GHG INVENTORY - BMC and surroundings
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GHG INVENTORY - BMC and surroundings
ProjectTeam
Authors Prof P.K.S. Mahanama
(Director PCU, Dean, Faculty of Architecture,
University of Moratuwa)
Mrs. C. Chethika Abenayake
Environmental Planner
Mr. Amila B. Jayasinghe
Infrastructure Planner
Project Assistants
Mr. B. Krishan Stannis
Ms. K.Edith Shiromini
Field Survey Team & Workshop Mr. Winson Gnanatheepan
Facilitators Mr. Alaguraj Ramachandran
Ms. J. Jeyadharani
Ms. Seetharam Karthikagini
Mr. R. Ragaween
Technical Assistant Mr. R.A.J. Kithsiri
Acknowledgement
Project team desire to acknowledge the following resource persons for their enormous
contribution in producing this report:
− Her Excellency mayor, Municipal Commissioner and technical officers of Batticaloa
Municipal Council
− Divisional Secretariats (DS) and technical officers of Manmunai North DSD,Eravur
Pattu DSD, Eravur Town DSD, Manmunai P (Araipattai) DSD, Manmunai South West DSD, Manmunai West DSD, Manmunai South & Eruvilpattu DSD, Porativu
Parru DSD
− Central Environmental Authority-Batticaloa, Ceylon Electricity Board -Batticaloa,
Department of Agriculture-Batticaloa, Department of Fisheries & Aquatic ResourcesBatticaloa, Department of Forest-Batticaloa, Department of Industries-Batticaloa,
Urban Development Authority-Batticaloa
− Citizens of BMC and other concerned DS Divisions
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GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
TableofContents
Summary Table 1 - Community Information ………………………………………………..08
Summary Table 2 - Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Sector ………………………………….10
Summary Table 3 - Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Fuel or Activity Type …………………11
1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 12 2. INTRODUCTION TO CLIMATE CHANGE SCIENCE ............................................... 13 2.1. What is climate change?............................................................................................ 13 2.2. Climatic changes during the 20th century due to global warming ............................. 14 2.3. Climate change – Batticaloa Area ............................................................................. 16 2.4. Green House Gases (GHG) ....................................................................................... 19 3. EMISSION INVENTORY .............................................................................................. 20 3.1. Compilation of GHG inventory................................................................................. 20 3.2. Methods of estimation ............................................................................................... 21 3.3. Concepts adopted in preparation of GHG inventory ................................................. 22 3.3.1. Time bound ........................................................................................................ 22 3.3.2. Territorial limits ................................................................................................. 22 3.3.3. Sources of emissions .......................................................................................... 24 3.3.4. Types of gases .................................................................................................... 25 3.3.5. Sectors and categories ........................................................................................ 25 4. GREEN HOUSE GAS INVENTORY FOR BATTICALOA MC & SURROUNDINGS
........................................................................................................................................ 27 4.1. Sector one: Energy .................................................................................................... 27 4.1.1. Energy sector - Manufacturing industries & construction ................................. 28 4.1.2. Energy sector - Commercial/Institutional units categories ................................ 30 4.1.3. Energy sector - Residential category ................................................................. 33 4.1.4. Energy sector - Agriculture ................................................................................ 35 4.1.5. Energy sector – Fishery ..................................................................................... 38 4.1.6. Energy sector - Road transportation .................................................................. 41 4.1.7. Energy sector - Railway transportation.............................................................. 44 4.2. Sector two: Agriculture, Forestry & Other land use ................................................ 46 4.2.1. Livestock ............................................................................................................ 46 4.2.2. Agriculture ......................................................................................................... 49 4.2.3. Forestry and other land use change.................................................................... 51 Page | 2
GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
4.3. Sector three: Waste.................................................................................................... 55 4.3.1. Solid Waste ........................................................................................................ 55 4.3.2. Waste – Wastewater........................................................................................... 58 4.4. Analysis & Conclusion.............................................................................................. 59 5. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MITIGATION MEASURES TO RESPONSE
