List of Manhole/Vault Explosion References
6/11/11
W. Z. Black
Georgia Tech
william.black@me.gatech.edu
404 556-6054 - Cell
Red Type = I have these references
I. GAS EXPLOSIONS IN VENTED AND NON-VENTED ENCLOSURES
Andrews, G. E. and Bradley, D., The Burning Velocity of Methane-Air Mixtures,
Combustion and Flame, Vol. 19, pp. 275-288, 1972.
Bradley, Derek. and Mitcheson, Alan., Mathematical Solutions for Explosions in Spherical
Vessels, Combustion and Flame, Vol. 26, pp. 201-217, 1976.
Bradley, Derek and Mitcheson, Alan, The Venting of Gaseous Explosions in Spherical
Vessels I – Theory, Combustion and Flame, Vol. 32, pp. 221-236, 1978.
Bradley, Derek and Mitcheson, Alan, The Venting of Gaseous Explosions in Spherical
Vessels II – Theory and Experiment, Combustion and Flame, Vol. 32, pp. 237-255, 1978.
Canu, Paolo, Rota, Renato, Carra, Sergio and Morbidelli, Massimo, Vented Gas
Deflagrations: A Detailed Mathematical Model Tuned on a Large Set of Experimental
Data, Combustion and Flame, Vol. 80, pp. 49-64, 1990.
Chippett, S., Modeling of Vented Deflagrations, Combustion and Flame, Vol.55, pp. 127140, 1984.
Ciccarelli, G. and Dorofeev, S., Flame Acceleration and Transition to Detonation in Ducts,
Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, Vol. 34, Issue 4, pp. 499-550, August 2008.
Cooper, M. G., Fairweather, M. and Tite, J. P., On the Mechanisms of Pressure Generation
in Vented Explosions, Combustion and Flame, Vol. 65, No. 1, pp. 1-14, July 1986.
Dobashi, Ritsu, Experimental Study on Gas Explosion Behavior in Enclosures, Journal of
Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, Vol.10, pp. 83-89, 1997.
Epstein, Michael, Swift, Ian and Fauske, Hans K., Estimation of Peak Pressure for SonicVented Hydrocarbon Explosions in Spherical Vessels, Combustion & Flame, Vol. 66, pp. 18, 1986.
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Gruber, U, Puppich, P. Noll, E. and Mewes, D., Time-Dependent Behavior of the Pressure
in an Explosion as a Basis for the Design of Pressure Vessels and Apparatus, International
Chemical Engineering, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp.42-54, January 1991.
Heinrich, H.J., Bemessung von Druckentlastungsoffnungen zum Schutz Explosionsgefahrdeter Anlangen in der Chemischen Industrie, Chem-Ing-Techn., Vol. 38, pp. 11251133, 1966.
Hochst, Siegfried and Leuckel, Wolfgang, On the Effect of Venting Large Vessels with Mass
Inert Panels, Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, Vol.11, pp. 89-97, 1989.
Kumar, R. K., Dewit, W. A. and Greig, D. R., Vented Explosion of Hydrogen-Air Mixtures
in a Large Volume, Combustion Science and Technology, Vol. 66, pp. 251-266, 1989.
Kumar, R. K., Dewit, W. A., and Greig, D. R., Vented Explosion of Hydrogen-Air Mixtures
in a Large Volume, Combustion and Flame, Vol. 94, pp. 330-340, 1989. ????Repeat????
Kumar, R. K., Tamm, H. and Harrison, W. C., Combustion of Hydrogen at High
Concentration Including the Effects of Obstacles, Combustion Science and Technology,
Vol. 35, pp. 175-186, 1983.
Lee, J. H. S. and Guiro, G. M., Pressure Development in Closed and Vented Vessels, Plant /
Operating Progress Journal, Vol.1, pp. 75-85, 1982.
Makarov, D., Verbecke, F. and Molkov, V., Numerical Analysis of Hydrogen Deflagration
Mitigation by Venting Through a Duct, Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries,
Vol. 20, Issues 4-6, pp. 433-438, 2007.
