Superconducting Magnetic Energy
Storage (SMES) for Improved Power
Quality
Shuki Wolfus, Alex Friedman, Yasha Nikulshin, Eli Perel & Yosi Yeshurun
Institute of Superconductivity, Department of Physics
Bar-Ilan University
1
Energy in Coils
Ø  Circulating current in a coil
generates magnetic field, B
Ø  The energy stored in space is
proportional to B2
If the coil is superconducting, its current
doesn’t decay
The coil becomes an energy storing
device
1 2
E = LI
2
2
High-Power Capability
Power capability of the SMES depends on its discharge rate
Limitations:
Ø  Switching voltage and efficiency
Ø  Winding insulation / coil breakdown
dI
V =L
dt
3
SMES Power Density
Energy and power densities
10
5
10
4
1000
100
10
SMES
Dielectric
capacitor
Mass specific power (kW/kg)
Comparison to other energy storage technologies
1
Ragone chart:
Performance
comparison
of storing
devices
Batteries
Super
capacitor
0,1
Flywheel
Batteries
0,01
0,001
0,01
0,1
1
10
100
1000
Mass specific energy (Wh/kg)
P. Tixador, ESAS 2011
9
P. Tixador
Institut Néel, G2Elab
2011 ESAS
Summer school
4
Performances
SMES application
SMES Applications
5
10
SMES
10
1
www.electricitystorage.org
Super
capacitors
0,1
Batteries
Discharging time
100
Dielectric
capacitors
1000
Batteries
0,01
0,001
0,01
0,1
1
10
100
1000
Mass specific energy (Wh/kg)
Hours
Pumped
hydro
CAES
Metal-air
Flow batteries
batteries
High energy NaS batteries
supercaps
Lead-acid batteries
Ni-Cd batteries
Long dura. flywh.
4
10
Li-ion batteries
P. Tixador, ESAS 2011
Minutes
High power flywheels
Seconds
1 kW
High power
supercaps
SMES
100 kW
100 MW
Power
SMES
main
advantage is in the high-power short-time regime
2011
ESAS
P. Tixador
Institut Néel, G2Elab
Summer school
Performances
Ideal for handling power quality issues
5
to this PQ Survey project proved that the samples and models are large and good
enough to conclude that the variation explained by the model is not due to chance and
that the relationship between the model and the dependent variable - annual PQ costs is very strong.
The charts in Figure 1 present the cost extrapolations of wastage caused by the range of
PQ phenomena throughout the sectors investigated in EU-25: PQ cost is characterized
by disturbance type (absolute value in € bln and % value of total cost) and cost
components.
PQ Cost to EU Economy
Figure 1: Extrapolation of PQ cost to EU economy in LPQI surveyed
sectors
Dips and short interruptions
Long interruptions
Harmonics
Surges and transients
Flicker unbalance earthing and EMC
85
PQ
cost
in
bln
€
Labor
WIP
Process slowdown
Equipment
Other cost
90
86,5
REMARKS
Standard error
of estimation:
industry +/-5% based
on regression only and
+/- 2,54% variance
corrected services
+/-12,93%, +/-11,91%
respectively
Banks excluded
80
70
64
63,6
60
53,4
51,2
50
37,9
44,6
41,3
PQ cost in EU
>150 bln €
40
36
30
20
4,6
4,1
0,2
Industry
6,4
1,5 1,8 1,1 2,1
Services
0
10
4,2
1,3
1,4
2,9
0
Total
J. Manston & R. Targosz European Power Quality Survey Report, 2008
Industry
7
3,3
0,9
2
0,4 0,1
Services
3
2,2
Total
6
European Power Quality Survey Report
Industries sensitive to PQ disturbances
www.leonardo-energy.org
Figure 10: LPQI survey, PQ disturbance frequency, dips, interruptions, surges and
transients
These are annualised data giving the frequency of disturbances per sector. In this figure
J. Manston & R. Targosz European
Powercompany
Quality Survey
Report,
one metals
claiming
short 2008
interruptions every day has been filtered to avoid
distorting the overall picture.
7
Technology Challenges
Magnet topologies
Ø  Magnetic Design
(field intensity, stored energy, coil
configuration,I stray fields, foot print…)
Ø
Cryostat and magnet cooling
(conduction vs. liquid cooling, heat flow,
heat drain, maintenance…)
Ø
Superconductor
(wire development, AC losses, quench
protection, stabilization…)
Ø  Power electronics
Solenoid
(logic, switching, components, losses,
algorithm, control…)
Toroid
8
BIU’s HTS SMES (Old)
Ministry of National Infrastructure - Israel Electric Company (IEC)
Main achievements:
Ø  World’s first LN2 cooled
operating HTS SMES 3phase, 400 V, 1 kJ, 20 kW
Ø  Special geometry Iron
core increased energy gain
reduced self field
Ø  Novel converter circuit
Simultaneous charge &
discharge increased device
power
9
BIU’s New SMES
Features
Ø  1MJ, 1MW
Ø
Solenoid design with field shielding
Ø  New, state-of-the-art MgB2 superconducting wires
Ø  Conduction cooling at 10K
10
BIU’s New SMES
500$
400$
V$corrected$
300$
Reference$
200$
V$Interrupted$
100$
0$
0$
0.005$
0.01$
0.015$
0.02$
0.025$
0.03$
!100$
!200$
!300$
!400$
!500$
11
Worldwide SMES Projects - China
1-MJ/0.5-MVA SMES that incorporates Bi-2223 wire.
Baiyan substation in Gansu Province since 2011
12
A. Wolsky, “A roadmap to future use of HTS by the power sector”, 2012
Chubu Electric - Japan
19MJ/10-MVA SMES that incorporates NbTi wire. 2007
13
Brookhaven, ABB, SuperPower &
Huston Univ. - USA
1.7MJ/10-kVA SMES for military micro-grids . 2015
14
le Energy Sources Using Hydrogen
and SMES
Michael Sander and Rainer Gehring
Hybrid SMES - The Futuristic Vision
proposed that comerconducting Magincrease of the conts like wind or solar
balancing demands
ven days. LH2 with
candidate for large
ad or supply fluctuthe losses related to
o the response times
part more steadily
be needed. Here a
uctors (HTS) is prod in the LH2 bath.
s for the SMES are
simulations on the
ent plant types are
temperature superts.
Fig. 1. M.
Concept
of the LIQHYSMES Hybrid Plant consisting of three major
Sander and R. Gehing, IEEE TRANS. ON APPL. SUPERCON., 21, 1362 (2011)
parts: the Electrochemical Energy Storage (EES), the Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) and the Power Conversion & Control Unit (PCC).
15