CLIMATE CHANGE (CC) IMPACTS.......................................................................... 69 5.1. Recommended Mitigation Measures in National Level Draft GHG Inventory ........ 69 5.1.1. Agriculture Sector .............................................................................................. 70 5.1.2. Forestry Sector ................................................................................................... 71 5.1.3. Energy Sector ..................................................................................................... 71 5.1.4. Waste Sector ...................................................................................................... 72 5.1.5. Transport Sector ................................................................................................. 72 5.1.6. Land Use Sector ................................................................................................. 73 5.2. Stakeholder Prepositions to Reduce GHG emissions in BMC & vicinity area ........ 77 5.2.1. Stakeholder Prepositions to Reduce GHG emissions from Energy Sector........ 77 5.2.2. Stakeholder Prepositions to Reduce GHG emissions from Agriculture, Forestry
and Other Land Uses ......................................................................................... 82 5.2.3. Stakeholder Prepositions to Reduce GHG emissions form Solid/liquid waste . 86 6. Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 89 Page | 3
GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
ListofTables
Table 3.1.: Types of industries in Study Area ......................................................................... 26 Table 4.1.: Types of industries in Study Area ......................................................................... 28 Table 4.2.: Number of samples obtained from Industries ........................................................ 28 Table 4.3.: Annual energy consumption by Industries in Study Area ..................................... 29 Table 4.4.: Calorific value & emission factors for energy sources.......................................... 29 Table 4.5.: Average GHG emission for electricity production in Sri Lanka ........................... 29 Table 4.6.: Emissions from use of energy for industrial sources in Study Area...................... 29 Table 4.7.: Number of samples obtained from Commercial Activities ................................... 30 Table 4.8.: Annual energy consumption by commercial and institutional units according to
type of energy source in Study Area ...................................................................... 30 Table 4.9.: Calorific value & emission factors for energy sources.......................................... 31 Table 4.10.: Average GHG emission for electricity production in Sri Lanka ......................... 31 Table 4.11.: Emissions from use of energy for commercial sources in Study Area ................ 31 Table 4.12.: Type of energy source using by family for lighting & cooking other than
electricity in Study Area ..................................................................................... 33 Table 4.13.: Annual energy consumption by residential units, according to type of energy
source in Study Area ........................................................................................... 33 Table 4.14.: Calorific value & emission factors for energy sources........................................ 34 Table 4.15.: Average GHG emission for electricity production in Sri Lanka ......................... 34 Table 4.16.: Emissions from use of energy for residential units in Study Area ...................... 34 Table 4.17.: Cultivated area according to the seasons in Study Area ...................................... 35 Table 4.18.: Annual energy consumption by paddy cultivation, according to type of energy
source in Study Area ........................................................................................... 35 Table 4.19.: Calorific value & emission factors for energy sources........................................ 36 Table 4.20.: Emissions from use of energy for agriculture in Study Area .............................. 36 Table 4.21.: Type of fishery boats according to the source of energy use in Study Area ....... 38 Table 4.22.: Annual energy consumption by fishery boats, according to type of energy source
in Study Area ...................................................................................................... 38 Table 4.23.: Calorific value & emissions factors for energy sources ...................................... 39 Table 5.24.: Emissions from use of energy for fishery sector in Study Area .......................... 39 Page | 4
GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
Table 4.25.: Annual energy consumption by vehicle, according to type of energy source in
Study Area .......................................................................................................... 42 Table 4.26.: Calorific value & emissions factors for energy sources ...................................... 43 Table 4.27.: Emissions from use of energy for vehicles in Study Area .................................. 43 Table 4.28.: Average amount of monthly fuel sold within in Study Area ............................... 43 Table 4.29.: Emissions of use of vehicular fuel consumption in Study Area ......................... 44 Table 4.30.: Emissions factors for energy sources .................................................................. 44 Table 4.31.: Emissions from use of energy for train transportation in Study Area ................. 44 Table 4.32.: Livestock population in Study Area .................................................................... 47 Table 4.33.: Emissions factors for livestock ............................................................................ 48 Table 4.34.: Emissions from livestock in Study Area ............................................................. 48 Table 4.35.: Paddy Cultivated area according to the seasons in Study Area ........................... 49 Table 4.36.: Emissions factors ................................................................................................. 50 Table 4.37.: Emissions from agriculture sector in Study Area ................................................ 