McCann, D. P. J.; Thomas, G. O. and Edwards, D. H. Gasdynamics of Vented Explosions
Part I: Experimental Studies, Combustion and Flame, Vol. 59, pp. 233-250, 1985.
Molkov, V.V., Baratov, A., Korolchenko, A., Dynamics of Gas Explosions in Vented
Vessels: A Critical Review and Progress, Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, Kuh,
A., Leyer, J. C., Borisov, A., Sirignano, W., Editors, Vol. 154 (Dynamic Aspects of
Explosion Phenomena). Amer. Inst. Aeron. Astronaut., Boulder, CO, pp. 117-131, 1993.
Molkov V. V. and Makarov, D. V., Rethinking the Physics of a Large-Scale Vented
Explosion and its Mitigation, Process Safety and Environmental Protection, Vol. 84, Issue 1,
pp. 33-39, 2006.
Molkov, V. V. and Nekrasov, V. P., Dynamics of Gas Combustion in a Constant Volume in
the Presence of Exhaust, Combustion and Flame, Vol. 65, No. 1, pp. 363-369, July 1986.
Molkov, V. V., Dobashi, R., Suzuki, M. and Hirano, T., Modeling of Vented Hydrogen-Air
Deflagrations and Correlation for Vent Sizing, Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process
Industries, Vol. 12, Issue 2, pp. 147-156, 1999.
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Molkov, V. V., Dobashi, R., Suzuki, M. and Hirano, T., Venting of Deflagrations:
Hydrocarbon-Air and Hydrogen-Air Systems, Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process
Industries, Vol. 13, pp. 397-409, 2000.
Molkov, V. V., Eber, R.M., Grigorash, A.V., Tamanini, F. and Dobashi, R., Vented Gaseous
Deflagrations: Modeling of Translating Inertial Vent Covers, Journal of Loss Prevention in
the Process Industries, Vol. 16, pp. 397-409, 2003.
Molkov V.V., Korolchenko A., Alexandrov S., Venting of Deflagrations in Buildings and
Equipment: Universal Correlation, Proceedings of 5th International Symposium on Fire
Safety Science, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 1249-1260, March 1997.
NFPA 68 Guide for Venting of Deflagrations, National Fire Protection Association,
Quincy, MA, USA, 1998.
Oran, Elaine S. and Gamezo, Vadim N., Origins of the Deflagration-to-Detonation
Transition in Gas-Phase Combustion, Combustion and Flame, Vol. 148, pp. 4-47, 2007.
Pasman, H. J., Groothuisen, T. H. M. and Gooijer, P. H., Design of Pressure Relief Vents,
Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries, Proceedings of the First
International Loss Prevention Symposium, Delft, The Netherlands, C. H. Buschman Ed.,
pp. 185–189, 1974.
Pekalski, A. A., Schildberg, H.P., Smallegange, P. S. D., Lemkowitz, S. M., Zevenbergen, J.
F., Braithwaite, M., Pasman, H. J., Determination of the Experimental Behavior of Methane
and Propene in Air or Oxygen at Standard and Elevated Conditions, in the Proceedings of
the 11th International Symposium on Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, Prague, pp.
2118-2138, 2004.
Phase I Final Report, EPRI Project EP-P25698/C12429, Manhole Event Gas Explosion
Modeling, W. Z. Black, Bryan Walsh and Robert Snodgrass, March 2008.
Rasbach, D. J., Drysdale, D. D. and Kemp, N., Design of an Experimental Relief System for
Building Handling Liquified Fuel Gases, Institute of Chemical Engineers, Symposium
Series, Vol. 47, pp. 145-156, 1976.
Razus, D. M. and Krause, U., Comparison of Empirical and Semi-Empirical Calculation
Methods for Venting of Gas Explosions, Fire Safety Journal, Vol. 36, Issue 1, pp. 1-23,
2001.
Razus, D., Movileanu, C., Brinzea, V. and Oancea, D., Explosion Pressures of
Hydrocarbon-air Mixtures in Closed Vessels, Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. B135,
pp. 58-65, 2006.
Runes, E., Explosion Venting, Loss Prevention, Vol. 6, pp. 63-67, 1972.
