
80.32
80.33
80.33
80.33
80.33
80.33
80.33
80.33
80.33
80.32
80.32
80.32
96.16
96.16
96.16
96.16
96.16
96.16
96.16
96.16
96.16
96.16
96.16
96.16
96.16
96.16
96.16
96.16
96.16
96.16
96.16
96.16
96.16
80.40
80.40
80.39
80.39
80.40
80.39
80.39
80.39
80.39
80.39
80.40
80.40
80.40
80.40
80.40
80.40
80.40
96.50
96.50
96.50
80.23
80.23
80.23
85.45
80.23
80.22
80.22
80.22
80.22
80.23
80.23
80.23
80.23
80.23
80.23
80.23
80.23
80.23
80.23
80.22
80.22
96.34
96.34
96.34
96.34
96.34
96.34
96.34
96.34
96.34
96.34
96.34
96.34
96.34
96.34
96.34
96.33
96.33
96.33
96.33
96.34
96.34
80.33
80.33
80.33
86.38
80.33
80.32
80.32
80.32
80.32
80.32
80.33
80.33
80.33
80.33
80.33
80.33
80.33
80.33
80.32
80.32
80.32
96.16
96.16
96.16
96.16
96.16
96.16
96.16
96.16
96.16
96.16
96.16
96.16
96.16
96.16
96.16
96.16
96.16
96.16
96.16
96.16
96.16
80.40
80.40
80.39
87.15
80.40
80.39
80.39
80.39
80.39
80.39
80.40
80.40
80.40
80.40
80.40
80.40
80.40
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.59
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.60
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.62
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
Simulation 1
Variables
StartSimulation Delay (s)
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
Type of
Fault
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
Line Length=100km
Fault
NER
Duration Size
(s)
(Ohm)
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
45
45
45
45
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
Line Length=10km
Va (kV)
Vb (kV)
Vc (kV)
V Max
(kV)
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom
Va (kV)
Vb (kV)
Vc (kV)
V Max
(kV)
86.33
86.33
86.34
86.34
71.90
71.90
71.90
71.90
71.90
71.90
71.90
71.90
71.90
71.90
71.90
71.90
71.90
71.90
71.90
71.90
71.90
71.90
71.90
71.90
71.90
84.09
84.09
132.60
84.05
84.06
84.06
84.06
84.06
84.06
84.06
84.07
84.07
84.07
84.08
84.08
84.07
84.07
84.06
84.06
84.06
84.05
59.14
59.11
59.11
59.11
59.11
59.11
59.11
59.11
59.11
59.11
59.11
59.11
59.11
59.11
59.11
59.11
59.11
59.11
59.11
59.11
59.11
64.85
64.86
131.72
64.87
64.86
64.86
64.85
64.84
64.83
64.82
64.81
64.80
64.79
64.78
64.79
64.79
64.80
64.81
64.83
64.84
64.85
55.49
55.49
55.49
55.49
55.49
55.49
55.49
55.49
55.49
55.49
55.49
55.49
55.49
55.49
55.49
55.49
114.54
114.56
114.57
114.59
76.99
78.76
78.69
76.57
72.58
72.95
73.67
73.35
73.70
74.90
74.82
74.60
76.11
76.17
75.78
76.65
76.73
76.73
76.78
75.97
77.05
114.11
114.10
68.52
114.11
114.10
114.10
114.11
114.13
114.14
114.15
114.16
114.16
114.17
114.17
114.17
114.17
114.16
114.15
114.14
114.13
114.11
80.64
81.30
81.35
79.41
78.75
78.85
79.40
79.15
78.90
79.89
79.97
79.26
80.44
80.85
80.40
80.67
81.12
81.09
81.17
80.57
80.64
103.56
103.52
58.28
103.48
103.50
103.53
103.55
103.57
103.59
103.58
103.58
103.58
103.58
103.58
103.58
103.58
103.58
103.58
103.58
103.57
103.54
97.95
100.67
100.91
99.30
96.25
91.59
91.79
91.57
91.63
91.84
91.57
91.62
91.84
91.80
91.57
91.57
77.22
77.07
76.95
77.38
85.84
84.59
85.34
85.48
84.24
84.28
84.33
84.21
84.71
85.83
85.27
85.20
85.44
85.17
85.58
85.81
85.70
85.68
85.53
85.88
85.80
77.74
77.30
80.20
78.18
77.04
77.89
78.63
77.54
78.00
78.86
77.79
79.83
80.63
79.42
77.62
77.27
77.10
77.63
77.45
77.31
77.76
91.60
91.39
91.84
91.39
91.39
91.46
91.39
91.39
91.53
91.53
91.39
91.61
91.68
91.50
91.73
91.81
91.73
91.74
91.71
91.92
91.55
80.16
79.74
79.86
80.28
79.52
79.94
80.66
79.70
80.15
81.03
79.94
81.16
82.03
80.86
80.26
79.77
79.84
80.24
79.88
79.75
80.18
95.70
96.03
96.69
96.57
96.93
104.76
110.09
112.70
112.55
111.00
107.48
101.59
95.70
95.70
95.77
95.70
114.54
114.56
114.57
114.59
85.84
84.59
85.34
85.48
84.24
84.28
84.33
84.21
84.71
85.83
85.27
85.20
85.44
85.17
85.58
85.81
85.70
85.68
85.53
85.88
85.80
114.11
114.10
132.60
114.11
114.10
114.10
114.11
114.13
114.14
114.15
114.16
114.16
114.17
114.17
114.17
114.17
114.16
114.15
114.14
114.13
114.11
91.60
91.39
91.84
91.39
91.39
91.46
91.39
91.39
91.53
91.53
91.39
91.61
91.68
91.50
91.73
91.81
91.73
91.74
91.71
91.92
91.55
103.56
103.52
131.72
103.48
103.50
103.53
103.55
103.57
103.59
103.58
103.58
103.58
103.58
103.58
103.58
103.58
103.58
103.58
103.58
103.57
103.54
97.95
100.67
100.91
99.30
96.93
104.76
110.09
112.70
112.55
111.00
107.48
101.59
95.70
95.70
95.77
95.70
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.13
1.59
1.57
1.58
1.59
1.56
1.56
1.56
1.56
1.57
1.59
1.58
1.58
1.59
1.58
1.59
1.59
1.59
1.59
1.59
1.59
1.59
2.12
2.12
2.46
2.12
2.12
2.12
2.12
2.12
2.12
2.12
2.12
2.12
2.12
2.12
2.12
2.12
2.12
2.12
2.12
2.12
2.12
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.71
1.70
1.92
1.92
2.44
1.92
1.92
1.92
1.92
1.92
1.92
1.92
1.92
1.92
1.92
1.92
1.92
1.92
1.92
1.92
1.92
1.92
1.92
1.82
1.87
1.87
1.84
1.80
1.94
2.04
2.09
2.09
2.06
1.99
1.89
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
60.37
60.37
60.38
60.68
53.78
53.78
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
62.65
62.61
63.43
94.97
62.23
62.17
62.11
62.06
62.02
61.98
61.95
61.93
61.92
61.92
61.92
61.92
61.92
61.94
61.93
62.44
62.71
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.80
53.80
53.80
67.25
67.38
67.56
67.08
67.03
66.94
66.81
66.84
66.99
66.95
66.86
66.79
66.73
66.71
66.71
66.75
66.83
66.95
66.79
67.39
67.26
53.84
53.84
53.84
53.84
53.84
53.84
53.84
53.84
53.84
53.84
53.84
53.84
53.84
53.84
53.84
53.84
83.15
82.72
82.15
82.84
85.85
85.85
85.85
85.85
85.85
85.85
85.84
85.84
85.84
85.84
85.84
85.84
85.84
85.84
85.87
85.91
85.95
85.96
85.88
85.85
85.85
79.72
79.77
79.13
53.80
80.76
80.72
80.74
80.56
80.36
80.15
79.94
79.76
79.62
79.55
79.56
79.67
79.89
80.24
80.45
79.94
79.64
89.79
89.79
89.79
89.79
89.79
89.79
89.79
89.79
89.79
89.79
89.79
89.79
89.79
89.79
89.79
89.79
89.79
89.79
89.79
89.79
89.79
66.23
66.33
66.08
66.70
66.63
66.56
66.51
66.47
66.46
66.36
66.24
66.13
66.05
66.01
66.01
66.07
66.20
66.39
66.34
66.51
66.20
92.62
94.17
98.34
100.09
99.37
96.25
92.62
92.62
92.62
92.62
92.62
92.62
92.62
92.62
92.62
92.62
80.19
80.17
80.16
80.14
95.52
95.52
95.52
95.52
95.52
95.52
95.52
95.52
95.52
95.52
95.52
95.52
95.53
95.53
95.53
95.53
95.53
95.53
95.53
95.53
95.53
80.27
80.25
80.24
80.22
80.21
80.23
80.24
80.26
80.27
80.29
80.30
80.31
80.31
80.32
80.32
80.31
80.31
80.30
80.28
80.27
80.25
94.93
94.93
94.93
94.93
94.93
94.93
94.93
94.93
94.93
94.93
94.93
94.93
94.93
94.93
94.93
94.93
94.93
94.93
94.93
94.93
94.93
80.65
80.64
80.62
80.61
80.60
80.61
80.63
80.64
80.66
80.67
80.68
80.69
80.70
80.70
80.70
80.70
80.69
80.68
80.67
80.65
80.64
93.59
93.59
93.59
93.59
93.59
93.59
93.59
94.46
99.04
101.18
100.83
97.99
93.59
93.59
93.59
93.59
83.15
82.72
82.15
82.84
95.52
95.52
95.52
95.52
95.52
95.52
95.52
95.52
95.52
95.52
95.52
95.52
95.53
95.53
95.53
95.53
95.53
95.53
95.53
95.53
95.53
80.27
80.25
80.24
94.97
80.76
80.72
80.74
80.56
80.36
80.29
80.30
80.31
80.31
80.32
80.32
80.31
80.31
80.30
80.45
80.27
80.25
94.93
94.93
94.93
94.93
94.93
94.93
94.93
94.93
94.93
94.93
94.93
94.93
94.93
94.93
94.93
94.93
94.93
94.93
94.93
94.93
94.93
80.65
80.64
80.62
80.61
80.60
80.61
80.63
80.64
80.66
80.67
80.68
80.69
80.70
80.70
80.70
80.70
80.69
80.68
80.67
80.65
80.64
93.59
94.17
98.34
100.09
99.37
96.25
93.59
94.46
99.04
101.18
100.83
97.99
93.59
93.59
93.59
93.59
Line Length=0.2km
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom Va (kV)
1.54
1.53
1.52
1.54
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.76
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.74
1.75
1.82
1.86
1.84
1.79
1.74
1.75
1.84
1.88
1.87
1.82
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
54.14
54.09
54.03
53.96
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.98
53.90
53.82
87.78
55.54
53.82
53.90
53.98
54.05
54.10
54.15
54.19
54.21
54.23
54.23
54.21
54.18
54.14
54.09
54.03
53.96
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.98
53.91
55.33
63.54
59.52
54.91
53.90
53.98
54.05
54.11
54.16
54.19
54.22
54.23
54.23
54.21
54.19
54.15
54.10
54.04
53.97
53.80
53.80
53.80
53.80
53.80
53.80
53.80
53.80
53.80
53.80
53.80
53.80
53.80
53.80
53.80
53.80
Vb (kV)
Vc (kV)
V Max
(kV)
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom
59.17
62.23
64.87
67.55
87.86
87.86
87.86
87.86
87.86
87.86
87.86
87.86
87.86
87.86
87.86
87.86
87.86
87.86
87.86
87.86
87.86
87.86
87.87
87.87
87.87
67.98
69.91
71.12
53.77
63.98
71.00
69.43
67.56
64.66
62.21
59.14
57.66
56.84
56.54
56.78
56.74
57.88
59.73
62.64
65.45
67.97
90.70
90.70
90.70
90.70
90.70
90.70
90.70
90.70
90.70
90.70
90.70
90.70
90.70
90.70
90.70
90.70
90.70
90.70
90.71
90.71
90.71
68.55
64.16
59.72
59.66
58.84
61.39
65.78
70.27
70.51
67.80
64.76
62.20
60.71
59.80
59.58
61.00
63.19
65.62
68.61
71.10
68.60
92.74
92.74
94.12
95.78
95.13
92.74
92.74
92.74
92.74
92.74
92.74
92.74
92.74
92.74
92.74
92.74
80.40
80.39
80.39
80.39
95.99
95.99
95.99
95.99
95.99
95.99
95.99
95.99
95.99
95.99
95.99
95.99
95.99
95.99
95.99
95.99
95.99
95.99
95.99
95.99
95.99
80.45
80.45
80.44
80.44
80.45
80.44
80.44
80.44
80.44
80.44
80.45
80.45
80.45
80.45
80.45
80.45
80.45
80.45
80.44
80.44
80.44
94.87
94.87
94.87
94.87
94.86
94.86
94.86
94.86
94.86
94.86
94.86
94.86
94.86
94.86
94.86
94.86
94.86
94.86
94.86
94.86
94.86
80.62
80.62
80.61
80.62
80.61
80.61
80.61
80.61
80.61
80.61
80.61
80.62
80.62
80.62
80.62
80.62
80.62
80.61
80.61
80.61
80.61
93.51
93.51
93.51
93.51
93.51
93.51
93.51
93.51
93.51
95.93
96.34
94.37
93.51
93.51
93.51
93.51
80.40
80.39
80.39
80.39
95.99
95.99
95.99
95.99
95.99
95.99
95.99
95.99
95.99
95.99
95.99
95.99
95.99
95.99
95.99
95.99
95.99
95.99
95.99
95.99
95.99
80.45
80.45
80.44
87.78
80.45
80.44
80.44
80.44
80.44
80.44
80.45
80.45
80.45
80.45
80.45
80.45
80.45
80.45
80.44
80.44
80.44
94.87
94.87
94.87
94.87
94.86
94.86
94.86
94.86
94.86
94.86
94.86
94.86
94.86
94.86
94.86
94.86
94.86
94.86
94.86
94.86
94.86
80.62
80.62
80.61
80.62
80.61
80.61
80.61
80.61
80.61
80.61
80.61
80.62
80.62
80.62
80.62
80.62
80.62
80.61
80.61
80.61
80.61
93.51
93.51
94.12
95.78
95.13
93.51
93.51
93.51
93.51
95.93
96.34
94.37
93.51
93.51
93.51
93.51
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.63
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.74
1.74
1.75
1.78
1.77
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.78
1.79
1.75
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
Simulation 1
Variables
StartSimulation Delay (s)
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
Type of
Fault
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
Line Length=100km
Fault
NER
Duration Size
(s)
(Ohm)
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1E+06
1E+06
1E+06
1E+06
1E+06
1E+06
1E+06
1E+06
1E+06
1E+06
1E+06
1E+06
1E+06
1E+06
1E+06
1E+06
1E+06
1E+06
1E+06
1E+06
1E+06
1E+06
1E+06
1E+06
1E+06
1E+06
1E+06
1E+06
1E+06
1E+06
1E+06
1E+06
1E+06
1E+06
1E+06
1E+06
Line Length=10km
Va (kV)
Vb (kV)
Vc (kV)
V Max
(kV)
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom
Va (kV)
Vb (kV)
Vc (kV)
V Max
(kV)
55.49
55.52
55.52
55.52
55.52
86.84
86.85
86.87
86.88
86.87
86.85
86.84
86.83
86.82
86.81
86.80
86.80
86.79
86.79
86.79
86.79
86.80
86.81
86.82
86.83
86.85
55.47
55.47
55.47
55.47
55.47
55.47
55.47
55.47
55.46
55.46
55.46
55.46
55.46
55.46
55.46
55.48
55.48
55.48
55.48
55.48
55.48
88.07
88.08
88.09
88.09
88.09
88.08
88.08
88.07
88.07
88.06
88.06
88.06
88.06
88.05
88.05
88.06
88.06
88.06
88.07
88.07
88.08
98.33
98.33
98.33
98.34
98.35
98.34
98.33
98.32
98.30
98.31
98.32
98.31
98.30
98.30
98.31
98.31
98.31
98.31
98.31
98.31
98.31
89.22
89.22
89.22
89.22
89.22
89.22
89.22
89.22
89.22
89.22
89.22
89.22
89.22
89.22
89.22
91.57
91.57
91.57
92.96
97.95
81.19
81.19
81.19
81.19
81.19
81.19
81.18
81.18
81.18
81.18
81.18
81.18
81.18
81.18
81.18
81.18
81.18
81.18
81.18
81.18
81.18
103.63
107.33
108.47
106.96
103.94
98.87
93.59
93.28
93.04
92.98
92.98
93.96
94.77
94.50
93.29
92.98
92.98
92.98
94.18
97.49
103.64
79.86
79.87
79.88
79.87
79.87
79.86
79.85
79.84
79.83
79.85
79.86
79.87
79.87
79.88
79.88
79.87
79.86
79.85
79.84
79.84
79.85
113.45
119.15
121.90
121.75
118.60
115.49
118.12
118.02
115.16
109.63
112.83
114.09
112.99
109.59
104.19
98.44
97.49
97.49
99.55
105.15
113.47
78.66
78.64
78.62
78.64
78.65
78.66
78.67
78.69
78.68
78.67
78.65
78.64
78.64
78.63
78.63
95.70
95.71
95.71
95.71
95.71
82.14
82.32
82.11
82.23
82.32
82.03
82.16
83.27
84.01
88.28
92.33
94.12
93.66
91.80
88.51
83.09
82.35
82.15
82.37
82.29
82.14
96.61
98.86
99.29
98.44
106.60
114.75
120.10
122.54
121.98
119.50
115.11
108.21
98.92
95.75
95.81
95.44
95.44
95.44
95.44
95.44
96.64
82.17
82.71
82.31
82.35
82.25
82.15
82.33
84.18
86.15
92.81
97.20
99.21
98.77
96.36
92.93
87.30
82.60
82.58
82.44
82.19
82.16
111.60
117.41
120.52
120.82
124.05
132.91
138.46
140.63
139.44
135.39
129.46
120.80
112.72
110.86
106.56
103.70
103.70
103.69
103.70
103.69
111.67
87.28
86.13
83.98
82.49
82.25
83.92
86.59
88.64
92.81
100.62
105.99
108.76
108.84
106.24
102.00
95.70
95.71
95.71
95.71
97.95
86.84
86.85
86.87
86.88
86.87
86.85
86.84
86.83
86.82
88.28
92.33
94.12
93.66
91.80
88.51
86.79
86.80
86.81
86.82
86.83
86.85
103.63
107.33
108.47
106.96
106.60
114.75
120.10
122.54
121.98
119.50
115.11
108.21
98.92
95.75
95.81
95.44
95.44
95.44
95.44
97.49
103.64
88.07
88.08
88.09
88.09
88.09
88.08
88.08
88.07
88.07
92.81
97.20
99.21
98.77
96.36
92.93
88.06
88.06
88.06
88.07
88.07
88.08
113.45
119.15
121.90
121.75
124.05
132.91
138.46
140.63
139.44
135.39
129.46
120.80
112.99
110.86
106.56
103.70
103.70
103.69
103.70
105.15
113.47
89.22
89.22
89.22
89.22
89.22
89.22
89.22
89.22
92.81
100.62
105.99
108.76
108.84
106.24
102.00
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.82
1.61
1.61
1.61
1.61
1.61
1.61
1.61
1.61
1.61
1.64
1.71
1.75
1.74
1.70
1.64
1.61
1.61
1.61
1.61
1.61
1.61
1.92
1.99
2.01
1.98
1.98
2.13
2.23
2.27
2.26
2.22
2.14
2.01
1.84
1.78
1.78
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.81
1.92
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.72
1.80
1.84
1.83
1.79
1.72
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
2.11
2.21
2.26
2.26
2.30
2.47
2.57
2.61
2.59
2.51
2.40
2.24
2.10
2.06
1.98
1.92
1.92
1.92
1.92
1.95
2.11
1.66
1.66
1.66
1.66
1.66
1.66
1.66
1.66
1.72
1.87
1.97
2.02
2.02
1.97
1.89
53.84
53.84
53.84
53.84
53.84
66.74
66.29
67.10
66.44
66.37
66.32
66.31
66.32
66.36
66.42
66.48
66.35
66.21
66.13
66.14
66.26
66.47
66.31
66.07
66.01
66.77
53.88
53.88
53.88
53.88
53.88
53.88
53.88
53.88
53.88
53.88
53.88
53.88
53.88
53.88
53.88
53.88
53.88
53.88
53.88
53.88
53.88
66.92
66.51
67.30
66.69
66.62
66.57
66.55
66.56
66.59
66.64
66.70
66.69
66.49
66.36
66.38
66.56
66.69
66.53
66.32
66.09
66.95
87.64
87.64
87.64
87.64
87.64
87.64
87.64
87.64
87.65
87.65
87.65
87.65
87.65
87.64
87.64
87.64
87.64
87.64
87.64
87.64
87.64
67.52
67.20
67.75
67.46
67.39
67.34
67.31
67.30
67.32
67.35
67.39
67.42
67.43
67.30
67.31
92.62
92.63
92.63
92.63
92.63
70.39
69.66
70.49
70.22
70.13
70.09
70.09
70.14
70.22
70.33
70.45
70.33
70.18
70.11
70.12
70.23
70.44
70.17
69.79
69.71
70.40
92.87
98.54
103.55
106.01
105.85
103.07
97.76
92.87
92.87
92.87
92.87
92.87
92.87
92.87
92.87
92.87
92.87
92.88
92.88
92.88
92.88
70.19
69.43
70.42
69.96
69.87
69.83
69.84
69.89
69.98
70.10
70.22
70.28
70.19
70.07
70.09
70.22
70.21
69.93
69.53
69.63
70.22
96.49
105.48
111.87
115.49
116.25
114.32
109.83
102.64
93.18
93.18
93.18
93.18
93.18
93.18
93.18
93.18
93.18
93.18
93.30
93.87
96.54
69.58
68.72
69.95
69.17
69.08
69.04
69.06
69.13
69.23
69.37
69.51
69.55
69.25
69.14
69.16
93.59
93.59
93.59
93.59
93.59
80.82
80.80
80.79
80.78
80.77
80.78
80.79
80.81
80.82
80.84
80.85
83.53
86.97
88.27
87.40
84.38
80.86
80.85
80.83
80.82
80.80
93.41
93.41
93.41
93.41
93.41
93.41
94.65
101.53
105.91
107.68
106.86
103.67
97.93
93.41
93.41
93.41
93.41
93.41
93.41
93.41
93.41
80.83
80.81
80.80
80.79
80.77
80.79
80.80
80.82
80.83
80.85
81.43
87.14
90.71
92.05
91.12
87.95
82.62
80.86
80.84
80.83
80.81
99.59
99.59
99.59
99.59
99.59
99.59
107.96
115.43
120.05
121.71
120.37
116.07
108.90
99.53
99.53
99.53
99.53
99.53
99.53
99.53
99.53
80.84
80.82
80.81
80.80
80.78
80.79
80.81
80.82
80.84
80.85
87.36
93.81
97.97
99.71
99.00
93.59
93.59
93.59
93.59
93.59
80.82
80.80
80.79
80.78
80.77
80.78
80.79
80.81
80.82
80.84
80.85
83.53
86.97
88.27
87.40
84.38
80.86
80.85
80.83
80.82
80.80
93.41
98.54
103.55
106.01
105.85
103.07
97.76
101.53
105.91
107.68
106.86
103.67
97.93
93.41
93.41
93.41
93.41
93.41
93.41
93.41
93.41
80.83
80.81
80.80
80.79
80.77
80.79
80.80
80.82
80.83
80.85
81.43
87.14
90.71
92.05
91.12
87.95
82.62
80.86
80.84
80.83
80.81
99.59
105.48
111.87
115.49
116.25
114.32
109.83
115.43
120.05
121.71
120.37
116.07
108.90
99.53
99.53
99.53
99.53
99.53
99.53
99.53
99.53
80.84
80.82
80.81
80.80
80.78
80.79
80.81
80.82
80.84
80.85
87.36
93.81
97.97
99.71
99.00
Line Length=0.2km
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom Va (kV)
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.55
1.61
1.64
1.62
1.57
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.73
1.83
1.92
1.97
1.96
1.91
1.81
1.88
1.97
2.00
1.98
1.92
1.82
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.51
1.62
1.68
1.71
1.69
1.63
1.53
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.85
1.96
2.08
2.14
2.16
2.12
2.04
2.14
2.23
2.26
2.23
2.15
2.02
1.85
1.85
1.85
1.85
1.85
1.85
1.85
1.85
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.62
1.74
1.82
1.85
1.84
53.80
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
54.00
53.92
56.68
62.23
58.99
55.70
53.92
54.00
54.07
54.13
54.18
54.21
54.24
54.25
54.25
54.23
54.21
54.17
54.12
54.06
53.99
53.81
53.81
53.81
53.81
53.81
53.81
53.81
53.81
53.81
53.81
53.81
53.81
53.81
53.81
53.81
53.81
53.81
53.81
53.81
53.81
53.81
54.02
54.36
57.07
61.78
59.45
56.27
53.94
54.02
54.08
54.14
54.19
54.23
54.25
54.26
54.26
54.25
54.22
54.18
54.13
54.07
54.00
81.33
81.33
81.33
81.33
81.33
81.33
81.33
81.32
81.32
81.33
81.33
81.33
81.33
81.33
81.33
81.33
81.33
81.33
81.33
81.33
81.33
61.58
59.47
59.93
60.49
60.44
59.57
60.01
62.05
63.82
65.22
66.40
67.29
67.85
68.12
68.04
Vb (kV)
Vc (kV)
V Max
(kV)
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom
92.74
92.74
92.74
92.74
92.74
67.85
67.29
65.92
61.98
64.13
66.17
67.64
68.22
68.24
67.78
67.17
65.87
65.43
65.04
65.27
65.50
66.50
67.57
67.42
68.24
67.81
92.92
93.80
98.65
101.06
100.97
98.40
93.39
92.92
92.92
92.92
92.92
92.92
92.92
92.92
92.92
92.92
92.92
92.93
92.93
92.93
92.93
67.59
67.12
66.05
62.43
64.51
65.81
66.63
67.15
67.35
66.12
65.49
64.83
64.06
63.66
63.21
64.20
64.67
66.03
66.85
67.44
67.58
93.38
102.71
109.49
113.57
114.85
113.29
108.94
101.90
93.15
93.15
93.15
93.15
93.15
93.15
93.15
93.15
93.15
93.15
93.15
93.15
93.43
60.87
62.39
62.99
63.73
63.51
62.28
61.83
61.00
62.03
62.84
63.52
64.03
64.35
64.50
64.45
93.51
93.51
93.51
93.51
93.51
80.68
80.68
80.68
80.68
80.68
80.68
80.67
80.67
80.67
80.68
80.68
80.68
82.66
84.02
83.31
80.68
80.68
80.68
80.68
80.67
80.67
93.35
93.35
93.35
93.35
93.35
93.35
93.35
95.05
100.02
102.53
102.52
99.97
94.96
93.35
93.35
93.35
93.35
93.35
93.35
93.35
93.35
80.69
80.68
80.68
80.68
80.68
80.68
80.68
80.67
80.68
80.68
80.68
81.33
84.65
85.90
85.03
82.06
80.68
80.68
80.68
80.68
80.67
97.38
97.38
97.38
97.38
97.38
97.38
104.14
111.75
116.61
118.59
117.65
113.81
107.17
97.87
97.33
97.33
97.33
97.33
97.33
97.33
97.33
80.69
80.69
80.68
80.69
80.68
80.68
80.68
80.68
80.68
80.68
80.69
84.57
88.13
89.96
89.58
93.51
93.51
93.51
93.51
93.51
80.68
80.68
80.68
80.68
80.68
80.68
80.67
80.67
80.67
80.68
80.68
80.68
82.66
84.02
83.31
80.68
80.68
80.68
80.68
80.67
80.67
93.35
93.80
98.65
101.06
100.97
98.40
93.39
95.05
100.02
102.53
102.52
99.97
94.96
93.35
93.35
93.35
93.35
93.35
93.35
93.35
93.35
80.69
80.68
80.68
80.68
80.68
80.68
80.68
80.67
80.68
80.68
80.68
81.33
84.65
85.90
85.03
82.06
80.68
80.68
80.68
80.68
80.67
97.38
102.71
109.49
113.57
114.85
113.29
108.94
111.75
116.61
118.59
117.65
113.81
107.17
97.87
97.33
97.33
97.33
97.33
97.33
97.33
97.33
80.69
80.69
80.68
80.69
80.68
80.68
80.68
80.68
80.68
80.68
80.69
84.57
88.13
89.96
89.58
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.53
1.56
1.55
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.73
1.74
1.83
1.88
1.87
1.83
1.73
1.76
1.86
1.90
1.90
1.86
1.76
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.51
1.57
1.59
1.58
1.52
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.81
1.91
2.03
2.11
2.13
2.10
2.02
2.07
2.16
2.20
2.18
2.11
1.99
1.82
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.57
1.64
1.67
1.66
Simulation 1
Variables
StartSimulation Delay (s)
625
626
627
628
629
630
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
Type of
Fault
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
Line Length=100km
Fault
NER
Duration Size
(s)
(Ohm)
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
1E+06
1E+06
1E+06
1E+06
1E+06
1E+06
Line Length=10km
Va (kV)
Vb (kV)
Vc (kV)
V Max
(kV)
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom
Va (kV)
Vb (kV)
Vc (kV)
V Max
(kV)
89.22
89.22
89.22
89.22
89.22
89.22
78.64
78.65
78.66
78.68
78.69
78.67
96.19
91.71
90.93
88.12
87.25
87.26
96.19
91.71
90.93
89.22
89.22
89.22
1.78
1.70
1.69
1.66
1.66
1.66
67.44
67.37
67.26
67.09
66.87
67.53
69.36
69.51
69.18
68.73
68.85
69.62
95.85
90.35
82.64
80.85
80.84
80.82
95.85
90.35
82.64
80.85
80.84
80.82
Line Length=0.2km
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom Va (kV)
1.78
1.68
1.53
1.50
1.50
1.50
67.76
67.10
66.19
64.99
63.45
61.65
Vb (kV)
Vc (kV)
V Max
(kV)
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom
64.30
63.92
63.40
62.70
61.81
60.77
86.98
82.26
80.68
80.68
80.68
80.68
86.98
82.26
80.68
80.68
80.68
80.68
1.61
1.53
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
Simulation 2
Variables
Line Length=100km
Simulation
StartDelay (s)
Type of
Fault
Fault
Duration (s)
NER
Size
(Ohm)
Va (kV)
Vb (kV)
Vc (kV)
V Max
(kV)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
57.71
59.95
61.97
66.46
69.68
71.46
68.75
71.13
71.60
70.84
68.35
64.53
60.75
58.99
56.41
56.17
55.93
55.82
56.05
56.16
57.68
56.01
58.26
61.17
65.94
69.48
71.45
68.16
70.50
71.24
71.02
68.70
64.16
61.09
58.29
57.48
55.59
57.32
54.76
56.23
57.97
55.98
61.06
61.06
61.06
61.07
61.07
61.07
61.07
61.07
61.07
61.07
61.07
61.07
61.07
61.07
61.07
61.07
61.07
61.07
61.07
61.07
61.07
90.41
88.14
88.52
88.00
86.26
83.45
64.26
60.03
60.15
59.59
91.39
92.96
93.81
94.15
94.13
93.73
92.81
91.18
91.73
91.55
90.40
56.02
56.00
56.00
56.00
56.00
56.00
56.00
56.00
56.00
56.00
56.00
56.00
56.00
56.00
56.00
56.00
56.00
56.00
56.00
57.91
58.38
57.40
55.30
55.61
55.05
56.22
55.98
55.38
56.44
56.77
55.72
56.72
56.49
56.03
56.41
56.21
56.12
56.34
56.32
57.92
71.15
71.62
72.60
69.38
65.62
63.13
58.89
56.69
55.59
55.50
55.37
55.50
55.58
56.66
58.94
61.30
66.20
69.86
70.84
68.42
71.16
65.20
64.26
61.73
57.67
54.77
55.97
56.78
56.36
58.21
58.70
59.67
61.02
61.30
63.17
63.57
63.89
64.29
63.92
64.28
64.55
65.19
62.00
61.15
59.27
60.98
58.61
56.87
55.63
54.02
54.14
54.94
62.20
62.47
62.43
62.26
62.27
62.43
62.46
62.08
60.76
60.49
62.00
73.63
73.89
72.34
72.30
71.89
71.84
72.82
72.14
72.44
73.11
72.08
73.37
73.59
73.29
74.52
74.06
73.83
74.13
74.54
54.77
55.50
56.64
56.74
58.23
59.16
59.05
60.82
61.08
62.56
63.33
62.54
60.20
56.98
56.01
55.12
54.84
54.74
54.98
55.16
54.76
56.39
55.80
56.51
56.38
56.63
58.00
55.69
56.61
57.55
58.07
60.26
60.96
60.16
59.86
60.07
58.79
56.34
56.54
55.95
56.02
56.42
91.06
92.40
91.76
90.05
90.71
89.72
90.17
89.24
90.70
90.90
90.30
91.67
91.50
91.17
92.19
91.60
91.54
91.69
92.00
92.03
91.04
76.62
76.62
75.41
76.16
75.56
75.84
76.27
75.21
78.33
77.08
75.46
76.64
75.92
75.15
75.87
76.46
75.63
76.44
77.01
75.82
76.62
98.62
98.60
97.61
99.32
98.62
97.59
97.27
97.89
97.75
97.32
98.22
97.79
97.40
98.25
97.51
97.33
97.70
97.51
97.55
57.91
59.95
61.97
66.46
69.68
71.46
68.75
71.13
71.60
70.84
68.35
64.53
60.75
58.99
56.41
56.41
56.21
56.12
56.34
56.32
57.92
71.15
71.62
72.60
69.38
69.48
71.45
68.16
70.50
71.24
71.02
68.70
64.16
61.09
59.86
60.07
61.30
66.20
69.86
70.84
68.42
71.16
91.06
92.40
91.76
90.05
90.71
89.72
90.17
89.24
90.70
90.90
90.30
91.67
91.50
91.17
92.19
91.60
91.54
91.69
92.00
92.03
91.04
90.41
88.14
88.52
88.00
86.26
83.45
76.27
75.21
78.33
77.08
91.39
92.96
93.81
94.15
94.13
93.73
92.81
91.18
91.73
91.55
90.40
98.62
98.60
97.61
99.32
98.62
97.59
97.27
97.89
97.75
97.32
98.22
97.79
97.40
98.25
97.51
97.33
97.70
97.51
97.55
Line Length=10km
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom Va (kV)
1.07
1.11
1.15
1.23
1.29
1.33
1.28
1.32
1.33
1.31
1.27
1.20
1.13
1.09
1.05
1.05
1.04
1.04
1.05
1.05
1.07
1.32
1.33
1.35
1.29
1.29
1.33
1.26
1.31
1.32
1.32
1.27
1.19
1.13
1.11
1.11
1.14
1.23
1.30
1.31
1.27
1.32
1.69
1.71
1.70
1.67
1.68
1.66
1.67
1.66
1.68
1.69
1.68
1.70
1.70
1.69
1.71
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.71
1.71
1.69
1.68
1.64
1.64
1.63
1.60
1.55
1.42
1.40
1.45
1.43
1.70
1.73
1.74
1.75
1.75
1.74
1.72
1.69
1.70
1.70
1.68
1.83
1.83
1.81
1.84
1.83
1.81
1.81
1.82
1.81
1.81
1.82
1.81
1.81
1.82
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
53.78
53.78
56.70
62.30
67.23
70.67
71.06
72.77
70.95
69.47
65.58
60.40
53.96
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
55.81
61.92
66.58
70.37
71.40
72.78
71.33
69.68
64.88
59.72
54.28
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
56.44
56.44
56.44
56.40
56.40
56.40
56.40
56.40
56.40
56.40
56.40
56.40
56.40
56.40
56.40
56.40
56.40
56.40
56.40
56.40
56.40
82.28
79.43
80.24
80.96
81.02
78.96
59.33
55.54
53.78
53.78
88.32
89.39
90.08
90.41
90.39
90.01
89.28
88.16
86.63
84.68
82.27
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
Vb (kV)
Vc (kV)
V Max
(kV)
57.79
58.26
57.30
54.93
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
55.50
56.72
57.06
56.52
55.75
55.51
56.10
56.85
57.81
71.89
72.45
69.71
67.22
62.57
56.30
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
55.50
56.81
57.00
56.54
61.84
67.06
70.24
71.41
71.89
60.55
58.63
57.74
55.42
54.40
54.45
55.01
55.67
56.43
57.29
58.23
59.23
60.27
61.28
62.21
62.98
63.49
63.61
63.23
62.23
60.56
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
54.46
55.84
56.08
56.40
56.44
57.01
56.29
56.33
57.15
56.69
55.87
55.35
54.97
53.78
71.18
70.95
70.95
70.95
70.99
71.05
71.13
71.24
71.39
71.57
71.79
72.07
72.39
72.76
73.14
73.50
73.77
73.84
73.56
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
55.42
56.46
56.88
55.90
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
54.81
56.68
56.90
56.22
55.26
54.88
55.31
58.08
59.76
59.96
58.68
55.97
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
90.61
89.85
88.80
88.62
88.71
88.86
89.03
89.22
89.45
89.70
89.98
90.27
90.56
90.85
91.11
91.32
91.45
91.49
91.38
91.10
90.60
75.16
75.24
75.31
75.36
75.35
75.27
75.06
74.84
76.85
74.83
74.83
74.83
74.83
74.83
74.86
74.89
74.93
74.98
75.03
75.09
75.17
96.85
96.85
96.85
96.85
96.85
96.85
96.85
96.85
96.85
96.85
96.87
96.91
96.95
97.00
97.05
97.09
97.13
97.13
97.10
57.79
58.26
57.30
62.30
67.23
70.67
71.06
72.77
70.95
69.47
65.58
60.40
56.46
56.88
57.06
56.52
55.75
55.51
56.10
56.85
57.81
71.89
72.45
69.71
67.22
66.58
70.37
71.40
72.78
71.33
69.68
64.88
59.72
58.08
59.76
59.96
58.68
61.84
67.06
70.24
71.41
71.89
90.61
89.85
88.80
88.62
88.71
88.86
89.03
89.22
89.45
89.70
89.98
90.27
90.56
90.85
91.11
91.32
91.45
91.49
91.38
91.10
90.60
82.28
79.43
80.24
80.96
81.02
78.96
75.06
74.84
76.85
74.83
88.32
89.39
90.08
90.41
90.39
90.01
89.28
88.16
86.63
84.68
82.27
96.85
96.85
96.85
96.85
96.85
96.85
96.85
96.85
96.85
96.85
96.87
96.91
96.95
97.00
97.05
97.09
97.13
97.13
97.10
Line Length=0.2km
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom
Va (kV)
Vb (kV)
Vc (kV)
V Max
(kV)
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom
1.07
1.08
1.06
1.16
1.25
1.31
1.32
1.35
1.32
1.29
1.22
1.12
1.05
1.06
1.06
1.05
1.03
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.07
1.33
1.34
1.29
1.25
1.24
1.31
1.32
1.35
1.32
1.29
1.20
1.11
1.08
1.11
1.11
1.09
1.15
1.24
1.30
1.33
1.33
1.68
1.67
1.65
1.64
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.66
1.66
1.66
1.67
1.68
1.68
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.69
1.68
1.53
1.47
1.49
1.50
1.50
1.47
1.39
1.39
1.43
1.39
1.64
1.66
1.67
1.68
1.68
1.67
1.66
1.64
1.61
1.57
1.53
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
53.77
53.77
53.77
57.19
61.83
64.46
65.97
66.44
65.64
63.12
60.08
55.17
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
57.76
62.74
65.68
66.06
67.09
65.68
63.87
59.76
54.86
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
82.27
79.43
76.17
75.20
74.91
74.03
54.42
53.77
53.77
53.77
88.31
89.38
90.07
90.39
90.37
90.00
89.27
88.14
86.62
84.66
82.26
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
57.78
58.26
57.29
54.92
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
55.94
56.70
57.25
56.27
55.60
55.31
56.14
56.95
57.80
66.14
65.92
63.93
60.57
56.41
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
56.16
57.11
57.24
56.50
57.12
62.07
65.27
65.32
66.14
60.43
58.62
57.73
55.41
55.27
55.27
55.27
55.70
56.46
57.32
58.26
59.26
60.29
61.30
62.23
63.00
63.49
63.61
63.23
62.21
60.44
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
54.71
56.38
56.57
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
71.15
70.94
70.94
70.96
71.00
71.06
71.15
71.26
71.40
71.59
71.82
72.09
72.41
72.77
73.15
73.50
73.76
73.83
73.56
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
54.64
56.45
56.88
55.90
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
55.39
56.63
56.85
56.06
54.88
54.48
55.06
58.07
59.75
59.95
58.68
55.96
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
90.62
89.87
88.83
88.60
88.71
88.85
89.02
89.22
89.45
89.70
89.98
90.27
90.56
90.85
91.10
91.31
91.44
91.47
91.38
91.10
90.61
75.15
75.22
75.29
75.32
75.32
75.24
75.03
74.83
76.84
74.82
74.82
74.82
74.82
74.83
74.85
74.88
74.92
74.97
75.02
75.09
75.16
96.83
96.84
96.84
96.84
96.84
96.84
96.84
96.84
96.84
96.84
96.87
96.90
96.95
96.99
97.04
97.08
97.11
97.12
97.09
57.78
58.26
57.29
57.19
61.83
64.46
65.97
66.44
65.64
63.12
60.08
55.17
56.45
56.88
57.25
56.27
55.60
55.31
56.14
56.95
57.80
66.14
65.92
63.93
60.57
62.74
65.68
66.06
67.09
65.68
63.87
59.76
55.06
58.07
59.75
59.95
58.68
57.12
62.07
65.27
65.32
66.14
90.62
89.87
88.83
88.60
88.71
88.85
89.02
89.22
89.45
89.70
89.98
90.27
90.56
90.85
91.10
91.31
91.44
91.47
91.38
91.10
90.61
82.27
79.43
76.17
75.32
75.32
75.24
75.03
74.83
76.84
74.82
88.31
89.38
90.07
90.39
90.37
90.00
89.27
88.14
86.62
84.66
82.26
96.83
96.84
96.84
96.84
96.84
96.84
96.84
96.84
96.84
96.84
96.87
96.90
96.95
96.99
97.04
97.08
97.11
97.12
97.09
1.07
1.08
1.06
1.06
1.15
1.20
1.22
1.23
1.22
1.17
1.11
1.02
1.05
1.06
1.06
1.04
1.03
1.03
1.04
1.06
1.07
1.23
1.22
1.19
1.12
1.16
1.22
1.23
1.24
1.22
1.19
1.11
1.02
1.08
1.11
1.11
1.09
1.06
1.15
1.21
1.21
1.23
1.68
1.67
1.65
1.64
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.66
1.66
1.66
1.67
1.68
1.68
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.69
1.68
1.53
1.47
1.41
1.40
1.40
1.40
1.39
1.39
1.43
1.39
1.64
1.66
1.67
1.68
1.68
1.67
1.66
1.64
1.61
1.57
1.53
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
Simulation 2
Variables
Line Length=100km
Simulation
StartDelay (s)
Type of
Fault
Fault
Duration (s)
NER
Size
(Ohm)
Va (kV)
Vb (kV)
Vc (kV)
V Max
(kV)
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
56.00
56.00
96.34
94.12
90.39
88.39
86.59
63.63
57.78
56.59
55.78
56.26
56.11
98.64
99.21
99.37
99.36
99.17
98.52
97.05
96.72
97.13
96.32
55.95
55.95
55.95
55.95
55.95
55.95
55.95
55.95
55.95
55.95
55.95
55.95
55.95
55.95
55.95
55.95
55.95
55.95
55.95
55.95
55.97
99.08
96.80
92.84
90.94
65.94
62.03
60.75
57.15
55.81
55.93
55.87
55.70
100.07
100.14
100.14
100.04
99.50
98.05
99.06
99.76
99.07
55.38
55.38
55.38
55.38
55.38
55.38
55.38
55.38
55.38
55.38
55.38
55.38
55.38
55.38
55.38
55.38
55.38
55.38
55.38
55.39
55.39
100.17
97.79
94.00
93.58
66.37
63.04
60.87
58.48
56.81
55.32
55.44
55.24
99.84
99.87
99.87
99.82
99.30
74.71
73.63
55.92
55.63
57.15
56.40
55.54
60.16
62.55
55.34
58.31
55.93
57.64
55.89
56.51
56.72
56.71
56.45
55.83
55.70
56.51
57.03
55.92
79.64
80.65
79.72
80.07
79.18
79.79
80.38
79.19
79.99
80.27
79.24
80.24
80.12
79.90
80.68
80.03
79.77
80.00
80.43
80.94
79.65
55.50
56.71
56.78
55.36
58.24
61.93
63.87
62.41
57.67
55.23
58.03
56.30
55.86
56.06
56.04
55.83
55.78
56.33
56.86
56.19
55.49
83.97
85.52
84.97
83.89
83.10
83.90
84.14
83.11
83.99
83.93
83.28
84.04
83.58
83.74
84.23
83.31
83.31
83.51
83.99
84.52
83.98
55.33
56.40
55.62
54.96
59.73
62.25
64.49
64.82
62.38
55.61
58.07
55.88
55.26
55.33
55.32
55.26
55.45
97.37
98.60
80.44
79.92
79.10
79.72
79.08
79.64
79.67
91.65
87.40
85.96
82.27
83.55
82.76
79.94
79.94
79.95
79.16
80.45
80.32
79.27
80.44
99.58
98.51
100.36
101.22
99.64
100.90
101.02
98.83
98.42
98.84
99.04
98.43
98.86
98.92
98.32
98.48
98.34
98.19
98.23
98.57
99.55
81.34
80.55
80.29
80.58
80.02
80.63
80.48
81.72
92.04
90.94
86.56
86.65
85.76
82.76
80.78
80.52
80.32
81.29
80.83
80.49
81.34
99.06
98.16
100.75
101.00
100.75
102.89
102.53
99.65
98.96
98.76
98.43
98.10
98.83
98.32
98.03
98.42
97.98
97.98
97.99
98.58
99.03
81.64
80.69
80.78
80.87
80.37
81.01
80.73
82.34
83.70
93.88
89.43
88.03
87.03
83.89
81.01
80.59
80.78
97.37
98.60
96.34
94.12
90.39
88.39
86.59
79.64
79.67
91.65
87.40
85.96
82.27
98.64
99.21
99.37
99.36
99.17
98.52
97.05
96.72
97.13
96.32
99.58
98.51
100.36
101.22
99.64
100.90
101.02
98.83
98.42
98.84
99.04
98.43
98.86
98.92
98.32
98.48
98.34
98.19
98.23
98.57
99.55
99.08
96.80
92.84
90.94
80.02
80.63
80.48
81.72
92.04
90.94
86.56
86.65
100.07
100.14
100.14
100.04
99.50
98.05
99.06
99.76
99.07
99.06
98.16
100.75
101.00
100.75
102.89
102.53
99.65
98.96
98.76
98.43
98.10
98.83
98.32
98.03
98.42
97.98
97.98
97.99
98.58
99.03
100.17
97.79
94.00
93.58
80.37
81.01
80.73
82.34
83.70
93.88
89.43
88.03
99.84
99.87
99.87
99.82
99.30
Line Length=10km
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom Va (kV)
1.81
1.83
1.79
1.75
1.68
1.64
1.61
1.48
1.48
1.70
1.62
1.60
1.53
1.83
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.83
1.80
1.79
1.80
1.79
1.85
1.83
1.86
1.88
1.85
1.87
1.87
1.83
1.83
1.83
1.84
1.83
1.83
1.84
1.82
1.83
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.83
1.85
1.84
1.80
1.72
1.69
1.48
1.50
1.49
1.52
1.71
1.69
1.61
1.61
1.86
1.86
1.86
1.86
1.85
1.82
1.84
1.85
1.84
1.84
1.82
1.87
1.87
1.87
1.91
1.90
1.85
1.84
1.83
1.83
1.82
1.83
1.82
1.82
1.83
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.83
1.84
1.86
1.81
1.74
1.74
1.49
1.50
1.50
1.53
1.55
1.74
1.66
1.63
1.85
1.85
1.85
1.85
1.84
53.78
53.78
89.37
86.46
82.92
78.77
76.70
57.58
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
95.60
96.09
96.32
96.30
96.04
95.52
94.66
93.40
91.66
89.36
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
92.48
89.95
86.59
82.54
59.32
57.24
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
97.39
97.51
97.50
97.36
97.05
96.51
95.64
94.34
92.47
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
93.98
91.83
88.92
84.99
60.41
54.19
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
97.45
97.51
97.51
97.44
97.27
Vb (kV)
Vc (kV)
V Max
(kV)
72.74
71.21
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
54.33
54.42
56.58
56.48
56.52
56.46
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
78.90
78.90
78.90
78.90
78.90
78.90
78.90
78.90
78.90
78.94
78.99
79.05
79.14
79.26
79.39
79.54
79.66
79.70
79.53
78.97
78.90
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
61.09
59.37
56.56
57.09
55.42
55.43
55.36
55.28
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
82.90
82.90
82.90
82.90
82.90
82.90
82.90
82.90
82.90
82.90
82.90
82.90
82.90
82.94
82.99
83.04
83.10
83.12
83.02
82.91
82.91
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
59.69
62.70
59.93
55.31
56.93
54.57
54.52
54.53
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
96.99
96.85
78.88
78.88
78.88
78.88
78.88
78.88
78.88
88.53
86.13
83.37
80.40
78.88
78.88
78.88
78.88
78.88
78.88
78.88
78.88
78.88
78.88
97.92
97.92
97.92
97.92
97.92
97.92
97.92
97.92
97.92
97.92
97.92
97.92
97.92
97.92
97.92
97.92
97.92
97.92
97.92
97.92
97.92
79.82
79.82
79.82
79.82
79.82
79.82
79.82
79.82
90.05
87.46
84.42
81.27
79.82
79.82
79.82
79.82
79.82
79.82
79.82
79.82
79.82
97.71
97.71
97.71
97.71
97.71
97.71
97.71
97.71
97.71
97.71
97.71
97.71
97.71
97.71
97.71
97.71
97.71
97.71
97.71
97.71
97.71
80.17
80.17
80.17
80.17
80.17
80.17
80.17
80.17
80.17
89.70
86.83
83.86
80.17
80.17
80.17
80.17
80.17
96.99
96.85
89.37
86.46
82.92
78.88
78.88
78.88
78.88
88.53
86.13
83.37
80.40
95.60
96.09
96.32
96.30
96.04
95.52
94.66
93.40
91.66
89.36
97.92
97.92
97.92
97.92
97.92
97.92
97.92
97.92
97.92
97.92
97.92
97.92
97.92
97.92
97.92
97.92
97.92
97.92
97.92
97.92
97.92
92.48
89.95
86.59
82.54
79.82
79.82
79.82
79.82
90.05
87.46
84.42
81.27
97.39
97.51
97.50
97.36
97.05
96.51
95.64
94.34
92.47
97.71
97.71
97.71
97.71
97.71
97.71
97.71
97.71
97.71
97.71
97.71
97.71
97.71
97.71
97.71
97.71
97.71
97.71
97.71
97.71
97.71
93.98
91.83
88.92
84.99
80.17
80.17
80.17
80.17
80.17
89.70
86.83
83.86
97.45
97.51
97.51
97.44
97.27
Line Length=0.2km
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom
Va (kV)
Vb (kV)
Vc (kV)
V Max
(kV)
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom
1.80
1.80
1.66
1.60
1.54
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.64
1.60
1.55
1.49
1.77
1.78
1.79
1.79
1.78
1.77
1.76
1.73
1.70
1.66
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.72
1.67
1.61
1.53
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.67
1.62
1.57
1.51
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.80
1.79
1.77
1.75
1.72
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.74
1.70
1.65
1.58
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.66
1.61
1.56
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
53.77
53.77
89.35
86.44
82.88
78.68
73.86
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
95.58
96.07
96.30
96.28
96.03
95.50
94.64
93.38
91.64
89.34
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
92.45
89.89
86.58
82.47
56.46
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
97.37
97.49
97.48
97.34
97.03
96.49
95.62
94.31
92.43
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
93.95
91.79
88.81
84.92
54.22
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
97.43
97.49
97.49
97.42
97.25
72.75
71.18
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
55.84
56.93
56.74
56.72
56.67
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