50 Table 4.38.: Net annual land use change (1999-2010) in Study Area ..................................... 52 Table 4.39.: Default factors 141,817 ....................................................................................... 52 Table 4.40.: Emissions from land use change in Study Area .................................................. 52 Table 4.41.: Composition of Solid Waste in Study Area ......................................................... 56 Table 4.42.: Country specific composting of solid waste ........................................................ 56 Table 4.43.: Default factors for open dumping ........................................................................ 56 Table 4.44.: Default factors for open burning.......................................................................... 57 Table 4.45.: Emissions from solid waste in Study Area .......................................................... 58 Table 4.46.: Country specific factors for Wastewater generation & emission ....................... 58 Table 4.47.: Emissions from waste water in Study Area ......................................................... 58 Table 4.48.: Overall GHG emission by sector in Study Area .................................................. 59 Table 4.49.: Overall GHG emission in Energy sector in Study Area ...................................... 59 Table 4.50.: Overall GHG emission in AFOLU in Study Area…………………………… 60 Table 4.51.: Overall GHG emission in Waste sector in Study Area........................................ 60 Table 5.50.: GHG Emissionsin Study Area as a Percentage of Country Levels………… 61 Table 5.51.: Summary of GHG Emissions by Sector for 20 Year time Horizons ................... 66 Table 5.52.: Summary of GHG Emissions by Fuel or Activity Type for 20 Year time
Horizons .............................................................................................................. 67 Page | 5
GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
ListofFigures
Figure 2.2: Surface air temperature increase 1960-2060 ......................................................... 14 Figure 2.3: Average Rainfall By Ten Years in Batticaloa area ............................................... 16 Figure 2.4: Key changes in monsoon rainfall in Batticaloa area ............................................. 17 Figure 2.5: Average Annual Temperature By Ten Years in Batticaloa area ........................... 18 Figure 2.6: Number Of Days Having Temperature >36OCin Batticaloa area ........................ 18 Figure 4.1.: Harvesting Machines ............................................................................................ 35 Figure 4.2.: Interview with fisherman to find out avg.. Fuel consumption ............................. 38 Figure 4.3.: Interviews in fuel station, to find out fuel sold information ................................ 41 Figure 4.4: Livestock activities in study area .......................................................................... 46 Figure 4.5: Agriculture activities in study area........................................................................ 49 Figure 4.6: Annual Emissions of GHG by All Sources ........................................................... 61 Figure 4.7: Annual Emissions of GHG by Sector.................................................................... 62 Figure 4.8 : Annual Emissions of GHG by Source .................................................................. 63 Figure 4.9 ..: Percentage Distribution of Annual Emissions of GHG by Source .................... 64 Figure 4.10 ..: Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Sector 20 Year Time Horizons ........................ 67 Figure 4.11 ..: GHG Emissions by Fuel or Activity Type for 20 Year time Horizons ............. 68 Figure 4.11 ..: GHG Emissions by Fuel Type for 20 Year time Horizons ............................... 68 Page | 6
GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
Abbreviation
AFOLU
: Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Uses
BMC
: Batticaloa Municipal Council
BOD
: Biological Oxygen Demand
CC
: Climate Change
CCCI
: Cities and Climate Change Initiatives
DSD
: Divisional Secretariat Division
GHG
: Green House Gas
GWh
: Giga Watt hours
Ha
: Hectare
IPCC
: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
kt
: Kilo tons
KWh
: Kilo Watt Hour
N/A
: Not Available
TJ
: Tonne Joule
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GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
SummaryTable1‐CommunityInformation
Name of city or local region
Batticaloa Municipal Council Area and surrounding
1. Batticoloa Municipal Council i.e. Manmunai
North DSD
2. Eravur Pattu DSD
3. Eravur Town DSD
4. Manmunai Pattu (Araipattai) DSD
5. Manmunai South - West DSD
6. Manmunai West DSD
7. Manmunai South & Eruvilpattu DSD
8. Porativu Parru DSD
Country
Inventory year
Reporting date
Population (year round residents)
Land area (sq. kilometers)
Urbanized area (sq. kilometers)
Heating degree days (18°C base)*
Building gross floor areas (m2)*
Residential
Commercial / Institutional
Industrial
Name, status and address of reporter
Sri Lanka
2010
2011 May
398,160
1,418.17
75.09
Avg : 31°C per day (std. dev 2.57)
More than 18°C : 365
More than 25°C : 365
More than 30°C : 238
More than 35°C : 11
N/A
Project Consultancy Unit, University of Moratuwa, Sri
Lanka
Name, status and address of third party
UN Habitat – Regional office for Asia and Pacific,
verifier (if applicable)
Fukuoka
Other information, e.g., websites of fuller
inventory report or emissions reduction
program
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GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
BMC Page | 9
GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
SummaryTable2‐GreenhouseGasEmissionsbySector SCOPE
GWP (20 years)
Units
ENERGY
a) Stationary
Combustion
Electricity (incl. T&D
losses)
1,2,3
District energy, CHP, and
energy from waste
1,2,3
CO2
CH4
N2O
Other
TOTAL
(1)
kt CO2 e.
( 56 )
kt CO2 e.
( 280 )
kt CO2 e.
kt CO2 e.
kt CO2 e.