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Solberg, D. M., Pappas, J. A. and Skramstad, E., Experimental Investigation of Flame
Acceleration and Pressure Rise Phenomena in Large Scale Vented Gas Explosions, Loss
Prevention and Safety Promotion in Process Industries, Proceedings of the 3rd International
Symposium, Basel, Vol. 3, 16/1295-16/1303, 1980.
Taminini and Chaffee, Turbulent Unvented Gas Explosions under Dynamic Mixture
Injection Conditions, Symposium (International) on Combustion, Vol. 23, Issue 1, pp. 851858. 1991.
Wu, Y. and Swithenbank, J., Experimental Studies on Gas-Dynamics of Venting Explosion,
Transactions IChemE. Vol. 70, Part A, pp. 200-202, March 1992.
Zipt, R. Karl Jr., Sapka, Michael J. and Brune, Jurgen F., Explosion Pressure Design
Criteria for New Seals in U. S. Coal Mines, NIOSH, CDC, IC 9500, July 2007.
II. ELECTRIC FAULTS IN MANHOLES/VAULTS
Abdolall, Khaled and Buchholz, Vern L., B.C. Hydro 15kV Cable Explosion, IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 302-307, April 2002.
Boeck, W. and Kruger, K., Arc Motion and Burn Through in GIS, IEEE Transactions on
Power Delivery, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 254-261, 1992.
Brzustowski, T. A., Burroughs, J. C., Chu, F. Y., and Twardus, E. M, Explosions in
Distribution Equipment, Work performed by Energetex Engineering for CEA under
project No. 149 D 269, Research Report December 1983.
Cress and Hatanaka, CEATI Report # T044700-5042, Detection and Interruption of
Arcing Faults on Distribution Utility Secondary Voltage Conductors, Kinectrics, Inc.
Toronto, Ontario Canada, August 2005.
Dasbach, A. and Pietsch, G. J., Calculation of Pressure Waves in Substation Buildings
Due to Arcing Faults, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 17601765, November 1990.
Desborough, M., Pressure Rise and Burn Through Predictions and the Principles of
Pressure Relief Device Design, Institute of electrical Engineers, London, 1997.
Drouet, Michel G. and Nadeau, Francois, Pressure Waves due to Arcing Faults in a
Substation, IEEE Trans. On Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-98, No. 5, pp. 16321635, September/October 1979.
Friberg, F., Pietsch, G. and Schumacher, M, On the Description of Pressure Rise in the
Surroundings of High Current Arcs in Metal-Enclosed Compartments with Pressure Relief,
The Eleventh International Conference on Gas Discharges and their Application, Chuo
University, Tokyo, pp. 18-21, September 11-15, 1995.
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Friberg, G. and Pietsch, G. J., Calculation of Pressure Rise due to Arcing Faults, IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 365-70, April 1999.
Hamel, Andre, Gaudreau, Andre and Cote, Michel, Intermittent Arcing Fault on
Underground Low-Voltage Cables, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 19, No. 4,
pp. 1862-1868, October 2002.
Heberlein, G. Erich Jr., Higgins, Jack A. and Epperly Richard A., Report on Enclosure
Internal Arcing Tests, IEEE Paper No. PCIC-94-32, pp. 271-284, 1994.
Kizilcay, M. and Koch, K.-H., Numerical Fault Arc Simulation Based on Power Arc Tests,
European Transactions on Electrical Power Engineering, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 177-85, MayJune 1994.
Koch, Bohdan, Tests on XLPE-Insulated Cable Arcing Faults and Arcproofing, IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 1289-1295, October 1988.
Koch, Bohdan and Carpentier, Yves, Manhole Explosions due to Arcing Faults in
Underground Secondary Distribution Cables in Ducts, IEEE Transactions on Power
Delivery, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 1425-1433, July 1992.
Koch, Bohdan and Christophe, Patrick, Arc Voltage for Arcing Faults on 25(28) – kV
Cables and Splices, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 779-85, July
1993.
Lee, Ralph H., Pressures Developed by Arcs, IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol.