78.88
78.88
78.88
78.88
78.88
78.88
78.88
78.89
78.92
78.96
79.01
79.07
79.16
79.27
79.40
79.54
79.66
79.69
79.53
78.98
78.89
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
55.11
53.77
55.89
56.59
55.50
55.46
55.37
55.33
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
82.89
82.89
82.89
82.89
82.89
82.89
82.89
82.89
82.89
82.89
82.89
82.89
82.92
82.95
82.99
83.04
83.09
83.11
83.02
82.89
82.89
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
57.93
56.08
55.21
56.62
56.36
54.33
54.18
54.23
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
96.99
96.84
78.87
78.87
78.87
78.87
78.87
78.87
78.87
88.51
86.11
83.34
80.22
78.87
78.87
78.87
78.87
78.87
78.87
78.87
78.87
78.87
78.87
97.90
97.90
97.90
97.90
97.90
97.90
97.90
97.90
97.90
97.90
97.90
97.90
97.90
97.90
97.90
97.90
97.90
97.90
97.90
97.90
97.90
79.81
79.81
79.81
79.80
79.81
79.81
79.81
79.81
90.03
87.38
84.29
80.79
79.80
79.80
79.80
79.80
79.80
79.80
79.81
79.81
79.81
97.69
97.69
97.69
97.69
97.69
97.69
97.69
97.69
97.69
97.69
97.69
97.69
97.69
97.69
97.69
97.69
97.69
97.69
97.69
97.69
97.69
80.16
80.16
80.16
80.16
80.16
80.16
80.16
80.16
80.16
89.62
86.69
83.34
80.16
80.16
80.16
80.15
80.15
96.99
96.84
89.35
86.44
82.88
78.87
78.87
78.87
78.87
88.51
86.11
83.34
80.22
95.58
96.07
96.30
96.28
96.03
95.50
94.64
93.38
91.64
89.34
97.90
97.90
97.90
97.90
97.90
97.90
97.90
97.90
97.90
97.90
97.90
97.90
97.90
97.90
97.90
97.90
97.90
97.90
97.90
97.90
97.90
92.45
89.89
86.58
82.47
79.81
79.81
79.81
79.81
90.03
87.38
84.29
80.79
97.37
97.49
97.48
97.34
97.03
96.49
95.62
94.31
92.43
97.69
97.69
97.69
97.69
97.69
97.69
97.69
97.69
97.69
97.69
97.69
97.69
97.69
97.69
97.69
97.69
97.69
97.69
97.69
97.69
97.69
93.95
91.79
88.81
84.92
80.16
80.16
80.16
80.16
80.16
89.62
86.69
83.34
97.43
97.49
97.49
97.42
97.25
1.80
1.80
1.66
1.60
1.54
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.64
1.60
1.55
1.49
1.77
1.78
1.79
1.79
1.78
1.77
1.76
1.73
1.70
1.66
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.72
1.67
1.61
1.53
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.67
1.62
1.56
1.50
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.80
1.79
1.77
1.75
1.72
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.74
1.70
1.65
1.58
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.66
1.61
1.55
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.80
Simulation 2
Variables
Line Length=100km
Simulation
StartDelay (s)
Type of
Fault
Fault
Duration (s)
NER
Size
(Ohm)
Va (kV)
Vb (kV)
Vc (kV)
V Max
(kV)
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
20
20
20
20
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
98.45
100.01
100.84
100.15
54.83
54.83
54.83
54.83
54.83
54.83
54.83
54.83
54.83
54.83
54.83
54.83
54.83
54.83
54.83
54.83
54.83
54.83
54.83
54.84
54.84
100.35
97.85
96.58
73.04
67.04
63.88
61.53
58.42
58.00
56.21
55.01
54.70
54.74
99.37
99.37
99.34
98.81
98.68
100.23
101.07
100.34
54.39
54.39
54.39
54.39
54.39
54.39
54.39
54.39
54.39
54.39
54.39
54.39
54.39
54.39
54.39
54.39
54.39
54.39
54.40
54.40
54.40
100.07
97.45
98.94
73.32
67.83
64.43
62.15
58.83
58.41
57.34
54.53
54.63
54.82
98.86
98.86
98.84
98.30
98.64
100.06
100.87
100.06
54.14
54.14
54.14
54.14
54.14
54.14
54.14
54.14
54.14
54.14
54.14
54.14
54.14
54.14
54.14
56.14
56.15
55.08
55.31
87.16
89.05
88.76
86.33
85.44
86.27
86.25
85.45
86.32
86.00
85.67
86.26
85.66
86.10
86.39
85.53
85.56
85.74
86.26
86.69
87.17
55.32
55.86
55.15
59.07
62.39
62.68
64.81
65.34
64.01
59.86
57.82
55.33
56.10
54.76
54.76
54.79
55.14
55.69
55.42
54.58
55.29
89.54
91.66
91.53
89.20
86.95
87.78
87.54
86.96
87.80
87.28
87.20
87.67
87.15
87.64
87.77
87.03
87.08
87.24
87.77
88.09
89.56
55.17
55.38
54.78
59.10
63.49
64.17
65.08
65.66
64.54
61.52
56.70
55.71
56.67
54.34
54.33
54.41
54.85
55.27
55.05
54.16
55.15
91.34
93.61
93.59
91.31
87.99
88.80
88.40
88.01
88.82
88.15
88.24
88.61
88.17
88.70
88.70
81.52
80.88
80.98
81.65
98.29
98.29
100.44
100.25
101.74
103.54
102.83
101.42
102.29
100.64
97.72
97.92
98.43
97.66
97.63
98.02
97.56
97.56
97.56
98.25
98.27
81.78
80.69
81.04
81.00
80.57
81.23
80.83
82.66
83.91
84.24
91.19
88.59
87.50
84.26
83.30
81.97
81.02
81.58
80.82
81.24
81.78
97.56
98.14
99.95
99.43
102.10
103.63
102.66
103.97
104.59
102.64
98.17
97.67
97.97
97.24
97.32
97.59
97.15
97.15
97.23
97.83
97.54
81.86
80.66
81.19
81.06
80.69
81.36
80.88
82.85
84.02
84.55
87.74
88.76
87.59
85.54
85.50
84.21
81.52
81.58
80.75
81.40
81.86
96.93
97.90
99.45
98.68
102.19
103.50
102.72
105.76
106.19
104.00
99.27
97.42
97.55
96.86
97.03
98.45
100.01
100.84
100.15
98.29
98.29
100.44
100.25
101.74
103.54
102.83
101.42
102.29
100.64
97.72
97.92
98.43
97.66
97.63
98.02
97.56
97.56
97.56
98.25
98.27
100.35
97.85
96.58
81.00
80.57
81.23
80.83
82.66
83.91
84.24
91.19
88.59
87.50
99.37
99.37
99.34
98.81
98.68
100.23
101.07
100.34
97.56
98.14
99.95
99.43
102.10
103.63
102.66
103.97
104.59
102.64
98.17
97.67
97.97
97.24
97.32
97.59
97.15
97.15
97.23
97.83
97.54
100.07
97.45
98.94
81.06
80.69
81.36
80.88
82.85
84.02
84.55
87.74
88.76
87.59
98.86
98.86
98.84
98.30
98.64
100.06
100.87
100.06
96.93
97.90
99.45
98.68
102.19
103.50
102.72
105.76
106.19
104.00
99.27
97.42
97.55
96.86
97.03
Line Length=10km
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom Va (kV)
1.83
1.86
1.87
1.86
1.82
1.82
1.86
1.86
1.89
1.92
1.91
1.88
1.90
1.87
1.81
1.82
1.83
1.81
1.81
1.82
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.82
1.82
1.86
1.82
1.79
1.50
1.50
1.51
1.50
1.53
1.56
1.56
1.69
1.64
1.62
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.83
1.83
1.86
1.88
1.86
1.81
1.82
1.85
1.85
1.89
1.92
1.91
1.93
1.94
1.90
1.82
1.81
1.82
1.80
1.81
1.81
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.82
1.81
1.86
1.81
1.84
1.50
1.50
1.51
1.50
1.54
1.56
1.57
1.63
1.65
1.63
1.83
1.83
1.83
1.82
1.83
1.86
1.87
1.86
1.80
1.82
1.85
1.83
1.90
1.92
1.91
1.96
1.97
1.93
1.84
1.81
1.81
1.80
1.80
96.95
96.38
95.43
93.96
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
94.76
92.93
90.28
69.84
61.40
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
97.20
97.20
97.17
97.08
96.90
96.54
95.88
94.75
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
95.14
93.67
91.30
69.25
62.34
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
96.84
96.82
96.78
96.67
96.45
95.99
95.13
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
Vb (kV)
Vc (kV)
V Max
(kV)
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
85.23
85.23
85.23
85.23
85.23
85.23
85.23
85.23
85.23
85.23
85.23
85.23
85.23
85.23
85.23
85.23
85.25
85.26
85.23
85.23
85.23
53.78
53.78
53.78
60.11
60.45
64.63
62.70
57.76
55.44
55.74
54.70
54.03
54.03
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
86.72
86.72
86.72
86.72
86.72
86.72
86.72
86.72
86.72
86.72
86.72
86.72
86.72
86.72
86.72
86.72
86.72
86.72
86.73
86.73
86.73
53.78
53.78
53.78
61.48
62.67
63.67
65.26
60.48
55.99
55.36
54.24
53.95
53.88
53.86
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
87.76
87.76
87.76
87.76
87.76
87.76
87.76
87.76
87.76
87.76
87.76
87.76
87.76
87.76
87.76
80.17
80.17
80.17
80.17
97.29
97.29
97.29
97.29
97.29
97.29
97.29
97.29
97.29
97.29
97.29
97.29
97.29
97.29
97.29
97.29
97.29
97.29
97.29
97.29
97.29
80.34
80.34
80.34
80.34
80.34
80.34
80.34
80.34
80.34
80.34
80.33
85.52
82.33
81.21
81.14
80.33
80.33
80.33
80.34
80.34
80.34
96.88
96.88
96.88
96.88
96.88
96.88
96.88
96.88
96.88
96.88
96.88
96.88
96.88
96.88
96.88
96.88
96.88
96.88
96.88
96.88
96.88
80.43
80.43
80.43
80.44
80.43
80.43
80.43
80.43
80.43
80.43
80.43
80.43
80.43
80.43
83.24
82.00
80.43
80.43
80.43
80.43
80.43
96.52
96.52
96.52
96.52
96.52
96.52
96.52
96.52
96.52
96.52
96.52
96.52
96.52
96.52
96.52
96.95
96.38
95.43
93.96
97.29
97.29
97.29
97.29
97.29
97.29
97.29
97.29
97.29
97.29
97.29
97.29
97.29
97.29
97.29
97.29
97.29
97.29
97.29
97.29
97.29
94.76
92.93
90.28
80.34
80.34
80.34
80.34
80.34
80.34
80.34
80.33
85.52
82.33
97.20
97.20
97.17
97.08
96.90
96.54
95.88
94.75
96.88
96.88
96.88
96.88
96.88
96.88
96.88
96.88
96.88
96.88
96.88
96.88
96.88
96.88
96.88
96.88
96.88
96.88
96.88
96.88
96.88
95.14
93.67
91.30
80.44
80.43
80.43
80.43
80.43
80.43
80.43
80.43
80.43
80.43
80.43
96.84
96.82
96.78
96.67
96.45
95.99
95.13
96.52
96.52
96.52
96.52
96.52
96.52
96.52
96.52
96.52
96.52
96.52
96.52
96.52
96.52
96.52
Line Length=0.2km
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom
Va (kV)
Vb (kV)
Vc (kV)
V Max
(kV)
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom
1.80
1.79
1.77
1.74
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.76
1.72
1.68
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.59
1.53
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.79
1.78
1.76
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.77
1.74
1.69
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.79
1.79
1.78
1.77
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
96.93
96.35
95.41
93.94
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
94.71
92.89
90.23
64.30
54.93
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
97.18
97.18
97.14
97.06
96.87
96.51
95.84
94.70
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
95.08
93.56
91.18
63.79
55.94
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
96.82
96.80
96.75
96.65
96.42
95.96
95.07
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
85.21
85.21
85.21
85.21
85.21
85.21
85.21
85.21
85.21
85.21
85.21
85.21
85.21
85.21
85.21
85.23
85.24
85.25
85.21
85.22
85.22
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
57.49
58.60
56.30
56.12
56.14
55.50
54.44
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
86.71
86.71
86.71
86.71
86.71
86.71
86.71
86.71
86.71
86.71
86.71
86.71
86.71
86.71
86.71
86.71
86.71
86.71
86.72
86.72
86.72
53.77
53.77
53.77
55.65
56.47
60.37
57.67
55.73
55.87
54.98
53.94
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
87.74
87.74
87.74
87.74
87.74
87.74
87.74
87.74
87.74
87.74
87.74
87.74
87.74
87.74
87.74
80.16
80.16
80.16
80.16
97.27
97.27
97.27
97.27
97.27
97.27
97.27
97.27
97.27
97.27
97.27
97.27
97.27
97.27
97.27
97.27
97.27
97.27
97.27
97.27
97.27
80.33
80.33
80.32
80.33
80.33
80.33
80.33
80.33
80.32
80.32
80.32
85.06
81.78
80.76
80.69
80.32
80.32
80.32
80.32
80.33
80.33
96.86
96.86
96.86
96.86
96.86
96.86
96.86
96.86
96.86
96.86
96.86
96.86
96.86
96.86
96.86
96.86
96.86
96.86
96.86
96.86
96.86
80.42
80.42
80.42
80.42
80.42
80.42
80.42
80.42
80.42
80.42
80.42
80.42
80.42
80.60
82.82
81.55
80.42
80.42
80.42
80.42
80.42
96.50
96.50
96.50
96.50
96.50
96.50
96.50
96.50
96.50
96.50
96.50
96.50
96.50
96.50
96.50
96.93
96.35
95.41
93.94
97.27
97.27
97.27
97.27
97.27
97.27
97.27
97.27
97.27
97.27
97.27
97.27
97.27
97.27
97.27
97.27
97.27
97.27
97.27
97.27
97.27
94.71
92.89
90.23
80.33
80.33
80.33
80.33
80.33
80.32
80.32
80.32
85.06
81.78
97.18
97.18
97.14
97.06
96.87
96.51
95.84
94.70
96.86
96.86
96.86
96.86
96.86
96.86
96.86
96.86
96.86
96.86
96.86
96.86
96.86
96.86
96.86
96.86
96.86
96.86
96.86
96.86
96.86
95.08
93.56
91.18
80.42
80.42
80.42
80.42
80.42
80.42
80.42
80.42
80.42
80.42
80.60
96.82
96.80
96.75
96.65
96.42
95.96
95.07
96.50
96.50
96.50
96.50
96.50
96.50
96.50
96.50
96.50
96.50
96.50
96.50
96.50
96.50
96.50
1.80
1.79
1.77
1.74
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.76
1.72
1.67
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.58
1.52
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.79
1.78
1.76
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.76
1.74
1.69
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.50
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.79
1.79
1.78
1.76
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
Simulation 2
Variables
Line Length=100km
Simulation
StartDelay (s)
Type of
Fault
Fault
Duration (s)
NER
Size
(Ohm)
Va (kV)
Vb (kV)
Vc (kV)
V Max
(kV)
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
54.14
54.14
54.14
54.12
54.12
54.12
99.58
99.37
100.90
73.50
68.52
64.76
62.67
59.30
58.90
57.81
55.34
54.01
54.71
54.35
54.39
98.39
97.84
98.49
99.71
100.47
99.57
54.08
54.08
54.08
54.08
54.08
54.08
54.08
54.08
54.08
54.08
54.08
54.08
54.08
54.08
54.08
54.08
54.08
54.08
54.06
54.06
54.06
99.55
101.08
102.76
73.49
68.91
65.02
63.07
59.73
59.32
58.02
56.01
54.21
54.48
54.32
54.36
54.43
54.21
98.29
99.29
99.97
99.56
54.04
54.04
54.04
54.04
54.04
54.04
54.04
54.04
54.04
54.04
54.04
54.04
54.04
54.04
54.04
54.04
54.04
54.04
54.02
54.02
54.02
100.41
102.62
104.33
73.44
69.23
65.15
63.34
60.11
59.59
58.19
56.40
54.45
54.16
88.06
88.16
88.30
88.83
89.03
91.36
54.97
55.14
54.48
59.29
64.28
65.65
65.26
65.86
64.86
62.12
58.21
55.65
55.49
55.90
55.96
54.13
54.61
54.93
54.84
54.00
54.94
92.73
95.09
95.14
92.88
88.77
89.54
89.01
88.77
89.55
88.88
88.98
89.28
88.90
89.48
89.35
88.81
88.97
89.08
89.60
89.70
92.75
54.78
55.04
54.25
59.31
64.67
66.65
66.08
66.01
65.06
62.47
60.24
55.35
55.30
55.67
55.63
55.33
55.72
54.69
54.65
54.02
54.75
93.81
96.22
96.30
94.04
89.47
90.09
89.45
89.34
90.10
89.43
89.52
89.76
89.58
90.07
89.82
89.38
89.60
89.68
90.19
90.20
93.83
54.63
54.96
54.08
59.34
64.81
67.23
67.27
66.18
65.20
62.68
59.73
55.85
55.21
97.18
96.79
96.79
96.91
97.43
96.91
81.91
80.68
81.30
81.09
80.77
81.44
80.91
82.97
84.09
84.66
87.78
88.74
87.51
84.12
81.05
85.83
83.22
81.57
80.67
81.52
81.91
96.48
97.64
98.98
98.52
102.17
103.31
104.10
107.02
107.29
104.92
99.97
97.19
97.19
96.53
96.78
96.83
96.48
96.48
96.62
97.06
96.50
81.95
80.71
81.37
81.11
80.83
81.51
80.94
83.05
84.12
84.67
87.73
88.63
87.34
83.90
81.02
80.69
81.36
81.56
80.70
81.62
81.95
96.22
97.41
98.55
98.60
102.13
103.15
105.08
107.89
108.04
105.51
100.41
97.00
96.87
96.25
96.57
96.53
96.22
96.22
96.36
96.74
96.22
81.98
80.73
81.43
81.12
80.87
81.57
80.96
83.10
84.13
84.62
87.62
88.47
87.13
97.18
96.79
96.79
96.91
97.43
96.91
99.58
99.37
100.90
81.09
80.77
81.44
80.91
82.97
84.09
84.66
87.78
88.74
87.51
84.12
81.05
98.39
97.84
98.49
99.71
100.47
99.57
96.48
97.64
98.98
98.52
102.17
103.31
104.10
107.02
107.29
104.92
99.97
97.19
97.19
96.53
96.78
96.83
96.48
96.48
96.62
97.06
96.50
99.55
101.08
102.76
81.11
80.83
81.51
80.94
83.05
84.12
84.67
87.73
88.63
87.34
83.90
81.02
80.69
81.36
98.29
99.29
99.97
99.56
96.22
97.41
98.55
98.60
102.13
103.15
105.08
107.89
108.04
105.51
100.41
97.00
96.87
96.25
96.57
96.53
96.22
96.22
96.36
96.74
96.22
100.41
102.62
104.33
81.12
80.87
81.57
80.96
83.10
84.13
84.62
87.62
88.47
87.13
Line Length=10km
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom Va (kV)
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.81
1.80
1.85
1.84
1.87
1.50
1.50
1.51
1.50
1.54
1.56
1.57
1.63
1.65
1.62
1.56
1.50
1.83
1.82
1.83
1.85
1.86
1.85
1.79
1.81
1.84
1.83
1.90
1.92
1.93
1.99
1.99
1.95
1.86
1.80
1.80
1.79
1.80
1.80
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.80
1.79
1.85
1.88
1.91
1.51
1.50
1.51
1.50
1.54
1.56
1.57
1.63
1.64
1.62
1.56
1.50
1.50
1.51
1.82
1.84
1.86
1.85
1.79
1.81
1.83
1.83
1.90
1.91
1.95
2.00
2.00
1.96
1.86
1.80
1.80
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.80
1.79
1.86
1.90
1.94
1.51
1.50
1.51
1.50
1.54
1.56
1.57
1.63
1.64
1.62
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
95.28
94.07
92.08
69.07
62.74
54.54
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
96.47
96.41
96.27
95.95
95.28
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
95.31
94.26
92.57
69.19
63.52
55.08
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
96.15
96.07
95.84
95.31
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
95.32
94.46
92.86
69.16
64.07
54.96
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
Vb (kV)
Vc (kV)
V Max
(kV)
87.76
87.76
87.76
87.77
87.77
87.77
53.78
53.78
53.78
62.52
63.05
64.03
65.82
62.47
57.54
54.47
54.33
53.90
53.82
53.82
53.83
53.82
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
88.52
88.52
88.52
88.52
88.52
88.52
88.52
88.52
88.52
88.52
88.52
88.52
88.52
88.52
88.52
88.52
88.52
88.52
88.52
88.52
88.52
53.78
53.78
53.78
63.03
64.51
65.22
65.30
64.18
58.52
54.67
54.28
53.81
53.83
53.83
53.83
53.82
53.80
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
89.09
89.09
89.09
89.09
89.09
89.09
89.09
89.09
89.09
89.09
89.09
89.09
89.09
89.09
89.09
89.09
89.09
89.09
89.10
89.10
89.10
53.78
53.78
53.78
63.11
65.11
65.46
65.89
65.88
59.50
55.75
53.96
53.81
53.82
96.52
96.52
96.52
96.52
96.52
96.52
80.49
80.49
80.49
80.49
80.49
80.49
80.49
80.49
80.49
80.49
80.49
80.49
80.49
80.49
80.49
80.49
81.30
80.49
80.49
80.49
80.49
96.21
96.21
96.21
96.21
96.21
96.21
96.21
96.21
96.21
96.21
96.21
96.21
96.21
96.21
96.21
96.21
96.21
96.21
96.21
96.21
96.21
80.53
80.53
80.53
80.53
80.53
80.53
80.53
80.53
80.53
80.53
80.52
80.52
80.52
80.52
80.52
80.52
80.52
80.52
80.53
80.53
80.53
95.95
95.95
95.95
95.95
95.95
95.95
95.95
95.95
95.95
95.95
95.95
95.95
95.95
95.95
95.95
95.95
95.95
95.95
95.95
95.95
95.95
80.55
80.55
80.55
80.56
80.56
80.56
80.56
80.55
80.55
80.55
80.56
80.58
80.59
96.52
96.52
96.52
96.52
96.52
96.52
95.28
94.07
92.08
80.49
80.49
80.49
80.49
80.49
80.49
80.49
80.49
80.49
80.49
80.49
80.49
80.49
96.47
96.41
96.27
95.95
95.28
96.21
96.21
96.21
96.21
96.21
96.21
96.21
96.21
96.21
96.21
96.21
96.21
96.21
96.21
96.21
96.21
96.21
96.21
96.21
96.21
96.21
95.31
94.26
92.57
80.53
80.53
80.53
80.53
80.53
80.53
80.53
80.52
80.52
80.52
80.52
80.52
80.52
80.52
96.15
96.07
95.84
95.31
95.95
95.95
95.95
95.95
95.95
95.95
95.95
95.95
95.95
95.95
95.95
95.95
95.95
95.95
95.95
95.95
95.95
95.95
95.95
95.95
95.95
95.32
94.46
92.86
80.56
80.56
80.56
80.56
80.55
80.55
80.55
80.56
80.58
80.59
Line Length=0.2km
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom
Va (kV)
Vb (kV)
Vc (kV)
V Max
(kV)
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.77
1.75
1.71
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.78
1.77
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.77
1.75
1.72
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.77
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.77
1.75
1.72
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.50
1.50
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
95.25
93.97
91.83
64.02
56.80
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
96.45
96.39
96.24
95.92
95.24
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
95.29
94.22
92.30
63.77
58.42
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
96.13
96.04
95.81
95.29
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
95.28
94.36
92.64
63.61
59.56
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
87.74
87.74
87.74
87.75
87.75
87.75
53.77
53.77
53.77
57.19
54.97
61.67
58.87
56.75
55.25
54.56
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
88.50
88.50
88.50
88.50
88.50
88.50
88.50
88.50
88.50
88.50
88.50
88.50
88.50
88.50
88.50
88.50
88.50
88.50
88.51
88.51
88.51
53.77
53.77
53.77
57.73
55.03
60.96
60.08
57.34
54.95
54.67
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
89.07
89.07
89.07
89.07
89.07
89.07
89.07
89.07
89.07
89.07
89.07
89.07
89.07
89.07
89.07
89.07
89.07
89.07
89.08
89.08
89.08
53.77
53.77
53.77
58.05
55.83
60.51
61.77
57.04
55.34
54.23
53.77
53.77
53.77
96.50
96.50
96.50
96.50
96.50
96.50
80.48
80.48
80.48
80.48
80.48
80.48
80.48
80.48
80.48
80.48
80.47
80.47
80.47
80.47
80.47
80.47
80.76
80.47
80.48
80.48
80.48
96.19
96.19
96.19
96.19
96.19
96.19
96.19
96.19
96.19
96.19
96.19
96.19
96.19
96.19
96.19
96.19
96.19
96.19
96.19
96.19
96.19
80.52
80.51
80.51
80.52
80.52
80.52
80.52
80.52
80.51
80.51
80.51
80.51
80.51
80.51
80.51
80.51
80.51
80.51
80.51
80.51
80.52
95.93
95.93
95.93
95.93
95.93
95.93
95.93
95.93
95.93
95.93
95.93
95.93
95.93
95.93
95.93
95.93
95.93
95.93
95.93
95.93
95.93
80.54
80.54
80.54
80.55
80.55
80.54
80.54
80.54
80.54
80.54
80.54
80.54
80.54
96.50
96.50
96.50
96.50
96.50
96.50
95.25
93.97
91.83
80.48
80.48
80.48
80.48
80.48
80.48
80.48
80.47
80.47
80.47
80.47
80.47
80.47
96.45
96.39
96.24
95.92
95.24
96.19
96.19
96.19
96.19
96.19
96.19
96.19
96.19
96.19
96.19
96.19
96.19
96.19
96.19
96.19
96.19
96.19
96.19
96.19
96.19
96.19
95.29
94.22
92.30
80.52
80.52
80.52
80.52
80.52
80.51
80.51
80.51
80.51
80.51
80.51
80.51
80.51
80.51
96.13
96.04
95.81
95.29
95.93
95.93
95.93
95.93
95.93
95.93
95.93
95.93
95.93
95.93
95.93
95.93
95.93
95.93
95.93
95.93
95.93
95.93
95.93
95.93
95.93
95.28
94.36
92.64
80.55
80.55
80.54
80.54
80.54
80.54
80.54
80.54
80.54
80.54
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.77
1.74
1.70
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.78
1.77
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.77
1.75
1.71
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.77
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.77
1.75
1.72
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
Simulation 2
Variables
Line Length=100km
Simulation
StartDelay (s)
Type of
Fault
Fault
Duration (s)
NER
Size
(Ohm)
Va (kV)
Vb (kV)
Vc (kV)
V Max
(kV)
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
54.38
54.39
54.15
54.43
56.71
98.95
99.47
100.42
54.00
54.00
54.00
54.00
54.00
54.00
54.00
54.00
54.00
54.00
54.00
54.00
54.00
54.00
54.00
54.00
54.00
54.00
53.98
53.98
53.98
101.25
104.00
105.69
73.40
69.42
65.26
63.60
60.41
59.78
58.45
56.60
54.61
54.33
54.26
54.25
54.40
54.58
56.86
58.71
98.98
101.26
53.97
53.97
53.97
53.97
53.97
53.97
53.97
53.97
53.97
53.97
53.97
53.97
53.97
53.97
53.97
53.97
53.97
53.97
53.97
53.97
53.97
62.02
111.96
73.40
72.82
70.20
65.56
64.25
61.56
60.33
59.23
57.15
55.62
55.35
54.98
55.01
55.40
55.62
57.45
59.43
60.40
62.00
54.35
54.35
54.35
54.35
54.35
54.35
54.35
54.35
54.35
54.35
54.35
54.98
54.98
55.30
56.19
59.62
54.48
54.02
54.59
94.66
97.09
97.19
94.91
90.30
90.52
89.78
89.83
90.54
89.86
89.93
90.13
90.13
90.53
90.17
89.82
90.10
90.15
90.66
90.59
94.68
54.51
54.90
53.98
59.38
64.88
67.79
68.11
66.55
65.25
62.80
59.55
56.40
55.25
54.88
54.91
55.21
57.51
59.80
63.21
54.02
54.48
97.65
99.85
99.66
97.02
92.36
92.40
91.70
92.22
92.54
91.70
91.70
91.97
92.79
92.63
91.80
92.36
92.44
92.24
92.79
93.12
97.67
70.47
54.91
58.29
59.89
65.29
68.78
70.36
70.32
68.27
64.99
61.08
58.01
57.13
55.05
55.11
57.27
58.32
61.57
65.41
68.72
70.47
98.13
101.68
103.84
103.51
100.64
95.30
93.12
94.40
95.24
94.50
93.45
83.65
81.00
80.72
81.43
81.54
80.72
81.69
81.98
95.99
97.19
98.18
98.66
102.10
103.02
105.77
108.49
108.52
105.88
100.64
96.83
96.60
96.00
96.39
96.28
95.99
95.99
96.14
96.46
95.99
82.01
80.75
81.47
81.13
80.91
81.61
80.98
83.14
84.13
84.54
87.49
88.30
86.92
83.40
80.97
80.74
81.49
81.53
80.74
81.76
82.01
95.65
96.43
96.31
99.58
102.56
103.06
106.47
108.69
108.22
105.08
99.36
96.05
95.24
94.83
95.45
94.98
94.83
94.83
94.85
94.86
95.67
82.18
80.81
81.64
81.13
81.03
81.87
81.18
83.11
83.92
83.73
86.42
86.98
86.26
84.61
80.88
80.84
81.86
81.55
80.84
82.13
82.18
96.32
97.42
97.03
102.03
104.79
105.01
103.95
108.32
110.02
109.01
105.40
83.65
81.00
80.72
81.43
81.54
98.95
99.47
100.42
95.99
97.19
98.18
98.66
102.10
103.02
105.77
108.49
108.52
105.88
100.64
96.83
96.60
96.00
96.39
96.28
95.99
95.99
96.14
96.46
95.99
101.25
104.00
105.69
81.13
80.91
81.61
80.98
83.14
84.13
84.54
87.49
88.30
86.92
83.40
80.97
80.74
81.49
81.53
80.74
98.98
101.26
97.65
99.85
99.66
99.58
102.56
103.06
106.47
108.69
108.22
105.08
99.36
96.05
95.24
94.83
95.45
94.98
94.83
94.83
94.85
94.86
97.67
82.18
111.96
81.64
81.13
81.03
81.87
81.18
83.11
83.92
83.73
86.42
86.98
86.26
84.61
80.88
80.84
81.86
81.55
80.84
82.13
82.18
98.13
101.68
103.84
103.51
104.79
105.01
103.95
108.32
110.02
109.01
105.40
Line Length=10km
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom Va (kV)
1.55
1.50
1.50
1.51
1.51
1.84
1.85
1.86
1.78
1.80
1.82
1.83
1.89
1.91
1.96
2.01
2.01
1.96
1.87
1.80
1.79
1.78
1.79
1.79
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.79
1.78
1.88
1.93
1.96
1.51
1.50
1.51
1.50
1.54
1.56
1.57
1.62
1.64
1.61
1.55
1.50
1.50
1.51
1.51
1.50
1.84
1.88
1.81
1.85
1.85
1.85
1.90
1.91
1.98
2.02
2.01
1.95
1.84
1.78
1.77
1.76
1.77
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.81
1.52
2.08
1.51
1.51
1.50
1.52
1.51
1.54
1.56
1.55
1.60
1.61
1.60
1.57
1.50
1.50
1.52
1.51
1.50
1.52
1.53
1.82
1.89
1.93
1.92
1.94
1.95
1.93
2.01
2.04
2.02
1.96
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
95.69
95.32
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
95.30
94.63
93.17
69.14
64.01
55.46
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
95.55
95.29
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
94.55
94.55
68.86
64.49
57.41
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.83
53.83
53.83
53.83
53.83
53.83
53.83
53.83
53.83
53.83
53.83
Vb (kV)
Vc (kV)
V Max
(kV)
53.82
53.82
53.82
53.81
53.90
56.09
53.78
53.78
89.54
89.54
89.54
89.54
89.54
89.54
89.54
89.54
89.54
89.54
89.54
89.54
89.54
89.54
89.54
89.54
89.54
89.54
89.55
89.55
89.55
53.78
53.78
53.78
63.15
65.66
66.14
66.53
66.07
60.80
56.27
53.81
53.82
53.81
53.80
53.81
53.81
53.84
53.78
56.85
53.78
53.78
91.47
91.60
91.67
91.45
91.45
91.45
91.45
91.45
91.45
91.45
91.45
91.45
91.45
91.45
91.45
91.45
91.45
91.45
91.46
91.46
91.50
69.52
53.78
53.78
63.36
67.09
69.62
70.71
69.31
66.81
62.08
53.97
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
54.54
62.61
67.35
69.53
92.89
96.68
101.88
104.57
104.68
102.20
97.21
92.87
92.87
92.87
92.87
80.55
80.55
80.55
80.55
80.55
80.55
80.55
80.55
95.73
95.73
95.73
95.73
95.73
95.73
95.73
95.73
95.73
95.73
95.73
95.73
95.73
95.73
95.73
95.73
95.73
95.73
95.73
95.73
95.73
80.57
80.57
80.57
80.58
80.58
80.58
80.57
80.57
80.57
80.57
80.58
80.64
80.72
80.57
80.57
80.57
80.57
80.57
80.57
80.57
80.57
94.57
94.57
94.57
94.57
94.57
94.57
94.63
94.84
95.06
95.04
94.57
94.57
94.57
94.57
94.57
94.57
94.57
94.57
94.57
94.57
94.57
80.64
80.64
80.64
80.64
80.64
80.64
80.64
80.64
80.64
80.64
80.64
80.76
81.82
82.02
80.97
80.64
80.63
80.64
80.64
80.64
80.64
93.44
93.44
93.44
93.44
93.44
93.44
94.25
101.49
106.22
108.34
107.79
80.55
80.55
80.55
80.55
80.55
80.55
95.69
95.32
95.73
95.73
95.73
95.73
95.73
95.73
95.73
95.73
95.73
95.73
95.73
95.73
95.73
95.73
95.73
95.73
95.73
95.73
95.73
95.73
95.73
95.30
94.63
93.17
80.58
80.58
80.58
80.57
80.57
80.57
80.57
80.58
80.64
80.72
80.57
80.57
80.57
80.57
80.57
80.57
95.55
95.29
94.57
94.57
94.57
94.57
94.57
94.57
94.63
94.84
95.06
95.04
94.57
94.57
94.57
94.57
94.57
94.57
94.57
94.57
94.57
94.57
94.57
80.64
94.55
94.55
80.64
80.64
80.64
80.64
80.64
80.64
80.64
80.64
80.76
81.82
82.02
80.97
80.64
80.63
80.64
80.64
80.64
80.64
93.44
96.68
101.88
104.57
104.68
102.20
97.21
101.49
106.22
108.34
107.79
Line Length=0.2km
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom
Va (kV)
Vb (kV)
Vc (kV)
V Max
(kV)
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.78
1.77
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.77
1.76
1.73
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.77
1.77
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.50
1.75
1.75
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.52
1.52
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.73
1.79
1.89
1.94
1.94
1.90
1.80
1.88
1.97
2.01
2.00
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
95.68
95.27
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
95.22
94.45
92.88
63.47
59.56
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
95.53
95.22
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
94.55
94.55
68.86
64.49
57.41
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.83
53.83
53.83
53.83
53.83
53.83
53.83
53.83
53.83
53.83
53.83
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
54.23
53.77
53.77
89.52
89.52
89.52
89.52
89.52
89.52
89.52
89.52
89.52
89.52
89.52
89.52
89.52
89.52
89.52
89.52
89.52
89.52
89.53
89.53
89.53
53.77
53.77
53.77
58.19
56.90
60.69
63.15
58.57
55.80
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
53.77
91.47
91.60
91.67
91.45
91.45
91.45
91.45
91.45
91.45
91.45
91.45
91.45
91.45
91.45
91.45
91.45
91.45
91.45
91.46
91.46
91.50
69.52
53.78
53.78
63.36
67.09
69.62
70.71
69.31
66.81
62.08
53.97
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
54.54
62.61
67.35
69.53
92.89
96.68
101.88
104.57
104.68
102.20
97.21
92.87
92.87
92.87
92.87
80.54
80.54
80.54
80.54
80.54
80.54
80.54
80.54
95.71
95.71
95.71
95.71
95.71
95.71
95.71
95.71
95.71
95.71
95.71
95.71
95.71
95.71
95.71
95.71
95.71
95.71
95.71
95.71
95.71
80.56
80.56
80.56
80.57
80.56
80.56
80.56
80.56
80.56
80.56
80.56
80.56
80.56
80.56
80.56
80.56
80.56
80.56
80.56
80.56
80.56
94.57
94.57
94.57
94.57
94.57
94.57
94.63
94.84
95.06
95.04
94.57
94.57
94.57
94.57
94.57
94.57
94.57
94.57
94.57
94.57
94.57
80.64
80.64
80.64
80.64
80.64
80.64
80.64
80.64
80.64
80.64
80.64
80.76
81.82
82.02
80.97
80.64
80.63
80.64
80.64
80.64
80.64
93.44
93.44
93.44
93.44
93.44
93.44
94.25
101.49
106.22
108.34
107.79
80.54
80.54
80.54
80.54
80.54
80.54
95.68
95.27
95.71
95.71
95.71
95.71
95.71
95.71
95.71
95.71
95.71
95.71
95.71
95.71
95.71
95.71
95.71
95.71
95.71
95.71
95.71
95.71
95.71
95.22
94.45
92.88
80.57
80.56
80.56
80.56
80.56
80.56
80.56
80.56
80.56
80.56
80.56
80.56
80.56
80.56
80.56
80.56
95.53
95.22
94.57
94.57
94.57
94.57
94.57
94.57
94.63
94.84
95.06
95.04
94.57
94.57
94.57
94.57
94.57
94.57
94.57
94.57
94.57
94.57
94.57
80.64
94.55
94.55
80.64
80.64
80.64
80.64
80.64
80.64
80.64
80.64
80.76
81.82
82.02
80.97
80.64
80.63
80.64
80.64
80.64
80.64
93.44
96.68
101.88
104.57
104.68
102.20
97.21
101.49
106.22
108.34
107.79
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.78
1.77
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.77
1.75
1.72
1.50
1.50
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.77
1.77
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.50
1.75
1.75
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.52
1.52
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.73
1.79
1.89
1.94
1.94
1.90
1.80
1.88
1.97
2.01
2.00
Simulation 2
Variables
Line Length=100km
Simulation
StartDelay (s)
Type of
Fault
Fault
Duration (s)
NER
Size
(Ohm)
Va (kV)
Vb (kV)
Vc (kV)
V Max
(kV)
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
54.35
54.35
54.35
54.35
54.35
54.37
54.37
54.37
54.37
54.37
62.16
64.66
69.70
70.59
69.94
67.80
64.37
61.72
60.60
59.53
57.48
56.59
56.51
56.21
56.24
56.54
56.55
57.79
59.74
60.66
62.14
54.66
54.66
54.66
54.66
54.66
54.66
54.66
54.66
54.66
54.66
54.66
54.66
54.66
54.66
54.66
54.68
54.68
54.68
54.68
54.68
54.68
63.65
65.85
68.48
69.91
69.93
68.37
65.48
63.26
61.38
60.37
58.35
57.08
56.98
56.67
56.70
57.02
57.05
58.64
60.57
61.43
63.63
97.40
97.40
97.40
97.40
97.40
97.40
97.40
97.40
97.43
97.43
97.43
97.43
97.43
97.43
97.43
97.43
97.43
97.43
97.43
97.43
97.43
73.09
72.33
66.01
68.64
70.25
70.24
72.48
73.05
75.72
95.53
96.56
95.52
93.38
94.87
94.67
94.02
94.92
94.67
98.15
67.41
68.12
58.46
62.37
65.54
67.56
68.09
67.21
65.12
61.71
58.04
58.27
57.76
57.16
57.20
57.84
58.30
57.96
62.14
65.45
67.41
98.36
102.41
104.78
104.55
101.82
96.61
93.26
94.66
95.76
95.00
93.68
96.18
97.12
96.01
93.63
95.26
94.97
94.18
95.08
94.92
98.38
65.63
66.89
58.66
63.15
65.55
66.98
66.79
65.36
62.46
58.65
56.36
55.83
55.01
54.53
54.54
55.09
55.93
56.37
59.28
62.96
65.63
98.53
102.70
105.26
105.19
102.56
97.49
96.52
96.52
96.53
96.54
96.54
96.86
97.74
96.63
96.54
96.54
96.54
96.54
96.54
96.54
98.55
72.33
69.34
61.15
64.63
65.35
65.67
69.83
72.61
74.00
99.22
94.78
93.69
94.50
94.16
93.69
93.69
93.69
93.86
96.33
82.43
80.84
81.74
81.10
81.15
82.23
81.54
82.77
83.84
83.73
85.20
87.21
87.65
85.98
82.19
81.50
82.34
81.82
81.25
82.54
82.43
96.39
97.72
97.43
102.21
104.97
105.15
105.05
109.41
111.16
110.18
106.47
100.14
94.89
93.57
94.37
94.14
93.61
93.57
93.57
93.83
96.40
82.48
80.84
81.75
81.11
81.17
82.27
81.59
82.77
83.94
83.84
85.14
87.31
87.80
86.11
82.31
81.59
82.42
81.88
81.31
82.61
82.48
102.73
102.73
102.73
102.73
104.54
104.70
105.71
110.17
111.94
111.04
107.40
102.73
102.73
102.73
102.73
102.73
102.73
102.73
102.73
102.73
102.73
82.71
80.84
81.97
81.32
80.97
82.20
81.53
82.54
83.81
99.22
96.56
95.52
94.50
94.87
94.67
94.02
94.92
94.67
98.15
82.43
80.84
81.74
81.10
81.15
82.23
81.54
82.77
83.84
83.73
85.20
87.21
87.65
85.98
82.19
81.50
82.34
81.82
81.25
82.54
82.43
98.36
102.41
104.78
104.55
104.97
105.15
105.05
109.41
111.16
110.18
106.47
100.14
97.12
96.01
94.37
95.26
94.97
94.18
95.08
94.92
98.38
82.48
80.84
81.75
81.11
81.17
82.27
81.59
82.77
83.94
83.84
85.14
87.31
87.80
86.11
82.31
81.59
82.42
81.88
81.31
82.61
82.48
102.73
102.73
105.26
105.19
104.54
104.70
105.71
110.17
111.94
111.04
107.40
102.73
102.73
102.73
102.73
102.73
102.73
102.73
102.73
102.73
102.73
82.71
80.84
81.97
81.32
80.97
82.20
81.53
82.54
83.81
Line Length=10km
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom Va (kV)
1.84
1.79
1.77
1.75
1.76
1.76
1.74
1.76
1.76
1.82
1.53
1.50
1.52
1.51
1.51
1.53
1.51
1.54
1.56
1.55
1.58
1.62
1.63
1.60
1.53
1.51
1.53
1.52
1.51
1.53
1.53
1.83
1.90
1.94
1.94
1.95
1.95
1.95
2.03
2.06
2.04
1.98
1.86
1.80
1.78
1.75
1.77
1.76
1.75
1.76
1.76
1.83
1.53
1.50
1.52
1.51
1.51
1.53
1.51
1.54
1.56
1.56
1.58
1.62
1.63
1.60
1.53
1.51
1.53
1.52
1.51
1.53
1.53
1.91
1.91
1.95
1.95
1.94
1.94
1.96
2.04
2.08
2.06
1.99
1.91
1.91
1.91
1.91
1.91
1.91
1.91
1.91
1.91
1.91
1.53
1.50
1.52
1.51
1.50
1.53
1.51
1.53
1.56
53.83
53.83
53.83
53.83
53.83
53.83
53.83
53.83
53.83
53.83
53.83
53.83
69.19
67.26
63.68
59.05
53.83
53.83
53.83
53.83
53.83
53.83
53.83
53.83
53.83
53.83
53.83
53.83
53.83
53.83
53.83
53.87
53.87
53.87
53.87
53.87
53.87
53.87
53.87
53.87
53.87
53.87
53.87
53.87
53.87
53.87
53.87
53.87
53.87
53.87
53.87
53.87
53.87
55.35
67.59
66.43
63.69
60.17
54.35
53.87
53.87
53.87
53.87
53.87
53.87
53.87
53.87
53.87
53.87
53.87
53.87
53.87
53.87
87.63
87.63
87.63
87.63
87.63
87.63
87.63
87.63
87.64
87.63
87.63
87.63
87.63
87.63
87.63
87.63
87.63
87.63
87.63
87.63
87.63
64.76
61.71
62.52
64.25
64.29
63.28
62.10
65.11
67.75
Vb (kV)
Vc (kV)
V Max
(kV)
92.87
92.87
92.87
92.87
92.87
92.87
92.87
92.87
92.87
92.91
71.03
71.75
59.42
65.00
68.67
71.17
71.79
70.85
68.30
63.91
59.32
53.83
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.91
59.79
64.88
68.77
71.05
93.02
100.02
105.79
108.94
109.40
107.17
102.29
94.89
93.00
93.00
93.00
93.00
93.00
93.00
93.00
93.00
93.00
93.01
93.01
93.01
93.04
69.10
70.50
61.01
65.84
68.65
70.23
70.46
68.73
65.85
61.32
55.87
53.88
53.78
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.93
56.81
61.53
66.40
69.08
94.54
103.74
110.38
114.29
115.37
113.61
109.05
101.80
93.17
93.17
93.17
93.17
93.17
93.17
93.17
93.17
93.17
93.17
93.17
93.17
94.59
64.93
64.86
66.09
68.05
68.07
67.13
64.21
65.19
67.16
104.58
98.79
93.44
93.44
93.44
93.44
93.44
93.44
93.44
93.44
80.67
80.66
80.67
80.67
80.67
80.67
80.67
80.67
80.66
80.66
80.73
85.82
88.82
89.64
88.25
84.68
80.66
80.66
80.66
80.66
80.67
93.32
93.32
93.32
93.32
93.32
93.32
99.25
106.48
111.08
112.95
112.03
108.36
102.01
93.32
93.32
93.32
93.32
93.32
93.32
93.32
93.32
80.67
80.67
80.67
80.67
80.67
80.67
80.67
80.67
80.67
80.66
81.39
86.51
89.51
90.31
88.89
85.27
80.66
80.66
80.66
80.67
80.67
99.57
99.57
99.57
99.57
99.57
99.57
105.84
113.23
117.84
119.53
118.29
114.12
107.15
99.52
99.52
99.52
99.52
99.52
99.52
99.52
99.52
80.67
80.67
80.67
80.67
80.67
80.67
80.67
80.67
80.67
104.58
98.79
93.44
93.44
93.44
93.44
93.44
93.44
93.44
93.44
80.67
80.66
80.67
80.67
80.67
80.67
80.67
80.67
80.66
80.66
80.73
85.82
88.82
89.64
88.25
84.68
80.66
80.66
80.66
80.66
80.67
93.32
100.02
105.79
108.94
109.40
107.17
102.29
106.48
111.08
112.95
112.03
108.36
102.01
93.32
93.32
93.32
93.32
93.32
93.32
93.32
93.32
80.67
80.67
80.67
80.67
80.67
80.67
80.67
80.67
80.67
80.66
81.39
86.51
89.51
90.31
88.89
85.27
80.66
80.66
80.66
80.67
80.67
99.57
103.74
110.38
114.29
115.37
113.61
109.05
113.23
117.84
119.53
118.29
114.12
107.15
99.52
99.52
99.52
99.52
99.52
99.52
99.52
99.52
80.67
80.67
80.67
80.67
80.67
80.67
80.67
80.67
80.67
Line Length=0.2km
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom
Va (kV)
Vb (kV)
Vc (kV)
V Max
(kV)
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom
1.94
1.83
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.59
1.65
1.66
1.64
1.57
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.73
1.86
1.96
2.02
2.03
1.99
1.90
1.98
2.06
2.10
2.08
2.01
1.89
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.51
1.61
1.66
1.68
1.65
1.58
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.85
1.93
2.05
2.12
2.14
2.11
2.02
2.10
2.19
2.22
2.19
2.12
1.99
1.85
1.85
1.85
1.85
1.85
1.85
1.85
1.85
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
53.83
53.83
53.83
53.83
53.83
53.83
53.83
53.83
53.83
53.83
53.83
53.83
69.19
67.26
63.68
59.05
53.83
53.83
53.83
53.83
53.83
53.83
53.83
53.83
53.83
53.83
53.83
53.83
53.83
53.83
53.83
53.87
53.87
53.87
53.87
53.87
53.87
53.87
53.87
53.87
53.87
53.87
53.87
53.87
53.87
53.87
53.87
53.87
53.87
53.87
53.87
53.87
53.87
55.35
67.59
66.43
63.69
60.17
54.35
53.87
53.87
53.87
53.87
53.87
53.87
53.87
53.87
53.87
53.87
53.87
53.87
53.87
53.87
81.33
81.33
81.33
81.33
81.32
81.32
81.32
81.32
81.32
81.33
81.33
81.33
81.33
81.33
81.33
81.33
81.33
81.33
81.33
81.33
81.33
64.03
61.26
57.33
58.77
58.53
58.38
61.61
64.35
66.68
92.87
92.87
92.87
92.87
92.87
92.87
92.87
92.87
92.87
92.91
71.03
71.75
59.42
65.00
68.67
71.17
71.79
70.85
68.30
63.91
59.32
53.83
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.78
53.91
59.79
64.88
68.77
71.05
93.02
100.02
105.79
108.94
109.40
107.17
102.29
94.89
93.00
93.00
93.00
93.00
93.00
93.00
93.00
93.00
93.00
93.01
93.01
93.01
93.04
69.10
70.50
61.01
65.84
68.65
70.23
70.46
68.73
65.85
61.32
55.87
53.88
53.78
53.79
53.79
53.79
53.93
56.81
61.53
66.40
69.08
93.14
99.42
105.53
109.02
109.85
108.15
103.78
96.86
93.14
93.15
93.15
93.15
93.15
93.15
93.15
93.15
93.15
93.15
93.15
93.15
93.15
62.60
60.83
61.24
62.89
62.62
61.59
61.07
62.81
64.30
104.58
98.79
93.44
93.44
93.44
93.44
93.44
93.44
93.44
93.44
80.67
80.66
80.67
80.67
80.67
80.67
80.67
80.67
80.66
80.66
80.73
85.82
88.82
89.64
88.25
84.68
80.66
80.66
80.66
80.66
80.67
93.32
93.32
93.32
93.32
93.32
93.32
99.25
106.48
111.08
112.95
112.03
108.36
102.01
93.32
93.32
93.32
93.32
93.32
93.32
93.32
93.32
80.67
80.67
80.67
80.67
80.67
80.67
80.67
80.67
80.67
80.66
81.39
86.51
89.51
90.31
88.89
85.27
80.66
80.66
80.66
80.67
80.67
97.38
97.38
97.38
97.38
97.38
97.38
98.18
105.90
111.02
113.40
112.99
109.79
103.89
97.32
97.32
97.32
97.32
97.32
97.32
97.32
97.32
80.66
80.66
80.66
80.66
80.66
80.66
80.66
80.66
80.66
104.58
98.79
93.44
93.44