3.942698
0.089889
0.192617
4.23
-
-
-
0
0.077874
0.025355
0.000759
0.10
Commercial &
Institutional
1
Residential
Manufacturing Industries
& Construction
1
1
31.368384
41.148315
0.991057
173.51
0.031700
0.178114
0.001187
0.21
Fishery
Agriculture
b) Mobile Combustion
Road transportation:
LDVs
1
1
25.504688
16.647426
3.620607
1.846046
0.724105
0.138387
29.85
18.63
-
-
-
0
Road transportation:
trucks
1
2.749850
0.045740
0.114350
2.91
Road transportation:
other
1
8.743805
1.533421
0.246934
10.52
Railways
Domestic aviation
International aviation
Domestic marine
International marine
Other
c) Fugitive Sources
INDUSTRIAL
PROCESSES
1
3
3
3
3
1
0.150418
-
0.000562
-
0.000339
-
0.15
0
0
0
0
0
-
-
-
0
AFOLU
WASTE
Solid waste disposal on
land
1
112.345307 574.973530
8.108702
695.43
0.716584 552.097098
0.098021
552.91
0
0
10.62
1.23
0
1,489.69
Wastewater handling
Waste incineration
TOTAL
1
1
1,3
1,3
1,3
202.28
1.233114
1,276.79
((Note: -- Indicate source not available or insignificant in the study area)
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GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
SummaryTable3‐GreenhouseGasEmissions byFuelorActivityType
Activity Data
Value
Units
ENERGY
Electricity (on-site
renewable)
Electricity (grid)
GWh
82.28
Tier
N/A
GWh
2
Emissions Factor
Value
Units
51.35
243.6
11.19
-
Tier
Total GHGs
t CO2 e
t CO2 e /
GWh
t CO2 e /
GWh
t CO2 e / TJ
t CO2 e / TJ
t CO2 e / TJ
t CO2 e / TJ
t CO2 e / TJ
t CO2 e / TJ
t CO2 e / TJ
t CO2 e / TJ
N/A
0
2
4,225.20
2
-
0
0
0
4,239.97
34,271.87
0
0
2
29,070.53
t CO2 e / TJ
t CO2 e / TJ
2
2
2,134.06
166,171.00
t CO2 e / kt
-
0
2
552,911.70
2
1,233.11
-
0
Natural gas
Fuel oil
Coal
Gasoline
Diesel
Jet Fuel
Marine Fuel
0
0
0
17.41
3,062.72
0
0
TJ
TJ
TJ
TJ
TJ
TJ
TJ
2
2
-
Kerosene
1,277.96
TJ
2
92.55
834.95
TJ
TJ
-
0
kt
-
47,760,000.00
kt
1
11.58
2,313,309.60
kt BOD
2
0.53
kt
-
-
t CO2 e / kt
BOD
t CO2 e / kt
kg
Ha
tC
1
2
3
1.22
382.70
1.63
t CO2 e / kt
t CO2 e / Ha
t CO2 e / kt
LPG
Fuel wood
INDUSTRIAL
PROCESSES
Industrial Products
WASTE
Solid waste disposal
on land
Wastewater handling
Waste incineration
AFOLU
Livestock activities
Agriculture activities
Land use change
TOTAL
0
464,138.00
41,762.00
68,837.70
22.75
23.06
199.02
t CO2 e / kt
2
2
3
567,100.01
15,982.22
12,345.31
1,469,685.00
((Note: -- Indicate source not available or insignificant in the study area)
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GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
1. INTRODUCTION
There are well-researched scientific evidences and global awareness that greenhouse gases
released into the atmosphere have a significant effect on the climatic ecosystem services.
Kyoto protocol is a global agreement in mitigating greenhouse gases releases in order to save
the earth from negative consequences of climate change. GHG inventory is a mandatory
requirement of annex I parties ratified under Kyoto protocol but has became a high priority
among policy makers in annex II countries as well.
Cities and Climate Change Initiatives (CCCI) which implemented by UNHABITAT
introduced a national project to formulate City Development Strategies to respond climate
change in Sri Lankan cities. Negombo Municipal Council (NMC) and Batticaloa Municipal
Council (BMC) are the two selected demonstrative projects in the country at first phase of
this programme. University of Moratuwa with the support of UNHABITAT prepared the first
two city level GHG emission inventories in Sri Lanka respectively for NMC and BMC
keeping a remarkable step in localizing national climate change action plan and building local
government consensus on emerging climate change issues. This report presents the GHG
inventory prepared for BMC and its surroundings.
This report is an informative database which expected to update serially, for Batticaloa
Municipal Council (BMC) and the concerned seven DS Divisions at the vicinity. The series
of reports may effectively asses the City GHG emission levels and performance of
mitigations whiles this act as the benchmark study.