IA-23, No. 4, July/August, 1987.
Lee, Ralph, H., The Other Electrical Hazard: Electric Arc Blast Burns, IEEE Transactions
on Industry Applications, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 146-151, May/June 1982.
Lutz, F. and Pietsch, G., Investigation on the Pressure Rise in the Surroundings of a HighCurrent Fault Arc, 6th International Conference on Gas Discharges and their Applications,
Part 1, pp. 270-273, September 1980.
Mosier, Rachel, Antoniello, Victor and Black, W. Z., Design and Test of 345 kV Cable
Vaults, Transmission and Distribution World, pp. 18-25, May 2006.
Snodgrass, Robert E. and Black, W. Z., Design of Safety Devices to Mitigate Explosions in
Underground Vaults and Manholes, IEEE Trans., Power Delivery , Vol. 23, No. 4, pp.
2262-2269, October 2008.
Snodgrass, Robert E. and Black, W. Z., Mitigating the Effects of Explosions in Underground
Electrical Vaults, IEEE Trans., Power Delivery, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 1767-1774, April 2005.
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Walsh, Bryan P. and Black, W. Z., Thermodynamic and Mechanical Analysis of Short
Circuit Explosions in Underground Vaults, IEEE Trans., Power Delivery, Vol. 20, No. 3,
pp. 2235-2240, July 2005.
Walsh, Bryan P. and Black, W. Z., Thermodynamic and Mechanical Analysis of Gas
Explosions in Underground Vaults, IEEE Trans., Power Delivery, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 8-13,
January 2002.
Walsh, P. J., Lama, W. and Hammond, T. J., Voltage – Current Relationship for Pulsed Arc
Discharges, Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 52, No. 9, pp. 5476-5482, September 1981.
Zhang, Lily, Boggs, Steven A. et al, The Electro-Chemical Basis of Manhole Events, IEEE
Electrical Insulation Magazine, Vol. 25, No. 5, pp. 25-30, Sept/Oct 2009.
III. THESES
Snodgrass, Robert, Mitigation of Explosions in Underground Vaults, M. S. Thesis, School
of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, June 2002.
Walsh, Bryan, Thermal and Mechanical Analysis of an Explosion in an Underground
Electrical Vault, M.S. Thesis, School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of
Technology, January 1999.
Zhang, Lili, Mitigation of Manhole Events Caused by Secondary Cable Failure, University
of Connecticut, 2011.
IV. EPRI RESEARCH REPORTS
These research reports are available to EPRI members at http://epri.com. Selected reports
can be downloaded for non-EPRI members.
Manhole Cover Tests for Con Edison at the EPRI Manhole Test Facility, Nov. 2007,
Product I.D.: 1015220
Manhole Event Mitigation Strategies, Dec. 2006, Product I.D.: 1012305
Gas Explosion Tests on Pacific Gas and Electric Company Round Manhole Covers with the
Swiveloc CPR-II Controlled Pressure Release Manhole Cover Restraint System, March
2010, Product I.D.: 1020559
Manhole Event Gas Explosion Modeling, March 2008, Product I.D.: 1016476
Manhole Event Gas Explosion Modeling, December 2008, Product I.D.: 1018404
Gas Explosion Tests on Con Edison’s Prototype Covers, July 2009, Product I.D.: 1019477
Manhole Event Risk Management, Dec. 2007, Product I. D. 1013886
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Final Report on Explosion Tests on Clogged Vented Covers for Con Edison at Lenox, Nov
2007, Product I. D.: 1015223
138-kV Maintenance Hole Restraining System Testing, Sept 1999, Product I.D.: TR-113556
Manhole Event Risk Management Strategies, Nov. 2005, Product I.D.: 1010212
Gas Explosion Tests on East Jordan Iron Works Rectangular composite Secondary Box,
July 2007, Product I.D.:1019482
Manhole Event Risk Management Strategies, Dec. 2008, Product I. D.: 1015889
Underground Event Mitigation: State-of-Science Workshop Report, Nov. 2002, Product
I.D.: 1001647
Vault/EPRI Vault Explosion 2007/List of Explosion References
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