93.44
93.44
93.44
93.44
93.44
93.44
80.67
80.66
80.67
80.67
80.67
80.67
80.67
80.67
80.66
80.66
80.73
85.82
88.82
89.64
88.25
84.68
80.66
80.66
80.66
80.66
80.67
93.32
100.02
105.79
108.94
109.40
107.17
102.29
106.48
111.08
112.95
112.03
108.36
102.01
93.32
93.32
93.32
93.32
93.32
93.32
93.32
93.32
80.67
80.67
80.67
80.67
80.67
80.67
80.67
80.67
80.67
80.66
81.39
86.51
89.51
90.31
88.89
85.27
80.66
80.66
80.66
80.67
80.67
97.38
99.42
105.53
109.02
109.85
108.15
103.78
105.90
111.02
113.40
112.99
109.79
103.89
97.32
97.32
97.32
97.32
97.32
97.32
97.32
97.32
80.66
80.66
80.66
80.66
80.66
80.66
80.66
80.66
80.66
1.94
1.83
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.59
1.65
1.66
1.64
1.57
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.73
1.86
1.96
2.02
2.03
1.99
1.90
1.98
2.06
2.10
2.08
2.01
1.89
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.51
1.61
1.66
1.68
1.65
1.58
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.81
1.84
1.96
2.02
2.04
2.01
1.93
1.97
2.06
2.10
2.10
2.04
1.93
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
Simulation 2
Variables
Line Length=100km
Simulation
StartDelay (s)
Type of
Fault
Fault
Duration (s)
NER
Size
(Ohm)
Va (kV)
Vb (kV)
Vc (kV)
V Max
(kV)
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
77.17
77.09
78.01
78.85
78.96
78.98
78.80
77.86
77.19
77.08
75.42
73.07
75.70
77.78
78.61
78.55
78.23
78.27
78.59
78.58
77.61
75.32
73.90
72.33
83.77
84.87
87.21
87.76
86.14
82.39
81.73
82.56
82.01
81.49
82.85
82.71
83.77
84.87
87.21
87.76
86.14
82.39
81.73
82.56
82.01
81.49
82.85
82.71
Line Length=10km
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom Va (kV)
1.55
1.57
1.62
1.63
1.60
1.53
1.52
1.53
1.52
1.51
1.54
1.53
69.88
71.61
72.81
73.52
73.84
73.81
73.44
72.65
71.40
69.70
67.43
64.74
Vb (kV)
Vc (kV)
V Max
(kV)
68.76
70.05
70.94
71.47
71.72
71.69
71.42
70.83
69.89
68.63
66.93
64.91
80.67
82.31
87.60
90.73
91.64
90.29
86.71
81.00
80.67
80.67
80.67
80.67
80.67
82.31
87.60
90.73
91.64
90.29
86.71
81.00
80.67
80.67
80.67
80.67
Line Length=0.2km
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom
Va (kV)
Vb (kV)
Vc (kV)
V Max
(kV)
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom
1.50
1.53
1.63
1.68
1.70
1.68
1.61
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
68.52
69.95
70.90
71.42
71.64
71.62
71.37
70.78
69.78
68.36
66.40
64.01
65.46
66.38
66.97
67.30
67.44
67.43
67.27
66.90
66.26
65.36
64.12
62.59
80.65
80.65
85.07
88.37
89.50
88.43
85.18
80.65
80.65
80.65
80.66
80.66
80.65
80.65
85.07
88.37
89.50
88.43
85.18
80.65
80.65
80.65
80.66
80.66
1.50
1.50
1.58
1.64
1.66
1.64
1.58
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
Simulation 3
Variables
Simulation
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
Start-Delay
(s)
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
Type of
Fault
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
Line Length=100km
Fault
Duration
(s)
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
NER
Size
(Ohm)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
15
15
15
15
Va (kV)
71.67
71.66
71.65
71.66
71.68
71.72
71.78
71.86
71.95
72.05
72.16
72.27
69.77
69.76
69.75
69.75
69.75
69.75
69.75
69.75
69.76
120.95
120.87
120.82
120.68
120.65
120.64
120.66
120.71
120.78
120.87
120.98
121.08
121.17
121.23
121.27
121.27
121.24
121.18
121.10
121.01
120.93
74.42
74.42
74.42
74.42
74.42
74.43
74.44
74.46
74.48
74.50
74.53
74.55
74.57
74.59
74.60
74.49
74.50
74.50
74.50
74.50
74.49
121.36
121.30
121.25
121.70
121.68
121.67
121.67
121.68
121.70
121.73
121.77
121.81
121.83
121.83
121.81
121.76
121.70
121.61
121.52
121.43
121.34
75.92
75.92
75.92
75.92
75.93
75.93
75.94
75.95
75.95
75.96
75.97
75.97
75.98
75.99
75.99
75.99
75.99
75.99
75.99
75.99
75.99
122.11
122.06
122.03
122.43
122.41
122.40
122.40
122.40
122.42
122.44
122.46
122.49
122.50
122.49
122.47
122.43
122.37
122.30
122.22
122.15
122.08
77.56
77.56
77.56
77.55
Vb (kV)
155.36
156.54
157.70
158.66
159.24
159.29
158.74
157.55
157.57
158.18
158.29
157.94
157.21
156.26
155.23
154.32
153.68
153.44
153.66
154.32
155.31
97.19
97.30
97.38
96.55
96.56
96.57
96.57
96.57
96.55
96.52
96.48
96.45
96.43
96.43
96.47
96.53
96.63
96.75
96.88
97.02
97.14
144.97
146.03
147.12
148.05
148.67
148.85
148.50
147.60
147.33
147.82
147.88
147.55
146.90
146.04
145.11
144.27
143.65
143.39
143.53
144.07
144.94
97.40
97.49
97.55
96.95
96.96
96.97
96.97
96.95
96.92
96.89
96.85
96.82
96.80
96.80
96.82
96.87
96.95
97.04
97.15
97.26
97.36
137.11
138.06
139.03
139.89
140.48
140.67
140.40
139.63
139.22
139.64
139.70
139.43
138.87
138.13
137.32
136.57
136.02
135.77
135.87
136.33
137.09
97.59
97.65
97.70
97.21
97.22
97.23
97.23
97.21
97.19
97.16
97.14
97.11
97.10
97.10
97.12
97.17
97.23
97.30
97.39
97.47
97.54
131.01
131.84
132.71
133.47
Vc (kV)
175.81
177.79
180.06
182.38
184.53
186.26
187.40
187.83
187.48
186.37
184.59
182.31
179.74
177.15
175.21
174.24
173.53
173.24
173.53
174.43
175.93
133.85
132.54
131.19
129.94
129.07
128.67
128.73
129.28
130.01
130.78
131.31
131.34
130.78
129.43
131.53
133.36
134.64
135.31
135.35
134.80
133.80
175.35
176.95
178.82
180.77
182.57
184.03
184.97
185.26
184.86
183.76
182.04
179.85
177.37
175.90
175.12
174.34
173.73
173.45
173.61
174.29
175.47
133.78
132.42
131.00
129.71
128.81
128.37
128.45
129.02
129.79
130.66
131.25
131.42
130.94
129.83
131.97
133.70
134.90
135.48
135.43
134.81
133.74
175.90
177.25
178.85
180.53
182.09
183.34
184.14
184.35
183.93
182.86
181.23
179.14
176.94
176.44
175.80
175.15
174.62
174.37
174.49
175.04
176.02
133.92
132.56
131.14
129.86
128.99
128.56
128.68
129.27
130.06
130.97
131.58
131.79
131.33
130.33
132.39
134.05
135.18
135.71
135.62
134.97
133.88
177.29
178.46
179.85
181.31
V Max (kV)
175.81
177.79
180.06
182.38
184.53
186.26
187.40
187.83
187.48
186.37
184.59
182.31
179.74
177.15
175.21
174.24
173.53
173.24
173.53
174.43
175.93
133.85
132.54
131.19
129.94
129.07
128.67
128.73
129.28
130.01
130.78
131.31
131.34
130.78
129.43
131.53
133.36
134.64
135.31
135.35
134.80
133.80
175.35
176.95
178.82
180.77
182.57
184.03
184.97
185.26
184.86
183.76
182.04
179.85
177.37
175.90
175.12
174.34
173.73
173.45
173.61
174.29
175.47
133.78
132.42
131.00
129.71
128.81
128.37
128.45
129.02
129.79
130.66
131.25
131.42
130.94
129.83
131.97
133.70
134.90
135.48
135.43
134.81
133.74
175.90
177.25
178.85
180.53
182.09
183.34
184.14
184.35
183.93
182.86
181.23
179.14
176.94
176.44
175.80
175.15
174.62
174.37
174.49
175.04
176.02
133.92
132.56
131.14
129.86
128.99
128.56
128.68
129.27
130.06
130.97
131.58
131.79
131.33
130.33
132.39
134.05
135.18
135.71
135.62
134.97
133.88
177.29
178.46
179.85
181.31
Line Length=10km
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom
3.26
3.30
3.34
3.38
3.42
3.46
3.48
3.49
3.48
3.46
3.43
3.38
3.34
3.29
3.25
3.23
3.22
3.21
3.22
3.24
3.26
2.48
2.46
2.43
2.41
2.40
2.39
2.39
2.40
2.41
2.43
2.44
2.44
2.43
2.40
2.44
2.47
2.50
2.51
2.51
2.50
2.48
3.25
3.28
3.32
3.35
3.39
3.41
3.43
3.44
3.43
3.41
3.38
3.34
3.29
3.26
3.25
3.24
3.22
3.22
3.22
3.23
3.26
2.48
2.46
2.43
2.41
2.39
2.38
2.38
2.39
2.41
2.42
2.44
2.44
2.43
2.41
2.45
2.48
2.50
2.51
2.51
2.50
2.48
3.26
3.29
3.32
3.35
3.38
3.40
3.42
3.42
3.41
3.39
3.36
3.32
3.28
3.27
3.26
3.25
3.24
3.24
3.24
3.25
3.27
2.49
2.46
2.43
2.41
2.39
2.39
2.39
2.40
2.41
2.43
2.44
2.45
2.44
2.42
2.46
2.49
2.51
2.52
2.52
2.50
2.48
3.29
3.31
3.34
3.36
Va (kV)
82.91
82.54
82.13
81.71
81.32
80.98
80.67
81.11
81.74
82.29
82.71
82.97
83.12
83.18
83.22
83.27
83.31
83.32
83.27
83.11
82.84
104.46
104.58
110.25
110.32
110.33
97.73
97.97
98.30
98.70
99.12
99.56
100.00
100.48
101.00
101.58
102.19
102.81
103.37
103.82
104.15
104.37
78.28
78.29
78.29
78.30
78.29
78.29
78.28
78.27
78.26
78.25
78.24
78.24
78.23
78.23
78.23
78.22
78.22
78.22
78.22
78.23
78.23
90.26
90.33
123.49
123.49
123.47
90.00
90.00
89.99
89.98
89.95
89.93
89.91
89.89
89.88
89.89
89.91
89.94
89.99
90.03
90.09
90.15
72.21
72.21
72.23
72.22
72.22
72.22
72.21
72.21
72.21
72.21
72.21
72.21
72.21
72.20
72.20
72.20
72.20
72.20
72.20
72.20
72.20
89.95
90.02
90.10
127.87
89.69
89.70
89.70
89.69
89.68
89.67
89.66
89.64
89.63
89.63
89.63
89.64
89.66
89.69
89.73
89.78
89.84
66.72
66.72
66.71
66.71
Vb (kV)
74.72
75.17
75.69
76.22
76.74
77.77
81.03
83.22
84.21
83.99
82.61
80.22
77.07
74.44
74.25
74.10
73.99
73.96
74.05
74.26
74.61
104.73
104.77
99.19
99.07
98.90
108.40
108.20
107.96
107.68
107.39
107.12
106.85
106.61
106.37
106.10
105.78
105.41
105.00
104.78
104.76
104.76
66.73
65.32
65.32
65.33
65.34
68.42
72.20
75.29
77.49
78.72
78.95
78.25
76.79
74.83
72.81
71.23
70.49
70.40
70.16
69.09
66.82
91.01
90.99
67.80
67.83
67.88
91.40
91.31
91.23
91.17
91.12
91.09
91.08
91.08
91.08
91.09
91.09
91.09
91.07
91.06
91.05
91.03
70.88
69.72
69.76
69.79
69.86
72.21
75.31
77.98
79.98
81.17
81.51
81.02
79.86
78.25
76.55
75.20
74.55
74.46
74.27
73.28
71.07
80.21
80.34
80.48
71.00
80.31
80.23
80.15
80.08
80.01
79.94
79.89
79.84
79.81
79.79
79.79
79.81
79.85
79.90
79.98
80.07
80.19
77.33
77.42
77.60
77.73
Vc (kV)
81.53
81.61
81.68
81.74
83.63
84.94
85.02
83.82
81.75
81.71
81.68
81.68
81.67
81.66
81.64
81.61
81.59
81.59
81.61
81.65
81.72
97.01
96.84
100.47
100.36
100.25
99.59
99.60
99.62
99.65
99.67
99.68
99.64
99.56
99.40
99.16
98.84
98.48
98.09
97.72
97.40
97.15
89.70
92.32
94.93
96.96
98.00
97.82
96.29
93.40
89.93
87.57
84.68
84.06
84.06
84.05
84.05
85.98
86.88
87.03
87.07
87.87
89.79
85.87
85.90
100.31
100.19
100.07
85.76
85.75
85.75
85.74
85.73
85.71
85.68
85.65
85.62
85.60
85.61
85.63
85.67
85.72
85.77
85.81
102.98
105.35
107.50
108.89
109.13
107.98
105.34
101.22
97.09
96.88
96.89
96.90
96.91
96.92
98.05
99.42
99.96
100.02
100.23
101.21
103.11
87.35
88.18
88.14
94.47
87.20
87.37
88.18
89.17
89.71
89.33
88.57
88.67
87.77
86.36
85.78
84.87
84.64
83.95
83.30
85.42
87.39
112.14
114.55
116.56
117.64
Ratio
V Max (kV) Vmax/Vnom
82.91
1.54
82.54
1.53
82.13
1.52
81.74
1.52
83.63
1.55
84.94
1.58
85.02
1.58
83.82
1.56
84.21
1.56
83.99
1.56
82.71
1.53
82.97
1.54
83.12
1.54
83.18
1.54
83.22
1.54
83.27
1.55
83.31
1.55
83.32
1.55
83.27
1.55
83.11
1.54
82.84
1.54
104.73
1.94
104.77
1.94
110.25
2.05
110.32
2.05
110.33
2.05
108.40
2.01
108.20
2.01
107.96
2.00
107.68
2.00
107.39
1.99
107.12
1.99
106.85
1.98
106.61
1.98
106.37
1.97
106.10
1.97
105.78
1.96
105.41
1.96
105.00
1.95
104.78
1.94
104.76
1.94
104.76
1.94
89.70
1.66
92.32
1.71
94.93
1.76
96.96
1.80
98.00
1.82
97.82
1.82
96.29
1.79
93.40
1.73
89.93
1.67
87.57
1.62
84.68
1.57
84.06
1.56
84.06
1.56
84.05
1.56
84.05
1.56
85.98
1.60
86.88
1.61
87.03
1.62
87.07
1.62
87.87
1.63
89.79
1.67
91.01
1.69
90.99
1.69
123.49
2.29
123.49
2.29
123.47
2.29
91.40
1.70
91.31
1.69
91.23
1.69
91.17
1.69
91.12
1.69
91.09
1.69
91.08
1.69
91.08
1.69
91.08
1.69
91.09
1.69
91.09
1.69
91.09
1.69
91.07
1.69
91.06
1.69
91.05
1.69
91.03
1.69
102.98
1.91
105.35
1.95
107.50
1.99
108.89
2.02
109.13
2.03
107.98
2.00
105.34
1.95
101.22
1.88
97.09
1.80
96.88
1.80
96.89
1.80
96.90
1.80
96.91
1.80
96.92
1.80
98.05
1.82
99.42
1.84
99.96
1.85
100.02
1.86
100.23
1.86
101.21
1.88
103.11
1.91
89.95
1.67
90.02
1.67
90.10
1.67
127.87
2.37
89.69
1.66
89.70
1.66
89.70
1.66
89.69
1.66
89.71
1.66
89.67
1.66
89.66
1.66
89.64
1.66
89.63
1.66
89.63
1.66
89.63
1.66
89.64
1.66
89.66
1.66
89.69
1.66
89.73
1.67
89.78
1.67
89.84
1.67
112.14
2.08
114.55
2.13
116.56
2.16
117.64
2.18
Line Length=0.2km
Va (kV)
93.04
95.63
97.73
98.96
99.04
97.81
88.48
93.10
96.52
98.51
98.96
98.09
96.28
93.96
91.48
89.25
87.74
87.40
88.36
90.38
92.97
91.97
90.21
92.11
110.92
90.46
90.25
89.83
95.35
100.24
104.26
107.24
108.81
108.32
104.82
97.59
87.45
87.98
91.19
92.77
92.99
92.10
87.36
87.36
87.36
87.36
87.29
87.30
87.30
87.30
87.30
87.30
87.31
87.31
87.31
87.31
87.31
87.31
87.31
87.31
87.31
87.31
87.31
134.23
132.61
130.13
126.76
122.54
117.57
80.33
79.92
79.99
80.49
81.21
81.90
82.39
82.62
82.59
82.32
134.49
134.96
135.21
135.02
134.19
74.41
74.42
74.42
74.42
74.42
74.42
74.42
74.42
74.42
74.42
74.42
74.42
74.42
74.42
74.42
74.42
74.42
74.42
74.42
74.42
74.42
135.76
133.97
131.25
127.57
96.36
94.34
91.53
88.14
84.45
80.83
77.64
75.18
73.60
72.89
72.95
73.83
75.57
78.18
81.48
85.16
135.72
68.76
68.76
68.76
68.76
Vb (kV)
79.91
81.66
83.01
83.64
83.36
82.03
76.14
78.07
80.89
82.89
83.94
83.92
82.89
81.18
79.24
77.53
76.41
76.16
76.84
78.25
80.04
97.99
93.17
94.04
108.72
110.97
110.27
108.84
107.00
105.16
103.75
103.08
103.30
104.37
106.01
107.84
109.41
110.03
109.09
106.60
102.83
98.02
69.22
69.22
69.21
69.20
69.27
69.28
69.29
69.29
69.28
69.27
69.26
69.26
69.26
69.26
69.27
69.27
69.27
69.27
69.27
69.28
69.28
90.84
88.48
84.58
79.32
73.87
70.31
87.30
87.51
86.52
84.59
82.07
79.45
77.29
76.11
76.24
77.63
91.51
91.94
92.18
91.94
90.86
70.98
69.61
69.77
69.88
69.84
69.59
69.58
69.60
71.36
73.33
74.92
75.90
76.25
76.01
75.39
74.70
74.27
74.20
74.05
73.13
71.02
65.64
66.69
68.40
70.46
87.72
86.62
84.37
85.26
85.92
85.46
84.18
82.51
80.98
80.12
80.22
81.24
82.83
84.46
85.62
85.89
65.48
80.44
80.45
80.39
80.45
Vc (kV)
74.66
75.88
78.96
81.58
83.46
84.39
82.04
83.67
84.36
84.07
82.74
80.44
77.43
75.20
74.53
73.79
73.28
73.17
73.46
74.01
74.55
75.77
74.07
72.96
84.33
73.58
72.76
71.78
73.68
74.64
74.71
74.68
78.43
87.33
95.48
100.85
101.85
98.77
93.37
87.10
80.69
75.71
87.42
87.16
88.35
89.88
90.96
91.15
90.19
88.22
90.17
91.62
92.37
92.42
91.90
91.09
90.36
90.07
90.20
90.28
89.85
88.76
87.43
85.09
86.76
87.96
88.20
86.84
85.33
80.36
81.24
81.78
81.54
80.23
77.97
79.89
81.14
81.53
80.99
79.57
79.01
80.99
83.04
84.97
102.08
103.54
105.37
106.83
107.36
106.62
104.42
103.54
103.91
103.83
103.28
102.42
102.08
102.10
102.05
101.98
101.96
102.08
101.95
101.97
102.10
93.72
94.81
94.50
92.60
85.40
86.00
87.22
88.58
89.43
89.28
87.83
86.40
87.64
88.03
87.46
85.93
84.32
84.83
84.84
84.39
93.65
111.22
113.57
115.87
117.43
Ratio
V Max (kV) Vmax/Vnom
93.04
1.73
95.63
1.77
97.73
1.81
98.96
1.84
99.04
1.84
97.81
1.82
88.48
1.64
93.10
1.73
96.52
1.79
98.51
1.83
98.96
1.84
98.09
1.82
96.28
1.79
93.96
1.74
91.48
1.70
89.25
1.66
87.74
1.63
87.40
1.62
88.36
1.64
90.38
1.68
92.97
1.73
97.99
1.82
93.17
1.73
94.04
1.75
110.92
2.06
110.97
2.06
110.27
2.05
108.84
2.02
107.00
1.99
105.16
1.95
104.26
1.93
107.24
1.99
108.81
2.02
108.32
2.01
106.01
1.97
107.84
2.00
109.41
2.03
110.03
2.04
109.09
2.02
106.60
1.98
102.83
1.91
98.02
1.82
87.42
1.62
87.36
1.62
88.35
1.64
89.88
1.67
90.96
1.69
91.15
1.69
90.19
1.67
88.22
1.64
90.17
1.67
91.62
1.70
92.37
1.71
92.42
1.72
91.90
1.71
91.09
1.69
90.36
1.68
90.07
1.67
90.20
1.67
90.28
1.68
89.85
1.67
88.76
1.65
87.43
1.62
134.23
2.49
132.61
2.46
130.13
2.41
126.76
2.35
122.54
2.27
117.57
2.18
87.30
1.62
87.51
1.62
86.52
1.61
84.59
1.57
82.07
1.52
81.90
1.52
82.39
1.53
82.62
1.53
82.59
1.53
82.32
1.53
134.49
2.50
134.96
2.50
135.21
2.51
135.02
2.51
134.19
2.49
102.08
1.89
103.54
1.92
105.37
1.96
106.83
1.98
107.36
1.99
106.62
1.98
104.42
1.94
103.54
1.92
103.91
1.93
103.83
1.93
103.28
1.92
102.42
1.90
102.08
1.89
102.10
1.89
102.05
1.89
101.98
1.89
101.96
1.89
102.08
1.89
101.95
1.89
101.97
1.89
102.10
1.89
135.76
2.52
133.97
2.49
131.25
2.44
127.57
2.37
96.36
1.79
94.34
1.75
91.53
1.70
88.58
1.64
89.43
1.66
89.28
1.66
87.83
1.63
86.40
1.60
87.64
1.63
88.03
1.63
87.46
1.62
85.93
1.59
84.32
1.56
84.83
1.57
85.62
1.59
85.89
1.59
135.72
2.52
111.22
2.06
113.57
2.11
115.87
2.15
117.43
2.18
Simulation 3
Variables
Simulation
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
Start-Delay
(s)
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
Type of
Fault
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
Line Length=100km
Fault
Duration
(s)
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
NER
Size
(Ohm)
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
Va (kV)
77.55
77.55
77.55
77.55
77.55
77.55
77.56
77.56
77.57
77.58
77.58
77.59
77.64
77.64
77.64
77.64
77.63
122.80
122.77
122.75
123.09
123.08
123.06
123.06
123.06
123.07
123.09
123.10
123.11
123.11
123.11
123.08
123.05
123.00
122.94
122.88
122.82
122.77
79.68
79.68
79.69
79.70
79.71
79.73
79.74
79.76
79.77
79.78
79.80
79.81
79.82
79.82
79.83
79.83
79.65
79.65
79.65
79.65
79.65
123.35
123.32
123.31
123.61
123.60
123.58
123.58
123.58
123.58
123.59
123.60
123.61
123.60
123.59
123.57
123.53
123.49
123.44
123.40
123.35
123.32
84.19
84.19
84.20
84.20
84.21
84.22
84.23
84.23
84.24
84.24
84.25
84.25
84.25
84.25
84.25
84.25
84.16
84.16
84.16
84.16
84.16
123.70
123.68
123.68
123.94
123.93
123.92
123.91
123.91
123.91
123.91
123.92
123.92
123.91
123.90
123.87
123.84
123.81
123.77
123.73
123.69
123.67
87.62
87.62
87.63
87.63
87.63
87.64
87.64
87.64
Vb (kV)
134.00
134.17
133.93
133.22
132.80
133.17
133.24
133.02
132.55
131.92
131.22
130.57
130.09
129.86
129.94
130.34
131.00
97.81
97.86
97.89
97.46
97.47
97.48
97.47
97.46
97.45
97.43
97.41
97.39
97.39
97.40
97.43
97.47
97.52
97.58
97.65
97.71
97.76
126.30
127.03
127.80
128.47
128.93
129.07
128.82
128.16
127.84
128.16
128.22
128.04
127.64
127.10
126.50
125.93
125.51
125.30
125.37
125.71
126.30
98.07
98.10
98.12
97.73
97.74
97.75
97.75
97.74
97.73
97.72
97.70
97.70
97.70
97.71
97.74
97.78
97.83
97.88
97.93
97.98
98.02
122.74
123.39
124.07
124.67
125.06
125.16
124.91
124.26
124.11
124.38
124.43
124.27
123.93
123.46
122.93
122.43
122.06
121.87
121.93
122.24
122.75
98.36
98.38
98.39
98.03
98.04
98.05
98.05
98.05
98.04
98.03
98.03
98.03
98.04
98.05
98.08
98.12
98.16
98.20
98.24
98.28
98.31
120.17
120.75
121.36
121.88
122.22
122.29
122.01
121.38
Vc (kV)
182.66
183.76
184.43
184.57
184.14
183.10
181.55
179.58
178.28
177.84
177.27
176.70
176.24
176.01
176.10
176.57
177.41
134.39
133.05
131.65
130.41
129.56
129.16
129.31
129.90
130.70
131.60
132.19
132.41
131.94
131.05
133.06
134.66
135.74
136.23
136.11
135.46
134.36
179.39
180.42
181.63
182.91
184.09
185.03
185.58
185.66
185.19
184.18
182.69
180.81
180.42
179.98
179.45
178.92
178.50
178.29
178.37
178.78
179.52
135.16
133.83
132.45
131.24
130.42
130.03
130.21
130.79
131.59
132.47
133.03
133.23
132.71
132.03
133.99
135.55
136.58
137.04
136.89
136.23
135.13
182.06
182.96
184.03
185.14
186.16
186.95
187.39
187.38
186.87
185.87
184.41
183.49
183.16
182.70
182.18
181.69
181.30
181.11
181.17
181.53
182.18
136.13
134.81
133.44
132.26
131.46
131.10
131.29
131.85
132.65
133.50
134.03
134.18
133.61
133.23
135.14
136.65
137.65
138.06
137.89
137.21
136.10
185.15
185.94
186.88
187.84
188.71
189.35
189.67
189.57
V Max (kV)
182.66
183.76
184.43
184.57
184.14
183.10
181.55
179.58
178.28
177.84
177.27
176.70
176.24
176.01
176.10
176.57
177.41
134.39
133.05
131.65
130.41
129.56
129.16
129.31
129.90
130.70
131.60
132.19
132.41
131.94
131.05
133.06
134.66
135.74
136.23
136.11
135.46
134.36
179.39
180.42
181.63
182.91
184.09
185.03
185.58
185.66
185.19
184.18
182.69
180.81
180.42
179.98
179.45
178.92
178.50
178.29
178.37
178.78
179.52
135.16
133.83
132.45
131.24
130.42
130.03
130.21
130.79
131.59
132.47
133.03
133.23
132.71
132.03
133.99
135.55
136.58
137.04
136.89
136.23
135.13
182.06
182.96
184.03
185.14
186.16
186.95
187.39
187.38
186.87
185.87
184.41
183.49
183.16
182.70
182.18
181.69
181.30
181.11
181.17
181.53
182.18
136.13
134.81
133.44
132.26
131.46
131.10
131.29
131.85
132.65
133.50
134.03
134.18
133.61
133.23
135.14
136.65
137.65
138.06
137.89
137.21
136.10
185.15
185.94
186.88
187.84
188.71
189.35
189.67
189.57
Line Length=10km
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom
3.39
3.41
3.42
3.43
3.42
3.40
3.37
3.33
3.31
3.30
3.29
3.28
3.27
3.27
3.27
3.28
3.29
2.49
2.47
2.44
2.42
2.40
2.40
2.40
2.41
2.43
2.44
2.45
2.46
2.45
2.43
2.47
2.50
2.52
2.53
2.53
2.51
2.49
3.33
3.35
3.37
3.39
3.42
3.43
3.44
3.45
3.44
3.42
3.39
3.36
3.35
3.34
3.33
3.32
3.31
3.31
3.31
3.32
3.33
2.51
2.48
2.46
2.44
2.42
2.41
2.42
2.43
2.44
2.46
2.47
2.47
2.46
2.45
2.49
2.52
2.53
2.54
2.54
2.53
2.51
3.38
3.40
3.41
3.44
3.45
3.47
3.48
3.48
3.47
3.45
3.42
3.40
3.40
3.39
3.38
3.37
3.36
3.36
3.36
3.37
3.38
2.53
2.50
2.48
2.45
2.44
2.43
2.44
2.45
2.46
2.48
2.49
2.49
2.48
2.47
2.51
2.54
2.55
2.56
2.56
2.55
2.53
3.44
3.45
3.47
3.49
3.50
3.51
3.52
3.52
Va (kV)
66.70
66.70
66.70
66.70
66.70
66.71
66.71
66.71
66.71
66.70
66.70
66.70
66.70
66.70
66.70
66.69
66.60
96.72
96.82
96.93
128.51
96.91
96.82
96.73
96.65
96.57
96.50
96.44
96.39
96.36
96.35
96.35
96.37
96.40
96.45
96.51
96.59
96.68
64.63
64.63
64.63
64.63
64.63
64.63
64.64
64.64
64.65
64.65
64.64
64.64
64.64
64.64
64.64
64.64
64.64
64.64
64.50
64.50
64.50
100.95
101.02
101.12
101.26
101.17
101.07
100.99
100.91
100.83
100.77
100.72
100.67
100.65
100.63
100.63
100.65
100.68
100.71
100.77
100.84
100.92
66.20
66.20
66.20
66.20
66.20
66.21
66.21
66.22
66.22
66.21
66.21
66.21
66.21
66.21
66.21
66.21
66.21
66.14
66.14
66.14
66.14
102.92
103.00
103.07
72.46
103.18
103.08
103.00
102.91
102.84
102.78
102.72
102.68
102.66
102.64
102.64
102.66
102.68
102.72
102.77
102.83
102.89
66.40
66.39
66.39
66.40
66.40
66.40
66.41
66.41
Vb (kV)
78.17
80.70
83.10
85.06
86.38
86.95
86.72
85.77
84.24
82.38
80.53
79.11
78.41
78.31
78.17
77.41
77.46
83.27
83.20
83.12
75.03
83.37
83.39
83.41
83.44
83.46
83.48
83.50
83.51
83.53
83.53
83.53
83.53
83.51
83.48
83.44
83.39
83.33
83.96
84.14
84.31
84.65
87.05
89.43
91.46
92.89
93.57
93.44
92.52
90.90
88.78
86.43
84.24
83.97
83.97
83.97
83.98
83.99
84.07
83.95
83.86
83.78
84.05
84.06
84.08
84.10
84.12
84.14
84.16
84.19
84.21
84.22
84.23
84.23
84.22
84.20
84.17
84.12
84.07
84.00
89.41
89.46
89.70
92.18
94.81
97.20
99.04
100.10
100.29
99.57
97.99
95.72
92.97
90.09
89.23
89.22
89.18
89.17
89.21
89.27
89.34
83.95
83.87
83.78
100.12
84.07
84.09
84.11
84.13
84.15
84.18
84.20
84.22
84.23
84.24
84.24
84.23
84.21
84.18
84.13
84.07
84.00
93.62
93.69
95.65
98.55
101.43
103.88
105.60
106.41
Vc (kV)
117.41
115.65
112.27
107.30
105.10
105.22
105.23
105.20
105.52
105.96
107.57
108.36
108.52
108.49
108.89
110.18
112.29
90.97
91.49
91.18
90.52
90.10
90.40
91.39
92.51
93.11
92.71
91.41
91.03
89.63
88.56
87.55
87.30
86.73
86.05
86.51
89.35
91.00
118.71
121.23
123.22
124.14
123.63
121.47
117.58
112.01
109.97
110.25
110.81
111.11
111.54
113.39
114.40
114.65
114.47
114.37
114.94
116.51
118.86
93.61
93.84
93.29
92.47
92.03
92.45
93.61
94.87
95.57
95.21
93.48
92.21
90.39
89.46
88.83
88.33
87.58
87.39
89.66
92.26
93.63
123.59
126.24
128.27
129.11
128.41
125.97
121.72
115.70
113.52
114.15
114.48
115.46
117.68
119.03
119.50
119.30
118.82
118.65
119.36
121.18
123.75
95.56
95.56
94.80
154.69
93.38
93.89
95.19
96.60
97.40
97.09
95.36
92.88
90.86
89.83
89.43
88.67
88.37
88.30
92.01
94.43
95.57
127.35
130.13
132.20
133.00
132.18
129.53
125.01
118.64
Ratio
V Max (kV) Vmax/Vnom
117.41
2.18
115.65
2.15
112.27
2.08
107.30
1.99
105.10
1.95
105.22
1.95
105.23
1.95
105.20
1.95
105.52
1.96
105.96
1.97
107.57
2.00
108.36
2.01
108.52
2.01
108.49
2.01
108.89
2.02
110.18
2.04
112.29
2.08
96.72
1.79
96.82
1.80
96.93
1.80
128.51
2.38
96.91
1.80
96.82
1.80
96.73
1.80
96.65
1.79
96.57
1.79
96.50
1.79
96.44
1.79
96.39
1.79
96.36
1.79
96.35
1.79
96.35
1.79
96.37
1.79
96.40
1.79
96.45
1.79
96.51
1.79
96.59
1.79
96.68
1.79
118.71
2.20
121.23
2.25
123.22
2.29
124.14
2.30
123.63
2.29
121.47
2.25
117.58
2.18
112.01
2.08
109.97
2.04
110.25
2.05
110.81
2.06
111.11
2.06
111.54
2.07
113.39
2.10
114.40
2.12
114.65
2.13
114.47
2.12
114.37
2.12
114.94
2.13
116.51
2.16
118.86
2.21
100.95
1.87
101.02
1.87
101.12
1.88
101.26
1.88
101.17
1.88
101.07
1.88
100.99
1.87
100.91
1.87
100.83
1.87
100.77
1.87
100.72
1.87
100.67
1.87
100.65
1.87
100.63
1.87
100.63
1.87
100.65
1.87
100.68
1.87
100.71
1.87
100.77
1.87
100.84
1.87
100.92
1.87
123.59
2.29
126.24
2.34
128.27
2.38
129.11
2.40
128.41
2.38
125.97
2.34
121.72
2.26
115.70
2.15
113.52
2.11
114.15
2.12
114.48
2.12
115.46
2.14
117.68
2.18
119.03
2.21
119.50
2.22
119.30
2.21
118.82
2.20
118.65
2.20
119.36
2.22
121.18
2.25
123.75
2.30
102.92
1.91
103.00
1.91
103.07
1.91
154.69
2.87
103.18
1.91
103.08
1.91
103.00
1.91
102.91
1.91
102.84
1.91
102.78
1.91
102.72
1.91
102.68
1.91
102.66
1.90
102.64
1.90
102.64
1.90
102.66
1.90
102.68
1.91
102.72
1.91
102.77
1.91
102.83
1.91
102.89
1.91
127.35
2.36
130.13
2.41
132.20
2.45
133.00
2.47
132.18
2.45
129.53
2.40
125.01
2.32
118.64
2.20
Line Length=0.2km
Va (kV)
68.76
68.76
68.76
68.76
68.75
68.75
68.75
68.75
68.75
68.75
68.76
68.75
68.75
68.75
68.75
68.64
68.64
96.35
99.04
100.84
127.21
101.45
100.48
98.52
95.72
92.33
88.66
85.07
81.98
79.75
78.64
78.75
80.09
82.50
85.71
89.35
93.01
96.34
65.07
65.07
65.07
65.07
65.07
65.07
65.07
65.07
65.07
65.07
65.07
65.07
65.07
65.07
65.07
65.07
65.07
65.07
65.06
65.06
65.06
99.91
101.97
103.08
62.49
103.15
102.88
101.59
99.40
96.52
93.23
89.90
86.95
84.76
83.65
83.77
85.10
87.45
90.51
93.85
97.11
99.90
62.57
62.57
62.57
62.57
62.57
62.56
62.56
62.56
62.56
62.57
62.57
62.57
62.57
62.57
62.57
62.57
62.78
62.78
62.78
62.78
62.78
101.87
103.50
104.14
71.01
103.85
104.06
103.21
101.45
98.95
95.99
92.93
90.15
88.08
87.01
87.12
88.40
90.63
93.48
96.56
99.47
101.88
64.06
64.06
64.06
64.06
64.06
64.06
64.06
64.06
Vb (kV)
80.46
80.42
80.48
82.11
83.61
84.71
85.25
85.18
84.53
83.44
82.16
81.02
80.37
80.37
80.37
80.38
80.40
86.56
88.62
89.68
74.14
89.89
89.71
88.44
86.20
83.47
83.95
83.68
82.97
82.22
81.77
81.82
82.35
83.12
83.77
83.93
83.81
86.72
87.36
87.36
87.32
87.37
87.45
88.46
90.65
92.55
93.87
94.46
94.24
93.28
91.69
89.72
87.70
87.31
87.29
87.29
87.29
87.31
87.33
87.95
89.62
90.33
100.07
90.31
90.42
89.52
87.68
85.10
82.06
81.69
81.33
80.86
80.56
80.59
80.94
81.42
81.73
82.64
85.64
88.11
91.83
91.83
91.89
92.18
93.22
96.18
98.90
100.96
102.15
102.35
101.57
99.90
97.54
94.81
92.12
91.76
91.74
91.74
91.74
91.76
91.77
88.44
89.94
90.52
104.52
90.41
90.64
89.87
88.21
85.83
83.00
80.06
79.50
79.13
78.89
78.91
79.19
79.57
80.59
83.55
86.32
88.60
94.90
94.93
95.38
95.84
98.94
102.55
105.61
107.78
Vc (kV)
117.77
116.57
113.70
109.11
108.34
108.38
108.34
108.33
108.38
108.35
108.27
108.29
108.69
108.75
108.84
109.55
111.23
86.38
87.90
88.42
90.76
88.41
89.23
90.87
92.66
93.84
93.91
92.55
90.21
90.93
90.67
89.37
87.09
87.45
87.37
86.80
85.92
86.47
117.37
120.30
122.94
124.62
124.87
123.42
120.11
114.97
110.86
110.87
110.81
110.88
110.91
111.28
112.41
113.02
113.15
113.13
113.53
114.92
117.37
88.91
90.17
90.41
148.71
90.11
91.10
93.04
95.13
96.59
96.85
95.60
92.69
92.85
92.10
90.24
88.92
88.92
88.34
87.31
87.10
89.00
121.77
125.12
128.02
129.81
130.02
128.39
124.79
119.25
111.89
111.84
111.87
111.96
113.45
115.17
116.18
116.47
116.31
116.22
116.87
118.77
121.76
90.59
91.66
91.69
156.52
91.18
92.29
94.44
96.76
98.42
98.83
97.68
94.82
94.30
93.20
90.91
90.19
89.81
88.80
87.93
88.31
90.69
125.05
128.73
131.84
133.71
133.90
132.15
128.35
122.51
Ratio
V Max (kV) Vmax/Vnom
117.77
2.19
116.57
2.16
113.70
2.11
109.11
2.02
108.34
2.01
108.38
2.01
108.34
2.01
108.33
2.01
108.38
2.01
108.35
2.01
108.27
2.01
108.29
2.01
108.69
2.02
108.75
2.02
108.84
2.02
109.55
2.03
111.23
2.06
96.35
1.79
99.04
1.84
100.84
1.87
127.21
2.36
101.45
1.88
100.48
1.86
98.52
1.83
95.72
1.78
93.84
1.74
93.91
1.74
92.55
1.72
90.21
1.67
90.93
1.69
90.67
1.68
89.37
1.66
87.09
1.62
87.45
1.62
87.37
1.62
89.35
1.66
93.01
1.73
96.34
1.79
117.37
2.18
120.30
2.23
122.94
2.28
124.62
2.31
124.87
2.32
123.42
2.29
120.11
2.23
114.97
2.13
110.86
2.06
110.87
2.06
110.81
2.06
110.88
2.06
110.91
2.06
111.28
2.06
112.41
2.09
113.02
2.10
113.15
2.10
113.13
2.10
113.53
2.11
114.92
2.13
117.37
2.18
99.91
1.85
101.97
1.89
103.08
1.91
148.71
2.76
103.15
1.91
102.88
1.91
101.59
1.89
99.40
1.84
96.59
1.79
96.85
1.80
95.60
1.77
92.69
1.72
92.85
1.72
92.10
1.71
90.24
1.67
88.92
1.65
88.92
1.65
90.51
1.68
93.85
1.74
97.11
1.80
99.90
1.85
121.77
2.26
125.12
2.32
128.02
2.38
129.81
2.41
130.02
2.41
128.39
2.38
124.79
2.32
119.25
2.21
111.89
2.08
111.84
2.08
111.87
2.08
111.96
2.08
113.45
2.11
115.17
2.14
116.18
2.16
116.47
2.16
116.31
2.16
116.22
2.16
116.87
2.17
118.77
2.20
121.76
2.26
101.87
1.89
103.50
1.92
104.14
1.93
156.52
2.90
103.85
1.93
104.06
1.93
103.21
1.92
101.45
1.88
98.95
1.84
98.83
1.83
97.68
1.81
94.82
1.76
94.30
1.75
93.20
1.73
90.91
1.69
90.19
1.67
90.63
1.68
93.48
1.73
96.56
1.79
99.47
1.85
101.88
1.89
125.05
2.32
128.73
2.39
131.84
2.45
133.71
2.48
133.90
2.48
132.15
2.45
128.35
2.38
122.51
2.27
Simulation 3
Variables
Simulation
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
Start-Delay
(s)
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
Type of
Fault
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
Line Length=100km
Fault
Duration
(s)
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
NER
Size
(Ohm)
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
Va (kV)
87.64
87.64
87.64
87.64
87.64
87.63
87.63
87.63
87.59
87.59
87.59
87.60
87.60
123.85
123.84
123.84
124.08
124.06
124.05
124.04
124.04
124.04
124.04
124.04
124.03
124.02
124.01
123.98
123.96
123.92
123.89
123.86
123.83
123.82
92.62
92.62
92.63
92.64
92.65
92.66
92.67
92.68
92.69
92.70
92.71
92.71
92.71
92.72
92.72
92.71
92.59
92.59
92.59
92.59
92.60
123.80
123.80
123.81
116.99
124.00
123.99
123.98
123.98
123.97
123.97
123.97
123.96
123.95
123.93
123.91
123.88
123.86
123.83
123.80
123.78
123.77
102.05
102.05
102.06
102.06
102.07
102.08
102.08
102.09
102.09
102.09
102.09
102.09
102.09
102.09
102.09
102.09
102.02
102.02
102.02
102.02
102.02
123.59
123.59
122.60
122.60
123.77
123.76
123.75
123.75
123.74
123.74
123.73
123.72
123.71
123.69
123.67
123.64
123.62
123.59
123.57
123.56
123.55
111.14
111.14
111.15
111.15
111.16
111.16
111.16
111.16
111.16
111.16
111.16
111.15
Vb (kV)
121.45
121.66
121.69
121.54
121.24
120.82
120.35
119.92
119.58
119.42
119.47
119.74
120.20
98.67
98.68
98.68
98.36
98.37
98.38
98.38
98.38
98.37
98.37
98.37
98.38
98.39
98.41
98.44
98.47
98.50
98.54
98.57
98.60
98.62
118.45
118.97
119.51
119.98
120.26
120.29
120.01
119.42
119.70
119.86
119.86
119.71
119.43
119.05
118.63
118.24
117.94
117.79
117.84
118.08
118.49
98.99
99.00
99.00
85.08
98.71
98.72
98.72
98.72
98.72
98.72
98.73
98.74
98.75
98.77
98.80
98.83
98.86
98.89
98.92
98.94
98.95
117.46
117.93
118.41
118.82
119.06
119.05
118.75
118.53
118.74
118.83
118.80
118.64
118.37
118.03
117.64
117.29
117.02
116.88
116.92
117.14
117.51
99.32
99.32
86.20
86.22
99.06
99.06
99.07
99.07
99.07
99.08
99.09
99.10
99.12
99.14
99.16
99.19
99.22
99.24
99.26
99.27
99.28
117.09
117.50
117.93
118.29
118.48
118.44
118.12
118.31
118.43
118.47
118.40
118.22
Vc (kV)
189.01
187.98
186.98
186.74
186.35
185.86
185.34
184.86
184.49
184.31
184.37
184.69
185.27
137.23
135.91
134.55
133.39
132.60
132.26
132.47
133.02
133.82
134.62
135.12
135.21
134.59
134.58
136.44
137.91
138.86
139.24
139.03
138.32
137.20
188.51
189.22
190.03
190.86
191.58
192.09
192.28
192.08
191.44
190.82
190.64
190.30
189.84
189.31
188.78
188.30
187.95
187.77
187.82
188.11
188.63
138.40
137.08
135.71
153.50
133.79
133.47
133.69
134.24
135.03
135.79
136.25
136.29
135.61
136.03
137.85
139.27
140.17
140.50
140.26
139.52
138.38
192.06
192.68
193.38
194.08
194.67
195.03
195.10
194.88
194.92
194.79
194.49
194.05
193.51
192.94
192.39
191.91
191.56
191.40
191.45
191.71
192.17
139.61
138.26
154.21
154.16
134.99
134.69
134.92
135.46
136.25
136.97
137.40
137.38
136.65
137.53
139.31
140.68
141.53
141.81
141.53
140.75
139.58
196.35
196.81
197.35
197.91
198.42
198.83
199.09
199.19
199.10
198.84
198.42
197.88
V Max (kV)
189.01
187.98
186.98
186.74
186.35
185.86
185.34
184.86
184.49
184.31
184.37
184.69
185.27
137.23
135.91
134.55
133.39
132.60
132.26
132.47
133.02
133.82
134.62
135.12
135.21
134.59
134.58
136.44
137.91
138.86
139.24
139.03
138.32
137.20
188.51
189.22
190.03
190.86
191.58
192.09
192.28
192.08
191.44
190.82
190.64
190.30
189.84
189.31
188.78
188.30
187.95
187.77
187.82
188.11
188.63
138.40
137.08
135.71
153.50
133.79
133.47
133.69
134.24
135.03
135.79
136.25
136.29
135.61
136.03
137.85
139.27
140.17
140.50
140.26
139.52
138.38
192.06
192.68
193.38
194.08
194.67
195.03
195.10
194.88
194.92
194.79
194.49
194.05
193.51
192.94
192.39
191.91
191.56
191.40
191.45
191.71
192.17
139.61
138.26
154.21
154.16
134.99
134.69
134.92
135.46
136.25
136.97
137.40
137.38
136.65
137.53
139.31
140.68
141.53
141.81
141.53
140.75
139.58
196.35
196.81
197.35
197.91
198.42
198.83
199.09
199.19
199.10
198.84
198.42
197.88
Line Length=10km
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom
3.51
3.49
3.47
3.47
3.46
3.45
3.44
3.43
3.42
3.42
3.42
3.43
3.44
2.55
2.52
2.50
2.48
2.46
2.45
2.46
2.47
2.48
2.50
2.51
2.51
2.50
2.50
2.53
2.56
2.58
2.58
2.58
2.57
2.55
3.50
3.51
3.53
3.54
3.56
3.56
3.57
3.56
3.55
3.54
3.54
3.53
3.52
3.51
3.50
3.49
3.49
3.48
3.49
3.49
3.50
2.57
2.54
2.52
2.85
2.48
2.48
2.48
2.49
2.51
2.52
2.53
2.53
2.52
2.52
2.56
2.58
2.60
2.61
2.60
2.59
2.57
3.56
3.58
3.59
3.60
3.61
3.62
3.62
3.62
3.62
3.61
3.61
3.60
3.59
3.58
3.57
3.56
3.55
3.55
3.55
3.56
3.57
2.59
2.57
2.86
2.86
2.51
2.50
2.50
2.51
2.53
2.54
2.55
2.55
2.54
2.55
2.59
2.61
2.63
2.63
2.63
2.61
2.59
3.64
3.65
3.66
3.67
3.68
3.69
3.69
3.70
3.69
3.69
3.68
3.67
Va (kV)
66.41
66.41
66.40
66.40
66.40
66.40
66.40
66.41
66.41
66.41
66.41
66.41
66.41
103.94
104.00
104.06
75.64
104.21
104.12
104.03
103.95
103.88
103.82
103.77
103.73
103.70
103.68
103.69
103.70
103.73
103.77
103.81
103.86
103.91
65.87
65.87
65.87
65.88
65.88
65.89
65.89
65.89
65.89
65.88
65.88
65.88
65.88
65.88
65.88
65.94
65.94
65.94
65.94
65.94
65.94
104.51
104.56
104.61
78.63
104.78
104.69
104.60
104.52
104.45
104.39
104.35
104.32
104.29
104.28
104.28
104.30
104.32
104.34
104.38
104.43
104.48
64.97
64.97
64.97
64.98
64.98
64.98
64.99
64.98
64.98
64.98
64.97
64.97
64.98
64.98
64.98
65.08
65.08
65.08
65.08
65.08
65.08
104.84
104.89
104.92
83.18
105.13
105.04
104.95
104.87
104.80
104.74
104.70
104.67
104.64
104.64
104.64
104.65
104.67
104.70
104.73
104.77
104.81
65.72
65.72
65.73
65.73
65.73
65.72
65.72
65.72
65.72
65.71
65.71
65.72
Vb (kV)
106.21
105.00
102.87
100.00
96.69
93.37
93.42
93.36
93.28
93.25
93.32
93.44
93.56
83.86
83.78
83.69
102.90
83.98
84.00
84.02
84.04
84.07
84.09
84.11
84.13
84.14
84.15
84.15
84.14
84.12
84.09
84.04
83.98
83.91
96.85
97.77
100.69
103.96
107.06
109.58
111.24
111.85
111.34
109.72
107.12
103.75
99.92
96.72
96.70
96.56
96.43
96.40
96.49
96.65
96.81
83.79
83.71
83.62
105.26
83.92
83.93
83.95
83.97
83.99
84.02
84.05
84.07
84.08
84.09
84.09
84.08
84.05
84.01
83.97
83.92
83.84
99.39
101.65
104.98
108.56
111.86
114.46
116.07
116.53
115.77
113.82
110.82
107.00
102.73
99.45
99.32
99.10
98.92
98.87
98.98
99.18
99.35
83.77
83.69
83.59
107.26
83.89
83.91
83.93
83.95
83.97
84.00
84.02
84.04
84.05
84.06
84.06
84.05
84.02
83.99
83.95
83.89
83.81
102.05
104.98
108.67
112.52
115.99
118.66
120.25
120.58
119.61
117.38
114.03
109.84
Vc (kV)
116.21
116.62
117.88
120.66
122.55
123.44
123.45
122.85
122.12
121.90
122.73
124.75
127.52
97.04
96.85
95.92
160.26
94.36
94.94
96.36
97.89
98.78
98.53
96.82
93.53
91.20
90.32
89.66
89.01
88.94
90.14
93.80
96.08
97.04
130.33
133.22
135.33
136.12
135.21
132.41
127.67
121.04
118.09
118.82
122.31
124.93
126.49
126.99
126.59
125.64
124.71
124.43
125.37
127.56
130.50
98.19
97.84
96.77
164.68
95.09
95.73
97.25
98.88
99.85
99.66
97.98
94.68
91.40
90.57
89.68
89.43
89.26
91.60
95.19
97.36
98.18
132.74
135.73
137.89
138.66
137.69
134.77
129.86
123.02
119.45
122.54
126.04
128.48
129.75
129.89
129.14
127.90
126.78
126.46
127.48
129.82
132.91
99.10
98.62
97.43
168.27
95.65
96.34
97.94
99.65
100.70
100.56
98.91
95.61
91.54
90.71
89.83
89.69
89.42
92.75
96.29
98.37
99.08
134.72
137.81
140.01
140.78
139.76
136.75
131.69
124.68
121.33
125.76
129.22
131.48
Ratio
V Max (kV) Vmax/Vnom
116.21
2.16
116.62
2.16
117.88
2.19
120.66
2.24
122.55
2.27
123.44
2.29
123.45
2.29
122.85
2.28
122.12
2.27
121.90
2.26
122.73
2.28
124.75
2.31
127.52
2.37
103.94
1.93
104.00
1.93
104.06
1.93
160.26
2.97
104.21
1.93
104.12
1.93
104.03
1.93
103.95
1.93
103.88
1.93
103.82
1.93
103.77
1.93
103.73
1.92
103.70
1.92
103.68
1.92
103.69
1.92
103.70
1.92
103.73
1.92
103.77
1.93
103.81
1.93
103.86
1.93
103.91
1.93
130.33
2.42
133.22
2.47
135.33
2.51
136.12
2.53
135.21
2.51
132.41
2.46
127.67
2.37
121.04
2.25
118.09
2.19
118.82
2.20
122.31
2.27
124.93
2.32
126.49
2.35
126.99
2.36
126.59
2.35
125.64
2.33
124.71
2.31
124.43
2.31
125.37
2.33
127.56
2.37
130.50
2.42
104.51
1.94
104.56
1.94
104.61
1.94
164.68
3.06
104.78
1.94
104.69
1.94
104.60
1.94
104.52
1.94
104.45
1.94
104.39
1.94
104.35
1.94
104.32
1.94
104.29
1.94
104.28
1.94
104.28
1.94
104.30
1.94
104.32
1.94
104.34
1.94
104.38
1.94
104.43
1.94
104.48
1.94
132.74
2.46
135.73
2.52
137.89
2.56
138.66
2.57
137.69
2.56
134.77
2.50
129.86
2.41
123.02
2.28
119.45
2.22
122.54
2.27
126.04
2.34
128.48
2.38
129.75
2.41
129.89
2.41
129.14
2.40
127.90
2.37
126.78
2.35
126.46
2.35
127.48
2.37
129.82
2.41
132.91
2.47
104.84
1.95
104.89
1.95
104.92
1.95
168.27
3.12
105.13
1.95
105.04
1.95
104.95
1.95
104.87
1.95
104.80
1.94
104.74
1.94
104.70
1.94
104.67
1.94
104.64
1.94
104.64
1.94
104.64
1.94
104.65
1.94
104.67
1.94
104.70
1.94
104.73
1.94
104.77
1.94
104.81
1.94
134.72
2.50
137.81
2.56
140.01
2.60
140.78
2.61
139.76
2.59
136.75
2.54
131.69
2.44
124.68
2.31
121.33
2.25
125.76
2.33
129.22
2.40
131.48
2.44
Line Length=0.2km
Va (kV)
64.06
64.06
64.06
64.06
64.06
64.06
64.06
64.06
64.14
64.14
64.14
64.14
64.14
103.12
104.42
104.74
77.78
104.21
104.73
104.21
102.76
100.54
97.83
94.97
92.36
90.38
89.35
89.46
90.68
92.80
95.49
98.36
101.01
103.12
65.44
65.44
65.44
65.44
65.44
65.44
65.44
65.44
65.44
65.44
65.44
65.44
65.44
65.44
65.44
65.52
65.52
65.52
65.52
65.52
65.52
103.99
105.06
105.13
83.05
104.41
105.18
104.90
103.68
101.68
99.16
96.46
93.97
92.07
91.09
91.19
92.36
94.39
96.95
99.65
102.11
103.99
66.63
66.63
66.63
66.63
66.63
66.63
66.63
66.64
66.64
66.64
66.64
66.64
66.64
66.64
66.71
66.71
66.71
66.71
66.71
66.71
66.71
104.63
105.52
105.40
87.62
104.54
105.49
105.41
104.37
102.54
100.17
97.60
95.21
93.38
92.43
92.53
93.65
95.61
98.07
100.64
102.94
104.65
67.75
67.75
67.75
67.75
67.75
67.75
67.75
67.75
67.75
67.75
67.75
67.75
Vb (kV)
108.86
108.76
107.52
105.28
102.29
98.91
95.66
94.76
94.74
94.74
94.74
94.75
94.79
88.69
90.09
90.61
107.99
90.47
90.74
90.04
88.48
86.21
83.50
80.68
78.11
77.54
77.31
77.34
77.60
78.54
81.18
84.02
86.68
88.85
97.13
97.57
98.22
99.42
103.75
107.84
111.16
113.40
114.37
114.01
112.40
109.69
106.17
102.27
98.53
96.88
96.86
96.86
96.87
96.95
97.18
88.88
90.23
90.69
110.80
90.53
90.83
90.19
88.69
86.50
83.86
81.11
78.62
76.74
75.94
75.97
77.03
79.04
81.61
84.36
86.95
89.04
99.07
99.79
100.64
102.94
107.83
112.28
115.79
118.07
118.95
118.39
116.46
113.36
109.40
105.04