This GHG Inventory has documented as per the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National
Greenhouse Gas Inventories produced by Inter Governmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC) as per the recommendations of United Nation Framework Convention on Climate
Change and the ‘International Standard for Determining Greenhouse Gas Emissions for
Cities, 2010’ (Draft, June 2010)1 developed jointly by UNEP, UN-HABITAT, World Bank
and supported by Cities Alliance.
GHG inventory report includes a set of standard reporting tables as specified in the
‘International Standard for Determining Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Cities, 2010 (Draft,
June 2010) covering three GHG gases with a written report that documents the
methodologies, assumptions and data used to compute the estimates. The findings were
discussed with local stakeholders and developed participatory GHG mitigation plan for way
forward.
1
VERSION 2.1, 28 JUNE. 2010. Information from: Soraya Smaoun (UNEP) soraya.smaoun@unep.org, Raf
Tuts (UN-HABITAT) Raf.Tuts@unhabitat.org, Daniel Hoorweg (World Bank) dhoornweg@worldbank.org
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GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
2. INTRODUCTIONTOCLIMATECHANGESCIENCE
2.1. What is climate change?
Climate is the long-term2 average of weather patterns observed for a particular region. It
includes the variation of temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind and other climatic
variables. Climate change can be either natural or anthropogenic forced.
The natural factors as continental drift, volcanoes,
Anthropogenic factors which are the human
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC) defines “climate change” as “a
change in the state of the climate that can be
identified by changes in the mean and / or
the variability of its properties, and that
persists for an extended period, typically
decades or longer”.
activities change the environment have accelerated
IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, Working Group I, Glossary of Terms:
http://ipcc wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/Report/AR4WG1_Print_Annexes.pdf.
ocean currents, the earth's tilt, and comets and
meteorites have been causing a gradual climate
change, more like a natural process of change.
this change and thus making it a global concern.
According to the IPCC reports, modern climate
change is dominated by human influences, which
are now large enough to exceed the bounds of
natural variability. The biggest and probably the
root anthropogenic cause of climate change is
exponential increase in emissions of Greenhouse
The United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change (UNFCCC) defines
climate change as the change that can be
attributed “directly or indirectly to human
activity that alters the composition of the
global atmosphere and which is in addition
to natural climate variability observed over
comparable time periods”.
UNFCCC Article 1, Definitions:
http://unfccc.int/essential_background/convention/background/items/1349.
php
Gases, thereby leading to global warming.
Various hypotheses for anthropogenic climate change have been argued for last decades.
Currently the scientific consensus on climate change is that human activity is very likely the
cause for the rapid increase in global average temperatures over the past several decades.
These perturbations primarily result from emissions associated with energy use, but on local
and regional scales, urbanization and land use changes are also important. Cities being
subjective to intensive energy consumption account for large quantities of GHG emissions.
Transportation, waste management and conversion of green fields to brown fields are very
important among all.
2
According to the World Meteorological Organization, 30 years or more
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GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
2.2. Climatic changes during the 20th century due to global
warming
Some recent trends and observed climatic variability confirms that the global climate is
changing. The following are some of the impacts observed due to global warming during the
20th century.
ƒ
A rise of global sea level by an average annual rate of 1-2 mm during the 20th century
ƒ
Decrease of snow cover by 10%.
ƒ
Intensification of the hydrological cycle and the increase of precipitation by 0.5 – 1.0%
per decade over most mid and high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere.
ƒ
Decrease of rain fall by 0.3 % per decade on the average, over much of the subtropical
land areas. Over tropical lands, rainfall is likely to increase by 0.3% per decade.
ƒ
Increase in the frequency and severity of drought in recent decades in parts of Asia and
Africa.
ƒ
Increase in the frequency and intensity of El Nino events during the last 2-3 decades
ƒ
Lengthening of the growing season by about 1-4 days per decade, during the last 4
decades in the Northern Hemisphere.
ƒ
Earlier plant flowering, bird arrival, emergence of insects and earlier dates of the
breeding season.
ƒ
Increased frequency of coral reef bleaching, especially during El Nino events.
ƒ
It is projected that that the global average temperature will increase by from 1.4oC to
5.8oC between 1990 and 2100. The projected increase from 1990- 2025 and 1990-2050 is
0.4-1.1oC and 0.8oC to 2.6oC respectively
Source: Ratified UNFCCC in 1994
Figure 2.2: Surface air temperature increase 1960-2060, Source: IPPC, Working Paper Series
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GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
Projected concentrations of CO2 during the 21st century are two to four times
the pre-industrial level
SOURCE: IPCC Synthesis Report, Part V, Robert Watson
Projected temperatures during the 21st century are significantly higher than at any time
during the last 1000 years
SOURCE: IPCC Synthesis Report, Part V, Robert Watson
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GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
2.3. Climate change – Batticaloa Area
Climate scenario analysis is based on climate data obtain from Batticaloa observation Station
of Meteorology Department from 1970 to 2009.