100.90
98.53
98.56
98.57
98.59
98.76
99.21
89.08
90.37
90.79
113.10
90.60
90.93
90.34
88.89
86.76
84.20
81.51
79.07
77.23
76.28
76.38
77.51
79.48
82.00
84.69
87.21
89.24
100.82
101.74
102.79
105.99
111.32
116.05
119.71
122.02
122.82
122.07
119.88
116.45
Vc (kV)
114.79
112.24
112.67
114.09
116.68
118.38
119.13
119.09
118.67
118.51
119.36
121.65
125.04
91.78
92.70
92.57
162.30
91.89
93.09
95.40
97.90
99.70
100.24
99.18
96.35
95.52
94.18
91.57
91.19
90.48
89.09
88.68
89.60
91.89
127.60
131.53
134.80
136.75
136.94
135.10
131.14
125.07
117.07
113.25
113.82
116.79
119.47
121.02
121.48
121.14
120.49
120.28
121.29
123.87
127.59
92.66
93.46
93.20
166.76
92.39
93.66
96.10
98.73
100.65
101.28
100.29
97.50
96.59
95.08
92.22
92.05
91.06
89.35
89.30
90.56
92.76
129.63
133.76
137.17
139.19
139.37
137.47
133.38
127.14
118.91
114.35
115.33
119.21
121.85
123.21
123.41
122.79
121.94
121.68
122.82
125.65
129.61
93.33
94.03
93.67
170.29
92.77
94.09
96.62
99.36
101.38
102.09
101.15
98.39
97.54
95.89
93.11
92.81
91.60
89.90
89.83
91.30
93.43
131.28
135.58
139.11
141.18
141.37
139.41
135.22
128.84
120.43
115.52
117.39
121.34
Ratio
V Max (kV) Vmax/Vnom
114.79
2.13
112.24
2.08
112.67
2.09
114.09
2.12
116.68
2.17
118.38
2.20
119.13
2.21
119.09
2.21
118.67
2.20
118.51
2.20
119.36
2.21
121.65
2.26
125.04
2.32
103.12
1.91
104.42
1.94
104.74
1.94
162.30
3.01
104.21
1.93
104.73
1.94
104.21
1.93
102.76
1.91
100.54
1.87
100.24
1.86
99.18
1.84
96.35
1.79
95.52
1.77
94.18
1.75
91.57
1.70
91.19
1.69
92.80
1.72
95.49
1.77
98.36
1.83
101.01
1.87
103.12
1.91
127.60
2.37
131.53
2.44
134.80
2.50
136.75
2.54
136.94
2.54
135.10
2.51
131.14
2.43
125.07
2.32
117.07
2.17
114.01
2.12
113.82
2.11
116.79
2.17
119.47
2.22
121.02
2.25
121.48
2.25
121.14
2.25
120.49
2.24
120.28
2.23
121.29
2.25
123.87
2.30
127.59
2.37
103.99
1.93
105.06
1.95
105.13
1.95
166.76
3.09
104.41
1.94
105.18
1.95
104.90
1.95
103.68
1.92
101.68
1.89
101.28
1.88
100.29
1.86
97.50
1.81
96.59
1.79
95.08
1.76
92.22
1.71
92.36
1.71
94.39
1.75
96.95
1.80
99.65
1.85
102.11
1.89
103.99
1.93
129.63
2.41
133.76
2.48
137.17
2.55
139.19
2.58
139.37
2.59
137.47
2.55
133.38
2.48
127.14
2.36
118.95
2.21
118.39
2.20
116.46
2.16
119.21
2.21
121.85
2.26
123.21
2.29
123.41
2.29
122.79
2.28
121.94
2.26
121.68
2.26
122.82
2.28
125.65
2.33
129.61
2.41
104.63
1.94
105.52
1.96
105.40
1.96
170.29
3.16
104.54
1.94
105.49
1.96
105.41
1.96
104.37
1.94
102.54
1.90
102.09
1.89
101.15
1.88
98.39
1.83
97.54
1.81
95.89
1.78
93.11
1.73
93.65
1.74
95.61
1.77
98.07
1.82
100.64
1.87
102.94
1.91
104.65
1.94
131.28
2.44
135.58
2.52
139.11
2.58
141.18
2.62
141.37
2.62
139.41
2.59
135.22
2.51
128.84
2.39
122.82
2.28
122.07
2.27
119.88
2.22
121.34
2.25
Simulation 3
Variables
Simulation
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
Start-Delay
(s)
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
Type of
Fault
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
Line Length=100km
Fault
Duration
(s)
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
NER
Size
(Ohm)
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
Va (kV)
111.15
111.14
111.14
111.14
111.12
111.11
111.11
111.12
111.12
123.23
123.23
127.84
127.84
123.40
123.39
123.38
123.37
123.37
123.36
123.35
123.34
123.33
123.31
123.29
123.26
123.24
123.22
123.21
123.20
123.19
119.91
119.92
119.92
119.92
119.92
119.92
119.92
119.92
119.91
119.91
119.90
119.90
119.89
119.89
119.88
119.88
119.89
119.89
119.89
119.89
119.89
122.75
122.76
132.72
132.72
122.92
122.91
122.90
122.89
122.88
122.87
122.86
122.85
122.84
122.82
122.80
122.77
122.75
122.74
122.72
122.72
122.72
192.76
192.76
192.75
192.75
192.74
192.74
192.74
192.73
192.74
192.74
192.75
192.75
192.76
192.77
192.78
192.79
192.75
192.75
192.75
192.75
192.74
117.44
117.43
166.26
166.26
166.24
117.52
117.53
117.55
117.56
117.56
117.56
117.55
117.54
117.52
117.51
117.49
117.48
117.47
117.46
117.45
117.44
404.79
404.91
405.08
405.26
405.46
405.65
405.83
405.96
406.06
406.10
406.10
406.04
405.95
405.83
404.78
404.71
Vb (kV)
117.96
117.63
117.28
116.95
116.70
116.58
116.61
116.81
117.14
99.64
99.64
87.06
87.08
99.40
99.40
99.41
99.41
99.42
99.43
99.44
99.45
99.47
99.49
99.51
99.54
99.56
99.58
99.59
99.60
99.60
117.54
117.67
117.98
118.29
118.44
118.36
118.51
118.63
118.68
118.65
118.54
118.35
118.08
117.79
117.61
117.48
117.39
117.35
117.35
117.41
117.51
99.95
99.94
88.22
88.25
99.72
99.73
99.74
99.74
99.75
99.76
99.77
99.79
99.81
99.83
99.85
99.87
99.89
99.90
99.91
99.91
99.91
139.98
140.16
140.37
140.59
140.77
140.88
140.90
140.81
140.59
140.27
140.16
140.18
140.17
140.12
140.05
139.97
139.90
139.87
139.88
139.95
140.08
101.99
101.96
115.15
115.16
115.17
101.95
101.96
101.98
102.00
102.02
102.03
102.05
102.06
102.07
102.07
102.07
102.06
102.04
102.01
101.98
101.95
267.70
267.79
267.89
268.01
268.13
268.23
268.31
268.36
268.37
268.33
268.25
268.13
267.99
267.83
267.68
267.59
Vc (kV)
197.28
196.66
196.29
196.03
195.82
195.71
195.74
195.93
196.27
140.81
139.44
154.86
154.81
136.18
135.89
136.13
136.67
137.45
138.14
138.55
138.46
137.68
139.04
140.78
142.11
142.91
143.14
142.80
141.98
140.79
201.18
201.63
202.13
202.63
203.06
203.37
203.53
203.50
203.29
202.90
202.37
201.80
201.70
201.48
201.19
200.90
200.67
200.55
200.59
200.78
201.11
141.99
140.60
155.51
155.46
137.33
137.06
137.30
137.84
138.62
139.29
139.66
139.52
138.69
140.53
142.24
143.52
144.27
144.45
144.07
143.20
141.97
244.07
244.18
244.42
244.77
245.12
245.44
245.67
245.79
245.75
245.54
245.17
244.66
244.36
244.24
244.11
243.99
243.90
243.86
243.87
243.93
244.02
151.29
149.59
160.92
160.89
160.85
145.83
146.15
146.77
147.56
148.12
148.34
148.63
150.70
152.56
154.04
154.99
155.34
155.07
154.22
152.90
151.28
390.22
390.36
390.59
390.85
391.07
391.23
391.30
391.26
391.19
391.14
391.03
390.88
390.69
390.48
390.27
390.14
V Max (kV)
197.28
196.66
196.29
196.03
195.82
195.71
195.74
195.93
196.27
140.81
139.44
154.86
154.81
136.18
135.89
136.13
136.67
137.45
138.14
138.55
138.46
137.68
139.04
140.78
142.11
142.91
143.14
142.80
141.98
140.79
201.18
201.63
202.13
202.63
203.06
203.37
203.53
203.50
203.29
202.90
202.37
201.80
201.70
201.48
201.19
200.90
200.67
200.55
200.59
200.78
201.11
141.99
140.60
155.51
155.46
137.33
137.06
137.30
137.84
138.62
139.29
139.66
139.52
138.69
140.53
142.24
143.52
144.27
144.45
144.07
143.20
141.97
244.07
244.18
244.42
244.77
245.12
245.44
245.67
245.79
245.75
245.54
245.17
244.66
244.36
244.24
244.11
243.99
243.90
243.86
243.87
243.93
244.02
151.29
149.59
166.26
166.26
166.24
145.83
146.15
146.77
147.56
148.12
148.34
148.63
150.70
152.56
154.04
154.99
155.34
155.07
154.22
152.90
151.28
404.79
404.91
405.08
405.26
405.46
405.65
405.83
405.96
406.06
406.10
406.10
406.04
405.95
405.83
404.78
404.71
Line Length=10km
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom
3.66
3.65
3.64
3.64
3.63
3.63
3.63
3.64
3.64
2.61
2.59
2.87
2.87
2.53
2.52
2.53
2.54
2.55
2.56
2.57
2.57
2.55
2.58
2.61
2.64
2.65
2.66
2.65
2.63
2.61
3.73
3.74
3.75
3.76
3.77
3.77
3.78
3.78
3.77
3.77
3.76
3.74
3.74
3.74
3.73
3.73
3.72
3.72
3.72
3.73
3.73
2.63
2.61
2.89
2.88
2.55
2.54
2.55
2.56
2.57
2.58
2.59
2.59
2.57
2.61
2.64
2.66
2.68
2.68
2.67
2.66
2.63
4.53
4.53
4.54
4.54
4.55
4.55
4.56
4.56
4.56
4.56
4.55
4.54
4.53
4.53
4.53
4.53
4.53
4.53
4.53
4.53
4.53
2.81
2.78
3.09
3.09
3.08
2.71
2.71
2.72
2.74
2.75
2.75
2.76
2.80
2.83
2.86
2.88
2.88
2.88
2.86
2.84
2.81
7.51
7.51
7.52
7.52
7.52
7.53
7.53
7.53
7.54
7.54
7.54
7.53
7.53
7.53
7.51
7.51
Va (kV)
65.72
65.72
65.78
65.78
65.78
65.78
65.78
65.78
65.78
105.06
105.09
105.13
87.31
105.36
105.27
105.18
105.10
105.03
104.97
104.92
104.89
104.87
104.86
104.86
104.87
104.90
104.92
104.95
104.98
105.02
67.89
67.89
67.89
67.89
67.89
67.89
67.88
67.88
67.88
67.88
67.88
67.88
67.88
67.88
67.93
67.93
67.93
67.93
67.93
67.93
67.93
105.19
105.23
105.26
91.17
105.50
105.41
105.32
105.24
105.17
105.11
105.07
105.04
105.03
105.02
105.02
105.03
105.04
105.06
105.09
105.13
105.15
83.10
83.11
83.11
83.11
83.11
83.10
83.08
83.07
83.06
83.04
83.03
82.97
82.98
82.98
82.98
82.98
82.98
82.98
82.98
82.99
82.99
105.49
105.52
105.56
120.48
105.87
105.78
105.69
105.62
105.57
105.55
105.54
105.53
105.52
105.49
105.46
105.43
105.40
105.39
105.38
105.41
105.45
115.57
115.48
115.11
114.40
113.36
112.08
110.72
109.48
115.61
116.29
116.66
116.72
116.51
116.12
115.66
115.27
Vb (kV)
105.18
101.71
101.48
101.16
100.92
100.87
101.00
101.22
102.25
83.78
83.70
83.60
108.98
83.91
83.92
83.94
83.96
83.99
84.01
84.03
84.05
84.06
84.07
84.06
84.06
84.04
84.00
83.96
83.90
83.83
104.58
107.86
111.86
115.95
119.57
122.31
123.88
124.11
122.96
120.48
116.84
112.31
107.32
103.63
103.28
102.87
102.57
102.51
102.66
102.91
104.78
83.82
83.73
83.64
110.46
83.94
83.96
83.98
84.00
84.02
84.04
84.06
84.08
84.10
84.10
84.10
84.09
84.07
84.04
84.00
83.94
83.87
118.48
123.71
129.41
134.83
139.33
142.47
143.99
143.71
141.63
137.85
132.59
126.24
119.33
114.69
113.21
111.96
112.04
111.98
112.64
114.81
118.72
84.53
84.43
84.31
118.65
84.66
84.67
84.69
84.71
84.72
84.74
84.76
84.79
84.81
84.83
84.84
84.85
84.83
84.80
84.74
84.67
84.57
133.68
141.05
148.65
155.54
161.06
164.72
166.24
165.48
162.43
157.26
150.25
141.87
136.91
132.88
128.82
125.44
Vc (kV)
132.47
132.31
131.24
129.75
128.47
128.12
129.22
131.68
134.89
99.83
99.25
97.96
171.23
96.09
96.82
98.49
100.28
101.39
101.29
99.67
96.37
91.66
90.79
90.08
89.85
89.53
93.68
97.18
99.19
99.81
136.38
139.55
141.80
142.57
141.50
138.42
133.25
126.09
124.03
128.56
131.95
134.04
134.79
134.35
133.02
131.30
129.88
129.50
130.66
133.24
136.55
100.43
99.76
98.39
173.73
96.45
97.21
98.94
100.79
101.95
101.90
100.30
97.01
92.00
90.83
90.27
89.94
89.70
94.44
97.91
99.87
100.40
144.74
148.38
150.90
151.74
150.53
147.09
141.37
133.48
139.46
143.95
146.67
147.62
146.93
144.90
142.03
139.04
136.84
136.30
137.81
140.99
144.92
103.23
102.14
100.34
186.41
98.01
98.93
100.97
103.15
104.60
104.77
103.32
100.11
95.09
91.81
90.94
90.61
93.03
97.99
101.32
103.01
103.18
152.67
156.87
159.77
160.76
159.50
155.78
151.12
150.61
156.75
160.66
162.30
161.77
159.32
155.42
150.77
146.32
Ratio
V Max (kV) Vmax/Vnom
132.47
2.46
132.31
2.46
131.24
2.44
129.75
2.41
128.47
2.38
128.12
2.38
129.22
2.40
131.68
2.44
134.89
2.50
105.06
1.95
105.09
1.95
105.13
1.95
171.23
3.18
105.36
1.96
105.27
1.95
105.18
1.95
105.10
1.95
105.03
1.95
104.97
1.95
104.92
1.95
104.89
1.95
104.87
1.95
104.86
1.95
104.86
1.95
104.87
1.95
104.90
1.95
104.92
1.95
104.95
1.95
104.98
1.95
105.02
1.95
136.38
2.53
139.55
2.59
141.80
2.63
142.57
2.65
141.50
2.63
138.42
2.57
133.25
2.47
126.09
2.34
124.03
2.30
128.56
2.39
131.95
2.45
134.04
2.49
134.79
2.50
134.35
2.49
133.02
2.47
131.30
2.44
129.88
2.41
129.50
2.40
130.66
2.42
133.24
2.47
136.55
2.53
105.19
1.95
105.23
1.95
105.26
1.95
173.73
3.22
105.50
1.96
105.41
1.96
105.32
1.95
105.24
1.95
105.17
1.95
105.11
1.95
105.07
1.95
105.04
1.95
105.03
1.95
105.02
1.95
105.02
1.95
105.03
1.95
105.04
1.95
105.06
1.95
105.09
1.95
105.13
1.95
105.15
1.95
144.74
2.69
148.38
2.75
150.90
2.80
151.74
2.82
150.53
2.79
147.09
2.73
143.99
2.67
143.71
2.67
141.63
2.63
143.95
2.67
146.67
2.72
147.62
2.74
146.93
2.73
144.90
2.69
142.03
2.64
139.04
2.58
136.84
2.54
136.30
2.53
137.81
2.56
140.99
2.62
144.92
2.69
105.49
1.96
105.52
1.96
105.56
1.96
186.41
3.46
105.87
1.96
105.78
1.96
105.69
1.96
105.62
1.96
105.57
1.96
105.55
1.96
105.54
1.96
105.53
1.96
105.52
1.96
105.49
1.96
105.46
1.96
105.43
1.96
105.40
1.96
105.39
1.96
105.38
1.96
105.41
1.96
105.45
1.96
152.67
2.83
156.87
2.91
159.77
2.96
160.76
2.98
161.06
2.99
164.72
3.06
166.24
3.08
165.48
3.07
162.43
3.01
160.66
2.98
162.30
3.01
161.77
3.00
159.32
2.96
155.42
2.88
150.77
2.80
146.32
2.72
Line Length=0.2km
Va (kV)
67.75
67.75
67.81
67.81
67.81
67.81
67.81
67.81
67.81
105.15
105.88
105.60
91.78
104.61
105.73
105.80
104.91
103.22
100.98
98.51
96.20
94.42
93.50
93.60
94.69
96.59
98.96
101.41
103.59
105.16
68.82
68.82
68.82
68.82
68.82
68.82
68.82
68.82
68.82
68.82
68.82
68.82
68.82
68.87
68.87
68.87
68.87
68.87
68.87
68.87
68.87
105.57
106.17
105.76
95.68
104.68
105.92
106.12
105.35
103.77
101.64
99.25
97.02
95.29
94.38
94.47
95.54
97.39
99.68
102.05
104.12
105.58
78.13
78.12
78.12
78.12
78.13
78.15
78.17
78.20
78.22
78.23
78.24
78.05
78.04
78.04
78.03
78.03
78.03
78.03
78.03
78.03
78.02
107.58
107.56
124.17
124.95
104.90
106.78
107.63
107.50
106.53
104.93
103.00
101.05
99.49
98.65
98.71
99.64
101.25
103.22
105.16
106.72
107.60
105.92
106.94
107.91
108.57
108.75
108.33
107.42
108.62
109.14
101.46
100.49
101.66
102.90
103.84
104.37
104.54
Vb (kV)
112.11
107.37
102.87
99.88
99.99
100.01
100.06
100.33
100.95
89.29
90.53
90.90
115.02
90.68
91.06
90.50
89.11
87.04
84.53
81.90
79.50
77.69
76.76
76.86
77.97
79.91
82.38
85.02
87.48
89.45
102.36
103.49
104.72
108.64
114.32
119.28
123.07
125.40
126.12
125.22
122.80
119.07
114.42
109.35
104.55
101.09
101.21
101.22
101.31
101.69
102.49
89.52
90.70
91.03
116.64
90.77
91.18
90.69
89.35
87.33
84.87
82.28
79.93
78.15
77.24
77.33
78.43
80.34
82.76
85.35
87.76
89.68
112.40
115.12
117.69
123.34
130.67
136.70
141.03
143.39
143.67
141.90
138.23
132.97
126.57
119.70
113.24
108.45
108.34
108.26
108.76
110.20
112.51
91.88
92.53
130.15
125.18
91.63
92.60
92.64
91.82
90.29
88.27
86.08
84.04
82.49
81.70
81.80
82.77
84.44
86.53
88.71
90.64
92.05
129.14
134.59
139.48
143.12
148.33
155.31
160.07
162.36
162.10
159.35
154.33
147.39
139.11
130.29
123.37
120.61
Vc (kV)
123.89
125.05
125.00
124.14
123.11
122.81
124.06
127.09
131.26
93.85
94.48
94.04
173.17
93.05
94.42
97.03
99.85
101.95
102.72
101.82
99.09
98.37
96.63
93.94
93.51
92.10
90.49
90.30
91.88
93.96
132.65
137.10
140.71
142.84
143.03
141.04
136.76
130.26
121.70
116.73
119.25
123.21
125.65
126.61
126.34
125.26
124.08
123.75
125.09
128.29
132.63
94.27
94.84
94.33
175.56
93.27
94.67
97.35
100.25
102.40
103.23
102.37
99.67
99.11
97.30
94.68
94.15
92.58
91.03
90.73
92.35
94.38
139.41
144.57
148.69
151.08
151.32
149.16
144.50
137.43
128.13
127.37
130.15
133.59
135.07
134.79
133.16
130.85
128.83
128.30
130.13
134.17
139.38
96.14
96.41
188.72
187.32
94.18
95.77
98.77
102.00
104.47
105.55
104.89
103.72
103.38
101.33
99.37
98.35
96.01
94.69
93.73
94.44
96.25
145.69
151.55
156.19
158.89
159.22
156.93
151.95
145.50
148.43
149.20
147.89
144.87
144.96
143.10
139.86
136.13
Ratio
V Max (kV) Vmax/Vnom
123.89
2.30
125.05
2.32
125.00
2.32
124.14
2.30
123.11
2.28
122.81
2.28
124.06
2.30
127.09
2.36
131.26
2.44
105.15
1.95
105.88
1.96
105.60
1.96
173.17
3.21
104.61
1.94
105.73
1.96
105.80
1.96
104.91
1.95
103.22
1.92
102.72
1.91
101.82
1.89
99.09
1.84
98.37
1.83
96.63
1.79
93.94
1.74
94.69
1.76
96.59
1.79
98.96
1.84
101.41
1.88
103.59
1.92
105.16
1.95
132.65
2.46
137.10
2.54
140.71
2.61
142.84
2.65
143.03
2.65
141.04
2.62
136.76
2.54
130.26
2.42
126.12
2.34
125.22
2.32
122.80
2.28
123.21
2.29
125.65
2.33
126.61
2.35
126.34
2.34
125.26
2.32
124.08
2.30
123.75
2.30
125.09
2.32
128.29
2.38
132.63
2.46
105.57
1.96
106.17
1.97
105.76
1.96
175.56
3.26
104.68
1.94
105.92
1.97
106.12
1.97
105.35
1.95
103.77
1.93
103.23
1.92
102.37
1.90
99.67
1.85
99.11
1.84
97.30
1.81
94.68
1.76
95.54
1.77
97.39
1.81
99.68
1.85
102.05
1.89
104.12
1.93
105.58
1.96
139.41
2.59
144.57
2.68
148.69
2.76
151.08
2.80
151.32
2.81
149.16
2.77
144.50
2.68
143.39
2.66
143.67
2.67
141.90
2.63
138.23
2.57
133.59
2.48
135.07
2.51
134.79
2.50
133.16
2.47
130.85
2.43
128.83
2.39
128.30
2.38
130.13
2.41
134.17
2.49
139.38
2.59
107.58
2.00
107.56
2.00
188.72
3.50
187.32
3.48
104.90
1.95
106.78
1.98
107.63
2.00
107.50
1.99
106.53
1.98
105.55
1.96
104.89
1.95
103.72
1.92
103.38
1.92
101.33
1.88
99.37
1.84
99.64
1.85
101.25
1.88
103.22
1.92
105.16
1.95
106.72
1.98
107.60
2.00
145.69
2.70
151.55
2.81
156.19
2.90
158.89
2.95
159.22
2.95
156.93
2.91
160.07
2.97
162.36
3.01
162.10
3.01
159.35
2.96
154.33
2.86
147.39
2.74
144.96
2.69
143.10
2.66
139.86
2.60
136.13
2.53
Simulation 3
Variables
Simulation
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
198765
Start-Delay
(s)
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
3.1500
Type of
Fault
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
#NAME?
Line Length=100km
Fault
Duration
(s)
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
63
NER
Size
(Ohm) Va (kV)
550
404.66
550
404.63
550
404.64
550
404.69
550
404.78
550
121.28
550
218.98
550
218.98
550
218.96
550
218.92
550
218.88
550
120.82
550
120.82
550
120.81
550
120.79
550
120.77
550
120.75
550
120.76
550
120.78
550
120.82
550
120.89
550
120.96
550
121.05
550
121.14
550
121.21
550
121.27
1000
451.99
1000
452.19
1000
452.44
1000
452.72
1000
452.99
1000
453.26
1000
453.48
1000
453.65
1000
453.74
1000
453.75
1000
453.68
1000
453.54
1000
453.35
1000
453.14
1000
452.01
1000
451.89
1000
451.80
1000
451.75
1000
451.76
1000
451.84
1000
451.98
1000
121.13
1000
226.53
1000
226.54
1000
226.52
1000
226.48
1000
226.44
1000
120.53
1000
120.53
1000
120.50
1000
120.47
1000
120.44
1000
120.43
1000
120.43
1000
120.46
1000
120.52
1000
120.60
1000
120.71
1000
120.83
1000
120.94
1000
121.04
1000
121.12
1E+06 523.78
1E+06 524.13
1E+06 524.55
1E+06 525.00
1E+06 525.44
1E+06 525.83
1E+06 526.14
1E+06 526.33
1E+06 526.39
1E+06 526.31
1E+06 526.09
1E+06 525.77
1E+06 525.37
1E+06 524.15
1E+06 523.89
1E+06 523.65
1E+06 523.47
1E+06 523.38
1E+06 523.40
1E+06 523.54
1E+06 523.79
1E+06 120.82
1E+06 236.68
1E+06 236.69
1E+06 236.67
1E+06 236.63
1E+06 236.58
1E+06 120.03
1E+06 120.01
1E+06 119.97
1E+06 119.92
1E+06 119.88
1E+06 119.85
1E+06 119.85
1E+06 119.89
1E+06 119.96
1E+06 120.08
1E+06 120.23
1E+06 120.39
1E+06 120.55
1E+06 120.70
1E+06 120.81
4E+07 93833.05
Vb (kV)
267.54
267.51
267.52
267.55
267.62
104.91
175.97
175.95
175.92
175.90
175.88
105.53
105.55
105.56
105.56
105.53
105.49
105.43
105.35
105.26
105.18
105.09
105.01
104.95
104.90
104.87
310.12
310.25
310.40
310.57
310.75
310.93
311.09
311.22
311.31
311.35
311.35
311.30
311.22
311.10
310.14
310.06
310.01
309.98
309.99
310.03
310.12
105.43
187.06
187.03
186.99
186.96
186.94
106.23
106.25
106.25
106.24
106.20
106.14
106.05
105.95
105.84
105.72
105.62
105.53
105.46
105.42
105.39
381.91
382.15
382.43
382.75
383.06
383.34
383.58
383.74
383.82
383.80
383.70
383.51
383.27
382.15
381.97
381.80
381.68
381.63
381.64
381.73
381.90
106.17
203.01
202.97
202.92
202.87
202.85
107.29
107.31
107.30
107.27
107.20
107.10
106.98
106.83
106.68
106.53
106.40
106.29
106.21
106.16
106.14
85603.89
Vc (kV)
390.05
390.01
390.02
390.08
390.18
166.91
172.48
172.50
172.50
172.47
172.42
160.06
160.96
162.01
162.87
165.47
168.15
170.63
172.68
174.08
174.70
174.47
173.44
171.70
169.44
166.90
422.14
422.35
422.58
422.82
423.03
423.21
423.32
423.36
423.31
423.24
423.10
422.91
422.69
422.46
422.24
422.05
421.92
421.86
421.87
421.96
422.11
168.80
174.26
174.30
174.30
174.28
174.23
161.69
162.63
163.74
164.80
167.53
170.33
172.91
175.03
176.46
177.07
176.80
175.69
173.85
171.46
168.79
469.64
469.94
470.28
470.65
471.00
471.29
471.48
471.57
471.53
471.38
471.11
470.76
470.36
470.06
469.82
469.60
469.44
469.36
469.38
469.50
469.72
171.09
176.60
176.67
176.69
176.66
176.62
163.62
164.64
165.82
166.99
169.89
172.86
175.58
177.80
179.29
179.91
179.59
178.40
176.44
173.91
171.08
120491.21
V Max (kV)
404.66
404.63
404.64
404.69
404.78
166.91
218.98
218.98
218.96
218.92
218.88
160.06
160.96
162.01
162.87
165.47
168.15
170.63
172.68
174.08
174.70
174.47
173.44
171.70
169.44
166.90
451.99
452.19
452.44
452.72
452.99
453.26
453.48
453.65
453.74
453.75
453.68
453.54
453.35
453.14
452.01
451.89
451.80
451.75
451.76
451.84
451.98
168.80
226.53
226.54
226.52
226.48
226.44
161.69
162.63
163.74
164.80
167.53
170.33
172.91
175.03
176.46
177.07
176.80
175.69
173.85
171.46
168.79
523.78
524.13
524.55
525.00
525.44
525.83
526.14
526.33
526.39
526.31
526.09
525.77
525.37
524.15
523.89
523.65
523.47
523.38
523.40
523.54
523.79
171.09
236.68
236.69
236.67
236.63
236.58
163.62
164.64
165.82
166.99
169.89
172.86
175.58
177.80
179.29
179.91
179.59
178.40
176.44
173.91
171.08
123384.60
Line Length=10km
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom
7.51
7.51
7.51
7.51
7.51
3.10
4.06
4.06
4.06
4.06
4.06
2.97
2.99
3.01
3.02
3.07
3.12
3.17
3.20
3.23
3.24
3.24
3.22
3.19
3.14
3.10
8.39
8.39
8.40
8.40
8.41
8.41
8.42
8.42
8.42
8.42
8.42
8.42
8.41
8.41
8.39
8.39
8.38
8.38
8.38
8.38
8.39
3.13
4.20
4.20
4.20
4.20
4.20
3.00
3.02
3.04
3.06
3.11
3.16
3.21
3.25
3.27
3.29
3.28
3.26
3.23
3.18
3.13
9.72
9.73
9.73
9.74
9.75
9.76
9.76
9.77
9.77
9.77
9.76
9.76
9.75
9.73
9.72
9.72
9.71
9.71
9.71
9.72
9.72
3.17
4.39
4.39
4.39
4.39
4.39
3.04
3.06
3.08
3.10
3.15
3.21
3.26
3.30
3.33
3.34
3.33
3.31
3.27
3.23
3.17
2289.61
Va (kV)
115.02
114.97
115.08
115.25
115.35
105.20
105.42
105.57
179.57
105.94
105.85
105.81
105.86
106.00
106.19
106.35
106.40
106.28
106.00
105.61
105.20
104.88
104.72
104.75
104.92
105.17
121.89
121.75
121.15
120.04
118.43
116.43
114.26
112.26
122.69
123.65
124.12
124.10
123.68
122.99
122.23
121.57
121.18
121.09
121.26
121.52
121.67
105.09
105.38
105.55
189.13
105.93
105.84
105.82
105.90
106.10
106.35
106.57
106.64
106.48
106.13
105.63
105.11
104.70
104.51
104.55
104.76
105.06
131.61
131.41
130.48
128.70
126.07
122.73
119.13
134.26
135.52
136.13
136.26
136.01
135.11
133.80
132.40
131.21
130.50
130.35
130.64
131.11
131.40
104.91
105.29
105.52
202.20
105.91
105.82
105.82
105.96
106.25
106.61
106.91
107.01
106.82
106.35
105.68
104.99
104.44
104.17
104.21
104.49
104.88
57831.31
Vb (kV)
123.42
122.99
124.02
127.87
133.93
86.43
86.28
86.14
139.34
86.68
86.69
86.70
86.71
86.74
86.80
86.88
86.96
87.05
87.11
87.13
87.09
87.00
86.89
86.75
86.60
86.46
135.41
143.04
150.85
157.92
163.56
167.28
168.81
167.99
164.84
159.51
152.30
143.98
140.24
135.79
131.31
127.59
125.35
124.88
125.80
129.36
135.67
86.71
86.58
86.44
153.92
87.02
87.03
87.03
87.06
87.10
87.18
87.28
87.39
87.48
87.54
87.53
87.46
87.34
87.19
87.04
86.89
86.75
137.59
145.53
153.62
160.91
166.70
170.50
172.04
171.15
167.87
162.34
154.87
149.05
144.78
139.75
134.71
130.52
129.09
129.00
129.13
131.22
137.84
87.08
86.97
86.84
175.84
87.47
87.48
87.49
87.52
87.60
87.72
87.87
88.02
88.12
88.16
88.10
87.96
87.78
87.58
87.40
87.24
87.12
60492.27
Vc (kV)
143.23
142.50
144.39
148.24
152.85
105.46
104.00
101.83
198.80
99.11
100.18
102.50
105.00
106.74
107.15
105.88
102.78
97.80
95.15
93.53
92.35
95.75
100.76
104.01
105.50
105.37
153.52
157.78
160.72
161.74
160.47
156.73
154.68
152.62
158.74
162.56
164.07
163.35
160.69
156.57
151.71
147.09
143.90
143.14
145.08
149.00
153.69
105.67
104.17
101.96
200.15
99.20
100.29
102.64
105.17
106.95
107.38
106.13
103.04
98.34
95.85
94.12
92.82
95.99
101.01
104.25
105.72
105.58
154.55
158.90
161.90
162.95
161.68
160.30
159.57
156.72
161.24
164.95
166.27
165.33
162.41
158.00
152.87
148.03
144.71
143.92
145.92
149.94
154.73
105.91
104.37
102.12
201.83
99.31
100.41
102.80
105.37
107.19
107.65
106.43
103.36
99.37
96.87
95.01
93.55
96.28
101.31
104.54
106.00
105.82
70313.61
Ratio
V Max (kV) Vmax/Vnom
143.23
2.66
142.50
2.64
144.39
2.68
148.24
2.75
152.85
2.84
105.46
1.96
105.42
1.96
105.57
1.96
198.80
3.69
105.94
1.97
105.85
1.96
105.81
1.96
105.86
1.96
106.74
1.98
107.15
1.99
106.35
1.97
106.40
1.97
106.28
1.97
106.00
1.97
105.61
1.96
105.20
1.95
104.88
1.95
104.72
1.94
104.75
1.94
105.50
1.96
105.37
1.96
153.52
2.85
157.78
2.93
160.72
2.98
161.74
3.00
163.56
3.04
167.28
3.10
168.81
3.13
167.99
3.12
164.84
3.06
162.56
3.02
164.07
3.04
163.35
3.03
160.69
2.98
156.57
2.91
151.71
2.82
147.09
2.73
143.90
2.67
143.14
2.66
145.08
2.69
149.00
2.76
153.69
2.85
105.67
1.96
105.38
1.96
105.55
1.96
200.15
3.71
105.93
1.97
105.84
1.96
105.82
1.96
105.90
1.97
106.95
1.98
107.38
1.99
106.57
1.98
106.64
1.98
106.48
1.98
106.13
1.97
105.63
1.96
105.11
1.95
104.70
1.94
104.51
1.94
104.55
1.94
105.72
1.96
105.58
1.96
154.55
2.87
158.90
2.95
161.90
3.00
162.95
3.02
166.70
3.09
170.50
3.16
172.04
3.19
171.15
3.18
167.87
3.12
164.95
3.06
166.27
3.09
165.33
3.07
162.41
3.01
158.00
2.93
152.87
2.84
148.03
2.75
144.71
2.69
143.92
2.67
145.92
2.71
149.94
2.78
154.73
2.87
105.91
1.97
105.29
1.95
105.52
1.96
202.20
3.75
105.91
1.97
105.82
1.96
105.82
1.96
105.96
1.97
107.19
1.99
107.65
2.00
106.91
1.98
107.01
1.99
106.82
1.98
106.35
1.97
105.68
1.96
104.99
1.95
104.44
1.94
104.17
1.93
104.54
1.94
106.00
1.97
105.82
1.96
72715.63
1349.36
Line Length=0.2km
Va (kV)
104.51
104.48
104.67
105.20
106.07
109.67
109.03
181.85
181.13
104.85
107.38
108.95
109.73
109.75
108.93
107.29
105.22
103.32
102.18
102.08
102.97
104.56
106.42
108.14
109.32
109.70
115.48
117.12
118.66
119.75
120.15
119.69
118.31
117.07
117.63
106.43
106.40
108.56
110.64
112.12
112.92
113.16
113.09
113.04
113.35
114.23
115.63
109.91
109.21
190.86
189.88
104.80
107.40
109.06
109.99
110.20
109.52
107.91
105.74
103.70
102.44
102.29
103.19
104.81
106.70
108.43
109.61
109.95
130.27
133.17
135.88
137.91
138.87
138.52
138.19
136.75
134.16
114.14
114.12
118.69
122.24
124.57
125.74
125.99
125.77
125.67
126.27
127.89
130.41
110.20
109.43
203.04
201.71
104.71
107.39
109.18
110.33
110.82
110.35
108.76
106.42
104.15
102.69
102.46
103.37
105.05
107.01
108.77
109.95
110.25
57498.23
Vb (kV)
119.40
119.04
120.53
124.14
129.20
98.09
97.25
139.78
137.53
93.59
96.12
97.68
98.32
98.15
97.29
96.01
94.65
93.58
93.06
93.19
93.93
95.07
96.37
97.52
98.23
98.26
131.61
137.45
142.68
146.60
150.36
157.43
162.23
164.51
164.19
161.33
156.14
149.01
140.52
131.47
126.18
122.87
121.03
120.62
122.27
126.20
131.66
99.18
98.07
150.45
151.39
93.90
96.70
98.54
99.47
99.55
98.92
97.78
96.50
95.47
94.98
95.13
95.84
96.92
98.09
99.07
99.57
99.36
134.90
141.26
146.95
151.23
153.58
160.10
164.95
167.21
166.80
163.80
158.42
151.05
142.27
134.39
130.16
126.24
123.65
123.09
124.59
128.95
134.94
100.68
99.20
171.53
171.85
94.30
97.49
99.72
101.05
101.53
101.22
100.27
99.06
98.07
97.60
97.77
98.45
99.44
100.45
101.20
101.41
100.86
61339.80
Vc (kV)
133.17
132.44
134.75
139.60
145.65
97.56
97.58
200.21
198.36
94.77
96.52
99.80
103.34
106.09
107.41
106.93
108.44
108.25
106.16
105.63
104.30
101.35
100.38
98.71
96.05
97.68
146.35
152.30
156.99
159.72
160.06
157.76
152.76
148.99
151.90
152.56
151.02
147.53
146.07
144.02
140.59
136.69
133.63
132.87
135.23
140.17
146.32
97.69
97.68
201.44
199.54
94.82
96.58
99.90
103.47
106.25
107.59
107.33
108.98
108.81
106.72
106.42
105.06
102.05
101.17
99.41
96.51
97.81
147.17
153.22
157.98
160.76
161.12
158.81
153.76
153.68
156.56
157.04
155.22
151.32
147.46
145.17
141.50
137.39
134.19
133.41
135.83
140.88
147.14
97.85
97.81
202.95
201.00
94.87
96.66
100.01
103.62
106.44
107.81
107.94
109.65
109.51
107.43
107.42
106.04
102.97
102.18
100.32
97.28
97.97
69216.59
Ratio
V Max (kV) Vmax/Vnom
133.17
2.47
132.44
2.46
134.75
2.50
139.60
2.59
145.65
2.70
109.67
2.04
109.03
2.02
200.21
3.72
198.36
3.68
104.85
1.95
107.38
1.99
108.95
2.02
109.73
2.04
109.75
2.04
108.93
2.02
107.29
1.99
108.44
2.01
108.25
2.01
106.16
1.97
105.63
1.96
104.30
1.94
104.56
1.94
106.42
1.97
108.14
2.01
109.32
2.03
109.70
2.04
146.35
2.72
152.30
2.83
156.99
2.91
159.72
2.96
160.06
2.97
157.76
2.93
162.23
3.01
164.51
3.05
164.19
3.05
161.33
2.99
156.14
2.90
149.01
2.77
146.07
2.71
144.02
2.67
140.59
2.61
136.69
2.54
133.63
2.48
132.87
2.47
135.23
2.51
140.17
2.60
146.32
2.72
109.91
2.04
109.21
2.03
201.44
3.74
199.54
3.70
104.80
1.94
107.40
1.99
109.06
2.02
109.99
2.04
110.20
2.04
109.52
2.03
107.91
2.00
108.98
2.02
108.81
2.02
106.72
1.98
106.42
1.97
105.06
1.95
104.81
1.94
106.70
1.98
108.43
2.01
109.61
2.03
109.95
2.04
147.17
2.73
153.22
2.84
157.98
2.93
160.76
2.98
161.12
2.99
160.10
2.97
164.95
3.06
167.21
3.10
166.80
3.10
163.80
3.04
158.42
2.94
151.32
2.81
147.46
2.74
145.17
2.69
141.50
2.63
137.39
2.55
134.19
2.49
133.41
2.48
135.83
2.52
140.88
2.61
147.14
2.73
110.20
2.04
109.43
2.03
203.04
3.77
201.71
3.74
104.71
1.94
107.39
1.99
109.18
2.03
110.33
2.05
110.82
2.06
110.35
2.05
108.76
2.02
109.65
2.03
109.51
2.03
107.43
1.99
107.42
1.99
106.04
1.97
105.05
1.95
107.01
1.99
108.77
2.02
109.95
2.04
110.25
2.05
72407.43
1343.64
Simulation 4
Variables
Simulation
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
Start-Delay
(s)
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
Type of
Fault
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
Line Length=100km
Fault Duration
(s)
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
NER
Size
(Ohm)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
Va (kV)
60.18
60.30
60.74
61.94
62.50
63.42
63.73
64.16
64.00
63.88
63.34
62.79
62.15
61.44
61.04
60.57
60.40
60.39
60.41
60.78
60.19
67.16
67.70
68.26
68.42
69.10
68.98
64.07
64.59
64.66
65.14
64.43
64.08
63.29
62.84
62.95
63.51
64.03
64.70
65.23
66.35
67.18
76.26
76.23
76.21
76.23
76.07
76.08
76.09
76.07
76.05
76.07
76.11
76.14
76.17
76.21
76.23
76.26
76.27
76.27
76.26
76.25
76.23
92.12
88.78
85.17
81.48
77.16
73.09
68.38
67.87
94.87
97.71
99.84
101.16
101.85
102.23
102.20
101.78
101.03
99.64
97.41
94.49
92.12
98.54
98.48
98.42
98.02
98.00
98.01
98.03
98.04
98.09
98.16
98.25
98.33
98.41
98.48
98.55
98.59
98.62
98.63
98.61
98.57
98.52
100.04
96.41
92.37
88.17
82.99
78.35
77.19
76.31
75.04
105.97
108.03
109.20
Vb (kV)
66.37
66.78
65.54
62.70
58.30
56.59
57.53
58.52
58.74
59.50
59.34
59.32
58.98
58.81
58.04
57.87
57.27
57.37
60.75
64.37
66.40
60.10
60.54
60.22
60.34
59.58
59.48
57.01
56.99
57.06
57.51
57.59
57.68
57.78
57.84
57.85
57.79
57.77
59.06
59.34
60.24
60.13
72.26
73.90
73.72
71.73
67.96
62.76
62.73
62.70
62.66
62.63
62.60
62.57
64.07
65.04
66.08
66.66
66.96
67.06
67.57
68.89
72.30
74.23
72.49
71.42
70.87
69.32
68.68
68.43
68.01
74.99
76.32
76.33
77.19
77.35
77.27
77.23
77.23
76.97
76.09
76.04
74.68
74.23
77.01
79.61
80.26
78.92
76.67
76.58
76.50
76.42
76.37
76.32
76.30
76.28
76.28
76.29
76.30
76.31
76.32
76.32
76.54
76.84
77.05
87.68
86.15
83.75
82.24
80.51
78.05
79.70
78.09
77.67
91.54
92.12
92.74
Vc (kV)
61.03
61.37
61.12
61.24
61.57
61.96
62.90
62.96
67.69
71.46
73.46
73.67
72.06
68.67
63.59
61.44
61.10
60.95
61.26
61.48
61.02
57.25
57.75
58.19
58.80
59.03
59.57
61.50
61.42
61.87
61.87
66.98
70.44
72.17
72.13
70.31
66.76
61.57
57.50
57.33
57.15
57.24
94.19
94.03
94.14
94.07
93.52
93.26
92.89
92.33
92.99
93.45
93.67
94.05
94.16
94.05
94.10
94.04
93.93
93.95
93.93
94.08
94.21
79.95
79.69
79.16
78.79
78.67
78.38
78.70
79.02
79.30
79.47
79.60
79.67
81.21
81.22
79.99
80.14
80.27
80.28
80.31
80.17
79.98
103.68
103.71
103.51
102.84
102.48
101.86
101.38
101.94
102.40
102.82
103.32
103.59
103.69
103.88
103.90
103.83
103.86
103.84
103.87
103.90
103.70
84.33
84.05
83.63
82.97
82.87
83.15
83.58
83.80
83.95
84.32
84.59
85.72
V Max
(kV)
66.37
66.78
65.54
62.70
62.50
63.42
63.73
64.16
67.69
71.46
73.46
73.67
72.06
68.67
63.59
61.44
61.10
60.95
61.26
64.37
66.40
67.16
67.70
68.26
68.42
69.10
68.98
64.07
64.59
64.66
65.14
66.98
70.44
72.17
72.13
70.31
66.76
64.03
64.70
65.23
66.35
67.18
94.19
94.03
94.14
94.07
93.52
93.26
92.89
92.33
92.99
93.45
93.67
94.05
94.16
94.05
94.10
94.04
93.93
93.95
93.93
94.08
94.21
92.12
88.78
85.17
81.48
78.67
78.38
78.70
79.02
94.87
97.71
99.84
101.16
101.85
102.23
102.20
101.78
101.03
99.64
97.41
94.49
92.12
103.68
103.71
103.51
102.84
102.48
101.86
101.38
101.94
102.40
102.82
103.32
103.59
103.69
103.88
103.90
103.83
103.86
103.84
103.87
103.90
103.70
100.04
96.41
92.37
88.17
82.99
83.15
83.58
83.80
83.95
105.97
108.03
109.20
Line Length=10km
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom
1.23
1.24
1.22
1.16
1.16
1.18
1.18
1.19
1.26
1.33
1.36
1.37
1.34
1.27
1.18
1.14
1.13
1.13
1.14
1.19
1.23
1.25
1.26
1.27
1.27
1.28
1.28
1.19
1.20
1.20
1.21
1.24
1.31
1.34
1.34
1.30
1.24
1.19
1.20
1.21
1.23
1.25
1.75
1.74
1.75
1.75
1.74
1.73
1.72
1.71
1.73
1.73
1.74
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.75
1.75
1.71
1.65
1.58
1.51
1.46
1.45
1.46
1.47
1.76
1.81
1.85
1.88
1.89
1.90
1.90
1.89
1.87
1.85
1.81
1.75
1.71
1.92
1.92
1.92
1.91
1.90
1.89
1.88
1.89
1.90
1.91
1.92
1.92
1.92
1.93
1.93
1.93
1.93
1.93
1.93
1.93
1.92
1.86
1.79
1.71
1.64
1.54
1.54
1.55
1.56
1.56
1.97
2.00
2.03
Va (kV)
68.35
71.09
72.92
68.86
69.59
68.99
69.61
70.82
70.65
71.78
73.03
73.34
72.30
69.86
66.79
63.86
61.82
61.35
62.62
65.26
68.34
66.55
68.95
65.05
67.39
68.80
68.92
67.48
67.00
68.28
71.11
72.48
73.00
73.89
72.58
65.87
65.00
63.77
61.96
60.79
62.95
66.47
68.16
68.16
68.14
68.14
68.14
68.14
68.14
68.14
68.14
68.14
68.14
68.14
68.14
68.14
68.14
68.14
68.14
68.14
68.14
68.14
68.14
102.88
100.56
97.09
92.48
86.78
80.15
67.99
65.09
67.33
104.59
104.29
103.66
102.99
102.55
102.58
103.02
103.67
104.28
104.53
104.14
102.85
61.78
61.78
61.78
61.78
61.77
61.77
61.77
61.78
61.78
61.79
61.79
61.79
61.78
61.78
61.78
61.78
61.78
61.78
61.78
61.69
61.69
107.74
105.34
101.51
96.26
81.02
65.03
66.49
66.14
64.36
62.33
108.08
107.00
Vb (kV)
67.46
69.59
69.96
68.57
67.31
66.50
68.49
70.67
71.39
70.62
68.43
64.92
60.30
59.94
59.81
59.28
58.72
58.56
58.97
63.65
67.34
70.73
71.06
70.58
71.81
71.29
69.98
67.78
64.61
62.08
62.37
62.01
61.70
62.03
64.85
66.36
67.18
68.43
68.68
67.70
68.49
70.67
68.23
70.56
71.10
69.86
66.88
67.95
68.28
67.32
65.09
61.68
63.21
65.71
66.91
66.88
65.81
64.16
62.80
62.57
62.44
64.20
68.12
67.30
70.08
71.52
70.85
68.56
65.91
63.55
61.22
59.58
64.20
63.41
63.12
63.10
63.15
63.15
63.12
63.19
63.54
64.34
65.59
67.34
76.60
77.94
82.19
86.04
88.89
90.42
90.45
88.94
85.92
81.53
76.35
77.15
77.76
77.93
77.72
77.33
77.04
76.99
77.04
76.97
76.61
67.20
68.48
68.77
68.27
70.37
67.21
62.81
59.94
57.45
58.28
64.02
63.25
Vc (kV)
58.89
59.15
60.52
64.78
67.98
69.94
70.54
69.73
67.52
64.47
66.74
68.56
68.69
67.13
63.93
59.16
58.70
58.62
58.80
58.81
58.81
65.83
62.02
72.20
72.37
71.21
68.89
66.07
65.21
65.12
64.33
62.33
66.65
70.29
72.21
72.37
70.75
67.40
67.73
68.06
67.83
65.82
97.26
97.44
100.61
103.04
104.06
103.35
100.79
97.46
96.88
96.08
96.02
99.20
101.53
102.43
102.16
101.23
100.46
100.32
100.23
99.36
97.40
85.40
82.91
83.18
86.03
88.91
91.04
92.01
91.58
89.63
86.17
81.20
80.86
81.30
81.72
82.57
82.70
84.24
84.56
85.94
86.54
85.41
110.19
112.96
115.90
117.73
117.88
116.06
112.16
107.93
108.11
111.06
114.14
115.76
115.95
114.93
113.17
111.48
110.64
110.54
110.36
109.84
110.30
91.45
88.28
88.58
91.22
93.84
113.91
105.18
95.73
93.36
89.62
85.66
86.44
Ratio
V Max (kV) Vmax/Vnom
68.35
1.27
71.09
1.32
72.92
1.35
68.86
1.28
69.59
1.29
69.94
1.30
70.54
1.31
70.82
1.31
71.39
1.32
71.78
1.33
73.03
1.36
73.34
1.36
72.30
1.34
69.86
1.30
66.79
1.24
63.86
1.19
61.82
1.15
61.35
1.14
62.62
1.16
65.26
1.21
68.34
1.27
70.73
1.31
71.06
1.32
72.20
1.34
72.37
1.34
71.29
1.32
69.98
1.30
67.78
1.26
67.00
1.24
68.28
1.27
71.11
1.32
72.48
1.35
73.00
1.35
73.89
1.37
72.58
1.35
72.37
1.34
70.75
1.31
68.43
1.27
68.68
1.27
68.06
1.26
68.49
1.27
70.67
1.31
97.26
1.80
97.44
1.81
100.61
1.87
103.04
1.91
104.06
1.93
103.35
1.92
100.79
1.87
97.46
1.81
96.88
1.80
96.08
1.78
96.02
1.78
99.20
1.84
101.53
1.88
102.43
1.90
102.16
1.90
101.23
1.88
100.46
1.86
100.32
1.86
100.23
1.86
99.36
1.84
97.40
1.81
102.88
1.91
100.56
1.87
97.09
1.80
92.48
1.72
88.91
1.65
91.04
1.69
92.01
1.71
91.58
1.70
89.63
1.66
104.59
1.94
104.29
1.94
103.66
1.92
102.99
1.91
102.55
1.90
102.58
1.90
103.02
1.91
103.67
1.92
104.28
1.94
104.53
1.94
104.14
1.93
102.85
1.91
110.19
2.04
112.96
2.10
115.90
2.15
117.73
2.18
117.88
2.19
116.06
2.15
112.16
2.08
107.93
2.00
108.11
2.01
111.06
2.06
114.14
2.12
115.76
2.15
115.95
2.15
114.93
2.13
113.17
2.10
111.48
2.07
110.64
2.05
110.54
2.05
110.36
2.05
109.84
2.04
110.30
2.05
107.74
2.00
105.34
1.95
101.51
1.88
96.26
1.79
93.84
1.74
113.91
2.11
105.18
1.95
95.73
1.78
93.36
1.73
89.62
1.66
108.08
2.01
107.00
1.99
Line Length=0.2km
Va (kV)
73.26
77.75
67.12
68.28
70.67
71.91
72.40
76.98
80.60
83.29
83.62
81.99
79.53
75.50
70.65
66.12
62.78
61.95
64.03
68.27
73.22
68.52
72.17
75.17
80.31
77.80
72.70
73.28
74.46
80.02
82.80
84.34
84.41
80.22
76.87
75.08
66.11
63.34
65.79
66.82
66.54
68.50
75.15
75.15
75.13
75.13
75.13
75.14
75.14
75.14
75.13
75.13
75.13
75.14
75.14
75.14
75.13
75.13
75.13
75.13
75.13
75.14
75.14
109.27
107.27
104.03
99.54
93.92
87.31
72.72
74.84
71.69
109.88
109.18
108.24
107.45
106.98
107.03
107.54
108.37
109.29
110.00
110.12
109.27
66.13
66.13
66.13
66.14
66.14
66.14
66.14
66.14
66.13
66.13
66.13
66.13
66.13
66.14
66.14
66.14
66.14
66.14
66.14
66.03
66.03
113.46
111.12
107.36
102.20
89.11
64.82
65.00
66.40
68.36
68.60
113.52
112.57
Vb (kV)
65.71
67.41
67.43
65.82
67.24
69.64
70.52
69.81
67.57
70.36
71.61
71.27
69.35
66.50
63.51
60.72
58.79
58.35
59.48
62.23
65.67
76.94
78.22
81.89
90.35
85.62
75.80
72.47
68.24
65.25
68.19
70.75
72.67
71.61
68.48
72.40
77.12
81.75
66.87
70.28
73.94
76.98
68.29
67.87
67.98
66.44
65.39
65.40
65.40
65.89
69.85
72.17
72.86
72.00
69.66
66.57
67.99
68.00
67.01
66.60
67.82
68.72
68.37
74.39
69.59
65.55
67.47
71.08
72.69
64.24
69.76
66.87
76.66
75.71
75.17
74.84
74.76
74.75
74.69
74.97
75.96
77.29
77.35
74.42
79.79
78.71
76.02
79.15
81.88
83.10
82.65
80.53
85.27
88.25
89.43
88.71
86.29
82.37
77.42
76.03
76.39
76.31
77.73
79.42
79.89
64.89
66.85
69.47
71.91
81.04
72.51
66.91
61.50
59.15
61.81
64.96
65.27
Vc (kV)
63.56
63.97
62.07
62.64
63.80
68.75
72.19
73.99
74.07
72.50
69.29
65.77
65.11
64.37
63.07
61.79
60.63
60.31
61.06
62.36
63.47
68.36
68.46
65.85
65.09
77.03
78.05
74.57
72.65
72.91
72.23
70.05
66.39
67.00
69.24
76.29
76.16
74.34
62.64
63.82
65.95
68.40
101.31
103.36
103.60
101.79
97.86
98.79
101.45
103.44
103.51
101.66
98.06
97.96
100.33
100.85
99.80
97.82
96.38
96.31
95.59
98.07
101.33
81.26
83.94
85.09
84.22
81.34
86.50
92.41
96.56
98.73
98.80
96.76
92.61
90.20
87.72
84.88
83.88
81.79
83.59
84.09
83.33
81.25
114.79
116.23
115.60
112.73
110.94
113.79
114.40
112.54
108.29
106.93
107.37
109.49
109.77
108.40
106.91
106.90
107.35
107.51
108.79
111.91
114.79
89.27
91.65
91.89
90.13
86.36
125.48
117.94
107.44
105.69
105.70
103.54
99.19
V Max
(kV)
73.26
77.75
67.43
68.28
70.67
71.91
72.40
76.98
80.60
83.29
83.62
81.99
79.53
75.50
70.65
66.12
62.78
61.95
64.03
68.27
73.22
76.94
78.22
81.89
90.35
85.62
78.05
74.57
74.46
80.02
82.80
84.34
84.41
80.22
76.87
76.29
77.12
81.75
66.87
70.28
73.94
76.98
101.31
103.36
103.60
101.79
97.86
98.79
101.45
103.44
103.51
101.66
98.06
97.96
100.33
100.85
99.80
97.82
96.38
96.31
95.59
98.07
101.33
109.27
107.27
104.03
99.54
93.92
87.31
92.41
96.56
98.73
109.88
109.18
108.24
107.45
106.98
107.03
107.54
108.37
109.29
110.00
110.12
109.27
114.79
116.23
115.60
112.73
110.94
113.79
114.40
112.54
108.29
106.93
107.37
109.49