ƒ
Decadal rainfall records evident a sharp increase during the period from 1985 to 2008
compared to 1970 -1985
Figure 2.3: Average Rainfall By Ten Years in Batticaloa area, Source: Based on Metrological Department Data
ƒ
There are key changes in monsoon rainfall;
-
Increase of average monthly rainfall during North-East monsoon months
-
Expansion of monsoon season
-
Decrease of rainfall in non-monsoon months
-
Irregularities in rainfall observed during the monsoon months
o Intensive monsoon rain (more than 20 mm a day) have started in last week of October
and/or first week of November during the decade from 1979 to 1989 (refer line ‘A’)
o Intensive monsoon rain (more than 20 mm a day) have started in first week of October
during the decade from 1999 to 2009 (refer line ‘B’)
o Intensive monsoon rain (more than 20 mm a day) have stopped by about third week of
March during the decade from 1979 to 1989 (refer line ‘C’)
o Intensive monsoon rain (more than 20 mm a day) have continued till second and/or third
week of April during the decade from 1999 to 2009 (refer line ‘D’)
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GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
Figure 2.4: Key changes in monsoon rainfall in Batticaloa area, Source: Based on Metrological Department Data
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GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
ƒ
Average annual temperature which was 31.04 0C during 1970 to 1979 has increased up
to 31.88 0C during 2000 to 2009 by 0.84 0C. This could be partially due to global climate
change with the increase of Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Figure 2.5: Average Annual Temperature By Ten Years in Batticaloa area, Source: Based on Metrological Department
Data
ƒ
Number of days having extreme temperature have increased in last decades.
Figure 2.6: Number Of Days Having Temperature >36OCin Batticaloa area, Source: Based on Metrological Department
Data
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GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
2.4. Green House Gases (GHG)
Greenhouse gases (GHG) are those gaseous constituents of the atmosphere, both natural and
anthropogenic, that absorb and emit radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of
infrared radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface, the atmosphere and clouds. This property
causes the greenhouse effect.
The global negotiations to reduce greenhouse gases focus
on a number of gases that are caused by human activity.
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC) has specified following six green house
gases in Kyoto protocol.
GHG’s listed in Kyoto Protocol
ƒ Carbon Dioxide - (CO2)
ƒ Methane - (CH4)
ƒ Nitrous Oxide - (N2O)
ƒ Hydrofluorocarbons - (HFCs)
ƒ Perfluorocarbons - (PFCs)
ƒ Sulphur Hexafluoride - (SF6).
CO2 is the most prominent anthropogenic greenhouse gas and CH4 and N2O are also
commonly found in urban areas. HFCs, PFCs and SF6 are very powerful but may play a less
prominent role in the discussions at the local government level in developing countries.
Greenhouse gases are not equal in terms of their ability to capture and remit heat. The global
warming potential (GWP) of each GHG takes into account both the ability to trap heat and
the lifetime of the gas. The global warming potential (GWP) depends on both the efficiency
of the molecule as a greenhouse gas and its atmospheric lifetime. GWP is measured relative
to the same mass of CO2 and evaluated for a specific timescale.
Species
CO2
Methane *
Nitrous oxide
Chemical
formula
CO2
CH4
N2O
Lifetime
(years)
variable **
12±3
120
Global Warming Potential
(Time Horizon)
20 years
100 years
500 years
1
1
1
56
21
6.5
280
310
170
Source: Climate Change 1995, The Science of Climate Change: Technical Summary of the Working Group I Report, page 22
*The GWP for methane includes indirect effects of tropospheric ozone production and stratospheric water vapour production
** Derived from the Bern carbon cycle model.
Carbon dioxide has a variable atmospheric lifetime, and cannot be specified precisely. Recent
work indicates that recovery from a large input of atmospheric CO2 from burning fossil fuels
will result in an effective lifetime of tens of thousands of years. Carbon dioxide is defined to
have a GWP of 1 over all time periods. Methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) are 21 and
310 times more potent than carbon dioxide (CO2) respectively.
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GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
3. EMISSIONINVENTORY
3.1. Compilation of GHG inventory
Compiling a greenhouse gas inventory is a sequential process. Following steps have adopted
in preparation of GHG Inventory for BMC and vicinity area.
Original steps specified in IPCC guidelines have customized according to the specific
requirements of local context and scope of the project.
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GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
3.2. Methods of estimation
One of the most challenging tasks at project design is to select best methodologies for
computation of GHG emissions/removals avoiding double counting and omissions.