109.77
108.40
106.91
106.90
107.35
107.51
108.79
111.91
114.79
113.46
111.12
107.36
102.20
89.11
125.48
117.94
107.44
105.69
105.70
113.52
112.57
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom
1.36
1.44
1.25
1.27
1.31
1.33
1.34
1.43
1.50
1.55
1.55
1.52
1.48
1.40
1.31
1.23
1.16
1.15
1.19
1.27
1.36
1.43
1.45
1.52
1.68
1.59
1.45
1.38
1.38
1.48
1.54
1.57
1.57
1.49
1.43
1.42
1.43
1.52
1.24
1.30
1.37
1.43
1.88
1.92
1.92
1.89
1.82
1.83
1.88
1.92
1.92
1.89
1.82
1.82
1.86
1.87
1.85
1.82
1.79
1.79
1.77
1.82
1.88
2.03
1.99
1.93
1.85
1.74
1.62
1.71
1.79
1.83
2.04
2.03
2.01
1.99
1.99
1.99
2.00
2.01
2.03
2.04
2.04
2.03
2.13
2.16
2.15
2.09
2.06
2.11
2.12
2.09
2.01
1.98
1.99
2.03
2.04
2.01
1.98
1.98
1.99
2.00
2.02
2.08
2.13
2.11
2.06
1.99
1.90
1.65
2.33
2.19
1.99
1.96
1.96
2.11
2.09
Simulation 4
Variables
Simulation
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
Start-Delay
(s)
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
Type of
Fault
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
Line Length=100km
Fault Duration
(s)
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
NER
Size
(Ohm)
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
Va (kV)
109.96
110.61
110.58
109.87
109.06
107.78
105.61
102.63
100.03
120.31
120.21
119.61
119.56
119.51
119.50
119.51
119.55
119.63
119.72
119.84
119.97
120.09
120.22
120.33
120.40
120.45
120.46
120.43
120.37
120.29
103.05
99.27
95.98
91.50
86.91
85.45
86.14
84.76
83.57
108.74
110.66
111.78
112.49
113.03
113.00
112.40
111.62
110.38
108.33
105.46
103.05
139.41
139.25
138.60
138.51
138.44
138.41
138.42
138.45
138.54
138.67
138.80
138.97
139.15
139.31
139.45
139.55
139.61
139.62
139.58
139.50
139.39
104.27
100.91
97.72
94.68
91.68
91.99
94.85
93.09
91.66
109.78
111.62
112.76
113.45
113.99
113.96
113.35
112.59
111.33
109.36
106.81
104.26
156.41
156.24
155.54
155.40
155.33
155.29
155.25
155.31
155.41
155.53
155.72
155.92
156.09
156.29
156.46
156.59
156.66
156.68
156.63
156.53
156.39
104.83
102.76
101.81
Vb (kV)
93.35
93.46
93.38
93.10
92.35
91.61
90.88
88.98
87.67
90.36
90.27
91.13
91.02
90.89
90.76
90.65
90.56
90.48
90.42
90.40
90.39
90.40
90.42
90.44
90.47
90.49
90.49
90.48
90.44
90.38
99.49
96.59
94.74
92.04
89.19
86.81
88.53
86.67
85.92
103.41
104.20
105.06
105.21
105.25
105.13
104.90
104.53
103.47
102.56
100.99
99.48
103.16
103.01
104.12
103.96
103.78
103.61
103.46
103.33
103.24
103.18
103.15
103.15
103.18
103.23
103.28
103.33
103.36
103.37
103.34
103.28
103.17
108.78
106.40
102.58
99.86
97.91
95.57
96.47
94.38
93.40
114.30
115.43
116.17
116.85
117.02
116.88
116.44
115.48
114.54
113.16
111.12
108.76
115.73
115.55
116.77
116.57
116.37
116.18
116.00
115.86
115.76
115.70
115.67
115.69
115.74
115.80
115.87
115.93
115.98
115.98
115.95
115.87
115.74
116.71
114.00
111.05
Vc (kV)
87.04
87.05
84.91
84.33
84.52
84.65
84.68
84.63
84.36
105.75
105.39
105.22
104.83
103.99
103.56
103.74
103.95
104.42
104.78
105.10
105.46
105.65
105.71
105.83
105.86
105.84
105.86
105.82
105.84
105.78
85.27
84.99
84.58
83.97
84.13
84.39
84.81
85.03
85.16
86.20
87.38
88.60
90.83
90.83
88.58
85.20
85.38
85.53
85.59
85.59
85.30
106.02
105.75
105.28
104.96
104.68
104.78
104.92
105.08
105.24
105.40
105.55
105.68
105.92
106.02
106.10
106.19
106.19
106.20
106.18
106.09
106.04
85.63
85.30
84.90
84.32
84.68
84.91
85.31
85.53
85.67
86.93
88.69
91.07
93.33
93.30
90.97
86.40
85.65
85.80
85.89
85.89
85.65
106.25
105.99
105.67
105.29
105.28
105.35
105.45
105.58
105.72
105.87
106.01
106.14
106.26
106.37
106.46
106.53
106.58
106.59
106.55
106.45
106.27
85.79
85.44
85.03
V Max
(kV)
109.96
110.61
110.58
109.87
109.06
107.78
105.61
102.63
100.03
120.31
120.21
119.61
119.56
119.51
119.50
119.51
119.55
119.63
119.72
119.84
119.97
120.09
120.22
120.33
120.40
120.45
120.46
120.43
120.37
120.29
103.05
99.27
95.98
92.04
89.19
86.81
88.53
86.67
85.92
108.74
110.66
111.78
112.49
113.03
113.00
112.40
111.62
110.38
108.33
105.46
103.05
139.41
139.25
138.60
138.51
138.44
138.41
138.42
138.45
138.54
138.67
138.80
138.97
139.15
139.31
139.45
139.55
139.61
139.62
139.58
139.50
139.39
108.78
106.40
102.58
99.86
97.91
95.57
96.47
94.38
93.40
114.30
115.43
116.17
116.85
117.02
116.88
116.44
115.48
114.54
113.16
111.12
108.76
156.41
156.24
155.54
155.40
155.33
155.29
155.25
155.31
155.41
155.53
155.72
155.92
156.09
156.29
156.46
156.59
156.66
156.68
156.63
156.53
156.39
116.71
114.00
111.05
Line Length=10km
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom
2.04
2.05
2.05
2.04
2.02
2.00
1.96
1.90
1.86
2.23
2.23
2.22
2.22
2.22
2.22
2.22
2.22
2.22
2.22
2.22
2.23
2.23
2.23
2.23
2.23
2.24
2.24
2.23
2.23
2.23
1.91
1.84
1.78
1.71
1.66
1.61
1.64
1.61
1.59
2.02
2.05
2.07
2.09
2.10
2.10
2.09
2.07
2.05
2.01
1.96
1.91
2.59
2.58
2.57
2.57
2.57
2.57
2.57
2.57
2.57
2.57
2.58
2.58
2.58
2.59
2.59
2.59
2.59
2.59
2.59
2.59
2.59
2.02
1.97
1.90
1.85
1.82
1.77
1.79
1.75
1.73
2.12
2.14
2.16
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.16
2.14
2.13
2.10
2.06
2.02
2.90
2.90
2.89
2.88
2.88
2.88
2.88
2.88
2.88
2.89
2.89
2.89
2.90
2.90
2.90
2.91
2.91
2.91
2.91
2.90
2.90
2.17
2.12
2.06
Va (kV)
106.06
105.56
105.63
106.20
107.14
108.18
108.88
108.84
107.72
60.58
60.58
60.57
60.57
60.58
60.58
60.59
60.59
60.59
60.59
60.58
60.58
60.58
60.57
60.58
60.58
60.58
60.58
60.53
60.53
60.53
110.67
108.26
76.98
79.10
69.84
68.76
66.24
63.61
62.06
60.74
60.85
108.70
107.63
107.16
107.25
107.86
108.97
110.32
111.37
111.60
110.64
60.71
60.71
60.71
60.71
60.71
60.72
60.72
60.72
60.72
60.71
60.71
60.70
60.70
60.70
60.71
60.71
60.71
60.71
60.71
60.71
60.71
112.61
76.26
76.57
70.92
70.29
68.38
65.67
62.80
62.39
62.19
61.99
109.72
108.60
108.19
108.30
108.88
110.09
111.66
112.96
113.42
112.58
60.06
60.06
60.06
60.06
60.07
60.07
60.07
60.07
60.06
60.06
60.05
60.05
60.05
60.05
60.05
60.09
60.09
60.09
60.09
60.09
60.09
113.95
76.07
70.06
Vb (kV)
62.65
62.32
62.34
62.67
63.28
64.04
64.69
65.05
67.19
88.68
92.61
96.98
100.73
103.30
104.36
103.75
101.44
97.52
92.17
88.31
88.72
88.71
88.32
87.73
87.44
87.40
87.42
87.18
87.03
88.78
67.24
68.44
71.01
71.79
71.03
63.38
60.06
57.36
56.73
57.25
59.93
66.43
65.84
65.50
65.52
65.89
66.47
67.01
67.20
66.76
67.18
97.23
101.67
106.20
109.89
112.23
112.91
111.81
108.92
104.35
98.37
95.15
95.04
94.48
93.61
93.42
93.43
93.64
93.69
93.59
94.35
97.31
68.36
68.66
71.00
83.66
76.38
67.34
57.91
56.99
58.17
58.43
58.94
66.66
66.12
65.79
65.81
66.17
66.70
67.10
67.06
66.41
68.28
102.87
107.65
112.28
115.92
118.09
118.50
117.03
113.71
108.69
102.30
99.66
99.09
98.04
96.84
96.92
97.29
97.65
97.71
97.82
99.30
102.95
70.06
68.78
92.98
Vc (kV)
87.37
87.95
89.18
90.84
91.32
92.63
94.02
93.60
91.48
116.89
120.19
123.13
124.73
124.46
122.09
117.52
112.24
116.95
120.41
122.34
122.70
121.66
119.60
117.18
115.34
114.63
114.54
114.52
114.89
116.95
93.48
90.08
90.55
93.07
126.14
118.55
109.48
100.11
94.06
90.15
88.10
88.99
89.73
90.33
92.63
93.93
93.95
96.15
97.06
96.12
93.52
120.66
124.25
127.20
128.66
128.15
125.44
120.48
118.00
122.43
125.30
126.51
126.10
124.35
121.73
119.07
117.31
116.70
116.62
116.79
117.89
120.70
94.41
90.91
91.49
134.63
128.72
120.87
111.74
102.56
95.18
90.21
89.42
90.34
90.95
92.24
94.47
95.58
95.41
97.91
98.54
97.32
94.46
123.04
126.80
129.76
131.13
130.46
127.53
122.30
121.54
125.69
128.15
128.87
127.97
125.77
122.86
120.13
118.50
117.95
117.87
118.21
119.81
123.06
94.91
91.38
140.23
Ratio
V Max (kV) Vmax/Vnom
106.06
1.97
105.56
1.96
105.63
1.96
106.20
1.97
107.14
1.99
108.18
2.01
108.88
2.02
108.84
2.02
107.72
2.00
116.89
2.17
120.19
2.23
123.13
2.28
124.73
2.31
124.46
2.31
122.09
2.27
117.52
2.18
112.24
2.08
116.95
2.17
120.41
2.23
122.34
2.27
122.70
2.28
121.66
2.26
119.60
2.22
117.18
2.17
115.34
2.14
114.63
2.13
114.54
2.13
114.52
2.13
114.89
2.13
116.95
2.17
110.67
2.05
108.26
2.01
90.55
1.68
93.07
1.73
126.14
2.34
118.55
2.20
109.48
2.03
100.11
1.86
94.06
1.75
90.15
1.67
88.10
1.63
108.70
2.02
107.63
2.00
107.16
1.99
107.25
1.99
107.86
2.00
108.97
2.02
110.32
2.05
111.37
2.07
111.60
2.07
110.64
2.05
120.66
2.24
124.25
2.31
127.20
2.36
128.66
2.39
128.15
2.38
125.44
2.33
120.48
2.24
118.00
2.19
122.43
2.27
125.30
2.33
126.51
2.35
126.10
2.34
124.35
2.31
121.73
2.26
119.07
2.21
117.31
2.18
116.70
2.17
116.62
2.16
116.79
2.17
117.89
2.19
120.70
2.24
112.61
2.09
90.91
1.69
91.49
1.70
134.63
2.50
128.72
2.39
120.87
2.24
111.74
2.07
102.56
1.90
95.18
1.77
90.21
1.67
89.42
1.66
109.72
2.04
108.60
2.02
108.19
2.01
108.30
2.01
108.88
2.02
110.09
2.04
111.66
2.07
112.96
2.10
113.42
2.10
112.58
2.09
123.04
2.28
126.80
2.35
129.76
2.41
131.13
2.43
130.46
2.42
127.53
2.37
122.30
2.27
121.54
2.26
125.69
2.33
128.15
2.38
128.87
2.39
127.97
2.37
125.77
2.33
122.86
2.28
120.13
2.23
118.50
2.20
117.95
2.19
117.87
2.19
118.21
2.19
119.81
2.22
123.06
2.28
113.95
2.11
91.38
1.70
140.23
2.60
Line Length=0.2km
Va (kV)
111.64
111.05
111.10
111.66
112.59
113.63
114.43
114.50
113.47
62.11
62.11
62.11
62.11
62.11
62.11
62.11
62.11
62.11
62.11
62.11
62.11
62.11
62.11
62.11
62.11
62.11
62.11
62.08
62.08
62.08
116.81
114.25
110.17
60.89
62.12
63.42
64.61
67.35
68.60
67.74
65.81
115.85
114.75
114.07
114.12
114.75
115.83
117.03
117.90
117.95
116.81
59.98
59.98
59.98
59.98
59.98
59.98
59.97
59.97
59.97
59.98
59.98
59.98
59.98
59.98
59.98
59.98
60.14
60.14
60.14
60.14
60.14
119.32
116.60
64.15
66.55
68.88
70.44
70.65
69.09
67.65
66.57
64.95
118.20
116.92
116.16
116.23
116.96
118.19
119.54
120.48
120.53
119.32
59.99
59.99
59.99
59.99
59.99
59.99
59.99
59.99
59.99
60.00
60.00
59.99
59.99
59.99
59.99
59.99
60.05
60.05
60.05
60.05
60.05
121.20
65.69
69.04
Vb (kV)
65.25
65.13
65.15
65.30
65.29
64.85
64.20
63.96
64.77
86.98
86.27
87.20
91.13
93.57
94.29
93.25
94.11
98.79
101.41
101.96
100.46
97.10
92.19
86.28
86.07
86.06
86.02
86.16
86.39
87.08
65.84
68.88
71.59
82.37
75.34
67.10
61.73
58.33
59.08
61.20
62.66
61.41
61.37
61.38
61.38
61.34
61.38
61.70
62.45
63.62
65.72
91.82
91.33
94.61
98.36
100.47
100.76
99.22
104.83
109.17
111.26
111.08
108.76
104.49
98.61
91.80
91.28
91.19
91.15
91.17
91.12
91.92
69.71
69.73
93.99
88.47
81.07
71.93
61.23
57.13
58.18
59.18
60.44
64.07
63.35
63.14
63.17
63.54
64.38
65.69
67.28
68.73
69.68
95.26
95.33
99.35
102.91
104.76
104.73
106.75
112.97
116.99
118.62
117.84
114.84
109.79
103.11
95.59
94.45
94.27
94.23
94.22
94.11
95.36
72.87
102.35
98.47
Vc (kV)
93.89
90.36
89.36
87.30
86.76
86.64
86.33
85.28
89.29
120.45
121.47
120.34
116.96
120.18
122.59
122.55
119.89
114.74
109.21
111.78
112.67
111.80
109.64
110.86
112.89
113.20
113.05
114.72
117.84
120.44
93.38
95.05
94.61
142.73
140.39
134.80
126.13
114.79
108.38
108.34
106.09
101.56
95.43
92.16
90.85
88.33
88.16
87.48
85.97
89.49
93.37
123.35
124.03
122.63
121.81
126.14
128.22
127.74
124.62
118.91
110.93
113.03
113.24
111.85
113.06
115.97
116.89
116.39
116.05
117.88
120.95
123.33
95.66
96.90
149.32
149.59
146.54
140.29
131.04
119.21
109.68
109.60
107.27
102.64
96.71
93.77
92.02
89.63
88.93
87.77
86.71
92.21
95.66
124.99
125.50
123.90
125.98
130.19
132.12
131.41
127.94
121.82
113.15
113.12
112.96
113.05
117.26
119.31
119.43
118.33
117.86
119.78
122.78
124.96
97.09
151.09
154.21
V Max
(kV)
111.64
111.05
111.10
111.66
112.59
113.63
114.43
114.50
113.47
120.45
121.47
120.34
116.96
120.18
122.59
122.55
119.89
114.74
109.21
111.78
112.67
111.80
109.64
110.86
112.89
113.20
113.05
114.72
117.84
120.44
116.81
114.25
110.17
142.73
140.39
134.80
126.13
114.79
108.38
108.34
106.09
115.85
114.75
114.07
114.12
114.75
115.83
117.03
117.90
117.95
116.81
123.35
124.03
122.63
121.81
126.14
128.22
127.74
124.62
118.91
111.26
113.03
113.24
111.85
113.06
115.97
116.89
116.39
116.05
117.88
120.95
123.33
119.32
116.60
149.32
149.59
146.54
140.29
131.04
119.21
109.68
109.60
107.27
118.20
116.92
116.16
116.23
116.96
118.19
119.54
120.48
120.53
119.32
124.99
125.50
123.90
125.98
130.19
132.12
131.41
127.94
121.82
118.62
117.84
114.84
113.05
117.26
119.31
119.43
118.33
117.86
119.78
122.78
124.96
121.20
151.09
154.21
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom
2.07
2.06
2.06
2.07
2.09
2.11
2.12
2.12
2.11
2.24
2.25
2.23
2.17
2.23
2.27
2.27
2.22
2.13
2.03
2.07
2.09
2.07
2.03
2.06
2.09
2.10
2.10
2.13
2.19
2.23
2.17
2.12
2.04
2.65
2.61
2.50
2.34
2.13
2.01
2.01
1.97
2.15
2.13
2.12
2.12
2.13
2.15
2.17
2.19
2.19
2.17
2.29
2.30
2.28
2.26
2.34
2.38
2.37
2.31
2.21
2.06
2.10
2.10
2.08
2.10
2.15
2.17
2.16
2.15
2.19
2.24
2.29
2.21
2.16
2.77
2.78
2.72
2.60
2.43
2.21
2.04
2.03
1.99
2.19
2.17
2.16
2.16
2.17
2.19
2.22
2.24
2.24
2.21
2.32
2.33
2.30
2.34
2.42
2.45
2.44
2.37
2.26
2.20
2.19
2.13
2.10
2.18
2.21
2.22
2.20
2.19
2.22
2.28
2.32
2.25
2.80
2.86
Simulation 4
Variables
Simulation
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
Start-Delay
(s)
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
Type of
Fault
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
Line Length=100km
Fault Duration
(s)
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
NER
Size
(Ohm)
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
Va (kV)
103.68
101.40
99.94
102.92
100.82
99.13
110.24
112.04
113.18
113.88
114.42
114.39
113.78
113.01
111.74
109.82
107.39
104.82
171.65
171.42
170.71
170.58
170.48
170.39
170.38
170.43
170.51
170.68
170.86
171.07
171.31
171.54
171.73
171.88
171.96
171.98
171.93
171.81
171.63
111.00
112.39
108.60
110.68
110.91
107.72
110.40
107.95
106.03
111.39
112.33
113.38
114.10
114.65
114.62
113.99
113.20
112.02
110.84
111.47
111.04
185.35
185.12
184.41
184.24
184.09
184.02
183.97
184.02
184.12
184.27
184.49
184.72
184.97
185.23
185.44
185.60
185.70
185.72
185.66
185.53
185.33
117.58
119.78
117.28
116.79
117.26
116.17
117.25
114.49
112.40
119.10
120.51
119.02
119.12
119.43
119.33
118.89
118.75
120.07
118.45
120.19
117.62
197.68
197.41
196.74
196.53
196.39
196.29
196.23
196.28
196.36
196.55
196.76
197.02
197.31
197.58
197.81
Vb (kV)
107.69
104.53
102.31
103.20
100.79
99.69
123.13
125.04
125.78
126.36
126.66
126.50
125.87
124.99
123.96
121.78
120.04
116.70
126.84
126.63
127.93
127.70
127.48
127.26
127.07
126.92
126.81
126.75
126.74
126.76
126.83
126.91
126.99
127.07
127.12
127.13
127.09
127.00
126.84
124.35
120.34
117.79
114.78
111.24
108.09
108.84
106.19
104.99
131.25
133.13
134.30
134.78
135.02
134.82
134.21
133.41
131.86
129.74
127.37
124.35
136.65
136.42
137.78
137.53
137.28
137.05
136.85
136.69
136.57
136.51
136.51
136.55
136.62
136.72
136.82
136.91
136.97
136.98
136.94
136.83
136.65
130.95
126.88
123.44
120.69
117.26
114.04
113.66
111.07
109.51
138.52
140.18
141.72
142.30
142.46
142.26
141.70
140.70
138.78
136.85
133.72
130.94
146.10
145.81
147.28
146.99
146.70
146.43
146.20
146.02
145.89
145.84
145.84
145.91
146.01
146.14
146.27
Vc (kV)
84.47
84.97
85.17
85.56
85.79
85.90
87.26
89.34
92.71
94.99
94.92
92.52
87.85
85.75
85.90
86.02
86.01
85.81
106.48
106.22
105.89
105.60
105.60
105.64
105.72
105.83
105.95
106.08
106.22
106.35
106.48
106.59
106.69
106.78
106.83
106.84
106.79
106.68
106.50
85.86
85.50
85.10
84.57
85.14
85.34
85.72
85.95
86.03
87.44
89.69
93.81
96.09
96.00
93.54
88.79
85.80
85.95
86.07
86.07
85.89
106.59
106.32
105.99
105.81
105.79
105.81
105.86
105.95
106.06
107.02
106.31
106.44
106.57
106.70
106.80
106.89
106.95
106.96
106.91
106.80
106.61
85.90
85.54
85.13
84.65
85.26
85.44
85.82
86.06
86.10
87.54
89.96
94.55
96.82
96.70
94.20
89.39
85.82
85.97
86.10
86.10
85.93
106.64
106.37
106.03
105.93
105.90
105.90
105.94
106.02
107.83
108.94
107.37
106.48
106.61
106.74
106.86
V Max
(kV)
107.69
104.53
102.31
103.20
100.82
99.69
123.13
125.04
125.78
126.36
126.66
126.50
125.87
124.99
123.96
121.78
120.04
116.70
171.65
171.42
170.71
170.58
170.48
170.39
170.38
170.43
170.51
170.68
170.86
171.07
171.31
171.54
171.73
171.88
171.96
171.98
171.93
171.81
171.63
124.35
120.34
117.79
114.78
111.24
108.09
110.40
107.95
106.03
131.25
133.13
134.30
134.78
135.02
134.82
134.21
133.41
131.86
129.74
127.37
124.35
185.35
185.12
184.41
184.24
184.09
184.02
183.97
184.02
184.12
184.27
184.49
184.72
184.97
185.23
185.44
185.60
185.70
185.72
185.66
185.53
185.33
130.95
126.88
123.44
120.69
117.26
116.17
117.25
114.49
112.40
138.52
140.18
141.72
142.30
142.46
142.26
141.70
140.70
138.78
136.85
133.72
130.94
197.68
197.41
196.74
196.53
196.39
196.29
196.23
196.28
196.36
196.55
196.76
197.02
197.31
197.58
197.81
Line Length=10km
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom
2.00
1.94
1.90
1.92
1.87
1.85
2.28
2.32
2.33
2.34
2.35
2.35
2.34
2.32
2.30
2.26
2.23
2.17
3.19
3.18
3.17
3.17
3.16
3.16
3.16
3.16
3.16
3.17
3.17
3.17
3.18
3.18
3.19
3.19
3.19
3.19
3.19
3.19
3.18
2.31
2.23
2.19
2.13
2.06
2.01
2.05
2.00
1.97
2.44
2.47
2.49
2.50
2.51
2.50
2.49
2.48
2.45
2.41
2.36
2.31
3.44
3.44
3.42
3.42
3.42
3.41
3.41
3.41
3.42
3.42
3.42
3.43
3.43
3.44
3.44
3.44
3.45
3.45
3.45
3.44
3.44
2.43
2.35
2.29
2.24
2.18
2.16
2.18
2.12
2.09
2.57
2.60
2.63
2.64
2.64
2.64
2.63
2.61
2.58
2.54
2.48
2.43
3.67
3.66
3.65
3.65
3.64
3.64
3.64
3.64
3.64
3.65
3.65
3.66
3.66
3.67
3.67
Va (kV)
70.25
69.24
67.28
64.96
64.96
64.66
64.28
63.64
62.07
109.23
108.89
109.02
109.58
110.83
112.55
114.05
114.66
113.93
59.19
59.19
59.20
59.20
59.20
59.20
59.20
59.19
59.19
59.18
59.17
59.17
59.17
59.17
59.17
59.25
59.25
59.25
59.25
59.25
59.25
74.62
70.37
69.20
69.16
68.10
67.32
67.76
67.61
67.14
66.45
65.36
63.48
109.66
109.39
109.54
110.06
111.34
113.17
114.82
115.57
74.61
58.51
58.51
58.50
58.49
58.49
58.48
58.48
58.48
58.48
58.50
58.51
58.52
58.53
58.54
58.56
58.56
58.56
58.56
58.55
58.55
58.55
74.73
71.84
69.59
68.12
69.28
70.36
70.61
70.27
69.55
68.52
67.02
64.82
109.96
109.75
109.92
110.42
111.72
113.64
115.40
116.24
74.72
60.22
60.21
60.20
60.19
60.18
60.17
60.17
60.18
60.19
60.21
60.23
60.25
60.27
60.26
60.26
Vb (kV)
87.46
80.00
70.76
60.01
58.07
59.14
59.35
58.68
59.47
65.59
65.26
65.28
65.64
66.14
66.48
66.38
67.95
69.98
106.83
111.83
116.53
120.13
122.16
122.36
120.62
116.99
111.64
104.98
102.98
102.00
100.55
98.94
99.33
100.02
100.46
100.51
100.82
102.81
106.90
67.79
99.35
95.80
90.18
82.59
73.22
62.33
58.80
59.81
59.97
59.30
59.10
64.90
64.56
64.58
64.94
65.45
65.77
67.19
69.79
67.84
109.74
114.90
119.65
123.20
125.13
125.15
123.21
119.34
113.75
106.90
105.58
104.25
102.45
100.54
101.16
102.07
102.52
102.56
103.05
105.42
109.80
67.11
101.53
97.92
92.22
84.54
75.06
64.06
59.34
60.30
60.42
59.74
58.89
64.20
63.86
63.88
64.26
64.78
66.05
69.04
71.71
67.16
111.96
117.24
122.01
125.54
127.37
127.26
125.15
121.09
115.32
108.55
107.69
106.07
103.97
101.81
102.62
Vc (kV)
136.32
130.24
123.96
115.32
104.76
96.86
91.63
90.25
91.17
91.71
93.42
95.61
96.60
96.57
98.93
99.40
97.99
94.96
124.66
128.53
131.51
132.82
132.03
128.95
123.52
123.85
127.78
129.94
130.32
129.08
126.59
123.51
120.81
119.31
118.79
118.69
119.18
121.13
124.67
95.22
143.20
141.47
140.12
136.07
129.14
119.78
108.67
98.03
92.67
90.82
91.75
92.22
94.23
96.38
97.29
97.33
99.59
99.94
98.42
95.28
125.82
129.79
132.77
134.03
133.16
129.95
124.39
125.45
129.21
131.14
131.26
129.77
127.09
123.92
121.28
119.89
119.38
119.27
119.88
122.08
125.83
95.42
145.73
147.17
145.43
140.62
133.29
123.57
112.07
99.52
93.45
91.23
92.17
92.60
94.81
96.94
97.78
97.86
100.05
100.32
98.70
95.48
126.70
130.73
133.72
134.95
134.00
130.71
125.04
126.61
130.23
131.97
131.91
130.24
127.41
124.19
121.63
Ratio
V Max (kV) Vmax/Vnom
136.32
2.53
130.24
2.42
123.96
2.30
115.32
2.14
104.76
1.94
96.86
1.80
91.63
1.70
90.25
1.67
91.17
1.69
109.23
2.03
108.89
2.02
109.02
2.02
109.58
2.03
110.83
2.06
112.55
2.09
114.05
2.12
114.66
2.13
113.93
2.11
124.66
2.31
128.53
2.39
131.51
2.44
132.82
2.46
132.03
2.45
128.95
2.39
123.52
2.29
123.85
2.30
127.78
2.37
129.94
2.41
130.32
2.42
129.08
2.40
126.59
2.35
123.51
2.29
120.81
2.24
119.31
2.21
118.79
2.20
118.69
2.20
119.18
2.21
121.13
2.25
124.67
2.31
95.22
1.77
143.20
2.66
141.47
2.63
140.12
2.60
136.07
2.53
129.14
2.40
119.78
2.22
108.67
2.02
98.03
1.82
92.67
1.72
90.82
1.69
91.75
1.70
109.66
2.03
109.39
2.03
109.54
2.03
110.06
2.04
111.34
2.07
113.17
2.10
114.82
2.13
115.57
2.14
95.28
1.77
125.82
2.33
129.79
2.41
132.77
2.46
134.03
2.49
133.16
2.47
129.95
2.41
124.39
2.31
125.45
2.33
129.21
2.40
131.14
2.43
131.26
2.44
129.77
2.41
127.09
2.36
123.92
2.30
121.28
2.25
119.89
2.22
119.38
2.22
119.27
2.21
119.88
2.22
122.08
2.27
125.83
2.33
95.42
1.77
145.73
2.70
147.17
2.73
145.43
2.70
140.62
2.61
133.29
2.47
123.57
2.29
112.07
2.08
99.52
1.85
93.45
1.73
91.23
1.69
92.17
1.71
109.96
2.04
109.75
2.04
109.92
2.04
110.42
2.05
111.72
2.07
113.64
2.11
115.40
2.14
116.24
2.16
95.48
1.77
126.70
2.35
130.73
2.43
133.72
2.48
134.95
2.50
134.00
2.49
130.71
2.43
125.15
2.32
126.61
2.35
130.23
2.42
131.97
2.45
131.91
2.45
130.24
2.42
127.41
2.36
124.19
2.30
121.63
2.26
Line Length=0.2km
Va (kV)
72.17
74.39
75.24
74.35
71.61
67.43
65.50
64.14
63.33
118.45
117.62
117.69
118.53
119.91
121.39
122.40
122.46
121.20
61.06
61.06
61.06
61.06
61.05
61.05
61.06
61.06
61.06
61.06
61.06
61.06
61.06
61.06
61.06
61.12
61.12
61.12
61.12
61.12
61.12
87.76
69.65
73.63
76.77
78.54
78.64
76.88
73.47
68.99
65.14
63.47
62.71
119.56
118.67
118.75
119.68
121.18
122.78
123.86
123.93
122.63
62.02
62.02
62.02
62.01
62.01
62.01
62.02
62.02
62.02
62.02
62.01
62.01
62.02
62.02
62.08
62.08
62.08
62.08
62.08
62.08
62.08
88.65
73.69
77.80
80.68
81.96
81.41
79.07
75.29
70.64
67.31
64.38
62.20
120.39
119.45
119.55
120.54
122.16
123.85
125.00
125.08
68.90
62.98
62.97
62.97
62.97
62.97
62.97
62.97
62.97
62.97
62.97
62.97
62.97
62.97
62.97
63.03
Vb (kV)
92.68
85.02
75.62
64.66
59.41
59.65
59.62
59.97
59.59
66.03
65.56
65.60
66.24
67.46
69.11
70.86
72.26
72.85
97.84
98.90
102.53
105.93
107.58
107.36
113.12
119.24
123.00
124.25
122.99
119.43
113.75
106.42
98.32
96.58
96.37
96.34
96.31
96.37
97.94
76.94
105.82
101.74
95.75
87.89
78.30
67.17
61.03
61.05
60.16
60.21
59.89
68.40
67.69
67.75
68.58
70.06
71.95
73.79
75.07
75.35
99.83
101.80
104.80
108.08
109.55
109.91
118.17
124.19
127.68
128.66
127.04
122.99
116.80
108.95
100.35
98.18
97.94
97.91
97.89
98.25
99.93
77.13
108.46
104.23
98.09
90.08
80.33
69.05
62.22
62.08
61.08
60.36
60.07
70.67
69.78
69.85
70.82
72.50
74.56
76.43
77.58
110.86
101.41
104.23
106.96
109.59
110.95
113.96
122.16
128.14
131.52
132.17
130.25
125.80
119.21
110.93
101.94
Vc (kV)
154.03
150.53
143.87
134.25
122.14
110.42
110.36
107.91
103.24
97.79
95.10
93.04
90.66
89.55
88.64
88.68
93.91
97.09
126.05
126.41
124.75
128.96
133.15
134.94
134.07
130.41
123.96
114.95
114.19
113.02
116.68
120.28
121.65
121.16
119.63
119.07
121.02
123.95
126.02
98.04
154.77
157.59
157.12
153.33
146.39
136.54
126.58
113.47
110.79
108.32
103.62
98.66
96.19
93.94
91.54
90.12
89.36
90.07
95.10
98.04
126.74
127.02
125.29
131.27
135.42
137.11
136.12
132.26
125.57
116.33
115.35
114.03
119.45
122.54
123.39
122.40
120.54
119.91
121.88
124.74
126.70
98.74
157.47
160.07
159.41
155.42
148.27
140.78
129.69
116.23
111.10
108.60
103.85
99.39
97.10
94.71
92.30
90.64
89.98
91.06
95.96
151.65
127.25
127.44
127.02
133.10
137.20
138.84
137.66
133.69
126.88
117.35
116.46
116.53
121.59
124.29
124.72
V Max
(kV)
154.03
150.53
143.87
134.25
122.14
110.42
110.36
107.91
103.24
118.45
117.62
117.69
118.53
119.91
121.39
122.40
122.46
121.20
126.05
126.41
124.75
128.96
133.15
134.94
134.07
130.41
123.96
124.25
122.99
119.43
116.68
120.28
121.65
121.16
119.63
119.07
121.02
123.95
126.02
98.04
154.77
157.59
157.12
153.33
146.39
136.54
126.58
113.47
110.79
108.32
103.62
119.56
118.67
118.75
119.68
121.18
122.78
123.86
123.93
122.63
126.74
127.02
125.29
131.27
135.42
137.11
136.12
132.26
127.68
128.66
127.04
122.99
119.45
122.54
123.39
122.40
120.54
119.91
121.88
124.74
126.70
98.74
157.47
160.07
159.41
155.42
148.27
140.78
129.69
116.23
111.10
108.60
103.85
120.39
119.45
119.55
120.54
122.16
123.85
125.00
125.08
151.65
127.25
127.44
127.02
133.10
137.20
138.84
137.66
133.69
131.52
132.17
130.25
125.80
121.59
124.29
124.72
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom
2.86
2.79
2.67
2.49
2.27
2.05
2.05
2.00
1.92
2.20
2.18
2.18
2.20
2.23
2.25
2.27
2.27
2.25
2.34
2.35
2.32
2.39
2.47
2.50
2.49
2.42
2.30
2.31
2.28
2.22
2.17
2.23
2.26
2.25
2.22
2.21
2.25
2.30
2.34
1.82
2.87
2.92
2.92
2.85
2.72
2.53
2.35
2.11
2.06
2.01
1.92
2.22
2.20
2.20
2.22
2.25
2.28
2.30
2.30
2.28
2.35
2.36
2.33
2.44
2.51
2.54
2.53
2.45
2.37
2.39
2.36
2.28
2.22
2.27
2.29
2.27
2.24
2.23
2.26
2.31
2.35
1.83
2.92
2.97
2.96
2.88
2.75
2.61
2.41
2.16
2.06
2.02
1.93
2.23
2.22
2.22
2.24
2.27
2.30
2.32
2.32
2.81
2.36
2.36
2.36
2.47
2.55
2.58
2.55
2.48
2.44
2.45
2.42
2.33
2.26
2.31
2.31
Simulation 4
Variables
Simulation
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
Start-Delay
(s)
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
Type of
Fault
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
Line Length=100km
Fault Duration
(s)
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
NER
Size
(Ohm)
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
100
100
100
100
100
100
Va (kV)
197.98
198.08
198.10
198.04
197.89
197.66
124.08
126.09
125.01
123.35
122.90
123.76
123.52
120.47
118.25
125.96
127.79
127.03
126.52
126.79
126.70
126.26
126.77
127.22
125.29
127.25
124.12
208.83
208.54
207.87
207.65
207.48
207.37
207.31
207.34
207.44
207.63
207.85
208.13
208.44
208.72
208.97
209.15
209.26
209.28
209.21
209.05
208.82
130.96
131.65
131.38
129.62
128.62
129.99
129.25
125.91
123.61
132.47
134.27
134.23
133.31
133.50
133.40
133.04
133.91
133.61
131.95
133.41
130.99
218.93
218.61
217.95
217.72
217.53
217.39
217.33
217.36
217.46
217.64
217.90
218.19
218.50
218.81
219.07
219.27
219.39
219.41
219.34
219.17
218.91
137.42
136.90
137.19
135.17
133.96
135.32
134.44
130.88
128.47
138.77
140.21
140.70
139.65
139.66
139.55
139.39
140.30
139.47
138.32
139.00
137.45
281.33
280.88
280.32
279.98
279.66
279.46
Vb (kV)
146.38
146.45
146.47
146.41
146.28
146.07
136.63
132.74
128.63
125.66
122.46
119.42
118.00
115.65
113.97
144.88
146.51
148.21
148.98
149.16
148.94
148.32
147.10
145.01
143.04
139.54
136.63
154.65
154.34
155.85
155.55
155.24
154.95
154.71
154.52
154.40
154.34
154.36
154.43
154.55
154.69
154.84
154.96
155.04
155.06
155.00
154.85
154.62
141.55
137.84
133.59
130.01
126.95
124.07
122.22
119.64
117.90
150.47
152.27
153.96
154.90
155.13
154.89
154.17
152.76
150.70
148.48
144.94
141.56
162.29
161.96
163.50
163.18
162.86
162.56
162.30
162.11
161.98
161.93
161.96
162.04
162.17
162.33
162.48
162.62
162.70
162.72
162.66
162.50
162.26
145.93
142.29
138.10
133.94
130.88
128.14
125.93
123.17
121.37
155.43
157.49
159.09
160.16
160.44
160.19
159.40
157.82
155.82
153.29
149.86
145.93
210.69
210.22
212.00
211.55
211.11
210.72
Vc (kV)
106.95
107.01
107.02
106.97
106.85
106.65
85.92
85.56
85.15
84.70
85.34
85.52
85.89
86.13
86.14
87.62
90.45
95.04
97.29
97.15
94.62
89.76
85.84
85.98
86.11
86.11
85.95
112.31
112.07
110.33
110.18
110.09
110.08
110.13
110.27
110.49
110.77
111.10
111.45
111.81
112.12
112.39
112.59
112.70
112.72
112.66
112.51
112.31
85.94
85.57
85.16
84.74
85.41
85.58
85.94
86.18
86.17
87.67
90.78
95.36
97.60
97.44
94.87
89.98
86.30
85.99
86.11
86.12
85.96
122.82
122.55
120.80
120.64
120.54
120.50
120.55
120.69
120.92
121.20
121.55
121.92
122.29
122.63
122.91
123.12
123.24
123.26
123.19
123.04
122.82
85.94
85.57
85.17
84.77
85.45
85.62
85.98
86.22
86.21
87.71
90.99
95.57
97.79
97.61
95.02
90.09
87.37
85.99
86.11
86.13
85.97
192.70
192.32
190.30
190.07
189.88
189.82
V Max
(kV)
197.98
198.08
198.10
198.04
197.89
197.66
136.63
132.74
128.63
125.66
122.90
123.76
123.52
120.47
118.25
144.88
146.51
148.21
148.98
149.16
148.94
148.32
147.10
145.01
143.04
139.54
136.63
208.83
208.54
207.87
207.65
207.48
207.37
207.31
207.34
207.44
207.63
207.85
208.13
208.44
208.72
208.97
209.15
209.26
209.28
209.21
209.05
208.82
141.55
137.84
133.59
130.01
128.62
129.99
129.25
125.91
123.61
150.47
152.27
153.96
154.90
155.13
154.89
154.17
152.76
150.70
148.48
144.94
141.56
218.93
218.61
217.95
217.72
217.53
217.39
217.33
217.36
217.46
217.64
217.90
218.19
218.50
218.81
219.07
219.27
219.39
219.41
219.34
219.17
218.91
145.93
142.29
138.10
135.17
133.96
135.32
134.44
130.88
128.47
155.43
157.49
159.09
160.16
160.44
160.19
159.40
157.82
155.82
153.29
149.86
145.93
281.33
280.88
280.32
279.98
279.66
279.46
Line Length=10km
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom
3.67
3.68
3.68
3.67
3.67
3.67
2.54
2.46
2.39
2.33
2.28
2.30
2.29
2.24
2.19
2.69
2.72
2.75
2.76
2.77
2.76
2.75
2.73
2.69
2.65
2.59
2.54
3.88
3.87
3.86
3.85
3.85
3.85
3.85
3.85
3.85
3.85
3.86
3.86
3.87
3.87
3.88
3.88
3.88
3.88
3.88
3.88
3.87
2.63
2.56
2.48
2.41
2.39
2.41
2.40
2.34
2.29
2.79
2.83
2.86
2.87
2.88
2.87
2.86
2.83
2.80
2.76
2.69
2.63
4.06
4.06
4.04
4.04
4.04
4.03
4.03
4.03
4.04
4.04
4.04
4.05
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.07
4.07
4.07
4.07
4.07
4.06
2.71
2.64
2.56
2.51
2.49
2.51
2.49
2.43
2.38
2.88
2.92
2.95
2.97
2.98
2.97
2.96
2.93
2.89
2.84
2.78
2.71
5.22
5.21
5.20
5.20
5.19
5.19
Va (kV)
60.26
60.26
60.26
60.25
60.25
60.25
74.69
73.53
71.20
70.50
72.40
73.29
73.35
72.79
71.80
70.42
68.55
66.07
110.19
110.03
110.22
110.70
112.00
114.00
115.84
72.50
74.73
61.88
61.87
61.85
61.83
61.82
61.81
61.81
61.82
61.84
61.87
61.91
61.94
61.96
61.91
61.91
61.90
61.90
61.90
61.90
61.90
61.89
76.76
75.50
73.18
73.60
75.35
76.06
75.91
75.13
73.87
72.17
69.96
67.23
110.61
111.08
111.27
111.15
112.22
114.28
116.20
72.84
76.80
63.49
63.47
63.45
63.42
63.40
63.39
63.40
63.42
63.45
63.50
63.54
63.59
63.54
63.53
63.52
63.51
63.51
63.51
63.51
63.50
63.49
78.98
77.70
75.42
76.49
78.09
78.63
78.29
77.28
75.75
73.75
71.25
68.29
112.46
112.89
113.11
113.07
112.40
114.50
116.49
79.08
79.01
76.80
76.65
76.48
76.35
76.28
76.30
Vb (kV)
103.67
104.11
104.12
104.76
107.41
112.02
104.76
103.22
99.55
93.79
86.04
76.50
65.41
59.74
60.66
60.76
60.07
58.87
63.63
63.92
63.96
63.74
64.72
67.80
70.88
66.21
104.77
113.71
119.07
123.87
127.36
129.12
128.90
126.65
122.45
116.54
110.51
109.45
107.59
105.23
102.84
103.82
104.96
105.35
105.36
106.11
108.98
113.76
106.13
104.55
100.85
95.04
87.24
77.64
66.48
60.05
60.94
61.02
60.32
59.01
65.52
65.81
65.87
65.66
66.32
69.51
72.68
65.50
106.13
115.11
120.55
125.36
128.82
130.51
130.21
127.85
123.52
117.49
112.19
110.95
108.88
106.29
103.71
104.82
106.00
106.36
106.35
107.20
110.25
115.16
107.24
105.64
101.91
96.07
88.21
78.56
67.35
60.27
61.15
61.22
60.51
59.28
67.44
67.74
67.81
67.62
67.87
71.16
74.38
106.82
107.25
121.49
127.20
132.05
135.35
136.71
135.95
Vc (kV)
120.34
119.82
119.69
120.40
122.80
126.70
146.68
150.73
151.56
149.49
144.43
136.66
126.64
114.81
101.97
94.06
91.55
92.48
92.88
95.25
97.36
98.16
98.25
100.39
100.59
98.91
146.76
127.39
131.47
134.46
135.66
134.66
131.30
125.54
127.48
130.98
132.58
132.36
130.55
127.62
124.38
121.90
120.68
120.15
120.02
120.81
123.36
127.38
151.20
154.63
155.31
152.85
147.55
139.63
129.36
117.27
104.12
94.55
91.80
92.73
93.10
95.59
97.69
98.45
98.55
100.65
100.80
99.07
151.27
127.93
132.06
135.06
136.23
135.19
131.77
125.94
128.15
131.55
133.04
132.70
130.78
127.77
124.52
122.12
120.96
120.42
120.28
121.13
123.81
127.92
154.53
157.98
158.28
155.74
150.29
142.17
131.65
119.35
105.98
94.95
92.01
92.94
93.28
95.87
97.95
98.68
98.79
100.85
100.97
148.65
154.60
130.35
134.67
137.69
138.76
137.53
133.83
Ratio
V Max (kV) Vmax/Vnom
120.34
2.23
119.82
2.22
119.69
2.22
120.40
2.23
122.80
2.28
126.70
2.35
146.68
2.72
150.73
2.80
151.56
2.81
149.49
2.77
144.43
2.68
136.66
2.54
126.64
2.35
114.81
2.13
101.97
1.89
94.06
1.75
91.55
1.70
92.48
1.72
110.19
2.04
110.03
2.04
110.22
2.05
110.70
2.05
112.00
2.08
114.00
2.12
115.84
2.15
98.91
1.84
146.76
2.72
127.39
2.36
131.47
2.44
134.46
2.50
135.66
2.52
134.66
2.50
131.30
2.44
126.65
2.35
127.48
2.37
130.98
2.43
132.58
2.46
132.36
2.46
130.55
2.42
127.62
2.37
124.38
2.31
121.90
2.26
120.68
2.24
120.15
2.23
120.02
2.23
120.81
2.24
123.36
2.29
127.38
2.36
151.20
2.81
154.63
2.87
155.31
2.88
152.85
2.84
147.55
2.74
139.63
2.59
129.36
2.40
117.27
2.18
104.12
1.93
94.55
1.75
91.80
1.70
92.73
1.72
110.61
2.05
111.08
2.06
111.27
2.06
111.15
2.06
112.22
2.08
114.28
2.12
116.20
2.16
99.07
1.84
151.27
2.81
127.93
2.37
132.06
2.45
135.06
2.51
136.23
2.53
135.19
2.51
131.77
2.45
127.85
2.37
128.15
2.38
131.55
2.44
133.04
2.47
132.70
2.46
130.78
2.43
127.77
2.37
124.52
2.31
122.12
2.27
120.96
2.24
120.42
2.23
120.28
2.23
121.13
2.25
123.81
2.30
127.92
2.37
154.53
2.87
157.98
2.93
158.28
2.94
155.74
2.89
150.29
2.79
142.17
2.64
131.65
2.44
119.35
2.21
105.98
1.97
94.95
1.76
92.01
1.71
92.94
1.72
112.46
2.09
112.89
2.09
113.11
2.10
113.07
2.10
112.40
2.09
114.50
2.12
116.49
2.16
148.65
2.76
154.60
2.87
130.35
2.42
134.67
2.50
137.69
2.56
138.76
2.57
137.53
2.55
135.95
2.52
Line Length=0.2km
Va (kV)
63.03
63.03
63.03
63.03
63.03
63.03
72.59
77.58
81.61
84.19
85.01
83.98
81.24
77.21
72.42
69.36
65.98
62.43
121.05
120.06
120.16
121.22
122.93
124.71
125.90
85.30
72.52
63.96
63.96
63.96
63.96
63.96
63.96
63.95
63.95
63.95
63.95
63.96
63.96
63.96
64.01
64.01
64.01
64.01
64.01
64.01
64.01
64.01
76.21
81.29
85.18
87.44
87.87
86.48
83.47
79.23
74.31
71.25
67.46
63.56
61.49
120.55
120.66
121.76
123.56
125.40
80.55
86.07
76.12
64.97
64.97
64.97
64.97
64.96
64.96
64.96
64.95
64.95
64.96
64.97
64.97
64.97
65.01
65.01
65.01
65.01
65.01
65.01
65.01
65.01
79.72
84.81
88.52
90.51
90.63
88.97
85.73
81.29
76.41
72.97
68.83
64.61
62.60
120.95
121.06
122.21
124.06
125.97
81.35
73.75
79.63
74.68
74.60
74.50
74.38
74.29
74.25
Vb (kV)
99.48
99.20
99.16
99.15
99.74
101.51
113.02
110.54
106.19
99.93
91.80
81.93
70.52
63.20
62.95
61.86
60.46
60.20
72.91
71.86
71.94
73.03
74.88
77.05
78.93
72.94
113.04
102.81
106.32
109.14
110.74
111.98
117.31
125.53
131.40
134.62
135.07
132.85
128.11
121.17
112.54
103.25
100.58
100.25
100.20
100.22
100.95
102.88
114.78
112.21
107.78
101.41
93.18
83.21
71.72
64.11
63.75
62.57
60.71
60.29
59.44
73.94
74.03
75.21
77.19
79.46
67.91
73.27
114.80
104.42
108.12
111.05
112.57
112.78
120.02
128.28
134.08
137.13
137.45
135.03
130.03
122.79
113.86
104.30
101.53
101.15
101.10
101.13
101.92
104.49
116.23
113.59
109.08
102.64
94.32
84.26
72.69
65.01
64.55
63.27
61.33
60.35
59.56
75.99
76.09
77.36
79.45
81.79
68.04
117.15
116.25
113.57
118.32
121.92
123.77
123.64
133.59
Vc (kV)
123.34
121.20
120.52
122.50
125.32
127.21
153.91
159.53
161.97
161.15
157.00
152.44
143.66
132.06
118.35
111.34
108.79
103.99
99.97
97.88
95.36
92.96
91.11
90.53
91.81
96.60
153.85
127.62
127.72
128.42
134.51
138.68
140.30
139.04
134.91
127.91
118.26
117.51
118.58
123.34
125.68
125.76
124.06
121.71
120.99
122.97
125.75
127.57
155.63
161.13
163.47
162.52
160.67
154.96
145.89
134.04
120.13
111.50
108.94
104.13
100.46
98.53
95.94
93.54
91.53
90.99
92.40
97.10
155.58
127.89
127.97
129.52
135.74
139.90
141.41
140.09
135.84
128.71
119.28
118.48
120.25
124.76
126.81
126.60
124.63
122.11
121.36
123.34
126.08
127.84
157.03
162.44
164.67
165.43
163.07
157.03
147.69
135.63
121.56
111.60
109.07
104.21
100.87
99.09
96.43
94.04
92.00
91.41
92.85
148.73
156.96
128.92
128.86
134.91
141.32
145.44
146.78
V Max
(kV)
123.34
121.20
120.52
122.50
125.32
127.21
153.91
159.53
161.97
161.15
157.00
152.44
143.66
132.06
118.35
111.34
108.79
103.99
121.05
120.06
120.16
121.22
122.93
124.71
125.90
96.60
153.85
127.62
127.72
128.42
134.51
138.68
140.30
139.04
134.91
134.62
135.07
132.85
128.11
123.34
125.68
125.76
124.06
121.71
120.99
122.97
125.75
127.57
155.63
161.13
163.47
162.52
160.67
154.96
145.89
134.04
120.13
111.50
108.94
104.13
100.46
120.55
120.66
121.76
123.56
125.40
92.40
97.10
155.58
127.89
127.97
129.52
135.74
139.90
141.41
140.09
135.84
137.13
137.45
135.03
130.03
124.76
126.81
126.60
124.63
122.11
121.36
123.34
126.08
127.84
157.03
162.44
164.67
165.43
163.07
157.03
147.69
135.63
121.56
111.60
109.07
104.21
100.87
120.95
121.06
122.21
124.06
125.97
92.85
148.73
156.96
128.92
128.86
134.91
141.32
145.44
146.78
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom
2.29
2.25
2.24
2.27
2.33
2.36
2.86
2.96
3.01
2.99
2.91
2.83
2.67
2.45
2.20
2.07
2.02
1.93
2.25
2.23
2.23
2.25
2.28
2.31
2.34
1.79
2.85
2.37
2.37
2.38
2.50
2.57
2.60
2.58
2.50
2.50
2.51
2.47
2.38
2.29
2.33
2.33
2.30
2.26
2.25
2.28
2.33
2.37
2.89
2.99
3.03
3.02
2.98
2.88
2.71
2.49
2.23
2.07
2.02
1.93
1.86
2.24
2.24
2.26
2.29
2.33
1.71
1.80
2.89
2.37
2.37
2.40
2.52
2.60
2.62
2.60
2.52
2.54
2.55
2.51
2.41
2.32
2.35
2.35
2.31
2.27
2.25
2.29
2.34
2.37
2.91
3.01
3.06
3.07
3.03
2.91
2.74
2.52
2.26
2.07
2.02
1.93
1.87
2.24
2.25
2.27
2.30
2.34
1.72
2.76
2.91
2.39
2.39
2.50
2.62
2.70
2.72
Simulation 4
Variables
Simulation
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
Start-Delay
(s)
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
Type of
Fault
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
Line Length=100km
Fault Duration
(s)
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
NER
Size
(Ohm)
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
Va (kV)
279.31
279.33
279.42
279.67
279.97
280.38
280.80
281.19
281.55
281.84
282.00
282.03
281.93
281.68
281.32
179.02
177.68
175.06
175.41
173.03
169.95
170.44
165.78
162.58
158.70
183.01
184.36
184.65
184.26
184.06
184.14
183.42
181.82
181.67
179.86
179.06
372.50
371.79
372.80
372.19
371.62
371.15
370.79
370.60
370.58
370.75
371.06
371.50
371.99
372.51
372.98
373.35
373.60
373.64
373.48
373.12
372.56
254.19
252.42
241.90
237.89
239.31
231.48
230.09
227.55
222.73
216.98
271.44
273.13
275.97
276.51
276.09
274.72
270.94
269.23
265.53
261.62
254.20
430.45
429.65
430.88
430.22
429.50
428.93
428.51
428.30
428.22
428.48
428.75
429.31
429.87
430.41
430.97
431.43
431.70
431.76
431.57
431.15
430.52
283.26
279.68
273.95
256.33
269.40
255.08
263.88
263.00
257.36
250.87
304.49
306.22
309.78
310.37
309.88
308.24
303.66
301.45
Vb (kV)
210.39
210.16
210.03
210.02
210.10
210.29
210.52
210.78
211.04
211.25
211.38
211.41
211.31
211.08
210.73
174.28
168.69
164.90
160.28
156.10
152.53
148.32
144.49
142.31
139.35
188.80
190.76
191.86
192.36
192.01
190.84
189.14
186.53
182.91
179.05
174.30
312.87
312.31
312.69
312.23
311.79
311.44
311.20
311.09
311.12
311.29
311.57
311.95
312.37
312.80
313.19
313.49
313.68
313.72
313.59
313.30
312.87
225.08
220.19
215.10
211.46
208.03
206.11
198.84
192.32
189.24
185.49
238.89
240.94
242.46
242.89
242.48
241.25
238.95
236.52
233.27
229.20
225.09
346.32
345.50
346.45
345.78
345.02
344.49
344.03
343.88
343.83
344.12
344.44
345.04
345.57
346.24
346.82
347.30
347.58
347.63
347.44
347.01
346.36
236.32
231.88
226.99
223.03
219.74
217.86
210.35
203.13
199.83
195.83
251.00
252.94
254.40
254.85
254.45