Selection of appropriate methodology is based on several factors as;
ƒ
Methodology adopted by Draft National GHG Inventory
ƒ
Sectors selected in draft national GHG inventory
ƒ
Degree of local stakeholder awareness on climate change
ƒ
Availability of data
ƒ
Time and resource availability for primary data collection
This inventory rely on Tier one and Tier two; basic and intermediate methods of GHG
computation due to the constraints of data collection in this project, and limitations in draft
national GHG inventory of the country. Data requirement of each selected category under all
three Tiers have listed and then compared with available data sources. With respect to key
categories, the possibility to collect secondary data have considered on the basis of time and
resource availabilities. Thereafter, the most possible Tier has selected by each category
following the steps specified in IPCC decision trees. This process is depicted in Annexure 1
in this document for detailed references.
In spite of limited data and information, this inventory is a truly attempt to ensure good
practices of reporting. As per 2006 Guidelines, good practices are those which contain
neither over- nor under-estimates as far as can be judged, and in which uncertainties are
reduced as far as practicable.
As with the IPPC guidelines, this inventory follows one of the simplest methodological
approaches combining Activity Data (AD) into Emission Factors (EF).
Hence the basic equation is,
GHG Emissions = AD • EF
Where,
AD = Information on the extent of anthropogenic activities take place
EF = Coefficients which quantify the emissions or removals per unit activity
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GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
Methodology explained in IPCC guidelines have designed with appropriate methodologies
adopted at national level. These approved methodologies have a certain degree of flexibility
yet some aspects need to be reconsidered at the application of city level. However, method
use to collect Activity Data have mentioned at each entry to ensure transparency of reporting.
3.3. Concepts adopted in preparation of GHG inventory
Concepts adopted are very important to understand the scope and definitions used in the
inventory. It makes the inventory comparable to other city level inventories and capable to
update consecutively.
3.3.1. Timebound
This GHG inventory of the city is a first study volume of a series which will be the
benchmark for future updates.
The benchmark study have documented for a period of one calendar year starting from 1st
January 2010 to 31st December 2010 in this inventory. Therefore, all possible data sources
have used as per the records obtained through the above period. However, circumstances
where suitable data to follow this principle are missing, emissions/removals have estimated
using data from other years applying appropriate methods such as averaging, interpolation
and extrapolation.
3.3.2. Territoriallimits
Clearly defined boundaries are very important to avoid overlapping and exclusions of spatial
units. Initially, local authority boundary of the city has taken as the concerned geographic
area of the city. The key reasons for the selection are;
-
Local authority boundaries are legally defined administrative boundaries. (There are
two such local level boundaries are, D.S. Division boundary and Local authority
boundary.)
-
Local Authority boundaries (Municipal council boundaries)often consider as city
limits for revenue purposes
-
Local authorities have decision making powers and political authority which could
make strong decisions on Green House Gas emissions/removals within the boundary.
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GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
‘International Standard for Determining Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Cities, 2010’ (Draft,
June 2010) gave light in this revised report leading to prepare boundary-extended inventory
which provide more realistic picture in complex urban form.
“This standard also recognizes that the vitality of cities gives rise to the production of GHG emissions
outside of urban boundaries. This standard follows the World Resources Institute / World Business Council
for Sustainable Development (WRI/ WBCSD) protocol by including out-of-boundary emissions that are
driven by activities in cities. While it is impractical to quantify all of the emissions associated with the
myriad of goods and materials consumed in cities, urban GHG inventories must include:
•
•
•
Out-of-boundary emissions from the generation of electricity and district heating which are
consumed in cities (including transmission and distribution losses);
Emissions from aviation and marine vessels carrying passengers or freight away from cities;
Out-of-boundary emissions from waste that is generated in cities.
The GHG emissions embodied in the food, water, fuels and building materials consumed in cities should
also be reported as additional information items. This is to avoid policies or actions that lower emissions
inside of cities, but at the expense of greater emissions outside of cities.
The determination of urban GHG emissions by this standard does not imply that local governments are
responsible for these emissions. Rather the inventory reflects the carbon dependence of the urban economy
and highlights the extensive experience that local governments already have in monitoring GHG emissions.
The standard formatting by local governments would be consistent with national inventories and subject to
regional and national compilations as overseen by national directives.”
Source: International Standard for Determining Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Cities, 2010’ (Draft, June 2010)
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GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
As depicted in the above map, urban form of Batticaloa town expands along the A4 and A15
national highways along the coast. This linear urban form connect Eravur Patthu and Eravur
Town in North while Manmunai Pattu (Araipattai) and Manmunai South (Eruvilpatthu) in
South. Manmunei West, Manmunei South west, Porativu pattu are three adjacent DS
Divisions predominantly agricultural yet has strong market linkages to Batticaloa town.