253.21
251.00
248.48
Vc (kV)
189.83
190.01
190.26
190.65
191.08
191.57
192.07
192.52
192.90
193.19
193.36
193.39
193.29
193.06
192.74
96.50
94.79
93.20
91.52
90.19
88.78
86.15
86.39
86.37
87.96
101.59
102.25
102.70
102.79
102.61
102.18
101.45
100.60
99.33
98.09
96.50
338.48
337.83
335.96
335.46
335.17
334.86
334.87
334.91
335.26
335.65
336.29
336.89
337.62
338.31
338.87
339.29
339.49
339.54
339.38
339.02
338.49
196.42
193.34
190.60
187.96
185.85
184.16
175.68
168.79
166.62
163.99
207.26
208.78
209.70
210.08
209.74
208.71
207.19
205.16
202.38
199.64
196.46
403.37
402.63
400.79
400.36
399.77
399.51
399.31
399.47
399.62
400.27
400.74
401.60
402.32
403.02
403.70
404.24
404.55
404.61
404.41
403.99
403.38
217.77
214.30
211.43
208.62
206.40
205.09
195.29
188.17
185.52
182.38
229.55
231.22
232.44
232.88
232.50
231.35
229.47
227.21
V Max
(kV)
279.31
279.33
279.42
279.67
279.97
280.38
280.80
281.19
281.55
281.84
282.00
282.03
281.93
281.68
281.32
179.02
177.68
175.06
175.41
173.03
169.95
170.44
165.78
162.58
158.70
188.80
190.76
191.86
192.36
192.01
190.84
189.14
186.53
182.91
179.86
179.06
372.50
371.79
372.80
372.19
371.62
371.15
370.79
370.60
370.58
370.75
371.06
371.50
371.99
372.51
372.98
373.35
373.60
373.64
373.48
373.12
372.56
254.19
252.42
241.90
237.89
239.31
231.48
230.09
227.55
222.73
216.98
271.44
273.13
275.97
276.51
276.09
274.72
270.94
269.23
265.53
261.62
254.20
430.45
429.65
430.88
430.22
429.50
428.93
428.51
428.30
428.22
428.48
428.75
429.31
429.87
430.41
430.97
431.43
431.70
431.76
431.57
431.15
430.52
283.26
279.68
273.95
256.33
256.33
255.08
263.88
263.00
257.36
250.87
304.49
306.22
309.78
310.37
309.88
308.24
303.66
301.45
Line Length=10km
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom
5.18
5.18
5.19
5.19
5.20
5.20
5.21
5.22
5.22
5.23
5.23
5.23
5.23
5.23
5.22
3.32
3.30
3.25
3.26
3.21
3.15
3.16
3.08
3.02
2.94
3.50
3.54
3.56
3.57
3.56
3.54
3.51
3.46
3.39
3.34
3.32
6.91
6.90
6.92
6.91
6.90
6.89
6.88
6.88
6.88
6.88
6.89
6.89
6.90
6.91
6.92
6.93
6.93
6.93
6.93
6.92
6.91
4.72
4.68
4.49
4.41
4.44
4.30
4.27
4.22
4.13
4.03
5.04
5.07
5.12
5.13
5.12
5.10
5.03
5.00
4.93
4.85
4.72
7.99
7.97
8.00
7.98
7.97
7.96
7.95
7.95
7.95
7.95
7.96
7.97
7.98
7.99
8.00
8.01
8.01
8.01
8.01
8.00
7.99
5.26
5.19
5.08
4.76
4.76
4.73
4.90
4.88
4.78
4.66
5.65
5.68
5.75
5.76
5.75
5.72
5.63
5.59
Va (kV)
76.43
76.67
76.98
77.32
77.50
77.30
77.12
77.00
76.93
76.91
76.92
76.93
76.90
76.83
76.70
101.91
101.05
99.24
96.76
96.60
95.82
93.94
91.21
87.81
83.87
79.56
75.23
71.51
121.61
122.00
122.37
75.94
97.97
100.30
101.66
101.91
106.10
105.46
105.13
105.29
105.92
106.93
108.34
114.20
112.95
111.47
109.95
108.59
107.59
107.04
106.91
107.03
107.21
107.26
107.06
106.59
105.94
160.53
160.03
157.75
153.92
148.79
142.49
134.99
126.27
116.47
106.06
95.84
87.01
81.53
79.09
78.81
80.50
146.89
151.79
156.12
159.18
160.52
111.40
110.89
110.92
111.63
112.82
114.14
121.97
120.84
119.29
117.49
115.64
114.02
112.86
112.28
112.20
112.40
112.63
112.69
112.46
111.93
111.27
170.74
170.18
167.67
163.42
157.71
150.68
142.34
132.73
122.01
110.74
99.69
90.23
82.79
80.55
80.21
81.66
155.95
161.24
Vb (kV)
133.04
128.13
122.00
121.16
119.00
115.79
111.98
109.27
109.86
110.94
110.98
110.87
112.21
116.04
121.52
112.41
110.72
106.86
100.85
92.80
82.91
71.45
66.88
62.91
64.49
65.03
64.59
63.43
84.50
84.70
84.83
67.58
106.91
109.99
112.06
112.42
126.64
132.54
137.37
140.48
141.52
140.33
136.92
131.97
132.29
130.82
127.73
123.33
118.18
116.27
114.53
115.13
114.75
114.54
116.30
120.75
126.66
134.11
137.14
138.55
137.84
134.86
129.62
122.29
113.18
102.73
95.23
90.02
85.05
81.63
79.67
79.50
80.94
124.96
126.94
128.67
130.76
134.16
127.14
133.07
137.89
140.98
141.99
140.75
137.29
133.18
133.47
131.93
128.73
124.20
118.90
117.15
115.31
115.56
115.12
114.90
116.71
121.21
127.16
150.15
153.02
154.09
152.81
149.02
142.74
134.18
123.70
111.79
101.19
94.93
89.14
85.06
83.23
82.97
84.14
139.63
142.25
Vc (kV)
127.67
130.79
133.72
134.68
133.78
131.38
128.10
125.02
123.16
122.21
121.55
121.36
122.53
125.78
130.31
170.86
173.53
173.25
169.99
163.74
154.69
143.21
129.95
115.65
101.43
92.96
93.87
94.10
97.12
99.15
99.75
99.83
149.39
158.08
165.57
170.91
132.22
136.70
139.75
140.75
139.35
135.42
128.98
132.36
134.87
135.36
134.02
131.27
127.94
125.34
124.07
123.19
122.36
122.11
123.58
127.30
132.17
183.07
185.63
185.13
181.45
174.66
165.03
152.90
139.32
125.22
111.23
98.85
94.69
94.95
98.18
100.15
100.64
153.10
161.67
170.37
177.84
183.12
132.40
136.90
139.95
140.93
139.52
135.58
129.10
132.48
134.95
135.39
134.00
131.23
127.90
125.37
124.16
123.28
122.43
122.18
123.68
127.44
132.35
184.83
187.73
187.22
184.23
178.25
169.01
157.58
144.15
129.68
115.08
101.73
94.77
95.06
98.28
100.25
100.73
154.41
163.01
Ratio
V Max (kV) Vmax/Vnom
133.04
2.47
130.79
2.43
133.72
2.48
134.68
2.50
133.78
2.48
131.38
2.44
128.10
2.38
125.02
2.32
123.16
2.29
122.21
2.27
121.55
2.26
121.36
2.25
122.53
2.27
125.78
2.33
130.31
2.42
170.86
3.17
173.53
3.22
173.25
3.21
169.99
3.15
163.74
3.04
154.69
2.87
143.21
2.66
129.95
2.41
115.65
2.15
101.43
1.88
92.96
1.72
93.87
1.74
94.10
1.75
121.61
2.26
122.00
2.26
122.37
2.27
99.83
1.85
149.39
2.77
158.08
2.93
165.57
3.07
170.91
3.17
132.22
2.45
136.70
2.54
139.75
2.59
140.75
2.61
141.52
2.63
140.33
2.60
136.92
2.54
132.36
2.46
134.87
2.50
135.36
2.51
134.02
2.49
131.27
2.44
127.94
2.37
125.34
2.33
124.07
2.30
123.19
2.29
122.36
2.27
122.11
2.27
123.58
2.29
127.30
2.36
132.17
2.45
183.07
3.40
185.63
3.44
185.13
3.44
181.45
3.37
174.66
3.24
165.03
3.06
152.90
2.84
139.32
2.59
125.22
2.32
111.23
2.06
98.85
1.83
94.69
1.76
94.95
1.76
98.18
1.82
100.15
1.86
100.64
1.87
153.10
2.84
161.67
3.00
170.37
3.16
177.84
3.30
183.12
3.40
132.40
2.46
136.90
2.54
139.95
2.60
140.98
2.62
141.99
2.63
140.75
2.61
137.29
2.55
133.18
2.47
134.95
2.50
135.39
2.51
134.00
2.49
131.23
2.44
127.90
2.37
125.37
2.33
124.16
2.30
123.28
2.29
122.43
2.27
122.18
2.27
123.68
2.30
127.44
2.36
132.35
2.46
184.83
3.43
187.73
3.48
187.22
3.47
184.23
3.42
178.25
3.31
169.01
3.14
157.58
2.92
144.15
2.67
129.68
2.41
115.08
2.14
101.73
1.89
94.77
1.76
95.06
1.76
98.28
1.82
100.25
1.86
100.73
1.87
155.95
2.89
163.01
3.02
Line Length=0.2km
Va (kV)
74.29
74.40
74.56
74.72
75.00
74.96
74.89
74.82
74.75
74.70
74.68
74.68
74.68
74.66
74.61
106.73
111.45
114.25
115.04
113.81
110.68
105.86
99.72
92.78
85.75
79.47
74.57
71.23
69.52
69.72
70.55
73.19
79.61
92.99
100.29
106.61
101.57
102.48
104.04
105.95
107.81
109.31
110.22
107.87
107.89
107.23
106.01
104.46
102.91
101.76
101.28
101.34
101.52
101.56
101.47
101.40
101.66
160.27
165.34
167.75
167.32
164.03
158.03
149.53
139.06
127.23
114.99
103.47
83.98
83.02
82.63
82.86
83.08
132.98
137.17
143.81
152.80
160.14
107.93
109.51
111.90
114.64
117.24
119.31
114.47
115.24
115.12
114.14
112.45
110.34
108.26
106.83
106.57
107.06
107.48
107.57
107.43
107.42
108.03
168.89
174.07
176.44
175.82
172.19
165.68
156.57
145.34
132.68
119.55
107.17
85.90
84.89
84.46
84.68
84.85
143.86
148.57
Vb (kV)
141.89
147.40
149.88
149.32
145.76
139.41
130.67
120.25
109.21
107.32
106.54
106.42
106.67
108.73
113.61
123.23
120.29
115.40
108.55
99.79
89.29
77.30
75.76
74.04
71.44
68.24
64.89
62.08
60.62
60.68
60.88
61.51
66.67
123.81
124.36
123.25
124.39
130.42
134.95
137.42
137.58
146.31
154.64
159.86
161.77
160.33
155.63
148.02
137.87
125.93
119.05
116.04
114.46
114.19
114.92
117.88
124.41
129.54
128.19
131.83
133.88
133.96
131.94
127.86
121.87
114.22
105.45
96.26
75.89
76.41
76.66
76.62
75.99
125.04
128.09
130.18
130.78
130.27
125.70
131.90
136.54
139.11
139.33
147.65
156.00
161.17
162.99
161.49
156.70
148.92
138.62
126.51
120.48
117.27
115.57
115.27
116.09
119.00
125.72
138.44
142.44
146.11
147.81
147.29
144.43
139.30
132.08
123.09
112.93
102.39
79.25
79.79
80.06
80.00
79.25
126.59
130.80
Vc (kV)
145.14
140.43
132.80
126.56
124.95
128.36
131.52
132.12
130.46
127.16
123.79
122.88
124.86
127.38
128.85
168.52
174.81
177.73
177.20
173.25
166.05
155.83
143.05
128.33
112.70
109.46
105.60
103.08
102.05
99.12
96.84
94.68
93.78
147.85
159.16
168.49
129.49
131.59
139.72
146.29
150.37
151.54
149.63
144.58
136.77
136.37
134.02
135.55
137.45
136.67
133.60
129.08
124.93
123.91
125.83
128.14
129.41
178.51
184.35
186.97
186.21
181.96
174.39
163.69
150.37
134.97
118.56
109.80
107.59
106.08
105.04
101.94
99.99
149.45
154.54
159.26
169.90
178.47
129.56
132.05
140.19
146.73
150.85
152.02
150.09
144.99
138.07
137.62
135.19
136.31
138.05
137.13
133.92
129.25
125.03
124.00
125.92
128.20
129.49
179.64
185.51
188.15
187.38
183.12
175.48
164.72
151.31
135.83
119.31
109.79
107.80
106.40
105.38
102.26
100.35
154.66
160.04
V Max
(kV)
145.14
147.40
149.88
149.32
145.76
139.41
131.52
132.12
130.46
127.16
123.79
122.88
124.86
127.38
128.85
168.52
174.81
177.73
177.20
173.25
166.05
155.83
143.05
128.33
112.70
109.46
105.60
103.08
102.05
99.12
96.84
94.68
93.78
147.85
159.16
168.49
129.49
131.59
139.72
146.29
150.37
151.54
154.64
159.86
161.77
160.33
155.63
148.02
137.87
136.67
133.60
129.08
124.93
123.91
125.83
128.14
129.41
178.51
184.35
186.97
186.21
181.96
174.39
163.69
150.37
134.97
118.56
109.80
107.59
106.08
105.04
101.94
99.99
149.45
154.54
159.26
169.90
178.47
129.56
132.05
140.19
146.73
150.85
152.02
156.00
161.17
162.99
161.49
156.70
148.92
138.62
137.13
133.92
129.25
125.03
124.00
125.92
128.20
129.49
179.64
185.51
188.15
187.38
183.12
175.48
164.72
151.31
135.83
119.55
109.79
107.80
106.40
105.38
102.26
100.35
154.66
160.04
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom
2.69
2.74
2.78
2.77
2.70
2.59
2.44
2.45
2.42
2.36
2.30
2.28
2.32
2.36
2.39
3.13
3.24
3.30
3.29
3.21
3.08
2.89
2.65
2.38
2.09
2.03
1.96
1.91
1.89
1.84
1.80
1.76
1.74
2.74
2.95
3.13
2.40
2.44
2.59
2.71
2.79
2.81
2.87
2.97
3.00
2.98
2.89
2.75
2.56
2.54
2.48
2.40
2.32
2.30
2.34
2.38
2.40
3.31
3.42
3.47
3.46
3.38
3.24
3.04
2.79
2.50
2.20
2.04
2.00
1.97
1.95
1.89
1.86
2.77
2.87
2.96
3.15
3.31
2.40
2.45
2.60
2.72
2.80
2.82
2.89
2.99
3.02
3.00
2.91
2.76
2.57
2.54
2.49
2.40
2.32
2.30
2.34
2.38
2.40
3.33
3.44
3.49
3.48
3.40
3.26
3.06
2.81
2.52
2.22
2.04
2.00
1.97
1.96
1.90
1.86
2.87
2.97
Simulation 4
Variables
Simulation
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
Start-Delay
(s)
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
Type of
Fault
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
Line Length=100km
NER
Fault Duration
Size
(s)
(Ohm)
0.1
1000
0.1
1000
0.1
1000
0.1
1000000
0.1
1000000
0.1
1000000
0.1
1000000
0.1
1000000
0.1
1000000
0.1
1000000
0.1
1000000
0.1
1000000
0.1
1000000
0.1
1000000
0.1
1000000
0.1
1000000
0.1
1000000
0.1
1000000
0.1
1000000
0.1
1000000
0.1
1000000
0.1
1000000
0.1
1000000
0.1
1000000
0.1
1000000
0.1
1000000
0.1
1000000
0.1
1000000
0.1
1000000
0.1
1000000
0.1
1000000
0.1
1000000
0.1
1000000
0.1
1000000
0.1
1000000
0.1
1000000
0.1
1000000
0.1
1000000
0.1
1000000
0.1
1000000
0.1
1000000
0.1
1000000
0.1
1000000
0.1
1000000
0.1
1000000
Va (kV)
296.77
292.83
283.27
551.84
553.75
552.86
551.69
550.96
550.21
549.65
549.21
549.30
549.33
549.97
550.39
551.30
552.11
552.85
553.29
553.57
553.63
553.39
552.82
551.92
343.73
330.77
336.33
299.31
330.85
301.83
336.27
337.09
329.68
321.58
367.61
371.65
376.51
377.09
376.51
374.36
368.11
363.34
359.94
351.52
343.72
Vb (kV)
244.97
240.66
236.33
472.04
473.43
472.67
471.57
470.57
470.08
469.26
469.11
469.06
469.20
469.85
470.46
471.15
472.17
473.06
473.53
473.82
473.88
473.64
473.05
472.11
275.67
271.35
264.92
254.29
259.90
248.06
257.14
250.11
244.53
239.16
295.29
299.35
301.29
301.33
300.84
299.79
296.70
291.89
288.46
283.32
275.67
Vc (kV)
224.30
220.98
217.82
530.47
529.08
528.28
527.49
526.78
526.29
525.99
526.00
526.25
526.78
527.50
528.39
529.31
530.26
531.10
531.72
532.09
532.16
531.91
531.35
530.51
255.16
250.92
246.84
242.67
241.03
238.51
264.57
263.68
255.64
247.13
269.42
272.13
274.14
273.87
273.44
272.37
269.98
266.59
263.57
259.28
255.21
V Max
(kV)
296.77
292.83
283.27
551.84
553.75
552.86
551.69
550.96
550.21
549.65
549.21
549.30
549.33
549.97
550.39
551.30
552.11
552.85
553.29
553.57
553.63
553.39
552.82
551.92
343.73
330.77
336.33
299.31
330.85
301.83
336.27
337.09
329.68
321.58
367.61
371.65
376.51
377.09
376.51
374.36
368.11
363.34
359.94
351.52
343.72
Line Length=10km
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom
5.51
5.43
5.26
10.24
10.28
10.26
10.24
10.22
10.21
10.20
10.19
10.19
10.19
10.21
10.21
10.23
10.25
10.26
10.27
10.27
10.27
10.27
10.26
10.24
6.38
6.14
6.24
5.55
6.14
5.60
6.24
6.26
6.12
5.97
6.82
6.90
6.99
7.00
6.99
6.95
6.83
6.74
6.68
6.52
6.38
Va (kV)
165.95
169.26
170.73
120.98
121.01
121.85
123.51
125.75
128.25
131.82
130.28
128.29
125.98
123.64
121.64
120.64
120.48
120.86
121.45
121.91
122.01
121.73
121.22
120.78
184.97
184.30
181.40
176.52
169.94
161.87
152.38
141.52
129.57
117.07
104.97
94.96
88.63
88.16
87.63
87.02
168.60
174.46
179.69
183.35
184.96
Vb (kV)
144.52
146.84
150.18
127.76
133.71
138.53
141.59
142.56
141.26
137.73
134.70
134.95
133.33
130.00
125.30
120.56
120.40
120.79
121.36
121.80
121.90
121.61
121.77
127.78
174.78
176.92
177.39
175.21
170.19
162.35
151.98
139.42
125.35
113.38
103.33
95.44
89.90
88.53
88.08
88.69
162.34
165.94
168.96
171.91
174.72
Vc (kV)
171.75
179.22
184.86
132.61
137.13
140.19
141.16
139.73
135.76
131.05
132.63
135.04
135.42
133.98
131.16
127.84
125.41
124.27
123.39
122.52
122.26
123.80
127.61
132.56
196.29
200.08
200.40
198.04
191.96
181.70
170.17
155.16
138.32
121.55
106.61
95.97
95.18
98.41
100.37
100.84
162.87
170.47
179.90
188.89
196.23
Ratio
V Max (kV) Vmax/Vnom
171.75
3.19
179.22
3.33
184.86
3.43
132.61
2.46
137.13
2.54
140.19
2.60
141.59
2.63
142.56
2.65
141.26
2.62
137.73
2.56
134.70
2.50
135.04
2.51
135.42
2.51
133.98
2.49
131.16
2.43
127.84
2.37
125.41
2.33
124.27
2.31
123.39
2.29
122.52
2.27
122.26
2.27
123.80
2.30
127.61
2.37
132.56
2.46
196.29
3.64
200.08
3.71
200.40
3.72
198.04
3.67
191.96
3.56
181.70
3.37
170.17
3.16
155.16
2.88
138.32
2.57
121.55
2.26
106.61
1.98
95.97
1.78
95.18
1.77
98.41
1.83
100.37
1.86
100.84
1.87
168.60
3.13
174.46
3.24
179.90
3.34
188.89
3.51
196.23
3.64
Line Length=0.2km
Va (kV)
152.24
161.19
168.76
117.14
119.91
123.69
127.82
131.63
134.65
133.03
131.05
128.38
125.65
122.43
119.12
116.29
114.55
114.29
115.44
116.31
116.50
116.05
115.90
117.22
181.15
186.66
188.90
188.27
183.92
176.75
166.96
154.64
140.71
126.37
89.53
89.86
88.39
87.65
87.88
154.25
159.40
164.90
169.36
173.13
180.91
Vb (kV)
134.66
137.43
138.54
127.39
133.78
138.59
141.26
141.53
149.33
157.64
162.83
164.59
162.90
157.99
150.03
139.53
127.23
122.37
118.89
117.03
116.70
117.63
120.43
127.40
167.93
169.39
168.41
168.55
167.07
162.95
156.26
147.22
136.24
124.00
87.26
88.33
87.59
87.31
87.53
145.21
148.99
154.01
159.46
164.38
167.91
Vc (kV)
164.28
170.96
179.60
129.60
132.57
140.72
147.33
151.47
152.61
150.61
145.50
139.85
139.25
136.70
137.23
138.79
137.68
134.28
129.46
125.15
124.11
126.02
128.29
129.53
188.09
195.95
198.06
200.17
192.94
184.34
176.42
162.00
144.90
128.01
109.82
108.06
106.83
105.79
102.66
157.06
162.44
168.31
172.82
179.85
186.93
V Max
(kV)
164.28
170.96
179.60
129.60
133.78
140.72
147.33
151.47
152.61
157.64
162.83
164.59
162.90
157.99
150.03
139.53
137.68
134.28
129.46
125.15
124.11
126.02
128.29
129.53
188.09
195.95
198.06
200.17
192.94
184.34
176.42
162.00
144.90
128.01
109.82
108.06
106.83
105.79
102.66
157.06
162.44
168.31
172.82
179.85
186.93
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom
3.05
3.17
3.33
2.41
2.48
2.61
2.73
2.81
2.83
2.93
3.02
3.05
3.02
2.93
2.78
2.59
2.55
2.49
2.40
2.32
2.30
2.34
2.38
2.40
3.49
3.64
3.68
3.71
3.58
3.42
3.27
3.01
2.69
2.38
2.04
2.01
1.98
1.96
1.90
2.91
3.01
3.12
3.21
3.34
3.47
Simulation 5
Variables
Simulation
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
Start-Delay
(s)
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
Type of
Fault
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
Line Length=100km
Fault
Duration (s)
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
NER Size
(Ohm)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
Va (kV)
87.86
87.79
87.83
87.80
87.72
87.59
87.38
87.52
87.58
87.62
87.67
87.73
87.81
87.75
87.74
87.77
87.79
87.81
87.75
87.82
87.81
86.91
87.13
119.94
119.88
88.52
88.52
88.48
88.33
88.05
87.60
86.96
86.07
85.31
84.95
85.13
85.55
85.82
86.05
86.38
86.64
86.91
87.03
87.00
86.96
86.92
86.81
86.77
86.57
86.58
86.70
86.78
86.80
86.84
86.89
86.92
86.99
86.97
87.04
87.04
87.01
86.96
86.98
85.38
85.45
121.50
121.44
84.32
84.29
84.24
84.18
84.09
83.98
83.92
83.91
83.96
84.09
84.28
84.51
84.73
84.97
85.09
85.25
85.36
85.93
85.93
85.88
85.81
85.69
85.66
85.36
85.50
85.53
85.68
85.73
85.77
85.81
85.86
85.93
85.89
85.96
85.97
85.93
85.91
85.88
85.03
85.13
123.02
123.05
82.40
82.41
82.47
82.52
82.56
82.65
82.80
83.00
83.26
83.54
83.85
84.11
84.33
84.57
84.75
84.87
85.02
84.60
84.55
84.51
84.43
84.34
83.83
84.00
84.05
84.20
84.25
84.37
84.41
84.46
84.50
84.55
84.60
84.60
84.59
84.60
84.54
84.57
85.11
85.26
124.41
124.36
81.32
81.36
81.49
81.64
81.83
82.08
82.37
82.68
83.01
83.33
83.62
83.88
Vb (kV)
73.11
74.36
73.80
71.63
71.10
71.48
71.25
71.00
71.16
71.07
71.55
71.80
71.69
71.92
72.17
72.12
72.13
72.16
72.19
72.20
73.15
122.38
122.30
86.78
86.85
123.01
123.04
123.01
123.01
123.05
123.03
122.99
122.98
122.95
122.90
122.82
122.76
122.71
122.62
122.53
122.44
122.35
73.26
74.54
74.02
71.58
70.00
70.47
70.36
70.05
70.33
70.32
70.19
70.32
70.15
70.24
70.42
70.32
70.31
70.32
70.37
70.43
73.30
120.85
120.81
86.65
86.73
121.06
121.11
121.10
121.13
121.15
121.16
121.16
121.14
121.12
121.08
121.09
121.04
121.02
120.96
120.93
120.89
120.82
73.41
74.73
74.24
71.82
69.37
69.81
69.79
69.32
70.06
70.15
69.75
70.21
70.31
70.20
70.09
70.26
70.23
70.15
70.10
70.39
73.44
119.13
119.10
86.37
86.52
119.38
119.37
119.42
119.42
119.42
119.43
119.43
119.41
119.39
119.42
119.37
119.31
119.31
119.23
119.21
119.18
119.10
73.55
74.90
74.45
72.06
68.98
69.44
69.51
69.01
69.95
70.15
69.89
70.38
70.68
70.58
70.46
70.81
70.75
70.68
70.67
70.52
73.58
117.57
117.48
85.01
85.05
117.76
117.83
117.80
117.84
117.87
117.88
117.88
117.86
117.83
117.79
117.81
117.75
Vc (kV)
68.31
68.24
68.46
68.92
68.86
69.96
71.98
74.62
78.38
80.19
80.00
77.88
73.84
68.36
68.59
68.58
68.57
68.59
68.60
68.64
68.36
70.94
71.21
82.55
82.52
71.47
71.58
71.68
71.51
72.34
72.95
74.02
76.52
77.14
75.84
72.67
70.87
70.66
70.73
70.80
70.91
70.93
69.38
68.92
69.40
70.78
70.61
71.14
73.09
74.92
78.68
80.48
80.27
78.11
74.04
68.98
69.10
69.07
69.03
69.04
69.06
69.14
69.35
71.07
70.88
81.33
81.30
71.10
71.95
72.40
71.20
72.80
73.45
74.14
76.65
77.28
75.98
72.82
71.23
70.88
71.01
71.01
71.15
71.09
71.52
70.94
71.21
72.49
72.23
72.26
74.13
75.22
78.96
80.75
80.52
78.34
74.24
70.69
70.61
70.98
70.85
70.76
70.54
71.00
71.49
71.77
71.19
80.74
80.72
71.12
72.56
73.06
71.84
73.24
73.91
74.26
76.78
77.42
76.13
72.96
71.67
71.36
71.57
71.61
71.74
71.79
73.44
72.79
72.89
74.08
73.70
73.36
75.15
75.51
79.25
81.02
80.77
78.57
74.43
72.64
72.60
72.99
72.90
72.82
72.58
72.98
73.41
72.42
71.85
80.49
80.47
71.79
73.11
73.66
72.47
73.66
74.35
74.37
76.90
77.55
76.27
73.11
72.16
V Max (kV)
87.86
87.79
87.83
87.80
87.72
87.59
87.38
87.52
87.58
87.62
87.67
87.73
87.81
87.75
87.74
87.77
87.79
87.81
87.75
87.82
87.81
122.38
122.30
119.94
119.88
123.01
123.04
123.01
123.01
123.05
123.03
122.99
122.98
122.95
122.90
122.82
122.76
122.71
122.62
122.53
122.44
122.35
87.03
87.00
86.96
86.92
86.81
86.77
86.57
86.58
86.70
86.78
86.80
86.84
86.89
86.92
86.99
86.97
87.04
87.04
87.01
86.96
86.98
120.85
120.81
121.50
121.44
121.06
121.11
121.10
121.13
121.15
121.16
121.16
121.14
121.12
121.08
121.09
121.04
121.02
120.96
120.93
120.89
120.82
85.93
85.93
85.88
85.81
85.69
85.66
85.36
85.50
85.53
85.68
85.73
85.77
85.81
85.86
85.93
85.89
85.96
85.97
85.93
85.91
85.88
119.13
119.10
123.02
123.05
119.38
119.37
119.42
119.42
119.42
119.43
119.43
119.41
119.39
119.42
119.37
119.31
119.31
119.23
119.21
119.18
119.10
84.60
84.55
84.51
84.43
84.34
83.83
84.00
84.05
84.20
84.25
84.37
84.41
84.46
84.50
84.55
84.60
84.60
84.59
84.60
84.54
84.57
117.57
117.48
124.41
124.36
117.76
117.83
117.80
117.84
117.87
117.88
117.88
117.86
117.83
117.79
117.81
117.75
Line Length=10km
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.62
1.62
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
2.27
2.27
2.23
2.22
2.28
2.28
2.28
2.28
2.28
2.28
2.28
2.28
2.28
2.28
2.28
2.28
2.28
2.28
2.27
2.27
2.27
1.62
1.61
1.61
1.61
1.61
1.61
1.61
1.61
1.61
1.61
1.61
1.61
1.61
1.61
1.61
1.61
1.62
1.62
1.61
1.61
1.61
2.24
2.24
2.25
2.25
2.25
2.25
2.25
2.25
2.25
2.25
2.25
2.25
2.25
2.25
2.25
2.25
2.25
2.24
2.24
2.24
2.24
1.59
1.59
1.59
1.59
1.59
1.59
1.58
1.59
1.59
1.59
1.59
1.59
1.59
1.59
1.59
1.59
1.60
1.60
1.59
1.59
1.59
2.21
2.21
2.28
2.28
2.22
2.22
2.22
2.22
2.22
2.22
2.22
2.22
2.22
2.22
2.22
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
1.57
1.57
1.57
1.57
1.57
1.56
1.56
1.56
1.56
1.56
1.57
1.57
1.57
1.57
1.57
1.57
1.57
1.57
1.57
1.57
1.57
2.18
2.18
2.31
2.31
2.19
2.19
2.19
2.19
2.19
2.19
2.19
2.19
2.19
2.19
2.19
2.19
Va (kV)
71.63
71.68
72.04
71.79
72.14
71.79
72.25
72.57
72.30
71.77
71.45
71.38
71.77
71.62
71.95
71.63
71.34
71.14
71.82
71.31
71.67
71.40
72.01
89.81
89.41
89.91
72.58
72.01
71.98
72.44
71.74
72.38
72.36
72.18
72.09
71.99
71.76
71.29
72.05
71.23
71.40
71.41
67.01
67.37
66.92
66.64
67.20
66.63
67.01
67.04
66.55
67.30
66.87
66.65
67.22
67.14
66.82
66.60
66.49
66.53
66.53
66.70
66.97
70.74
71.27
98.68
98.53
99.00
70.22
70.41
70.68
70.61
70.20
69.80
70.24
70.69
70.47
70.19
70.00
69.91
70.01
70.08
70.36
70.78
57.75
57.88
57.33
57.41
57.90
57.49
57.91
57.46
58.00
57.44
57.96
57.56
57.61
57.90
57.60
57.39
57.35
57.39
57.32
57.48
57.74
68.00
67.60
99.54
99.49
67.60
67.40
67.15
66.85
66.63
67.10
67.32
66.96
66.62
67.02
67.46
67.49
67.44
67.49
67.65
67.94
67.94
53.62
53.56
54.92
54.80
54.68
54.54
54.39
54.24
54.10
53.96
53.82
53.70
53.59
53.57
53.63
53.68
53.71
53.72
53.70
53.66
53.60
64.64
65.15
65.76
98.17
63.99
64.01
64.30
64.56
64.27
63.96
64.07
64.59
64.31
64.08
64.10
64.51
Vb (kV)
65.19
67.40
67.94
66.83
64.11
63.47
63.42
63.42
63.46
63.51
63.56
63.60
63.64
63.67
63.70
63.71
63.72
63.73
63.72
63.71
65.22
88.74
88.77
71.57
70.82
70.85
88.80
88.52
89.04
88.51
88.79
88.92
88.78
88.84
88.88
88.72
88.52
88.69
89.03
88.85
88.72
88.73
65.59
67.40
67.94
66.83
64.11
60.13
60.74
61.40
62.12
62.85
63.60
64.33
65.03
65.65
66.18
66.58
66.82
66.87
66.69
66.28
65.59
78.03
77.95
62.27
62.33
62.34
77.72
77.79
77.86
77.94
77.95
77.75
77.61
77.55
77.58
77.72
77.77
77.56
77.51
77.89
77.55
77.95
68.66
67.40
67.94
66.83
64.11
64.45
64.87
65.36
65.91
66.52
67.18
67.86
68.55
69.21
69.80
70.27
70.57
70.63
70.39
69.76
68.66
75.02
74.72
53.72
53.75
75.02
75.09
75.16
74.99
74.75
74.54
74.41
74.43
74.42
74.36
74.37
74.60
74.86
74.54
74.81
74.71
75.10
71.82
69.98
69.31
69.40
69.53
69.70
69.92
70.18
70.50
70.87
71.29
71.75
72.25
72.76
73.24
73.65
73.92
73.98
73.72
73.05
71.84
75.73
75.80
76.23
53.93
76.16
76.16
75.93
75.71
75.50
75.40
75.45
75.48
75.46
75.39
75.26
75.38
Vc (kV)
62.46
62.43
62.41
62.38
62.35
62.32
62.29
62.31
62.34
62.37
63.33
65.09
65.26
63.85
62.50
62.51
62.52
62.52
62.51
62.50
62.49
65.68
65.70
65.72
65.74
65.76
65.77
65.78
65.79
65.79
65.78
65.77
65.76
65.90
68.01
68.45
67.25
65.62
65.63
65.65
65.67
65.70
77.41
76.89
76.20
75.35
74.35
74.46
74.79
75.15
75.53
75.93
76.34
76.73
77.10
77.44
77.73
77.94
78.07
78.09
78.00
77.77
77.40
71.31
71.45
71.54
71.58
71.56
71.46
71.27
70.98
70.58
70.06
69.71
69.78
69.92
70.07
70.24
70.41
70.60
70.79
70.98
71.16
71.32
85.29
84.73
83.96
83.59
83.67
83.80
83.94
84.12
84.31
84.52
84.75
84.99
85.23
85.46
85.66
85.83
85.93
85.95
85.87
85.65
85.27
74.74
74.81
74.87
74.90
74.88
74.79
74.61
74.31
74.06
74.07
74.08
74.11
74.15
74.20
74.25
74.32
74.39
74.47
74.56
74.65
74.74
89.43
88.97
88.90
88.89
88.89
88.93
88.98
89.04
89.11
89.20
89.30
89.41
89.53
89.65
89.76
89.86
89.92
89.94
89.88
89.71
89.42
76.67
76.70
76.73
76.74
76.72
76.65
76.52
76.49
76.50
76.51
76.52
76.53
76.53
76.53
76.53
76.54
V Max (kV)
71.63
71.68
72.04
71.79
72.14
71.79
72.25
72.57
72.30
71.77
71.45
71.38
71.77
71.62
71.95
71.63
71.34
71.14
71.82
71.31
71.67
88.74
88.77
89.81
89.41
89.91
88.80
88.52
89.04
88.51
88.79
88.92
88.78
88.84
88.88
88.72
88.52
88.69
89.03
88.85
88.72
88.73
77.41
76.89
76.20
75.35
74.35
74.46
74.79
75.15
75.53
75.93
76.34
76.73
77.10
77.44
77.73
77.94
78.07
78.09
78.00
77.77
77.40
78.03
77.95
98.68
98.53
99.00
77.72
77.79
77.86
77.94
77.95
77.75
77.61
77.55
77.58
77.72
77.77
77.56
77.51
77.89
77.55
77.95
85.29
84.73
83.96
83.59
83.67
83.80
83.94
84.12
84.31
84.52
84.75
84.99
85.23
85.46
85.66
85.83
85.93
85.95
85.87
85.65
85.27
75.02
74.81
99.54
99.49
75.02
75.09
75.16
74.99
74.75
74.54
74.41
74.43
74.42
74.36
74.37
74.60
74.86
74.54
74.81
74.71
75.10
89.43
88.97
88.90
88.89
88.89
88.93
88.98
89.04
89.11
89.20
89.30
89.41
89.53
89.65
89.76
89.86
89.92
89.94
89.88
89.71
89.42
76.67
76.70
76.73
98.17
76.72
76.65
76.52
76.49
76.50
76.51
76.52
76.53
76.53
76.53
76.53
76.54
Line Length=0.2km
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom
1.33
1.33
1.34
1.33
1.34
1.33
1.34
1.35
1.34
1.33
1.33
1.32
1.33
1.33
1.34
1.33
1.32
1.32
1.33
1.32
1.33
1.65
1.65
1.67
1.66
1.67
1.65
1.64
1.65
1.64
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.64
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.44
1.43
1.41
1.40
1.38
1.38
1.39
1.39
1.40
1.41
1.42
1.42
1.43
1.44
1.44
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.44
1.44
1.45
1.45
1.83
1.83
1.84
1.44
1.44
1.44
1.45
1.45
1.44
1.44
1.44
1.44
1.44
1.44
1.44
1.44
1.45
1.44
1.45
1.58
1.57
1.56
1.55
1.55
1.55
1.56
1.56
1.56
1.57
1.57
1.58
1.58
1.59
1.59
1.59
1.59
1.59
1.59
1.59
1.58
1.39
1.39
1.85
1.85
1.39
1.39
1.39
1.39
1.39
1.38
1.38
1.38
1.38
1.38
1.38
1.38
1.39
1.38
1.39
1.39
1.39
1.66
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.66
1.66
1.66
1.66
1.66
1.67
1.67
1.67
1.67
1.67
1.66
1.66
1.42
1.42
1.42
1.82
1.42
1.42
1.42
1.42
1.42
1.42
1.42
1.42
1.42
1.42
1.42
1.42
Va (kV)
54.03
53.97
55.35
58.74
60.13
62.71
62.49
63.68
62.66
61.29
58.91
56.10
53.92
53.99
54.04
54.07
54.09
54.09
54.08
54.06
54.01
54.05
53.99
67.33
69.82
72.12
61.67
62.84
63.80
63.99
62.75
61.78
58.92
57.34
54.88
54.07
54.10
54.12
54.12
54.11
54.08
54.04
56.18
56.47
55.98
55.47
56.06
55.63
56.34
55.90
55.80
56.49
55.80
55.77
56.30
56.35
55.88
55.54
55.35
55.31
55.43
55.69
56.09
83.38
84.00
85.94
85.62
84.17
83.62
57.97
56.98
55.84
53.74
53.81
53.88
53.94
53.98
54.01
54.02
54.02
79.16
78.26
80.20
83.31
53.65
53.61
54.58
54.50
54.40
54.30
54.20
54.09
53.98
53.88
53.78
53.69
53.61
53.61
53.66
53.69
53.71
53.71
53.70
53.68
53.64
82.07
81.48
82.07
83.19
82.31
55.10
54.00
53.91
53.83
53.77
53.71
53.70
53.79
53.86
53.92
53.95
53.97
53.97
53.94
53.90
82.06
53.60
55.23
55.12
55.00
54.86
54.72
54.56
54.41
54.25
54.10
53.96
53.83
53.71
53.62
53.60
53.65
53.68
53.68
53.67
53.63
53.58
53.84
53.77
81.01
80.23
54.65
54.42
54.31
54.18
54.05
53.93
53.84
53.75
53.69
53.72
53.81
53.87
Vb (kV)
64.62
66.87
67.47
66.40
63.70
59.43
58.70
58.70
58.72
58.76
58.79
58.82
58.85
58.88
58.90
58.91
58.92
58.92
58.92
60.82
64.65
74.72
74.34
59.84
58.40
55.92
66.87
64.46
60.71
59.19
59.21
59.21
59.19
59.16
59.70
61.49
65.40
68.51
70.89
72.35
74.45
74.72
64.62
66.87
67.47
66.40
63.70
59.43
55.71
56.57
57.50
58.50
59.53
60.56
61.57
62.49
63.29
63.91
64.29
64.37
64.08
63.37
64.65
53.94
53.85
53.76
53.67
53.59
53.64
54.59
53.94
55.03
55.97
56.66
57.12
57.41
57.55
57.53
57.33
57.01
55.41
54.97
54.03
53.94
67.97
66.87
67.47
66.40
64.78
65.02
65.32
65.68
66.11
66.60
67.16
67.77
68.42
69.08
69.70
70.23
70.58
70.65
70.33
69.49
67.99
54.21
54.08
53.95
53.83
53.72
57.92
56.16
57.20
57.93
58.53
58.88
59.00
59.09
59.02
58.98
58.96
58.77
58.55
58.09
57.52
54.21
73.07
72.65
72.65
72.65
72.70
72.77
72.86
72.98
73.14
73.33
73.57
73.85
74.18
74.53
74.90
75.23
75.48
75.53
75.27
74.52
73.10
57.45
59.28
54.16
54.01
60.87
60.10
58.76
58.22
58.99
59.11
59.19
59.24
59.04
59.12
58.89
58.85
Vc (kV)
57.71
57.69
57.67
57.64
57.60
57.57
57.56
57.58
57.60
58.98
62.49
64.46
64.84
63.62
60.84
57.77
57.78
57.78
57.78
57.77
57.75
60.75
60.77
60.79
60.79
60.80
60.80
60.80
60.79
60.77
60.76
60.74
61.50
65.34
67.58
68.16
67.05
64.30
60.71
60.74
60.76
60.78
82.32
81.60
80.64
79.44
78.84
79.14
79.48
79.86
80.28
80.71
81.16
81.61
82.04
82.44
82.78
83.04
83.20
83.23
83.11
82.81
82.31
71.95
72.11
72.23
72.30
72.29
72.17
71.91
71.50
70.88
70.46
70.48
70.55
70.65
70.76
70.90
71.05
71.21
71.39
71.58
71.77
71.95
90.89
90.32
90.05
90.05
90.05
90.10
90.18
90.28
90.39
90.52
90.66
90.82
90.98
91.14
91.29
91.42
91.50
91.52
91.44
91.24
90.88
76.39
76.43
76.47
76.50
76.49
76.43
76.28
76.19
76.20
76.20
76.20
76.20
76.20
76.20
76.20
76.21
76.24
76.27
76.30
76.35
76.39
94.06
94.05
94.05
94.05
94.05
94.05
94.05
94.05
94.05
94.07
94.11
94.15
94.20
94.26
94.31
94.36
94.39
94.40
94.36
94.26
94.05
78.17
78.17
78.16
78.17
78.17
78.16
78.16
78.16
78.16
78.16
78.17
78.17
78.17
78.17
78.17
78.17
V Max (kV)
64.62
66.87
67.47
66.40
63.70
62.71
62.49
63.68
62.66
61.29
62.49
64.46
64.84
63.62
60.84
58.91
58.92
58.92
58.92
60.82
64.65
74.72
74.34
67.33
69.82
72.12
66.87
64.46
63.80
63.99
62.75
61.78
61.50
65.34
67.58
68.16
67.05
68.51
70.89
72.35
74.45
74.72
82.32
81.60
80.64
79.44
78.84
79.14
79.48
79.86
80.28
80.71
81.16
81.61
82.04
82.44
82.78
83.04
83.20
83.23
83.11
82.81
82.31
83.38
84.00
85.94
85.62
84.17
83.62
71.91
71.50
70.88
70.46
70.48
70.55
70.65
70.76
70.90
71.05
71.21
79.16
78.26
80.20
83.31
90.89
90.32
90.05
90.05
90.05
90.10
90.18
90.28
90.39
90.52
90.66
90.82
90.98
91.14
91.29
91.42
91.50
91.52
91.44
91.24
90.88
82.07
81.48
82.07
83.19
82.31
76.43
76.28
76.19
76.20
76.20
76.20
76.20
76.20
76.20
76.20
76.21
76.24
76.27
76.30
76.35
82.06
94.06
94.05
94.05
94.05
94.05
94.05
94.05
94.05
94.05
94.07
94.11
94.15
94.20
94.26
94.31
94.36
94.39
94.40
94.36
94.26
94.05
78.17
78.17
81.01
80.23
78.17
78.16
78.16
78.16
78.16
78.16
78.17
78.17
78.17
78.17
78.17
78.17
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom
1.20
1.24
1.25
1.23
1.18
1.16
1.16
1.18
1.16
1.14
1.16
1.20
1.20
1.18
1.13
1.09
1.09
1.09
1.09
1.13
1.20
1.39
1.38
1.25
1.30
1.34
1.24
1.20
1.18
1.19
1.16
1.15
1.14
1.21
1.25
1.26
1.24
1.27
1.32
1.34
1.38
1.39
1.53
1.51
1.50
1.47
1.46
1.47
1.47
1.48
1.49
1.50
1.51
1.51
1.52
1.53
1.54
1.54
1.54
1.54
1.54
1.54
1.53
1.55
1.56
1.59
1.59
1.56
1.55
1.33
1.33
1.32
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.32
1.32
1.32
1.47
1.45
1.49
1.55
1.69
1.68
1.67
1.67
1.67
1.67
1.67
1.68
1.68
1.68
1.68
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.69
1.69
1.52
1.51
1.52
1.54
1.53
1.42
1.42
1.41
1.41
1.41
1.41
1.41
1.41
1.41
1.41
1.41
1.41
1.42
1.42
1.42
1.52
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.45
1.45
1.50
1.49
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
Simulation 5
Variables
Simulation
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
Start-Delay
(s)
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
Type of
Fault
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
Line Length=100km
Fault
Duration (s)
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
NER Size
(Ohm)
15
15
15
15
15
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
Va (kV)
84.19
84.43
84.70
84.90
85.10
83.00
82.97
82.88
82.84
82.78
82.22
82.37
82.48
82.57
82.70
82.75
82.85
82.90
82.94
82.98
82.99
83.02
83.02
83.02
82.98
82.96
85.47
85.66
125.58
125.52
80.99
81.08
81.19
81.39
81.62
81.89
82.18
82.49
82.84
83.19
83.55
83.91
84.28
84.62
84.94
85.22
85.46
81.23
81.19
81.15
81.07
80.30
80.46
80.58
80.69
80.81
80.93
81.00
81.08
81.13
81.18
81.21
81.24
81.25
81.25
81.25
81.24
81.21
86.06
86.29
126.47
126.46
80.83
80.90
81.03
81.22
81.46
81.75
82.09
82.48
82.89
83.32
83.76
84.19
84.63
85.05
85.42
85.75
86.06
79.33
79.30
79.25
79.18
78.38
78.53
78.67
78.81
78.93
79.02
79.12
79.19
79.25
79.30
79.33
79.35
79.37
79.37
79.36
79.34
79.31
86.69
86.93
127.24
127.18
80.81
80.86
81.02
81.24
81.50
81.84
82.24
82.67
83.14
83.64
84.15
84.65
85.15
85.59
86.03
86.39
86.69
77.36
77.32
77.25
77.20
76.38
76.53
76.67
76.81
76.93
77.04
77.15
77.21
77.27
77.31
77.34
77.38
77.38
77.38
77.37
77.37
77.35
87.01
87.20
127.74
127.75
80.95
80.99
81.17
81.41
81.73
82.11
82.55
Vb (kV)
117.70
117.67
117.65
117.56
117.53
73.70
75.08
74.66
72.29
68.79
69.29
69.47
69.06
69.97
70.34
70.12
70.59
71.09
70.99
70.83
71.34
71.27
71.21
71.22
70.95
73.74
116.15
116.06
82.41
82.31
116.36
116.42
116.40
116.44
116.47
116.48
116.47
116.46
116.43
116.38
116.34
116.34
116.26
116.26
116.22
116.14
116.12
73.89
75.25
74.86
72.52
68.78
69.33
69.61
69.25
70.08
70.61
70.43
70.83
71.51
71.42
71.20
71.85
71.78
71.73
71.76
71.37
73.92
114.92
114.81
79.20
79.10
115.13
115.20
115.16
115.21
115.24
115.25
115.25
115.23
115.20
115.15
115.16
115.11
115.06
115.02
115.01
114.90
114.88
74.06
75.46
75.05
72.74
68.93
69.50
69.88
69.55
70.29
70.95
70.78
71.11
71.94
71.87
71.55
72.35
72.28
72.24
72.28
71.78
74.10
113.86
113.84
76.06
75.99
114.08
114.15
114.16
114.16
114.19
114.20
114.20
114.18
114.14
114.11
114.13
114.05
114.06
113.96
113.95
113.92
113.82
74.24
75.68
75.28
72.96
69.22
69.80
70.25
69.93
70.56
71.34
71.18
71.41
72.37
72.33
71.91
72.83
72.78
72.74
72.79
72.17
74.27
113.00
112.97
73.25
73.21
113.32
113.28
113.35
113.34
113.31
113.33
113.33
Vc (kV)
71.87
72.15
72.19
72.29
72.44
75.16
74.45
74.47
75.53
75.06
74.40
76.11
76.01
79.52
81.28
81.02
78.79
74.69
74.39
74.40
74.80
74.71
74.64
74.40
74.76
75.13
73.01
72.45
80.48
80.46
72.42
73.62
74.20
73.04
74.05
74.76
74.49
77.03
77.69
76.41
73.25
72.66
72.37
72.72
72.75
72.81
73.03
76.70
75.93
75.96
76.87
76.29
75.40
77.04
76.85
79.79
81.54
81.26
79.00
76.24
75.96
76.01
76.40
76.33
76.26
76.02
76.36
76.67
73.56
73.01
80.32
80.08
72.98
74.08
74.70
73.56
74.42
75.14
74.60
77.15
77.82
76.54
73.38
73.16
72.87
73.27
73.27
73.29
73.57
78.08
77.25
77.32
78.10
77.43
76.41
77.92
77.64
80.05
81.79
81.49
79.21
77.64
77.37
77.45
77.84
77.76
77.70
77.47
77.79
78.05
74.05
73.53
77.59
77.68
73.48
74.50
75.15
74.03
74.76
75.50
74.70
77.27
77.94
76.67
73.82
73.65
73.35
73.79
73.77
73.75
74.07
79.32
78.42
78.57
79.22
78.46
77.75
78.76
78.39
80.31
82.04
81.72
79.41
78.90
78.63
78.75
79.12
79.04
78.98
78.76
79.08
79.28
74.51
74.00
77.33
77.43
73.93
74.89
75.56
74.45
75.09
75.84
74.81
V Max (kV)
117.70
117.67
117.65
117.56
117.53
83.00
82.97
82.88
82.84
82.78
82.22
82.37
82.48
82.57
82.70
82.75
82.85
82.90
82.94
82.98
82.99
83.02
83.02
83.02
82.98
82.96
116.15
116.06
125.58
125.52
116.36
116.42
116.40
116.44
116.47
116.48
116.47
116.46
116.43
116.38
116.34
116.34
116.26
116.26
116.22
116.14
116.12
81.23
81.19
81.15
81.07
80.30
80.46
80.58
80.69
80.81
81.54
81.26
81.08
81.13
81.18
81.21
81.24
81.25
81.25
81.25
81.24
81.21
114.92
114.81
126.47
126.46
115.13
115.20
115.16
115.21
115.24
115.25
115.25
115.23
115.20
115.15
115.16
115.11
115.06
115.02
115.01
114.90
114.88
79.33
79.30
79.25
79.18
78.38
78.53
78.67
78.81
80.05
81.79
81.49
79.21
79.25
79.30
79.33
79.35
79.37
79.37
79.36
79.34
79.31
113.86
113.84
127.24
127.18
114.08
114.15
114.16
114.16
114.19
114.20
114.20
114.18
114.14
114.11
114.13
114.05
114.06
113.96
113.95
113.92
113.82
79.32
78.42
78.57
79.22
78.46
77.75
78.76
78.39
80.31
82.04
81.72
79.41
78.90
78.63
78.75
79.12
79.04
78.98
78.76
79.08
79.28
113.00
112.97
127.74
127.75
113.32
113.28
113.35
113.34
113.31
113.33
113.33
Line Length=10km
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom
2.18
2.18
2.18
2.18
2.18
1.54
1.54
1.54
1.54
1.54
1.53
1.53
1.53
1.53
1.53
1.54
1.54
1.54
1.54
1.54
1.54
1.54
1.54
1.54
1.54
1.54
2.16
2.15
2.33
2.33
2.16
2.16
2.16
2.16
2.16
2.16
2.16
2.16
2.16
2.16
2.16
2.16
2.16
2.16
2.16
2.16
2.15
1.51
1.51
1.51
1.50
1.49
1.49
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.51
1.51
1.50
1.51
1.51
1.51
1.51
1.51
1.51
1.51
1.51
1.51
2.13
2.13
2.35
2.35
2.14
2.14
2.14
2.14
2.14
2.14
2.14
2.14
2.14
2.14
2.14
2.14
2.14
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.13
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.45
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.49
1.52
1.51
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
2.11
2.11
2.36
2.36
2.12
2.12
2.12
2.12
2.12
2.12
2.12
2.12
2.12
2.12
2.12
2.12
2.12
2.11
2.11
2.11
2.11
1.47
1.46
1.46
1.47
1.46
1.44
1.46
1.45
1.49
1.52
1.52
1.47
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.46
1.47
1.47
2.10
2.10
2.37
2.37
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.10
Va (kV)
64.80
64.97
65.00
64.87
64.67
53.56
55.56
55.43
55.28
55.11
54.93
54.74
54.55
54.36
54.17
54.00
53.84
53.70
53.58
53.57
53.64
53.68
53.69
53.66
53.61
53.54
62.72
63.09
62.95
97.02
62.50
62.34
62.18
62.23
62.63
62.38
62.16
62.33
62.57
62.39
62.27
62.18
62.38
62.51
62.46
62.46
62.75
56.19
56.06
55.91
55.72
55.52
55.30
55.07
54.84
54.60
54.38
54.17
53.97
53.80
53.66
53.54
53.60
53.65
53.66
53.63
53.56
56.17
64.41
64.07
64.81
95.76
60.73
60.62
60.36
60.09
60.36
60.95
60.76
60.57
61.27
61.95
61.96
62.10
62.36
62.76
63.29
63.94
64.38
56.69
56.54
56.35
56.14
55.90
55.64
55.38
55.10
54.83
54.57
54.32
54.10
53.90
53.73
53.59
53.56
53.62
53.63
53.59
53.54
56.67
62.09
62.05
61.84
95.53
61.20
61.45
61.68
61.47
61.37
61.44
61.90
61.75
61.76
62.00
62.20
62.16
62.15
62.16
62.14
62.05
62.10
57.14
56.97
56.76
56.52
56.25
55.96
55.66
55.35
55.04
54.75
54.47
54.21
53.98
53.79
53.64
53.54
53.59
53.60
53.56
53.58
57.12
57.96
57.90
58.18
95.02
59.40
59.35
59.09
59.09
59.13
59.12
58.77
Vb (kV)
75.68
75.60
75.55
75.80
75.80
74.64
73.90
73.89
73.91
73.96
74.03
74.12
74.25
74.41
74.61
74.86
75.14
75.46
75.81
76.16
76.47
76.69
76.74
76.51
75.87
74.65
77.57
77.56
77.39
54.11
77.52
77.33
77.37
77.47
77.56
77.45
77.32
77.24
77.20
77.23
77.32
77.27
76.97
77.22
77.40
77.28
77.47
77.30
77.30
77.29
77.28
77.27
77.29
77.33
77.39
77.47
77.57
77.70
77.87
78.07
78.29
78.53
78.76
78.93
78.97
78.77
78.18
77.30
78.94
79.23
79.09
54.27
79.24
79.06
78.89
78.79
78.89
78.99
79.01
78.94
78.90
78.92
78.82
78.58
78.64
78.93
78.73
78.98
78.83
79.80
79.79
79.78
79.77
79.76
79.75
79.74
79.76
79.80
79.85
79.92
80.01
80.13
80.27
80.43
80.59
80.72
80.75
80.58
80.07
79.79
80.39
80.53
80.44
54.43
80.58
80.42
80.27
80.20
80.32
80.42
80.32
80.25
80.22
80.23
80.24
79.98
80.02
80.25
80.16
80.31
80.27
81.66
81.65
81.64
81.63
81.63
81.62
81.61
81.60
81.61
81.62
81.64
81.69
81.76
81.85
81.95
82.06
82.16
82.18
82.04
81.66
81.65
81.47
81.82
81.76
54.57
81.89
81.75
81.62
81.48
81.36
81.25
81.19
Vc (kV)
76.56
76.58
76.61
76.64
76.67
91.69
91.68
91.67
91.66
91.65
91.64
91.65
91.66
91.67
91.69
91.73
91.77
91.83
91.88
91.94
91.99
92.03
92.03
92.00
91.89
91.71
77.79
77.80
77.80
77.80
77.79
77.76
77.77
77.78
77.80
77.81
77.82
77.83
77.83
77.83
77.83
77.82
77.81
77.80
77.79
77.79
77.79
93.11
93.10
93.10
93.09
93.08
93.07
93.07
93.08
93.09
93.10
93.11
93.12
93.13
93.13
93.14
93.14
93.16
93.16
93.14
93.14
93.14
78.50
78.48
78.47
78.47
78.48
78.50
78.51
78.52
78.54
78.55
78.56
78.57
78.57
78.57
78.57
78.56
78.55
78.54
78.52
78.51
78.49
93.84
93.84
93.83
93.82
93.81
93.81
93.81
93.82
93.83
93.84
93.85
93.86
93.86
93.87
93.87
93.88
93.88
93.88
93.88
93.88
93.87
78.95
78.94
78.92
78.92
78.94
78.95
78.96
78.98
78.99
79.00
79.01
79.02
79.02
79.02
79.02
79.01
79.01
78.99
78.98
78.96
78.94
94.21
94.21
94.20
94.19
94.19
94.18
94.18
94.19
94.20
94.21
94.22
94.23
94.23
94.24
94.24
94.25
94.25
94.25
94.25
94.25
94.24
79.25
79.23
79.22
79.22
79.23
79.25
79.26
79.27
79.29
79.30
79.31
V Max (kV)
76.56
76.58
76.61
76.64
76.67
91.69
91.68
91.67
91.66
91.65
91.64
91.65
91.66
91.67
91.69
91.73
91.77
91.83
91.88
91.94
91.99
92.03
92.03
92.00
91.89
91.71
77.79
77.80
77.80
97.02
77.79
77.76
77.77
77.78
77.80
77.81
77.82
77.83
77.83
77.83
77.83
77.82
77.81
77.80
77.79
77.79
77.79
93.11
93.10
93.10
93.09
93.08
93.07
93.07
93.08
93.09
93.10
93.11
93.12
93.13
93.13
93.14
93.14
93.16
93.16
93.14
93.14
93.14
78.94
79.23
79.09
95.76
79.24
79.06
78.89
78.79
78.89
78.99
79.01
78.94
78.90
78.92
78.82
78.58
78.64
78.93
78.73
78.98
78.83
93.84
93.84
93.83
93.82
93.81
93.81
93.81
93.82
93.83
93.84
93.85
93.86
93.86
93.87
93.87
93.88
93.88
93.88
93.88
93.88
93.87
80.39
80.53
80.44
95.53
80.58
80.42
80.27
80.20
80.32
80.42
80.32
80.25
80.22
80.23
80.24
79.98
80.02
80.25
80.16
80.31
80.27
94.21
94.21
94.20
94.19
94.19
94.18
94.18
94.19
94.20
94.21
94.22
94.23
94.23
94.24
94.24
94.25
94.25
94.25
94.25
94.25
94.24
81.47
81.82
81.76
95.02
81.89
81.75
81.62
81.48
81.36
81.25
81.19
Line Length=0.2km
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom
1.42
1.42
1.42
1.42
1.42
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.70
1.44
1.44
1.44
1.80
1.44
1.44
1.44
1.44
1.44
1.44
1.44
1.44
1.44
1.44
1.44
1.44
1.44
1.44
1.44
1.44
1.44
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.46
1.47
1.47
1.78
1.47
1.47
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.47
1.47
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.47
1.46
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.77
1.50
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.48
1.48
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.51
1.52
1.52
1.76
1.52
1.52
1.51
1.51
1.51
1.51
1.51
Va (kV)
53.90
53.92
53.91
53.88
53.83
55.88
55.77
55.63
55.47
55.30
55.11
54.91
54.71
54.51
54.31
54.13
53.96
53.81
53.69
53.59
53.62
53.65
53.66
53.64
53.59
55.86
53.83
53.76
83.35
80.53
54.84
54.72
54.59
54.45
54.30
54.15
54.00
53.86
53.76
53.68
53.69
53.77
53.83
53.86
53.87
53.85
53.81
56.40
56.27
56.10
55.91
55.70
55.47
55.23
54.98
54.74
54.51
54.29
54.08
53.90
53.75
53.63
53.59
53.63
53.64
53.61
56.49
56.38
53.81
53.75
53.67
82.32
55.13
55.01
54.86
54.71
54.54
54.36
54.18
54.01
53.86
53.74
53.65
53.69
53.76
53.81
53.83
53.82
53.79
56.89
56.73
56.54
56.31
56.07
55.80
55.52
55.24
54.96
54.69
54.43
54.19
53.98
53.81
53.67
53.57
53.62
53.63
53.60
56.99
56.87
53.79
53.74
53.67
83.72
55.40
55.27
55.12
54.94
54.76
54.56
54.36
54.17
53.99
53.82
53.69
53.61
53.70
53.76
53.80
53.80
53.78
57.34
57.16
56.94
56.69
56.41
56.11
55.79
55.47
55.16
54.85
54.56
54.29
54.06
53.86
53.70
53.59
53.60
53.62
53.58
57.45
57.32
53.78
53.73
53.66
84.85
55.66
55.52
55.36
55.17
54.96
54.75
54.53
Vb (kV)
58.91
58.69
58.45
58.09
57.45
77.69
77.69
77.69
77.69
77.69
77.69
77.70
77.74
77.79
77.86
77.96
78.08
78.23
78.41
78.61
78.81
78.97
79.00
78.80
78.19
77.69
59.76
61.39
54.36
54.18
63.43
62.80
61.46
58.79
59.05
59.32
59.42
59.20
58.98
58.82
58.73
58.73
58.75
58.76
58.38
58.18
59.83
80.87
80.87
80.87
80.87
80.87
80.87
80.87
80.87
80.87
80.88
80.92
80.97
81.04
81.13
81.24
81.35
81.45
81.47
81.32
80.87
80.87
61.17
63.76
64.60
54.34
65.35
64.14
62.84
60.49
59.65
59.21
59.13
58.99
58.76
58.60
58.50
58.46
58.43
58.18
58.32
58.60
61.24
83.00
83.00
83.00
83.00
83.00
83.00
83.00
83.00
83.00
83.00
83.00
83.00
83.03
83.07
83.13
83.19
83.25
83.26
83.16
83.00
83.00
63.26
64.73
65.84
54.48
67.09
66.32
64.04
61.90
59.23
59.65
59.28
58.69
58.63
58.14
57.88
58.17
58.09
58.42
57.62
60.23
63.34
84.50
84.50
84.50
84.50
84.50
84.50
84.50
84.50
84.50
84.50
84.50
84.49
84.49
84.49
84.52
84.56
84.59
84.60
84.53
84.50
84.50
63.76
65.76
67.14
54.62
67.81
67.32
65.37
63.22
60.75
58.93
59.27
Vc (kV)
78.17
78.17
78.16
78.16
78.16
95.37
95.37
95.37
95.37
95.37
95.37
95.37
95.37
95.37
95.37
95.37
95.37
95.37
95.37
95.37
95.39
95.40
95.40
95.39
95.37
95.37
79.00
78.99
78.99
78.99
78.99
78.99
78.99
78.99
78.99
78.99
79.00
79.00
79.00
79.00
79.00
79.00
79.00
78.99
78.99
78.99
78.99
95.74
95.74
95.74
95.74
95.74
95.74
95.74
95.74
95.74
95.74
95.74
95.74
95.74
95.74
95.74
95.74
95.74
95.74
95.74
95.74
95.74
79.41
79.41
79.41
79.40
79.41
79.41
79.40
79.40
79.41
79.41
79.41
79.41
79.41
79.41
79.41
79.41
79.41
79.41
79.41
79.41
79.40
95.75
95.75
95.75
95.75
95.76
95.76
95.76
95.76
95.76
95.76
95.76
95.76
95.76
95.76
95.76
95.76
95.76
95.76
95.76
95.76
95.76
79.65
79.65
79.64
79.64
79.65
79.64
79.64
79.64
79.64
79.65
79.65
79.65
79.65
79.65
79.65
79.65
79.65
79.65
79.65
79.64
79.64
95.64
95.64
95.64
95.64
95.64
95.64
95.64
95.64
95.64
95.64
95.64
95.64
95.64
95.64
95.64
95.64
95.64
95.64
95.64
95.64
95.64
79.80
79.80
79.79
79.79
79.79
79.79
79.79
79.79
79.79
79.79
79.80
V Max (kV)
78.17
78.17
78.16
78.16
78.16
95.37
95.37
95.37
95.37
95.37
95.37
95.37
95.37
95.37
95.37
95.37
95.37
95.37
95.37
95.37
95.39
95.40
95.40
95.39
95.37
95.37
79.00
78.99
83.35
80.53
78.99
78.99
78.99
78.99
78.99
78.99
79.00
79.00
79.00
79.00
79.00
79.00
79.00
78.99
78.99
78.99
78.99
95.74
95.74
95.74
95.74
95.74
95.74
95.74
95.74
95.74
95.74
95.74
95.74
95.74
95.74
95.74
95.74
95.74
95.74
95.74
95.74
95.74
79.41
79.41
79.41
82.32
79.41
79.41
79.40
79.40
79.41
79.41
79.41
79.41
79.41
79.41
79.41
79.41
79.41
79.41
79.41
79.41
79.40
95.75
95.75
95.75
95.75
95.76
95.76
95.76
95.76
95.76
95.76
95.76
95.76
95.76
95.76
95.76
95.76
95.76
95.76
95.76
95.76
95.76
79.65
79.65
79.64
83.72
79.65
79.64
79.64
79.64
79.64
79.65
79.65
79.65
79.65
79.65
79.65
79.65
79.65
79.65
79.65
79.64
79.64
95.64
95.64
95.64
95.64
95.64
95.64
95.64
95.64
95.64
95.64
95.64
95.64
95.64
95.64
95.64
95.64
95.64
95.64
95.64
95.64
95.64
79.80
79.80
79.79
84.85
79.79
79.79
79.79
79.79
79.79
79.79
79.80
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.47
1.47
1.55
1.49
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.53
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.55
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.57
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
Simulation 5
Variables
Simulation
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
Start-Delay
(s)
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
Type of
Fault
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
Line Length=100km
Fault
Duration (s)
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
NER Size
(Ohm)
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Va (kV)
83.03
83.54
84.07
84.59
85.12
85.61
86.05
86.45
86.80
87.02
75.33
75.28
75.20
75.16
74.32
74.48
74.63
74.77
74.90
75.02
75.11
75.18
75.24
75.27
75.31
75.33
75.35
75.35
75.33
75.34
75.32
86.57
86.64
128.21
81.20
81.16
81.25
81.38
81.65
81.98
82.38
82.83
83.32
83.83
84.34
84.83
85.30
85.72
85.98
86.31
86.44
86.55
73.24
73.18
73.17
72.08
72.24
72.40
72.56
72.72
72.83
72.92
73.02
73.12
73.18
73.23
73.25
73.30
73.26
73.26
73.28
73.25
73.23
84.93
84.83
128.38
81.34
81.31
81.39
81.54
81.79
82.11
82.49
82.90
83.33
83.75
84.13
84.50
84.79
84.95
85.06
85.01
84.99
84.89
71.19
71.13
71.10
70.01
70.17
70.32
70.47
70.64
70.78
70.87
70.96
71.05
71.13
71.14
71.16
71.20
71.21
71.22
71.19
71.21
71.19
82.65
82.57
128.56
81.20
81.16
81.25
81.39
81.58
81.83
82.15
82.47
82.77
83.03
83.21
83.27
83.25
83.15
82.99
82.84
82.70
82.60
57.53
59.50
59.22
58.89
58.50
58.07
57.61
57.11
56.60
56.09
56.25
56.69
57.06
57.37
57.60
57.77
57.87
57.88
57.83
57.70
57.49
64.46
65.02
125.45
59.36
59.43
59.44
Vb (kV)
113.30
113.31
113.33
113.26
113.26
113.19
113.19
113.07
113.06
113.04
74.41
75.89
75.53
73.21
69.62
70.17
70.69
70.37
70.90
71.76
71.62
71.73
72.81
72.79
72.30
73.30
73.26
73.24
73.29
72.56
74.44
112.38
112.31
70.84
112.58
112.61
112.65
112.64
112.70
112.73
112.70
112.70
112.72
112.68
112.62
112.60
112.58
112.52
112.48
112.48
112.35
112.34
74.57
76.10
75.77
73.49
70.10
70.62
71.18
70.87
71.27
72.21
72.07
72.07
73.25
73.25
72.80
73.75
73.74
73.73
73.77
72.93
74.61
111.83
111.82
68.77
112.09
112.06
112.15
112.16
112.14
112.18
112.20
112.19
112.17
112.12
112.12
112.12
112.02
112.05
111.95
111.93
111.92
111.79
74.76
76.30
76.01
73.76
70.64
71.12
71.71
71.39
71.68
72.67
72.54
72.43
73.68
73.71
73.29
74.18
74.20
74.20
74.24
73.30
74.80
111.50
111.40
66.95
111.67
111.78
111.73
111.81
111.81
111.76
111.78
111.77
111.75
111.78
111.78
111.70
111.74
111.63
111.64
111.52
111.50
111.49
77.64
78.37
78.20
76.57
76.29
76.36
76.72
76.43
76.28
77.00
76.93
76.43
77.41
77.61
77.27
77.66
77.94
77.94
77.99
77.28
77.62
98.99
98.23
56.41
109.52
109.53
109.59
Vc (kV)
77.38
78.06
76.80
74.29
74.11
73.81
74.27
74.23
74.17
74.53
80.42
79.48
79.71
80.25
79.40
79.01
79.57
79.12
80.57
82.28
81.94
79.64
80.04
79.77
79.91
80.26
80.17
80.13
79.91
80.23
80.38
74.93
74.43
77.18
75.47
74.33
75.25
75.93
74.83
75.40
76.17
75.06
77.49
78.19
76.93
74.75
74.55
74.24
74.72
74.66
74.56
74.95
81.41
80.42
80.75
81.20
80.26
80.16
80.34
79.98
80.91
82.53
82.16
80.70
81.06
80.80
80.96
81.28
81.19
81.15
80.95
81.27
81.37
75.31
74.83
77.08
75.82
74.69
75.57
76.27
75.18
75.70
76.47
75.37
77.60
78.30
77.05
75.18
74.96
74.65
75.14
75.05
74.93
75.33
82.29
81.26
81.70
82.06
81.05
81.22
81.31
81.02
81.41
82.84
82.39
81.66
81.99
81.72
81.89
82.19
82.10
82.06
81.87
82.19
82.25
75.66
75.19
77.03
76.13
75.01
75.87
76.58
75.49
75.97
76.76
75.65
77.71
78.42
77.17
75.58
75.33
75.03
75.53
75.42
75.26
75.68
87.75
87.72
87.73
87.65
87.59
87.61
87.57
87.52
87.57
87.62
87.66
87.73
87.75
87.79
87.82
87.84
87.85
87.85
87.84
87.85
87.80
77.80
77.51
77.43
77.96
77.45
77.57
V Max (kV)
113.30
113.31
113.33
113.26
113.26
113.19
113.19
113.07
113.06
113.04
80.42
79.48
79.71
80.25
79.40
79.01
79.57
79.12
80.57
82.28
81.94
79.64
80.04
79.77
79.91
80.26
80.17
80.13
79.91
80.23
80.38
112.38
112.31
128.21
112.58
112.61
112.65
112.64
112.70
112.73
112.70
112.70
112.72
112.68
112.62
112.60
112.58
112.52
112.48
112.48
112.35
112.34
81.41
80.42
80.75
81.20
80.26
80.16
80.34
79.98
80.91
82.53
82.16
80.70
81.06
80.80
80.96
81.28
81.19
81.15
80.95
81.27
81.37
111.83
111.82
128.38
112.09
112.06
112.15
112.16
112.14
112.18
112.20
112.19
112.17
112.12
112.12
112.12
112.02
112.05
111.95
111.93
111.92
111.79
82.29
81.26
81.70
82.06
81.05
81.22
81.31
81.02
81.41
82.84
82.39
81.66
81.99
81.72
81.89
82.19
82.10
82.06
81.87
82.19
82.25
111.50
111.40
128.56
111.67
111.78
111.73
111.81
111.81
111.76
111.78
111.77
111.75
111.78
111.78
111.70
111.74
111.63
111.64
111.52
111.50
111.49
87.75
87.72
87.73
87.65
87.59
87.61
87.57
87.52
87.57
87.62
87.66
87.73
87.75
87.79
87.82
87.84
87.85
87.85
87.84
87.85
87.80
98.99
98.23
125.45
109.52
109.53
109.59
Line Length=10km
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.10
1.49
1.47
1.48
1.49
1.47
1.47
1.48
1.47
1.50
1.53
1.52
1.48
1.49
1.48
1.48
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.48
1.49
1.49
2.09
2.08
2.38
2.09
2.09
2.09
2.09
2.09
2.09
2.09
2.09
2.09
2.09
2.09
2.09
2.09
2.09
2.09
2.09
2.08
2.08
1.51
1.49
1.50
1.51
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.48
1.50
1.53
1.52
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.51
1.51
1.51
1.50
1.51
1.51
2.08
2.07
2.38
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.07
1.53
1.51
1.52
1.52
1.50
1.51
1.51
1.50
1.51
1.54
1.53
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.53
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.53
1.53
2.07
2.07
2.39
2.07
2.07
2.07
2.07
2.07
2.07
2.07
2.07
2.07
2.07
2.07
2.07
2.07
2.07
2.07
2.07
2.07
2.07
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.62
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.84
1.82
2.33
2.03
2.03
2.03
Va (kV)
58.79
58.78
58.51
58.23
58.11
58.00
57.86
57.79
57.83
57.98
57.57
57.38
57.14
56.87
56.58
56.25
55.92
55.58
55.24
54.91
54.60
54.31
54.06
53.85
53.68
53.56
53.56
53.58
53.54
57.69
57.55
57.66
58.45
58.97
94.37
55.86
55.80
55.83
55.87
55.64
55.53
55.48
55.29
55.34
55.29
55.55
55.98
56.30
56.68
57.29
57.55
57.68
57.96
57.75
57.50
57.20
56.88
56.53
56.16
55.79
55.41
55.06
54.72
54.41
54.13
53.90
53.72
53.59
53.54
53.56
53.55
58.10
57.94
59.60
60.63
60.99
94.36
56.03
56.03
56.00
55.94
55.84
55.72
55.58
55.41
55.23
55.04
55.70
56.36
57.00
57.83
58.53
59.12
59.65
58.32
58.10
57.82
57.51
57.15
56.78
56.38
55.98
55.58
55.19
54.83
54.49
54.20
53.95
53.75
53.61
53.54
53.54
53.57
58.47
58.30
61.67
62.24
62.67
94.18
56.25
56.25
56.21
56.14
56.03
55.90
55.74
55.56
55.36
55.32
56.31
57.30
58.23
59.09
59.89
60.60
61.90
60.66
60.33
59.92
59.45
58.93
58.37
57.79
57.20
56.61
56.04
55.51
55.02
54.59
54.23
53.94
53.74
53.63
53.61
61.05
60.89
60.64
64.93
65.74
66.42
57.75
57.77
57.75
Vb (kV)
81.23
81.21
81.11
81.13
81.22
81.35
81.47
81.34
81.61
81.50
83.08
83.07
83.06
83.06
83.05
83.04
83.03
83.02
83.03
83.04
83.05
83.06
83.07
83.11
83.18
83.25
83.32
83.34
83.23
83.08
83.08
82.50
82.76
82.76
54.70
82.86
82.74
82.62
82.51
82.40
82.31
82.40
82.44
82.42
82.32
82.18
82.24
82.34
82.48
82.37
82.57
82.52
84.19
84.18
84.17
84.17
84.16
84.15
84.14
84.13
84.14
84.15
84.16
84.17
84.18
84.18
84.19
84.23
84.28
84.29
84.20
84.19
84.19
81.97
82.69
81.43
54.83
83.72
83.61
83.51
83.55
83.46
83.38
83.32
83.27
83.24
83.23
83.25
83.28
82.94
83.14
83.42
82.79
81.83
85.07
85.07
85.06
85.05
85.04
85.03
85.02
85.02
85.03
85.04
85.05
85.05
85.06
85.07
85.07
85.08
85.08
85.08
85.08
85.08
85.07
80.41
79.57
78.69
54.94
84.58
84.49
84.41
84.33
84.25
84.19
84.14
84.09
83.87
83.75
83.54
83.20
82.74
82.13
80.94
81.06
80.22
88.87
88.86
88.86
88.85
88.84
88.83
88.82
88.82
88.83
88.84
88.85
88.85
88.86
88.87
88.87
88.88
88.88
88.88
88.88
88.87
88.87
65.61
65.76
65.63
80.54
80.41
80.09
Vc (kV)
79.32
79.32
79.32
79.32
79.31
79.30
79.29
79.27
79.26
79.24
94.39
94.38
94.38
94.37
94.36
94.35
94.35
94.36
94.37
94.38
94.39
94.40
94.41
94.41
94.42
94.42
94.42
94.42
94.42
94.42
94.41
79.45
79.44
79.42
79.42
79.43
79.45
79.46
79.48
79.49
79.50
79.51
79.52
79.52
79.52
79.52
79.51
79.50
79.49
79.48
79.46
79.44
94.45
94.45
94.44
94.43
94.42
94.41
94.41
94.42
94.43
94.44
94.45
94.46
94.47
94.47
94.48
94.48
94.48
94.48
94.48
94.48
94.48
79.60
79.58
79.57
79.57
79.58
79.59
79.61
79.62
79.63
79.65
79.66
79.66
79.67
79.67
79.67
79.66
79.65
79.64
79.62
79.61
79.59
94.45
94.45
94.44
94.43
94.43
94.42
94.42
94.43
94.44
94.44
94.45
94.46
94.47
94.48
94.48
94.48
94.49
94.49
94.48
94.48
94.48
79.71
79.69
79.68
79.67
79.69
79.70
79.71
79.73
79.74
79.75
79.76
79.77
79.78
79.78
79.77
79.77
79.76
79.75
79.73
79.71
79.70
93.87
93.86
93.86
93.85
93.84
93.83
93.83
93.84
93.85
93.86
93.86
93.87
93.88
93.89
93.89
93.89
93.90
93.90
93.89
93.89
93.89
80.08
80.07
80.05
80.05
80.06
80.07
V Max (kV)
81.23
81.21
81.11
81.13
81.22
81.35
81.47
81.34
81.61
81.50
94.39
94.38
94.38
94.37
94.36
94.35
94.35
94.36
94.37
94.38
94.39
94.40
94.41
94.41
94.42
94.42
94.42
94.42
94.42
94.42
94.41
82.50
82.76
82.76
94.37
82.86
82.74
82.62
82.51
82.40
82.31
82.40
82.44
82.42
82.32
82.18
82.24
82.34
82.48
82.37
82.57
82.52
94.45
94.45
94.44
94.43
94.42
94.41
94.41
94.42
94.43
94.44
94.45
94.46
94.47
94.47
94.48
94.48
94.48
94.48
94.48
94.48
94.48
81.97
82.69
81.43
94.36
83.72
83.61
83.51
83.55
83.46
83.38
83.32
83.27
83.24
83.23
83.25
83.28
82.94
83.14
83.42
82.79
81.83
94.45
94.45
94.44
94.43
94.43
94.42
94.42
94.43
94.44
94.44
94.45
94.46
94.47
94.48
94.48
94.48
94.49
94.49
94.48
94.48
94.48
80.41
79.69
79.68
94.18
84.58
84.49
84.41
84.33
84.25
84.19
84.14
84.09
83.87
83.75
83.54
83.20
82.74
82.13
80.94
81.06
80.22
93.87
93.86
93.86
93.85
93.84
93.83
93.83
93.84
93.85
93.86
93.86
93.87
93.88
93.89
93.89
93.89
93.90
93.90
93.89
93.89
93.89
80.08
80.07
80.05
80.54
80.41
80.09
Line Length=0.2km
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom
1.51
1.51
1.51
1.51
1.51
1.51
1.51
1.51
1.51
1.51
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.53
1.54
1.54
1.75
1.54
1.54
1.53
1.53
1.53
1.53
1.53
1.53
1.53
1.53
1.52
1.53
1.53
1.53
1.53
1.53
1.53
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.52
1.53
1.51
1.75
1.55
1.55
1.55
1.55
1.55
1.55
1.55
1.55
1.54
1.54
1.54
1.55
1.54
1.54
1.55
1.54
1.52
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.49
1.48
1.48
1.75
1.57
1.57
1.57
1.56
1.56
1.56
1.56
1.56
1.56
1.55
1.55
1.54
1.54
1.52
1.50
1.50
1.49
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
Va (kV)
54.31
54.11
53.93
53.77
53.64
53.63
53.71
53.76
53.78
53.76
57.75
57.56
57.31
57.04
56.73
56.39
56.05
55.69
55.34
55.00
54.68
54.38
54.12
53.91
53.73
53.61
53.59
53.61
53.58
57.88
57.74
53.76
53.73
53.66
85.76
55.90
55.76
55.58
55.38
55.16
54.92
54.68
54.45
54.22
54.02
53.84
53.70
53.59
53.66
53.73
53.75
53.75
58.14
57.92
57.66
57.36
57.02
56.66
56.28
55.89
55.51
55.14
54.79
54.47
54.19
53.95
53.76
53.62
53.59
53.60
53.58
58.28
58.12
53.75
53.72
53.66
86.51
56.13
55.98
55.79
55.57
55.34
55.08
54.82
54.57
54.33
54.11
53.92
53.76
53.63
53.62
53.69
53.73
53.73
58.50
58.27
57.98
57.66
57.29
56.90
56.49
56.08
55.67
55.27
54.89
54.55
54.24
53.98
53.78
53.64
53.58
53.60
58.77
58.65
58.48
53.74
53.71
53.65
87.13
56.34
56.18
55.99
55.76
55.50
55.23
54.96
54.69
54.43
54.19
53.98
53.81
53.67
53.60
53.66
53.71
53.72
60.85
60.50
60.08
59.60
59.06
58.49
57.88
57.27
56.67
56.08
55.53
55.03
54.59
54.22
53.92
53.71
53.60
53.58
61.26
61.09
60.83
53.65
53.65
55.24
58.02
57.87
57.65
Vb (kV)
58.78
58.51
57.84
57.73
58.04
57.92
57.54
58.76
61.75
63.76
85.60
85.60
85.60
85.60
85.60
85.60
85.60
85.60
85.60
85.60
85.60
85.60
85.60
85.60
85.60
85.60
85.62
85.62
85.60
85.60
85.61
64.74
66.79
68.71
54.75
68.48
67.78
66.23
64.12
61.81
59.23
58.65
58.56
58.25
58.10
57.94
57.45
57.24
57.49
59.93
62.74
64.73
86.45
86.45
86.45
86.45
86.45
86.44
86.44
86.44
86.44
86.44
86.44
86.44
86.44
86.44
86.44
86.44
86.44
86.44
86.44
86.45
86.45
65.98
67.99
69.13
54.87
69.50
68.92
67.44
65.07
62.47
60.01
58.72
58.23
58.24
57.56
57.29
57.12
57.04
58.17
60.66
63.34
65.97
87.11
87.11
87.11
87.11
87.11
87.11
87.11
87.10
87.10
87.10
87.10
87.10
87.10
87.10
87.10
87.10
87.10
87.10
87.11
87.11
87.11
66.64
68.56
69.01
54.98
70.59
69.60
68.04
66.00
63.37
60.73
59.39
58.27
57.81
57.60
57.32
57.17
57.82
58.63
61.46
64.16
66.64
89.90
89.90
89.90
89.90
89.90
89.90
89.90
89.90
89.90
89.90
89.90
89.90
89.90
89.90
89.90
89.90
89.90
89.90
89.90
89.90
89.90
68.08
62.73
60.18
64.37
71.08
75.05
Vc (kV)
79.80
79.80
79.80
79.80
79.80
79.80
79.79
79.79
79.79
79.79
95.47
95.47
95.47
95.47
95.47
95.47
95.47
95.47
95.47
95.48
95.48
95.48
95.48
95.48
95.48
95.48
95.48
95.48
95.48
95.48
95.48
79.90
79.89
79.89
79.89
79.89
79.89
79.89
79.89
79.89
79.89
79.89
79.90
79.90
79.90
79.90
79.90
79.89
79.89
79.89
79.89
79.89
95.30
95.30
95.30
95.30
95.30
95.30
95.30
95.30
95.30
95.30
95.30
95.30
95.30
95.30
95.30
95.30
95.30
95.30
95.30
95.30
95.30
79.96
79.96
79.96
79.96
79.96
79.96
79.95
79.95
79.96
79.96
79.96
79.96
79.96
79.97
79.96
79.96
79.96
79.96
79.96
79.96
79.95
95.12
95.13
95.13
95.13
95.13
95.13
95.13
95.13
95.13
95.13
95.13
95.13
95.13
95.13
95.13
95.13
95.13
95.13
95.13
95.13
95.13
80.01
80.01
80.01
80.01
80.01
80.01
80.00
80.00
80.01
80.01
80.01
80.01
80.01
80.02
80.01
80.01
80.01
80.01
80.01
80.01
80.00
94.01
94.01
94.01
94.01
94.01
94.01
94.01
94.01
94.01
94.01
94.02
94.02
94.02
94.02
94.02
94.02
94.02
94.02
94.02
94.02
94.02
80.18
80.18
80.18
80.18
80.18
80.17
V Max (kV)
79.80
79.80
79.80
79.80
79.80
79.80
79.79
79.79
79.79
79.79
95.47
95.47
95.47
95.47
95.47
95.47
95.47
95.47
95.47
95.48
95.48
95.48
95.48
95.48
95.48
95.48
95.48
95.48
95.48
95.48
95.48
79.90
79.89
79.89
85.76
79.89
79.89
79.89
79.89
79.89
79.89
79.89
79.90
79.90
79.90
79.90
79.90
79.89
79.89
79.89
79.89
79.89
95.30
95.30
95.30
95.30
95.30
95.30
95.30
95.30
95.30
95.30
95.30
95.30
95.30
95.30
95.30
95.30
95.30
95.30
95.30
95.30
95.30
79.96
79.96
79.96
86.51
79.96
79.96
79.95
79.95
79.96
79.96
79.96
79.96
79.96
79.97
79.96
79.96
79.96
79.96
79.96
79.96
79.95
95.12
95.13
95.13
95.13
95.13
95.13
95.13
95.13
95.13
95.13
95.13
95.13
95.13
95.13
95.13
95.13
95.13
95.13
95.13
95.13
95.13
80.01
80.01
80.01
87.13
80.01
80.01
80.00
80.00
80.01
80.01
80.01
80.01
80.01
80.02
80.01
80.01
80.01
80.01
80.01
80.01
80.00
94.01
94.01
94.01
94.01
94.01
94.01
94.01
94.01
94.01
94.01
94.02
94.02
94.02
94.02
94.02
94.02
94.02
94.02
94.02
94.02
94.02
80.18
80.18
80.18
80.18
80.18
80.17
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.59
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.61
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.62
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
Simulation 5
Variables
Simulation
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
Start-Delay
(s)
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
Type of
Fault
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
Line Length=100km
Fault
Duration (s)
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
NER Size
(Ohm)
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
Va (kV)
59.39
59.29
59.13
58.89
58.61
58.27
57.95
57.74
57.93
58.83
60.11
61.53
62.75
63.74
64.51
56.60
56.19
56.09
56.11
56.04
55.84
55.48
54.99
54.50
54.51
54.53
54.45
54.30
54.12
53.94
53.80
53.72
53.71
57.04
56.86
56.57
81.62
82.58
83.25
59.23
59.16
59.13
59.10
59.07
59.01
58.94
58.86
60.26
62.92
65.70
68.69
71.67
74.37
76.68
78.73
80.42
81.69
53.83
53.83
53.82
53.83
53.82
53.81
53.81
53.81
53.80
53.79
53.79
53.84
53.83
53.81
53.80
53.80
53.80
53.81
53.81
53.80
53.80
82.68
83.53
84.21
56.99
57.00
57.02
57.05
57.10
57.15
57.21
59.25
61.78
64.47
67.19
70.15
73.11
75.72
78.00
79.93
81.41
82.75
62.83
63.20
67.13
71.07
74.07
76.28
77.80
78.28
77.51
75.53
72.87
69.78
63.21
62.85
62.67
58.76
0.00
0.00
58.24
62.78
62.87
83.02
84.01
84.61
91.28
91.14
90.59
89.65
88.33
86.67
84.71
82.48
80.05
77.48
74.82
72.14
73.57
76.12
78.21
80.11
81.78
83.08
Vb (kV)
109.55
109.64
109.65
109.64
109.63
109.10
108.03
106.80
105.51
104.30
103.01
101.86
100.76
99.71
98.86
93.06
95.20
95.30
94.30
91.22
87.84
87.95
87.77
87.86
87.88
87.93
88.03
88.05
88.07
88.13
88.16
88.14
88.14
88.13
88.77
93.05
81.11
80.28
79.75
95.65
95.70
95.51
95.19
94.67
93.97
93.12
92.15
91.08
89.93
88.74
87.52
86.47
85.41
84.24
83.13
82.05
81.03
98.32
101.30
101.82
101.02
98.27
93.24
89.46
89.15
89.13
89.15
89.20
89.31
90.02
89.73
89.41
89.42
89.41
89.41
89.76
93.02
98.31
80.54
79.50
78.91
97.37
97.39
97.20
96.84
96.31
95.60
94.82
93.94
92.93
91.82
90.53
89.13
87.66
86.14
84.59
83.09
81.67
80.45
109.11
113.79
115.72
114.87
112.65
107.93
107.90
107.74
105.14
100.19
103.32
104.92
104.25
101.48
97.17
92.02
90.93
90.93
94.65
101.84
109.11
80.06
79.01
78.22
121.98
121.83
120.92
119.20
116.73
113.57
109.78
105.44
100.66
97.02
94.68
92.27
89.89
87.51
85.33
83.25
81.41
80.01
Vc (kV)
78.28
77.57
77.74
78.57
77.63
78.75
79.57
78.42
77.93
77.65
77.55
77.86
77.69
77.46
77.83
91.38
91.39
91.52
91.57
91.23
97.54
102.74
105.40
106.26
105.57
102.54
97.18
91.34
91.40
91.42
91.43
91.45
91.45
91.46
91.42
91.39
79.78
79.89
79.79
79.79
79.87
79.84
79.96
80.52
81.09
85.10
88.96
90.64
90.16
88.75
85.55
80.28
79.99
79.78
79.96
79.88
79.79
91.10
93.00
93.72
93.19
98.62
106.40
111.62
114.07
114.51
113.20
109.40
103.12
94.53
91.11
91.13
91.14
91.16
91.16
91.17
91.13
91.10
79.89
80.18
79.91
79.91
79.97
79.95
80.07
81.41
82.88
89.17
93.29
95.12
94.62
92.79
89.44
83.96
80.17
80.12
80.05
79.91
79.92
103.94
108.92
111.50
111.81
115.98
124.12
129.28
131.25
130.77
128.19
122.83
114.73
104.08
100.56
97.81
93.69
90.59
90.54
90.48
96.78
104.00
82.90
82.20
80.74
114.42
113.93
112.47
110.02
106.66
102.45
97.51
101.53
103.61
103.12
100.47
96.79
90.85
86.75
86.14
83.68
82.44
82.88
V Max (kV)
109.55
109.64
109.65
109.64
109.63
109.10
108.03
106.80
105.51
104.30
103.01
101.86
100.76
99.71
98.86
93.06
95.20
95.30
94.30
91.23
97.54
102.74
105.40
106.26
105.57
102.54
97.18
91.34
91.40
91.42
91.43
91.45
91.45
91.46
91.42
93.05
81.62
82.58
83.25
95.65
95.70
95.51
95.19
94.67
93.97
93.12
92.15
91.08
90.16
88.75
87.52
86.47
85.41
84.24
83.13
82.05
81.69
98.32
101.30
101.82
101.02
98.62
106.40
111.62
114.07
114.51
113.20
109.40
103.12
94.53
91.11
91.13
91.14
91.16
91.16
91.17
93.02
98.31
82.68
83.53
84.21
97.37
97.39
97.20
96.84
96.31
95.60
94.82
93.94
95.12
94.62
92.79
89.44
87.66
86.14
84.59
83.09
81.67
82.75
109.11
113.79
115.72
114.87
115.98
124.12
129.28
131.25
130.77
128.19
122.83
114.73
104.25
101.48
97.81
93.69
90.93
90.93
94.65
101.84
109.11
83.02
84.01
84.61
121.98
121.83
120.92
119.20
116.73
113.57
109.78
105.44
103.61
103.12
100.47
96.79
90.85
87.51
86.14
83.68
82.44
83.08
Line Length=10km
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom
2.03
2.03
2.03
2.03
2.03
2.02
2.00
1.98
1.96
1.94
1.91
1.89
1.87
1.85
1.83
1.73
1.77
1.77
1.75
1.69
1.81
1.91
1.96
1.97
1.96
1.90
1.80
1.69
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.73
1.51
1.53
1.54
1.77
1.78
1.77
1.77
1.76
1.74
1.73
1.71
1.69
1.67
1.65
1.62
1.60
1.58
1.56
1.54
1.52
1.52
1.82
1.88
1.89
1.87
1.83
1.97
2.07
2.12
2.13
2.10
2.03
1.91
1.75
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.73
1.82
1.53
1.55
1.56
1.81
1.81
1.80
1.80
1.79
1.77
1.76
1.74
1.77
1.76
1.72
1.66
1.63
1.60
1.57
1.54
1.52
1.54
2.02
2.11
2.15
2.13
2.15
2.30
2.40
2.44
2.43
2.38
2.28
2.13
1.93
1.88
1.82
1.74
1.69
1.69
1.76
1.89
2.02
1.54
1.56
1.57
2.26
2.26
2.24
2.21
2.17
2.11
2.04
1.96
1.92
1.91
1.86
1.80
1.69
1.62
1.60
1.55
1.53
1.54
Va (kV)
57.67
57.54
57.36
57.14
56.89
56.60
56.29
57.31
58.75
60.14
61.45
62.61
63.57
64.07
65.06
57.46
57.21
56.91
56.58
56.23
55.88
55.54
55.21
54.90
54.63
54.38
54.17
53.99
53.85
53.74
53.67
53.62
57.84
57.78
57.64
57.44
62.53
64.49
65.13
56.23
56.26
56.26
56.22
56.15
56.04
55.91
55.76
55.58
55.39
55.18
54.97
54.76
54.55
56.63
58.88
61.39
62.69
54.70
54.59
54.46
54.34
54.22
54.11
54.00
53.92
53.84
53.78
53.73
53.69
53.66
53.63
53.62
53.61
53.60
54.88
54.85
54.78
54.68
61.92
64.23
64.96
54.18
54.22
54.24
54.26
54.27
54.27
54.26
54.24
54.21
54.17
54.13
54.08
54.03
53.97
54.48
57.15
60.30
61.92
54.34
54.70
54.61
54.06
54.60
61.07
66.18
69.82
71.93
72.45
71.37
68.76
64.81
59.83
54.44
53.59
53.59
53.59
53.59
53.69
54.33
60.80
63.77
64.94
149.45
148.92
146.03
140.81
133.40
124.07
119.06
113.66
107.79
101.59
95.15
88.68
82.35
76.29
70.66
65.60
61.25
60.79
Vb (kV)
79.70
79.41
78.73
77.78
76.68
75.07
73.74
72.40
71.21
69.99
68.52
67.65
67.03
66.46
65.59
91.64
92.73
96.73
98.33
97.51
94.29
91.59
91.59
91.60
91.61
91.62
91.62
91.63
91.64
91.64
91.65
91.65
91.66
91.65
91.65
91.65
70.70
70.28
69.15
99.13
99.24
98.68
98.22
97.01
95.44
94.07
91.87
89.33
87.24
84.99
82.57
80.37
79.07
76.24
74.13
72.87
70.79
91.89
96.75
101.47
103.72
103.41
100.55
95.21
91.84
91.85
91.86
91.86
91.87
91.88
91.89
91.89
91.89
91.90
91.90
91.90
91.90
91.90
71.69
70.53
69.32
109.86
109.78
109.32
108.44
106.34
104.39
102.46
99.63
96.96
93.99
90.87
87.63
85.20
82.12
78.59
76.30
73.97
71.81
95.61
104.12
110.05
113.27
113.68
111.29
106.47
99.13
92.14
92.15
92.16
92.17
92.18
92.18
92.19
92.19
92.19
92.20
92.20
92.44
95.65
73.54
70.99
69.35
241.64
241.03
238.04
232.70
225.04
215.50
204.18
191.21
177.19
162.30
146.83
131.29
116.12
102.65
90.69
80.73
76.31
73.67
Vc (kV)
80.09
80.10
80.12
80.13
80.14
80.15
80.15
80.15
80.15
80.14
80.13
80.12
80.11
80.09
80.07
92.56
92.55
92.54
92.54
92.53
92.52
92.51
92.52
96.94
99.16
98.94
96.27
92.56
92.56
92.57
92.57
92.57
92.57
92.57
92.57
92.57
80.25
80.23
80.22
80.21
80.22
80.24
80.25
80.27
80.28
80.29
80.30
82.50
85.92
87.23
86.39
83.42
80.30
80.28
80.27
80.25
80.23
92.38
92.38
92.37
92.36
92.35
92.35
92.34
98.90
103.32
105.19
104.47
101.23
95.80
92.39
92.39
92.40
92.40
92.40
92.40
92.39
92.39
80.26
80.24
80.22
80.22
80.23
80.25
80.26
80.27
80.29
80.30
80.31
85.94
89.48
90.82
89.92
86.81
81.57
80.29
80.28
80.26
80.24
92.17
92.16
92.16
92.14
92.24
94.62
104.41
111.63
116.10
117.71
116.42
112.26
105.34
95.81
92.17
92.17
92.17
92.18
92.18
92.18
92.17
80.26
80.25
80.23
207.90
207.30
204.29
198.94
191.31
181.70
170.32
157.37
143.23
128.28
112.82
97.28
93.14
87.59
80.30
80.29
80.27
80.25
V Max (kV)
80.09
80.10
80.12
80.13
80.14
80.15
80.15
80.15
80.15
80.14
80.13
80.12
80.11
80.09
80.07
92.56
92.73
96.73
98.33
97.51
94.29
92.51
92.52
96.94
99.16
98.94
96.27
92.56
92.56
92.57
92.57
92.57
92.57
92.57
92.57
92.57
80.25
80.23
80.22
99.13
99.24
98.68
98.22
97.01
95.44
94.07
91.87
89.33
87.24
87.23
86.39
83.42
80.30
80.28
80.27
80.25
80.23
92.38
96.75
101.47
103.72
103.41
100.55
95.21
98.90
103.32
105.19
104.47
101.23
95.80
92.39
92.39
92.40
92.40
92.40
92.40
92.39
92.39
80.26
80.24
80.22
109.86
109.78
109.32
108.44
106.34
104.39
102.46
99.63
96.96
93.99
90.87
89.92
86.81
82.12
80.29
80.28
80.26
80.24
95.61
104.12
110.05
113.27
113.68
111.29
106.47
111.63
116.10
117.71
116.42
112.26
105.34
95.81
92.19
92.19
92.19
92.20
92.20
92.44
95.65
80.26
80.25
80.23
241.64
241.03
238.04
232.70
225.04
215.50
204.18
191.21
177.19
162.30
146.83
131.29
116.12
102.65
90.69
80.73
80.27
80.25
Line Length=0.2km
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.72
1.72
1.79
1.82
1.81
1.75
1.72
1.72
1.80
1.84
1.84
1.79
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.84
1.84
1.83
1.82
1.80
1.77
1.75
1.70
1.66
1.62
1.62
1.60
1.55
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.71
1.80
1.88
1.92
1.92
1.87
1.77
1.84
1.92
1.95
1.94
1.88
1.78
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.49
1.49
1.49
2.04
2.04
2.03
2.01
1.97
1.94
1.90
1.85
1.80
1.74
1.69
1.67
1.61
1.52
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.77
1.93
2.04
2.10
2.11
2.07
1.98
2.07
2.15
2.18
2.16
2.08
1.95
1.78
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.72
1.77
1.49
1.49
1.49
4.48
4.47
4.42
4.32
4.18
4.00
3.79
3.55
3.29
3.01
2.72
2.44
2.15
1.90
1.68
1.50
1.49
1.49
Va (kV)
57.37
57.03
56.66
56.27
55.87
55.47
55.09
54.74
54.43
54.17
53.95
53.78
53.65
53.64
53.64
57.59
57.32
57.01
56.66
56.30
55.94
55.58
55.24
54.93
54.64
54.38
54.16
53.98
53.83
53.72
53.64
53.60
57.98
57.92
57.78
57.57
53.73
53.68
55.47
56.56
56.28
55.98
55.66
55.35
55.04
54.76
54.49
54.26
54.06
53.90
53.83
53.83
53.82
53.81
53.78
53.75
53.71
54.84
54.71
54.57
54.43
54.30
54.17
54.06
53.96
53.87
53.80
53.74
53.69
53.66
53.63
53.61
53.60
53.60
55.03
55.00
54.93
54.82
53.74
53.69
55.60
54.46
54.30
54.15
54.00
53.86
53.77
53.81
53.84
53.87
53.88
53.89
53.89
53.88
53.86
53.84
53.81
53.77
53.72
53.64
53.65
53.64
53.64
53.64
57.88
61.85
64.41
65.48
65.01
63.06
59.71
55.14
53.90
53.91
53.68
53.64
2.44
53.64
53.64
53.64
54.60
54.52
55.51
53.64
53.64
56.32
59.65
62.33
64.26
65.34
65.58
64.99
63.67
86.94
66.13
60.42
57.77
56.14
55.17
54.77
54.58
Vb (kV)
74.49
72.03
69.01
66.35
63.29
60.99
59.14
58.09
58.88
59.83
61.79
64.33
67.50
69.64
68.11
91.91
91.91
92.89
94.44
93.66
91.90
91.90
91.90
91.90
91.90
91.90
91.90
91.90
91.90
91.91
91.91
91.91
91.91
91.91
91.91
91.91
67.95
66.71
64.92
93.95
96.24
96.78
97.02
94.95
92.30
89.15
85.88
82.36
79.09
76.52
73.56
72.18
71.64
70.59
69.98
68.74
67.92
92.09
92.32
96.82
99.04
98.82
96.16
92.08
92.08
92.08
92.09
92.09
92.09
92.09
92.09
92.09
92.09
92.09
92.09
92.09
92.09
92.09
68.87
67.31
65.23
110.49
109.97
109.44
107.68
103.90
100.62
97.55
93.64
89.44
87.03
82.86
79.88
76.97
74.74
72.71
71.70
70.24
68.86
94.97
104.66
111.76
116.09
117.55
116.12
111.83
104.78
95.14
92.39
92.39
92.39
92.39
92.39
92.39
92.39
92.39
92.40
92.39
92.39
95.02
64.61
63.41
61.89
126.19
126.35
125.16
122.47
119.27
115.07
110.49
106.05
102.26
99.47
163.65
142.87
124.61
108.02
93.97
81.66
71.13
64.56
Vc (kV)
80.17
80.17
80.17
80.18
80.18
80.18
80.18
80.18
80.18
80.18
80.18
80.18
80.18
80.17
80.17
92.67
92.67
92.67
92.67
92.67
92.67
92.67
92.68
92.68
94.31
94.82
92.99
92.68
92.68
92.68
92.68
92.68
92.68
92.68
92.68
92.68
80.25
80.24
80.24
80.24
80.24
80.24
80.24
80.24
80.24
80.24
80.24
80.24
82.03
83.39
82.70
80.25
80.24
80.24
80.24
80.24
80.24
92.52
92.52
92.52
92.52
92.52
92.52
92.52
92.70
97.71
100.31
100.44
98.09
93.32
92.52
92.53
92.53
92.53
92.53
92.53
92.53
92.52
80.25
80.25
80.24
80.25
80.24
80.24
80.24
80.24
80.24
80.24
80.25
80.47
83.79
85.04
84.21
81.29
80.25
80.24
80.24
80.24
80.24
92.42
92.42
92.42
92.42
92.42
94.08
104.16
111.69
116.47
118.37
117.36
113.46
106.76
97.42
92.42
92.43
92.43
92.44
92.43
92.43
92.43
80.28
80.28
80.28
91.94
90.73
88.41
84.91
80.28
80.28
80.28
85.67
91.90
95.88
97.50
96.72
93.56
88.10
80.48
80.28
80.28
80.28
V Max (kV)
80.17
80.17
80.17
80.18
80.18
80.18
80.18
80.18
80.18
80.18
80.18
80.18
80.18
80.17
80.17
92.67
92.67
92.89
94.44
93.66
92.67
92.67
92.68
92.68
94.31
94.82
92.99
92.68
92.68
92.68
92.68
92.68
92.68
92.68
92.68
92.68
80.25
80.24
80.24
93.95
96.24
96.78
97.02
94.95
92.30
89.15
85.88
82.36
82.03
83.39
82.70
80.25
80.24
80.24
80.24
80.24
80.24
92.52
92.52
96.82
99.04
98.82
96.16
92.52
92.70
97.71
100.31
100.44
98.09
93.32
92.52
92.53
92.53
92.53
92.53
92.53
92.53
92.52
80.25
80.25
80.24
110.49
109.97
109.44
107.68
103.90
100.62
97.55
93.64
89.44
87.03
85.04
84.21
81.29
80.25
80.24
80.24
80.24
80.24
94.97
104.66
111.76
116.09
117.55
116.12
111.83
111.69
116.47
118.37
117.36
113.46
106.76
97.42
92.42
92.43
92.43
92.44
92.43
92.43
95.02
80.28
80.28
80.28
126.19
126.35
125.16
122.47
119.27
115.07
110.49
106.05
102.26
99.47
163.65
142.87
124.61
108.02
93.97
81.66
80.28
80.28
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.75
1.74
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.75
1.76
1.73
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.74
1.79
1.80
1.80
1.76
1.71
1.65
1.59
1.53
1.52
1.55
1.53
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.72
1.72
1.80
1.84
1.83
1.78
1.72
1.72
1.81
1.86
1.86
1.82
1.73
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.49
1.49
1.49
2.05
2.04
2.03
2.00
1.93
1.87
1.81
1.74
1.66
1.61
1.58
1.56
1.51
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.76
1.94
2.07
2.15
2.18
2.15
2.08
2.07
2.16
2.20
2.18
2.11
1.98
1.81
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.76
1.49
1.49
1.49
2.34
2.34
2.32
2.27
2.21
2.14
2.05
1.97
1.90
1.85
3.04
2.65
2.31
2.00
1.74
1.52
1.49
1.49
Simulation 6
Variables
Simulation
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
StartDelay
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
Type of
Fault
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
Results
Fault
Duration
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
NER Size
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
Va (kV)
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
82.14
79.32
76.08
72.45
68.49
64.29
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
88.09
89.16
89.85
90.18
90.17
89.81
89.09
87.98
86.46
84.52
82.13
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
89.18
86.29
82.75
78.57
73.79
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
95.33
95.83
96.06
96.05
95.80
95.28
94.43
93.18
91.45
89.16
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
92.24
89.70
86.41
82.32
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
97.11
97.24
97.24
97.10
96.79
Vb (kV)
54.84
54.59
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.76
54.86
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
57.75
54.24
53.68
53.77
54.24
54.81
55.48
56.26
57.12
58.08
59.10
60.15
61.19
62.15
62.95
63.47
63.61
63.21
62.15
60.33
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
70.95
70.72
70.72
70.72
70.72
70.72
70.75
70.86
71.01
71.19
71.42
71.70
72.02
72.39
72.78
73.14
73.42
73.50
73.22
72.39
70.81
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
78.58
78.58
78.58
78.58
78.58
78.58
78.58
78.58
78.58
78.58
78.58
78.60
78.69
78.80
78.94
79.09
79.22
79.26
79.09
78.57
78.57
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
Vc (kV)
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
54.02
54.91
54.43
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
54.69
55.93
55.79
54.26
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
89.64
88.60
88.40
88.49
88.63
88.79
88.99
89.22
89.47
89.74
90.03
90.31
90.59
90.85
91.05
91.19
91.22
91.12
90.85
90.36
75.00
75.09
75.16
75.20
75.20
75.11
74.90
74.70
76.71
74.66
74.64
74.62
74.61
74.60
74.60
74.61
74.65
74.72
74.81
74.91
75.00
96.59
96.59
96.59
96.59
96.59
96.59
96.59
96.59
96.59
96.59
96.59
96.62
96.66
96.71
96.76
96.80
96.84
96.85
96.81
96.71
96.59
78.74
78.74
78.75
78.75
78.75
78.75
78.75
88.33
85.93
83.18
80.09
78.69
78.68
78.67
78.67
78.68
78.69
78.71
78.72
78.73
78.74
97.66
97.66
97.66
97.66
97.66
97.66
97.66
97.66
97.66
97.66
97.66
97.66
97.66
97.66
97.66
97.66
97.66
97.66
97.66
97.66
97.66
79.69
79.69
79.69
79.69
79.70
79.70
79.69
79.69
89.82
87.19
84.14
80.68
79.65
79.65
79.65
79.65
79.66
V Max
(kV)
54.84
54.59
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
54.02
54.91
54.43
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.76
54.86
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
54.69
55.93
55.79
54.26
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
89.64
88.60
88.40
88.49
88.63
88.79
88.99
89.22
89.47
89.74
90.03
90.31
90.59
90.85
91.05
91.19
91.22
91.12
90.85
90.36
82.14
79.32
76.08
75.20
75.20
75.11
74.90
74.70
76.71
74.66
88.09
89.16
89.85
90.18
90.17
89.81
89.09
87.98
86.46
84.52
82.13
96.59
96.59
96.59
96.59
96.59
96.59
96.59
96.59
96.59
96.59
96.59
96.62
96.66
96.71
96.76
96.80
96.84
96.85
96.81
96.71
96.59
89.18
86.29
82.75
78.75
78.75
78.75
78.75
88.33
85.93
83.18
80.09
95.33
95.83
96.06
96.05
95.80
95.28
94.43
93.18
91.45
89.16
97.66
97.66
97.66
97.66
97.66
97.66
97.66
97.66
97.66
97.66
97.66
97.66
97.66
97.66
97.66
97.66
97.66
97.66
97.66
97.66
97.66
92.24
89.70
86.41
82.32
79.70
79.70
79.69
79.69
89.82
87.19
84.14
80.68
97.11
97.24
97.24
97.10
96.79
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom
1.02
1.01
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.02
1.01
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.02
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.01
1.04
1.04
1.01
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.66
1.64
1.64
1.64
1.64
1.65
1.65
1.66
1.66
1.67
1.67
1.68
1.68
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.68
1.52
1.47
1.41
1.40
1.40
1.39
1.39
1.39
1.42
1.39
1.63
1.65
1.67
1.67
1.67
1.67
1.65
1.63
1.60
1.57
1.52
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.79
1.79
1.65
1.60
1.54
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.64
1.59
1.54
1.49
1.77
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.77
1.75
1.73
1.70
1.65
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.71
1.66
1.60
1.53
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.67
1.62
1.56
1.50
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
Simulation 6
Variables
Simulation
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
StartDelay
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
Type of
Fault
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
Results
Fault
Duration
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
NER Size
15
15
15
15
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
Va (kV)
96.25
95.39
94.08
92.21
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
93.72
91.57
88.60
84.74
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
97.18
97.24
97.24
97.17
97.00
96.68
96.11
95.16
93.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
94.46
92.65
90.00
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
96.93
96.93
96.89
96.80
96.62
96.25
95.58
94.43
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
94.83
93.30
90.93
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
96.57
96.55
96.50
96.39
96.16
95.69
94.79
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
94.99
93.70
91.57
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
Vb (kV)
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
82.55
82.55
82.55
82.55
82.55
82.55
82.55
82.55
82.55
82.55
82.55
82.55
82.55
82.55
82.55
82.57
82.63
82.65
82.55
82.54
82.54
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
84.87
84.87
84.87
84.87
84.87
84.87
84.87
84.87
84.87
84.87
84.87
84.87
84.87
84.87
84.87
84.87
84.87
84.86
84.86
84.86
84.86
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
86.37
86.37
86.37
86.37
86.37
86.37
86.37
86.37
86.37
86.37
86.37
86.37
86.37
86.37
86.37
86.37
86.36
86.36
86.36
86.36
86.36
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
87.41
87.41
87.41
87.41
87.41
87.41
87.41
87.41
87.41
87.41
87.41
87.41
87.41
87.41
87.41
87.41
87.41
87.40
87.40
87.40
87.40
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
Vc (kV)
79.67
79.68
79.68
79.69
97.46
97.46
97.46
97.46
97.46
97.46
97.46
97.46
97.46
97.46
97.46
97.46
97.46
97.46
97.46
97.46
97.46
97.46
97.46
97.46
97.46
80.04
80.04
80.05
80.05
80.05
80.05
80.05
80.04
80.04
89.41
86.51
83.22
80.01
80.01
80.01
80.01
80.02
80.03
80.03
80.04
80.04
97.05
97.05
97.05
97.05
97.05
97.05
97.05
97.05
97.05
97.05
97.05
97.05
97.05
97.05
97.05
97.05
97.05
97.05
97.05
97.05
97.05
80.21
80.22
80.22
80.23
80.23
80.22
80.22
80.21
80.21
80.20
80.20
84.90
81.59
80.44
80.39
80.19
80.19
80.20
80.20
80.21
80.22
96.65
96.65
96.65
96.65
96.65
96.65
96.65
96.65
96.65
96.65
96.65
96.65
96.65
96.65
96.65
96.65
96.65
96.65
96.65
96.65
96.65
80.31
80.31
80.31
80.32
80.32
80.32
80.31
80.31
80.31
80.30
80.29
80.29
80.29
80.28
82.50
81.25
80.29
80.30
80.30
80.31
80.31
96.29
96.29
96.29
96.29
96.29
96.29
96.29
96.29
96.29
96.29
96.29
96.29
96.29
96.29
96.29
96.29
96.29
96.29
96.29
96.29
96.29
80.37
80.37
80.37
80.38
80.38
80.38
80.37
80.37
80.36
80.36
80.35
80.35
V Max
(kV)
96.25
95.39
94.08
92.21
97.46
97.46
97.46
97.46
97.46
97.46
97.46
97.46
97.46
97.46
97.46
97.46
97.46
97.46
97.46
97.46
97.46
97.46
97.46
97.46
97.46
93.72
91.57
88.60
84.74
80.05
80.05
80.05
80.04
80.04
89.41
86.51
83.22
97.18
97.24
97.24
97.17
97.00
96.68
96.11
95.16
93.69
97.05
97.05
97.05
97.05
97.05
97.05
97.05
97.05
97.05
97.05
97.05
97.05
97.05
97.05
97.05
97.05
97.05
97.05
97.05
97.05
97.05
94.46
92.65
90.00
80.23
80.23
80.22
80.22
80.21
80.21
80.20
80.20
84.90
81.59
96.93
96.93
96.89
96.80
96.62
96.25
95.58
94.43
96.65
96.65
96.65
96.65
96.65
96.65
96.65
96.65
96.65
96.65
96.65
96.65
96.65
96.65
96.65
96.65
96.65
96.65
96.65
96.65
96.65
94.83
93.30
90.93
80.32
80.32
80.32
80.31
80.31
80.31
80.30
80.29
80.29
80.29
80.28
96.57
96.55
96.50
96.39
96.16
95.69
94.79
96.29
96.29
96.29
96.29
96.29
96.29
96.29
96.29
96.29
96.29
96.29
96.29
96.29
96.29
96.29
96.29
96.29
96.29
96.29
96.29
96.29
94.99
93.70
91.57
80.38
80.38
80.38
80.37
80.37
80.36
80.36
80.35
80.35
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom
1.79
1.77
1.75
1.71
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.74
1.70
1.64
1.57
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.66
1.61
1.54
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.79
1.78
1.77
1.74
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.75
1.72
1.67
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.58
1.51
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.79
1.79
1.77
1.75
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.76
1.73
1.69
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.78
1.78
1.76
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.76
1.74
1.70
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
Simulation 6
Variables
Simulation
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
StartDelay
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
Type of
Fault
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
Results
Fault
Duration
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
NER Size
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Va (kV)
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
96.19
96.13
95.98
95.65
94.95
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
95.04
93.95
92.02
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
95.87
95.77
95.54
95.00
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
95.02
94.09
92.35
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
95.57
95.40
94.98
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
94.97
94.17
92.59
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
95.26
94.92
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
93.97
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
Vb (kV)
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
88.17
88.17
88.17
88.17
88.17
88.17
88.17
88.17
88.17
88.17
88.17
88.17
88.17
88.17
88.17
88.17
88.17
88.17
88.17
88.17
88.16
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
88.75
88.75
88.75
88.75
88.75
88.75
88.75
88.75
88.75
88.75
88.75
88.75
88.75
88.75
88.75
88.75
88.75
88.75
88.75
88.75
88.75
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
89.21
89.21
89.21
89.21
89.21
89.21
89.21
89.21
89.21
89.21
89.21
89.21
89.21
89.21
89.21
89.21
89.21
89.20
89.20
89.20
89.20
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
91.16
91.16
91.16
91.16
91.16
91.16
91.16
91.16
91.16
91.16
91.16
91.16
91.16
91.16
91.16
91.16
91.16
91.16
91.16
91.16
91.16
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
Vc (kV)
80.35
80.34
80.34
80.35
80.46
80.35
80.36
80.36
80.37
95.98
95.98
95.98
95.98
95.98
95.98
95.98
95.98
95.98
95.98
95.98
95.98
95.98
95.98
95.98
95.98
95.98
95.98
95.98
95.98
95.98
80.41
80.41
80.41
80.42
80.42
80.42
80.41
80.41
80.40
80.40
80.39
80.39
80.39
80.38
80.38
80.39
80.39
80.39
80.40
80.40
80.41
95.72
95.72
95.72
95.72
95.72
95.72
95.72
95.72
95.72
95.72
95.72
95.72
95.72
95.72
95.72
95.72
95.72
95.72
95.72
95.72
95.72
80.43
80.44
80.44
80.45
80.45
80.44
80.44
80.43
80.43
80.43
80.42
80.42
80.41
80.41
80.41
80.41
80.42
80.42
80.43
80.43
80.44
95.50
95.50
95.50
95.50
95.50
95.50
95.50
95.50
95.50
95.50
95.50
95.50
95.50
95.50
95.50
95.50
95.50
95.50
95.50
95.50
95.50
80.45
80.46
80.46
80.47
80.47
80.46
80.46
80.45
80.45
80.45
80.44
80.44
80.43
80.43
80.43
80.43
80.44
80.44
80.45
80.45
80.46
94.34
94.34
94.34
94.34
94.34
94.34
94.34
94.34
94.34
94.34
94.34
94.34
94.34
94.34
94.34
94.34
94.34
94.34
94.34
94.34
94.34
80.52
80.52
80.53
80.53
80.53
80.53
80.53
V Max
(kV)
80.35
80.34
80.34
80.35
96.19
96.13
95.98
95.65
94.95
95.98
95.98
95.98
95.98
95.98
95.98
95.98
95.98
95.98
95.98
95.98
95.98
95.98
95.98
95.98
95.98
95.98
95.98
95.98
95.98
95.98
95.04
93.95
92.02
80.42
80.42
80.42
80.41
80.41
80.40
80.40
80.39
80.39
80.39
80.38
80.38
80.39
80.39
95.87
95.77
95.54
95.00
95.72
95.72
95.72
95.72
95.72
95.72
95.72
95.72
95.72
95.72
95.72
95.72
95.72
95.72
95.72
95.72
95.72
95.72
95.72
95.72
95.72
95.02
94.09
92.35
80.45
80.45
80.44
80.44
80.43
80.43
80.43
80.42
80.42
80.41
80.41
80.41
80.41
80.42
80.42
95.57
95.40
94.98
95.50
95.50
95.50
95.50
95.50
95.50
95.50
95.50
95.50
95.50
95.50
95.50
95.50
95.50
95.50
95.50
95.50
95.50
95.50
95.50
95.50
94.97
94.17
92.59
80.47
80.47
80.46
80.46
80.45
80.45
80.45
80.44
80.44
80.43
80.43
80.43
80.43
80.44
80.44
80.45
95.26
94.92
94.34
94.34
94.34
94.34
94.34
94.34
94.34
94.34
94.34
94.34
94.34
94.34
94.34
94.34
94.34
94.34
94.34
94.34
94.34
94.34
94.34
80.52
93.97
80.53
80.53
80.53
80.53
80.53
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.77
1.76
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.76
1.74
1.71
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.78
1.78
1.77
1.76
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.76
1.75
1.71
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.77
1.77
1.76
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.76
1.75
1.72
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.77
1.76
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.49
1.74
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
Simulation 6
Variables
Simulation
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
StartDelay
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
Type of
Fault
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
ph-ph-g
Results
Fault
Duration
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
NER Size
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
550
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
1000000
Va (kV)
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
53.69
Vb (kV)
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
92.61
92.61
92.61
92.61
92.61
92.61
92.61
92.61
92.61
92.61
92.61
92.61
92.61
92.61
92.61
92.61
92.61
92.61
92.61
92.61
92.61
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
92.74
92.74
92.74
92.74
92.74
92.74
92.74
92.74
92.74
92.74
92.74
92.74
92.74
92.74
92.74
92.74
92.74
92.74
92.74
92.74
92.74
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
92.91
92.91
92.91
92.91
92.91
92.91
92.91
92.91
92.91
92.91
92.91
92.91
92.91
92.91
92.91
92.91
92.91
92.91
92.91
92.91
92.91
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
53.68
Vc (kV)
80.52
80.52
80.51
80.51
80.50
80.50
80.50
80.50
80.50
80.50
80.51
80.51
80.52
80.52
93.21
93.21
93.21
93.21
93.21
93.21
93.21
93.21
93.21
93.21
93.21
93.21
93.21
93.21
93.21
93.21
93.21
93.21
93.21
93.21
93.21
80.55
80.55
80.56
80.56
80.56
80.56
80.56
80.55
80.55
80.54
80.54
80.53
80.53
80.53
80.53
80.53
80.53
80.54
80.54
80.55
80.55
93.09
93.09
93.09
93.09
93.09
93.09
93.09
93.09
93.09
93.09
93.09
93.09
93.09
93.09
93.09
93.09
93.09
93.09
93.09
93.09
93.09
80.55
80.55
80.56
80.56
80.56
80.56
80.56
80.55
80.55
80.54
80.54
80.53
80.53
80.53
80.53
80.53
80.54
80.54
80.54
80.55
80.55
92.94
92.94
92.94
92.94
92.94
92.94
92.94
92.94
92.94
92.94
92.94
92.94
92.94
92.94
92.94
92.94
92.94
92.94
92.94
92.94
92.94
80.55
80.56
80.56
80.57
80.57
80.56
80.56
80.55
80.55
80.55
80.54
80.54
80.53
80.53
80.53
80.53
80.54
80.54
80.55
80.55
80.56
V Max
(kV)
80.52
80.52
80.51
80.51
80.50
80.50
80.50
80.50
80.50
80.50
80.51
80.51
80.52
80.52
93.21
93.21
93.21
93.21
93.21
93.21
93.21
93.21
93.21
93.21
93.21
93.21
93.21
93.21
93.21
93.21
93.21
93.21
93.21
93.21
93.21
80.55
80.55
80.56
80.56
80.56
80.56
80.56
80.55
80.55
80.54
80.54
80.53
80.53
80.53
80.53
80.53
80.53
80.54
80.54
80.55
80.55
93.09
93.09
93.09
93.09
93.09
93.09
93.09
93.09
93.09
93.09
93.09
93.09
93.09
93.09
93.09
93.09
93.09
93.09
93.09
93.09
93.09
80.55
80.55
80.56
80.56
80.56
80.56
80.56
80.55
80.55
80.54
80.54
80.53
80.53
80.53
80.53
80.53
80.54
80.54
80.54
80.55
80.55
92.94
92.94
92.94
92.94
92.94
92.94
92.94
92.94
92.94
92.94
92.94
92.94
92.94
92.94
92.94
92.94
92.94
92.94
92.94
92.94
92.94
80.55
80.56
80.56
80.57
80.57
80.56
80.56
80.55
80.55
80.55
80.54
80.54
80.53
80.53
80.53
80.53
80.54
80.54
80.55
80.55
80.56
Ratio
Vmax/Vnom
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.50
1.50
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.49
1.49
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
Appendix C
Overvoltage study – Steady State Voltage Data
135/138
Line Length
S base
10
100
V base
220 and 66kV
km
MVA
Zbase
484 Ohm
Line Impedance per km (pu)
0.001676
NER
per 1
Ohm (
pu)
0.0088 0.023
Positive and Sequence Impedance
NER
Ohm
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
100
550
1000
1E+06
Source Positive
Impedance
R
0.000869
0.000869
0.000869
0.000869
0.000869
0.000869
0.000869
0.000869
0.000869
0.000869
0.000869
0.000869
0.000869
0.000869
0.000869
X
0.00869
0.00869
0.00869
0.00869
0.00869
0.00869
0.00869
0.00869
0.00869
0.00869
0.00869
0.00869
0.00869
0.00869
0.00869
Transformer
Positive
Impedance
R
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
X
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
Line Positive
Impedance
R
0.01676
0.01676
0.01676
0.01676
0.01676
0.01676
0.01676
0.01676
0.01676
0.01676
0.01676
0.01676
0.01676
0.01676
0.01676
X
0.08838
0.08838
0.08838
0.08838
0.08838
0.08838
0.08838
0.08838
0.08838
0.08838
0.08838
0.08838
0.08838
0.08838
0.08838
Load
Positive
Impedance
R
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
X
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Z1 Total
R
0.017629
0.017629
0.017629
0.017629
0.017629
0.017629
0.017629
0.017629
0.017629
0.017629
0.017629
0.017629
0.017629
0.017629
0.017629
X
0.24707
0.24707
0.24707
0.24707
0.24707
0.24707
0.24707
0.24707
0.24707
0.24707
0.24707
0.24707
0.24707
0.24707
0.24707
Zero Sequence Impedance
Z2 Total
R
0.01763
0.01763
0.01763
0.01763
0.01763
0.01763
0.01763
0.01763
0.01763
0.01763
0.01763
0.01763
0.01763
0.01763
0.01763
X
0.24707
0.24707
0.24707
0.24707
0.24707
0.24707
0.24707
0.24707
0.24707
0.24707
0.24707
0.24707
0.24707
0.24707
0.24707
Z1 Total polar
Magnitude angle ( rad)
0.2476981 1.4995648
0.2476981 1.4995648
0.2476981 1.4995648
0.2476981 1.4995648
0.2476981 1.4995648
0.2476981 1.4995648
0.2476981 1.4995648
0.2476981 1.4995648
0.2476981 1.4995648
0.2476981 1.4995648
0.2476981 1.4995648
0.2476981 1.4995648
0.2476981 1.4995648
0.2476981 1.4995648
0.2476981 1.4995648
Z2 Total Polar
Magnitude
0.2476981
0.2476981
0.2476981
0.2476981
0.2476981
0.2476981
0.2476981
0.2476981
0.2476981
0.2476981
0.2476981
0.2476981
0.2476981
0.2476981
0.2476981
NER
NER in rectangular
form
angle ( rad)
Ohm
R
1.4995648
0
0.000
1.4995648
5
0.344
1.4995648
10
0.689
1.4995648
15
1.033
1.4995648
20
1.377
1.4995648
25
1.722
1.4995648
30
2.066
1.4995648
35
2.410
1.4995648
40
2.755
1.4995648
45
3.099
1.4995648
50
3.444
1.4995648
100
6.887
1.4995648
550
37.879
1.4995648
1000
68.870
1.4995648 1000000 68870.400
X
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Transformer
Zero
Impedance
R
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
X
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
Line Zero
Impedance
R
0.01676
0.01676
0.01676
0.01676
0.01676
0.01676
0.01676
0.01676
0.01676
0.01676
0.01676
0.01676
0.01676
0.01676
0.01676
X
0.08838
0.08838
0.08838
0.08838
0.08838
0.08838
0.08838
0.08838
0.08838
0.08838
0.08838
0.08838
0.08838
0.08838
0.08838
K2 and K0 factors
Z0 Total
R
0.01676
0.36111
0.70546
1.04982
1.39417
1.73852
2.08287
2.42722
2.77158
3.11593
3.46028
6.9038
37.8955
68.8872
68870.4
X
0.23838
0.23838
0.23838
0.23838
0.23838
0.23838
0.23838
0.23838
0.23838
0.23838
0.23838
0.23838
0.23838
0.23838
0.23838
Z0 total polar
Magnitude
0.238968
0.432697
0.744651
1.07654
1.414401
1.754787
2.096469
2.438902
2.781809
3.125033
3.468481
6.907914
37.89623
68.88757
68870.42
angle
1.5006
0.5835
0.3259
0.2233
0.1693
0.1363
0.114
0.0979
0.0858
0.0764
0.0688
0.0345
0.0063
0.0035
3E-06
K2(Z2/Z1)
polar
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
rectangular
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
K0(Z0/Z1)
polar
0.96476 0.00104
1.74687 -0.9161
3.00628 -1.1737
4.34618 -1.2763
5.71018 -1.3302
7.08438 -1.3633
8.4638 -1.3856
9.84627 -1.4017
11.2306 -1.4138
12.6163 -1.4232
14.0029 -1.4308
27.8884 -1.465
152.994 -1.4933
278.111 -1.4961
278042 -1.4996
I Base at 66kv
876
Calculation of a2+aK2+K0
K0(Z0/Z1)
NER
Ohm
rectangular
0.96476
0.001
0
1.0637 -1.3857
5
1.16264 -2.7724
10
1.26159 -4.159
15
1.36053 -5.5457
20
1.45947 -6.9324
25
1.55841 -8.3191
30
1.65736 -9.7058
35
1.7563 -11.092
40
1.85524 -12.479
45
1.95419 -13.866
50
2.94362 -27.733
100
11.8485 -152.53
550
20.7533 -277.34
1000
19789.6 -277337 1000000
3ph Fault Current I=1/Z1
pu
4.03717
4.03717
4.03717
4.03717
4.03717
4.03717
4.03717
4.03717
4.03717
4.03717
4.03717
4.03717
4.03717
4.03717
4.03717
angle
(degree)
-85.9187
-85.9187
-85.9187
-85.9187
-85.9187
-85.9187
-85.9187
-85.9187
-85.9187
-85.9187
-85.9187
-85.9187
-85.9187
-85.9187
-85.9187
A
3536.6
3536.6
3536.6
3536.6
3536.6
3536.6
3536.6
3536.6
3536.6
3536.6
3536.6
3536.6
3536.6
3536.6
3536.6
Ph-g Fault Current
I= 3/(1 +
K2 + K0) * I3ph fault
1+ K2+K0
rectangular
2.965
0.001
3.064
-1.386
3.163
-2.772
3.262
-4.159
3.361
-5.546
3.459
-6.932
3.558
-8.319
3.657
-9.706
3.756
-11.092
3.855
-12.479
3.954
-13.866
4.944
-27.733
13.848
-152.534
22.753
-277.336
19791.553 -277336.572
polar
2.965
3.362
4.206
5.285
6.484
7.748
9.048
10.372
11.711
13.061
14.419
28.170
153.161
278.267
278041.866
0.000
-0.425
-0.720
-0.906
-1.026
-1.108
-1.167
-1.210
-1.244
-1.271
-1.293
-1.394
-1.480
-1.489
-1.500
pu
4.085
3.602
2.880
2.291
1.868
1.563
1.339
1.168
1.034
0.927
0.840
0.430
0.079
0.044
0.000
angle
(degree)
-85.938
-61.582
-44.681
-34.023
-27.133
-22.439
-19.077
-16.566
-14.627
-13.086
-11.836
-6.026
-1.106
-0.609
-0.001
A
3578.6
3155.3
2522.7
2007.4
1636.2
1369.4
1172.6
1022.9
905.9
812.3
735.8
376.6
69.3
38.1
0.0
NER
Ratio I fault with
NER/I fault solidly
Ohm
earthed
1.000
0
0.882
5
0.705
10
0.561
15
0.457
20
0.383
25
0.328
30
0.286
35
0.253
40
0.227
45
0.206
50
0.105
100
0.019
550
0.011
1000
0.000
1000000
a2
rectangular
-0.5
-0.86603
-0.5
-0.86603
-0.5
-0.86603
-0.5
-0.86603
-0.5
-0.86603
-0.5
-0.86603
-0.5
-0.86603
-0.5
-0.86603
-0.5
-0.86603
-0.5
-0.86603
-0.5
-0.86603
-0.5
-0.86603
-0.5
-0.86603
-0.5
-0.86603
-0.5
-0.86603
aK2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
polar
2.0944
2.0944
2.0944
2.0944
2.0944
2.0944
2.0944
2.0944
2.0944
2.0944
2.0944
2.0944
2.0944
2.0944
2.0944
K0
rectangular
-0.5
0.86603
-0.5
0.86603
-0.5
0.86603
-0.5
0.86603
-0.5
0.86603
-0.5
0.86603
-0.5
0.86603
-0.5
0.86603
-0.5
0.86603
-0.5
0.86603
-0.5
0.86603
-0.5
0.86603
-0.5
0.86603
-0.5
0.86603
-0.5
0.86603
Total
rectangular
rectangular
0.96476
0.001
-0.03524
0.001
1.0637 -1.38568 0.0637 -1.38568
1.16264 -2.77236 0.16264 -2.77236
1.26159 -4.15905 0.26159 -4.15905
1.36053 -5.54573 0.36053 -5.54573
1.45947 -6.93241 0.45947 -6.93241
1.55841 -8.31909 0.55841 -8.31909
1.65736 -9.70578 0.65736 -9.70578
1.7563 -11.0925 0.7563 -11.0925
1.85524 -12.4791 0.85524 -12.4791
1.95419 -13.8658 0.95419 -13.8658
2.94362 -27.7327 1.94362 -27.7327
11.8485 -152.534 10.8485 -152.534
20.7533 -277.336 19.7533 -277.336
19789.6 -277337 19788.6 -277337
polar
0.03526 -0.02845
1.38714 -1.52486
2.77713 -1.5122
4.16726 -1.50798
5.55744 -1.50588
6.94762 -1.50461
8.33781 -1.50377
9.72801 -1.50317
11.1182 -1.50272
12.5084 -1.50237
13.8986 -1.50209
27.8007 -1.50083
152.919 -1.49979
278.038 -1.49969
278042 -1.49956
a
rectangular
-0.5
0.86603
-0.5
0.86603
-0.5
0.86603
-0.5
0.86603
-0.5
0.86603
-0.5
0.86603
-0.5
0.86603
-0.5
0.86603
-0.5
0.86603
-0.5
0.86603
-0.5
0.86603
-0.5
0.86603
-0.5
0.86603
-0.5
0.86603
-0.5
0.86603
a
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
polar
-2.094
-2.094
-2.094
-2.094
-2.094
-2.094
-2.094
-2.094
-2.094
-2.094
-2.094
-2.094
-2.094
-2.094
-2.094
Ea
Eb
1
1
0
4.18
1
-0.50759
0
-0.8616
Ec
1
2.094
-0.49966
0.86622
Calculation of a+a2K2+K0
2
K2
rectangular
-0.49966 -0.86622
-0.49966 -0.86622
-0.49966 -0.86622
-0.49966 -0.86622
-0.49966 -0.86622
-0.49966 -0.86622
-0.49966 -0.86622
-0.49966 -0.86622
-0.49966 -0.86622
-0.49966 -0.86622
-0.49966 -0.86622
-0.49966 -0.86622
-0.49966 -0.86622
-0.49966 -0.86622
-0.49966 -0.86622
K0
rectangular
0.96476
0.001
1.0637 -1.38568
1.16264 -2.77236
1.26159 -4.15905
1.36053 -5.54573
1.45947 -6.93241
1.55841 -8.31909
1.65736 -9.70578
1.7563 -11.0925
1.85524 -12.4791
1.95419 -13.8658
2.94362 -27.7327
11.8485 -152.534
20.7533 -277.336
19789.6 -277337
Nominal
Phase to
Ground
Voltage
38105.1
38105.1
Voltage Phase b to ground
Total
rectangular
-0.0349 0.00081
0.06404 -1.38587
0.16298 -2.77256
0.26193 -4.15924
0.36087 -5.54592
0.45981 -6.9326
0.55876 -8.31929
0.6577 -9.70597
0.75664 -11.0927
0.85558 -12.4793
0.95453 -13.866
1.94396 -27.7328
10.8488 -152.534
19.7537 -277.336
19788.6 -277337
ratio a2+aK2+K0/1+K2+K0
NER
Ohm
polar
0.03491 -0.02319
0
1.38735 -1.52462
5
2.77734 -1.51208
10
4.16748 -1.5079
15
5.55765 -1.50582
20
6.94784 -1.50457
25
8.33803 -1.50373
30
9.72823 -1.50314
35
11.1184 -1.50269
40
12.5086 -1.50234
45
13.8988 -1.50207
50
27.8009 -1.50081
100
152.92 -1.49979
550
278.038 -1.49969
1000
278042 -1.49956 1000000
0.0119
0.4125
0.6603
0.7884
0.8570
0.8967
0.9215
0.9379
0.9494
0.9577
0.9639
0.9869
0.9984
0.9992
1.0000
polar
-0.0288
-1.1001
-0.7925
-0.6022
-0.4799
-0.3967
-0.3372
-0.2927
-0.2584
-0.2312
-0.2091
-0.1064
-0.0195
-0.0108
0.0000
rectangular
0.0119
-0.0003
0.1871
-0.3677
0.4636
-0.4702
0.6497
-0.4466
0.7602
-0.3957
0.8271
-0.3465
0.8696
-0.3048
0.8980
-0.2707
0.9178
-0.2426
0.9322
-0.2195
0.9429
-0.2001
0.9813
-0.1048
0.9982
-0.0195
0.9991
-0.0107
1.0000
0.0000
Voltage Phase C to Ground
Vb= Eb- a2+aK2+K0/1+K2+K0
rectangular
-0.5195
-0.8613
-0.6947
-0.4939
-0.9712
-0.3914
-1.1573
-0.4150
-1.2678
-0.4659
-1.3347
-0.5151
-1.3772
-0.5568
-1.4056
-0.5909
-1.4254
-0.6190
-1.4398
-0.6421
-1.4505
-0.6615
-1.4889
-0.7568
-1.5058
-0.8421
-1.5067
-0.8509
-1.5076
-0.8616
polar
1.0058
0.8524
1.0471
1.2295
1.3507
1.4307
1.4855
1.5248
1.5540
1.5765
1.5943
1.6702
1.7253
1.7304
1.7364
angle
(degree)
58.9030
35.4132
21.9495
19.7251
20.1784
21.1042
22.0118
22.8026
23.4720
24.0366
24.5152
26.9425
29.2149
29.4538
29.7479
Vb
V
38326
32480
39900
46849
51470
54515
56604
58102
59216
60073
60749
63642
65742
65935
66167
ratio a+a2K2+K0/1+K2+K0
NER
Ohm
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
100
550
1000
1000000
0.0118
0.4126
0.6604
0.7885
0.8571
0.8968
0.9215
0.9379
0.9494
0.9577
0.9640
0.9869
0.9984
0.9992
1.0000
polar
-0.0235
-1.0999
-0.7923
-0.6021
-0.4798
-0.3966
-0.3371
-0.2927
-0.2584
-0.2312
-0.2091
-0.1064
-0.0195
-0.0108
0.0000
rectangular
0.0118
-0.0003
0.1872
-0.3677
0.4637
-0.4702
0.6498
-0.4466
0.7603
-0.3956
0.8271
-0.3464
0.8696
-0.3048
0.8980
-0.2706
0.9179
-0.2426
0.9322
-0.2194
0.9430
-0.2001
0.9813
-0.1048
0.9982
-0.0195
0.9991
-0.0107
1.0000
0.0000
Results Check using V Residual
Vc= Eb- a+a2K2+K0/1+K2+K0
rectangular
-0.5114
0.8665
-0.6869
1.2339
-0.9634
1.3364
-1.1495
1.3128
-1.2599
1.2619
-1.3268
1.2127
-1.3693
1.1710
-1.3977
1.1369
-1.4175
1.1088
-1.4319
1.0857
-1.4426
1.0663
-1.4810
0.9711
-1.4979
0.8857
-1.4988
0.8770
-1.4997
0.8662
polar
1.0062
1.4122
1.6474
1.7449
1.7832
1.7975
1.8018
1.8017
1.7997
1.7969
1.7939
1.7709
1.7402
1.7365
1.7319
angle
(degree)
-59.4498
-60.8973
-54.2139
-48.7959
-45.0435
-42.4265
-40.5374
-39.1243
-38.0337
-37.1695
-36.4695
-33.2523
-30.5966
-30.3328
-30.0116
Vc
V
38340
53812
62776
66491
67949
68493
68656
68653
68577
68472
68357
67482
66309
66169
65993
V residual= (-3Ko/ ( 1 + K2 +K0 )) * E a
polar
0.9762
1.5586
2.1444
2.4669
2.6418
2.7432
2.8062
2.8479
2.8769
2.8978
2.9135
2.9700
2.9967
2.9983
3.0000
-3.1403
-3.6323
-3.5950
-3.5115
-3.4452
-3.3964
-3.3600
-3.3322
-3.3105
-3.2930
-3.2788
-3.2117
-3.1540
-3.1482
-3.1410
rectangular
-0.9762
-1.3746
-1.9278
-2.3000
-2.5209
-2.6546
-2.7396
-2.7963
-2.8360
-2.8647
-2.8861
-2.9627
-2.9965
-2.9982
-3.0000
Results Check using V Residual
idual= (-3Ko/ ( 1 + K2 +K0 )) * E a
rectangular
-0.0013
0.7345
0.9393
0.8919
0.7898
0.6914
0.6081
0.5397
0.4836
0.4372
0.3985
0.2079
0.0372
0.0197
-0.0018
Calculation of Overvoltage Va during Phase b to Phase c to Ground Fault
Check:V Residual -VBVC= 0
rectangular
0.0547
0.0069
0.0068
0.0068
0.0068
0.0069
0.0069
0.0070
0.0070
0.0070
0.0070
0.0071
0.0072
0.0072
0.0073
-0.0065
-0.0055
-0.0057
-0.0060
-0.0061
-0.0062
-0.0062
-0.0063
-0.0063
-0.0063
-0.0063
-0.0064
-0.0064
-0.0064
-0.0064
K2
rectangular
1.0000
0.0000
1.0000
0.0000
1.0000
0.0000
1.0000
0.0000
1.0000
0.0000
1.0000
0.0000
1.0000
0.0000
1.0000
0.0000
1.0000
0.0000
1.0000
0.0000
1.0000
0.0000
1.0000
0.0000
1.0000
0.0000
1.0000
0.0000
1.0000
0.0000
K0
rectangular
polar
0.9648
0.0010
0.9648
1.0637
-1.3857
1.7469
1.1626
-2.7724
3.0063
1.2616
-4.1590
4.3462
1.3605
-5.5457
5.7102
1.4595
-6.9324
7.0844
1.5584
-8.3191
8.4638
1.6574
-9.7058
9.8463
1.7563
-11.0925
11.2306
1.8552
-12.4791
12.6163
1.9542
-13.8658
14.0029
2.9436
-27.7327
27.8884
11.8485
-152.5341
152.9936
20.7533
-277.3356
278.1110
19789.5528 -277336.5716 ##########
K2K0
0.0010
-0.9161
-1.1737
-1.2763
-1.3302
-1.3633
-1.3856
-1.4017
-1.4138
-1.4232
-1.4308
-1.4650
-1.4933
-1.4961
-1.4996
polar
0.9880 90.0203
1.2541 79.0571
1.3949 81.7997
1.4434 83.9190
1.4643 85.2381
1.4751 86.1056
1.4814 86.7125
1.4855 87.1586
1.4882 87.4995
1.4902 87.7681
1.4916 87.9850
1.4969 88.9805
1.4996 89.8133
1.4998 89.8973
1.5000 89.9999
1
1
1.5708
-0.5236
3.3E-07
0.86603
1
-0.5
Ec
1
3.66519 -0.86603
-0.5
Voltage Factor
Va=3 K2 K0/ (K2 + K0 + K2 K0)
rectangular
0.9648
0.0007
1.0637
-0.7251
1.1626
-1.0306
1.2616
-1.1702
1.3605
-1.2471
1.4595
-1.2953
1.5584
-1.3282
1.6574
-1.3521
1.7563
-1.3701
1.8552
-1.3843
1.9542
-1.3956
2.9436
-1.4473
11.8485
-1.4900
20.7533
-1.4943
19789.5528 -1.4996
Ea
Eb
V
37646.7024
47789.2963
53154.2978
54999.4013
55796.3006
56208.4320
56449.5970
56603.5841
56708.4272
56783.3931
56839.0980
57040.6880
57142.9107
57149.9176
57157.6693
Max ph g
Overvoltage Maximum Overvoltage Maximum
( between Vb also considering phPeak
and Vc)
ph-g fault
Overvoltage
V
38340
53812
62776
66491
67949
68493
68656
68653
68577
68472
68357
67482
66309
66169
66167
V
38340
53812
62776
66491
67949
68493
68656
68653
68577
68472
68357
67482
66309
66169
66167
V
54221
76102
88778
94032
96094
96864
97094
97090
96983
96834
96672
95434
93775
93577
93574
NER
Ratio Overvoltage/Nominal
Ohm
Voltage
1.006
0
1.412
5
1.647
10
1.745
15
1.783
20
1.797
25
1.802
30
1.802
35
1.800
40
1.797
45
1.794
50
1.771
100
1.740
550
1.736
1000
1.736
1000000
Appendix D
Overvoltage Study- PSCAD Model
136/138
PSCAD Software- System Model-Leonardo Torelli- RMIT University
Analysis and Protection of Subtransmission Systems Using Neutral Earth Resistor
Va
|X|
Vs
C
Vb
|X|
Vmax
Max
D
Vc
Is
E
|X|
mrunout.out
P+jQ
#2
A
V
Resis
#1
+
RL
T
FLAT230
FaultType
Bus Current,Bus Voltage : Graphs
Current (kA)
1.00
0.75
Timed
Fault
Logic
Is
0.50
0.25
0.00
-0.25
-0.50
-0.75
-1.00
Voltage (kV)
200
150
100
Vs
50
0
-50
-100
A
TIME
FltTime
0.00
ENAB
B Comparator
Vs
-150
-200
Tim...
1
1
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
Ch. 1
.
Meas-Enab
.
FDelay
V1
Va
...
...
...
2
Ch. 2
.
V2
FaultType
Vb
3
Vc
Ch. 3 Multiple
Run
Ch. 4
Vmax
V3
FaultDuration
V4
Resis
Control
FaultDuration
Faul...
Initial Faul...
Fault Type
FStart
+
0.1
+
F
0.1
s
FDelay
0.4
FltTime
D
Fault Moni...
Resis
0
12
0
1e+006
0
#NaN
0.4
#NaN
#NaN
Appendix E
Voltage and Current as function of SIR
137/138
Vb
Vb
Sb
Zb
Zb
I
Source
Ohm
pu
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
Tx
pu
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
Source
Ohm
pu
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
Tx
pu
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
Z1
Line
66000.000
220000.000
100000000.000
43.560
484.000
886.054
Z0
R pu
X pu
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
Z1
Line
Length
km
2.000
2.000
2.000
2.000
2.000
2.000
2.000
2.000
2.000
2.000
2.000
2.000
2.000
2.000
2.000
2.000
2.000
2.000
2.000
2.000
2.000
2.000
2.000
2.000
2.000
2.000
2.000
2.000
2.000
2.000
2.000
2.000
2.000
2.000
2.000
Zs Total Zl Total
pu
pu
0.159
0.018
0.159
0.018
0.159
0.018
0.159
0.018
0.159
0.018
0.159
0.018
0.159
0.018
0.159
0.018
0.159
0.018
0.159
0.018
0.159
0.018
0.159
0.018
0.159
0.018
0.159
0.018
0.159
0.018
0.159
0.018
0.159
0.018
0.159
0.018
0.159
0.018
0.159
0.018
0.159
0.018
0.159
0.018
0.159
0.018
0.159
0.018
0.159
0.018
0.159
0.018
0.159
0.018
0.159
0.018
0.159
0.018
0.159
0.018
0.159
0.018
0.159
0.018
0.159
0.018
0.159
0.018
0.159
0.018
NER
Ohm
0.000
2.000
4.000
6.000
8.000
10.000
12.000
14.000
16.000
18.000
20.000
22.000
24.000
26.000
28.000
30.000
32.000
34.000
36.000
38.000
40.000
42.000
44.000
46.000
48.000
50.000
52.000
54.000
56.000
58.000
60.000
62.000
64.000
66.000
68.000
Length
km
5.000
5.000
5.000
5.000
5.000
5.000
5.000
5.000
5.000
5.000
5.000
5.000
5.000
5.000
Zs Total Zl Total
pu
pu
0.159
0.044
0.159
0.044
0.159
0.044
0.159
0.044
0.159
0.044
0.159
0.044
0.159
0.044
0.159
0.044
0.159
0.044
0.159
0.044
0.159
0.044
0.159
0.044
0.159
0.044
0.159
0.044
NER
pu
0.000
0.046
0.092
0.138
0.184
0.230
0.275
0.321
0.367
0.413
0.459
0.505
0.551
0.597
0.643
0.689
0.735
0.781
0.826
0.872
0.918
0.964
1.010
1.056
1.102
1.148
1.194
1.240
1.286
1.331
1.377
1.423
1.469
1.515
1.561
Tx
pu
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
pu
0.000
0.046
0.092
0.138
0.184
0.230
0.275
0.321
0.367
0.413
0.459
0.505
0.551
0.597
Tx
pu
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
Line
Ohm
pu
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
Zs Total
pu
0.150
0.288
0.425
0.563
0.701
0.839
0.976
1.114
1.252
1.390
1.527
1.665
1.803
1.941
2.078
2.216
2.354
2.492
2.629
2.767
2.905
3.043
3.180
3.318
3.456
3.594
3.731
3.869
4.007
4.144
4.282
4.420
4.558
4.695
4.833
Zl Total
pu
0.071
0.071
0.071
0.071
0.071
0.071
0.071
0.071
0.071
0.071
0.071
0.071
0.071
0.071
0.071
0.071
0.071
0.071
0.071
0.071
0.071
0.071
0.071
0.071
0.071
0.071
0.071
0.071
0.071
0.071
0.071
0.071
0.071
0.071
0.071
Ifault 3Phase I fault
pu
pu
6.300
6.417
6.300
4.957
6.300
4.038
6.300
3.406
6.300
2.946
6.300
2.595
6.300
2.319
6.300
2.095
6.300
1.912
6.300
1.757
6.300
1.626
6.300
1.513
6.300
1.415
6.300
1.329
6.300
1.252
6.300
1.184
6.300
1.123
6.300
1.068
6.300
1.018
6.300
0.973
6.300
0.931
6.300
0.893
6.300
0.858
6.300
0.825
6.300
0.795
6.300
0.767
6.300
0.741
6.300
0.717
6.300
0.694
6.300
0.672
6.300
0.652
6.300
0.633
6.300
0.615
6.300
0.598
6.300
0.582
I1/I3
pu
1.019
0.787
0.641
0.541
0.468
0.412
0.368
0.333
0.303
0.279
0.258
0.240
0.225
0.211
0.199
0.188
0.178
0.170
0.162
0.154
0.148
0.142
0.136
0.131
0.126
0.122
0.118
0.114
0.110
0.107
0.104
0.101
0.098
0.095
0.092
Vrelay
SIR
pu
0.185
0.149
0.125
0.107
0.094
0.084
0.076
0.069
0.063
0.058
0.054
0.051
0.048
0.045
0.042
0.040
0.038
0.036
0.035
0.033
0.032
0.031
0.029
0.028
0.027
0.026
0.026
0.025
0.024
0.023
0.023
0.022
0.021
0.021
0.020
4.4
5.7
7.0
8.3
9.6
10.9
12.2
13.5
14.8
16.1
17.4
18.7
20.0
21.3
22.6
23.9
25.2
26.5
27.8
29.1
30.4
31.7
33.0
34.3
35.6
36.9
38.2
39.5
40.8
42.1
43.4
44.7
46.0
47.3
48.6
Zs Total
pu
0.150
0.288
0.425
0.563
0.701
0.839
0.976
1.114
1.252
1.390
1.527
1.665
1.803
1.941
Zl Total
pu
0.177
0.177
0.177
0.177
0.177
0.177
0.177
0.177
0.177
0.177
0.177
0.177
0.177
0.177
Ifault 3Phase I fault
pu
pu
6.300
6.417
6.300
4.957
6.300
4.038
6.300
3.406
6.300
2.946
6.300
2.595
6.300
2.319
6.300
2.095
6.300
1.912
6.300
1.757
6.300
1.626
6.300
1.513
6.300
1.415
6.300
1.329
I1/I3
pu
1.019
0.787
0.641
0.541
0.468
0.412
0.368
0.333
0.303
0.279
0.258
0.240
0.225
0.211
Vrelay
SIR
pu
0.362
0.305
0.263
0.231
0.207
0.187
0.170
0.156
0.145
0.134
0.126
0.118
0.111
0.105
1.8
2.3
2.8
3.3
3.8
4.4
4.9
5.4
5.9
6.4
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
Z0
R pu
X pu
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
Ohm
0.000
2.000
4.000
6.000
8.000
10.000
12.000
14.000
16.000
18.000
20.000
22.000
24.000
26.000
Line
Ohm
pu
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
4.230
4.230
4.230
4.230
4.230
4.230
4.230
4.230
4.230
4.230
4.230
4.230
4.230
4.230
4.230
4.230
4.230
4.230
4.230
4.230
4.230
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
Source
Ohm
pu
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
4.230
0.009
Tx
pu
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
Z1
Line
5.000
5.000
5.000
5.000
5.000
5.000
5.000
5.000
5.000
5.000
5.000
5.000
5.000
5.000
5.000
5.000
5.000
5.000
5.000
5.000
5.000
0.159
0.159
0.159
0.159
0.159
0.159
0.159
0.159
0.159
0.159
0.159
0.159
0.159
0.159
0.159
0.159
0.159
0.159
0.159
0.159
0.159
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
0.044
28.000
30.000
32.000
34.000
36.000
38.000
40.000
42.000
44.000
46.000
48.000
50.000
52.000
54.000
56.000
58.000
60.000
62.000
64.000
66.000
68.000
0.643
0.689
0.735
0.781
0.826
0.872
0.918
0.964
1.010
1.056
1.102
1.148
1.194
1.240
1.286
1.331
1.377
1.423
1.469
1.515
1.561
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
pu
0.000
0.046
0.092
0.138
0.184
0.230
0.275
0.321
0.367
0.413
0.459
0.505
0.551
0.597
0.643
0.689
0.735
0.781
0.826
0.872
0.918
0.964
1.010
1.056
1.102
1.148
1.194
1.240
1.286
1.331
1.377
1.423
1.469
1.515
1.561
Tx
pu
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
2.078
2.216
2.354
2.492
2.629
2.767
2.905
3.043
3.180
3.318
3.456
3.594
3.731
3.869
4.007
4.144
4.282
4.420
4.558
4.695
4.833
0.177
0.177
0.177
0.177
0.177
0.177
0.177
0.177
0.177
0.177
0.177
0.177
0.177
0.177
0.177
0.177
0.177
0.177
0.177
0.177
0.177
6.300
6.300
6.300
6.300
6.300
6.300
6.300
6.300
6.300
6.300
6.300
6.300
6.300
6.300
6.300
6.300
6.300
6.300
6.300
6.300
6.300
1.252
1.184
1.123
1.068
1.018
0.973
0.931
0.893
0.858
0.825
0.795
0.767
0.741
0.717
0.694
0.672
0.652
0.633
0.615
0.598
0.582
0.199
0.188
0.178
0.170
0.162
0.154
0.148
0.142
0.136
0.131
0.126
0.122
0.118
0.114
0.110
0.107
0.104
0.101
0.098
0.095
0.092
Ifault 3Phase I fault
pu
pu
6.300
6.417
6.300
4.957
6.300
4.038
6.300
3.406
6.300
2.946
6.300
2.595
6.300
2.319
6.300
2.095
6.300
1.912
6.300
1.757
6.300
1.626
6.300
1.513
6.300
1.415
6.300
1.329
6.300
1.252
6.300
1.184
6.300
1.123
6.300
1.068
6.300
1.018
6.300
0.973
6.300
0.931
6.300
0.893
6.300
0.858
6.300
0.825
6.300
0.795
6.300
0.767
6.300
0.741
6.300
0.717
6.300
0.694
6.300
0.672
6.300
0.652
6.300
0.633
6.300
0.615
6.300
0.598
6.300
0.582
I1/I3
pu
1.019
0.787
0.641
0.541
0.468
0.412
0.368
0.333
0.303
0.279
0.258
0.240
0.225
0.211
0.199
0.188
0.178
0.170
0.162
0.154
0.148
0.142
0.136
0.131
0.126
0.122
0.118
0.114
0.110
0.107
0.104
0.101
0.098
0.095
0.092
0.100
0.095
0.090
0.086
0.083
0.079
0.076
0.073
0.070
0.068
0.066
0.063
0.061
0.060
0.058
0.056
0.055
0.053
0.052
0.050
0.049
9.0
9.6
10.1
10.6
11.1
11.6
12.2
12.7
13.2
13.7
14.2
14.8
15.3
15.8
16.3
16.8
17.3
17.9
18.4
18.9
19.4
Vrelay
SIR
pu
0.531
0.467
0.416
0.376
0.342
0.314
0.291
0.270
0.253
0.237
0.223
0.211
0.200
0.190
0.181
0.173
0.166
0.159
0.153
0.147
0.141
0.136
0.132
0.127
0.123
0.119
0.116
0.112
0.109
0.106
0.103
0.101
0.098
0.096
0.093
0.9
1.1
1.4
1.7
1.9
2.2
2.4
2.7
3.0
3.2
3.5
3.7
4.0
4.3
4.5
4.8
5.0
5.3
5.6
5.8
6.1
6.3
6.6
6.9
7.1
7.4
7.6
7.9
8.2
8.4
8.7
8.9
9.2
9.5
9.7
Z0
R pu
X pu
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00168
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
0.00884
Length
km
10.000
10.000
10.000
10.000
10.000
10.000
10.000
10.000
10.000
10.000
10.000
10.000
10.000
10.000
10.000
10.000
10.000
10.000
10.000
10.000
10.000
10.000
10.000
10.000
10.000
10.000
10.000
10.000
10.000
10.000
10.000
10.000
10.000
10.000
10.000
Zs Total Zl Total
pu
pu
0.159
0.088
0.159
0.088
0.159
0.088
0.159
0.088
0.159
0.088
0.159
0.088
0.159
0.088
0.159
0.088
0.159
0.088
0.159
0.088
0.159
0.088
0.159
0.088
0.159
0.088
0.159
0.088
0.159
0.088
0.159
0.088
0.159
0.088
0.159
0.088
0.159
0.088
0.159
0.088
0.159
0.088
0.159
0.088
0.159
0.088
0.159
0.088
0.159
0.088
0.159
0.088
0.159
0.088
0.159
0.088
0.159
0.088
0.159
0.088
0.159
0.088
0.159
0.088
0.159
0.088
0.159
0.088
0.159
0.088
NER
Ohm
0.000
2.000
4.000
6.000
8.000
10.000
12.000
14.000
16.000
18.000
20.000
22.000
24.000
26.000
28.000
30.000
32.000
34.000
36.000
38.000
40.000
42.000
44.000
46.000
48.000
50.000
52.000
54.000
56.000
58.000
60.000
62.000
64.000
66.000
68.000
Line
Ohm
pu
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.00670
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
0.03535
Zs Total
pu
0.150
0.288
0.425
0.563
0.701
0.839
0.976
1.114
1.252
1.390
1.527
1.665
1.803
1.941
2.078
2.216
2.354
2.492
2.629
2.767
2.905
3.043
3.180
3.318
3.456
3.594
3.731
3.869
4.007
4.144
4.282
4.420
4.558
4.695
4.833
Zl Total
pu
0.354
0.354
0.354
0.354
0.354
0.354
0.354
0.354
0.354
0.354
0.354
0.354
0.354
0.354
0.354
0.354
0.354
0.354
0.354
0.354
0.354
0.354
0.354
0.354
0.354
0.354
0.354
0.354
0.354
0.354
0.354
0.354
0.354
0.354
0.354
Appendix F
CVT Study – PSCAD Data
138/138
10 km line length and initial SIR of 1
SIR
1
5
10
20
30
60
Ifault
kA
19.40
5.60
2.26
1.41
1.04
0.41
1st V Peak
pu
1.29
4.49
8.62
17.86
22.00
43.59
2nd V Peak
pu
1.46
1.40
1.95
3.71
4.44
8.35
3rd V Peak
pu
1.08
1.20
1.26
1.12
1.06
1.53
4th V Peak
pu
1
1
1
1
1
1
3rd V Peak
pu
1.09
1.36
1.39
1.81
4th V Peak
pu
1
1
1
1
3rd V Peak
pu
1.01
0.99
1.01
1.19
1.12
1.76
4th V Peak
pu
1
1
1
1
1
1
3rd V Peak
pu
1.01
1.19
1.12
1.76
4th V Peak
pu
1
1
1
1
10 km line length and initial SIR of 10
SIR
10
20
30
60
Ifault
kA
3.71
1.71
1.10
0.44
1st V Peak
pu
7.50
14.30
22.61
46.44
2nd V Peak
pu
2.16
3.89
5.33
9.13
2 km line length and initial SIR of 1
SIR
1
5
10
20
30
60
Ifault
kA
95.20
25.80
14.30
7.30
4.70
2.32
1st V Peak
pu
1.47
4.80
8.04
17.44
22.67
43.59
2nd V Peak
pu
1.09
1.48
2.03
3.51
4.58
8.53
2 km line length and initial SIR of 10
SIR
10
20
30
60
Ifault
kA
17.50
7.39
4.24
2.40
1st V Peak
pu
8.04
17.44
22.67
43.59
2nd V Peak
pu
2.03
3.51
4.58
8.53