Accordingly, this inventory covers an area of seven adjacent DS divisions to BMC area (i.e.
Manmunei North DS Division).
3.3.3. Sourcesofemissions
This inventory comprised with the anthropogenic emissions/removals of Green House Gases.
It does not contain the records of natural sources of emissions and sinks which beyond the
human interventions. This is because; the aim of this inventory is to formulate local level
strategies to mitigate GHG emissions and to serially asses the performance of set mitigation
targets.
IPCC guidelines outlines three emissions
sources (referred to as ‘scopes’) that provide
framework for operational boundaries. The
three scopes are:
In adopting the WRI/WBCSD Greenhouse Gas
Protocol for corporations, GHG emissions attributed
to cities and local regions can be classified as
follows:
ƒ
ƒ
ƒ
ƒ
Scope 1: “Direct Emissions,” represent
emissions from the combustible fuels and
other sources that occur directly within
city limits and mobile emission sources.
Scope 2 : “Indirect Emissions,” represent
emissions that occur outside the city limits
to produce electricity or steam purchased
for use at corporate locations.
Scope 3: “Other Indirect Emissions,”
represents emissions from activities taken
place at outside the city such as
automobile traffic, fishery boat riding.
First two scopes consider as mandatory
requirement under the GHG Protocol, while the
third scope considered as optional to track and
report.
ƒ
ƒ
Scope 1: GHG emissions that occur within the
territorial boundary of the city or local region
Scope 2: Indirect emissions that occur outside of
the city boundary as a result of activities that
occur within the city, limited to only: electricity
consumption and district heating, steam, cooling
Scope 3: Other indirect emissions and embodied
emissions that occur outside of the city
boundary, as a result of activities of the city,
including (but not limited to): Electrical
transmission and distribution losses, solid waste
disposal, waste incineration, wastewater
handling, aviation, marine, embodied emissions
upstream of power plants, embodied emissions
in fuels, embodied emissions in imported
construction materials, embodied emissions in
imported water and embodied emissions in
imported food
Accordingly, this inventory included GHG emissions that
ƒ
Scope 1: GHG emissions that occur within the territorial boundary of the city including
stationary and mobile emission sources
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GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
ƒ
Scope 2: represent emissions that occur outside the city limiting to electricity 3
consumption 4
ƒ
Scope 3: emissions from activities taken place at outside the city are: solid waste disposal, waste
incineration, wastewater handling, automobile traffic and fishery boat riding
Operational boundary conditions provide depth to the inventory by identifying which
emissions sources are accounted for within the defined territorial limits.
3.3.4. Typesofgases
This inventory is strict to the recommended gases mentioned in IPCC guidelines.
Accordingly, This Inventory contends the emissions of following three greenhouse gases.
ƒ
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
ƒ
Methane (CH4)
ƒ
Nitrous oxide (N2O)
3.3.5. Sectorsandcategories
There are four key sectors need to address in GHG Inventory as per IPPC 2006 guidelines.
Namely; Energy, Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU), Agriculture, Forestry and
Other Land Use (AFOLU) and Waste. Similarly, Draft National Inventory of Sri Lanka, 2000
also uses the above four categories.
IPCC use the concept of key category is to identify the categories that have a significant
influence on a country’s total inventory of greenhouse gases in terms of the absolute level of
emissions and removals, the trend in emissions and removals, or uncertainty in emissions and
removals. Identification of key Categories is important to prioritize investments on GHG
inventories while ensuring optimum resource allocation for data collection and reporting.
Selection of key categories of each sector performed through core-team discussion based on
local knowledge and initial Field observations at cities which has described at inception
report of this project. Accordingly, GHG inventory of study area has identified three sectors
as key sectors.
3
4
Electrical transmission and distribution losses are incorporated
there were no any district heating, steam, cooling recorded in the study area.
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GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
I.
Energy
II.
Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU)
III.
Waste
Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU) have omitted from the inventory due to absence
of sound Industrial base in study area. Number of industries by type in each city is given
below.
Table 3.1.: Types of industries in Study Area
Type of Industry
A/C Refrigeration & Welding
Bakery
Cement Blocks Making
Engineering Works
Grinding Mills
Iron Works
Printers
Rice Mills
Timber Mills
Garment Factory
Small Scale Industries
3
8
9
27
11
7
8
4
11
-
Medium Scale Industries
1
11
7
14
4
6
1
12
2
2
(Source: District Hand Book, Batticaloa DSD Resource Profile & Registry of Industry CEA
Batticaloa)
Following criteria used to identify the level of significance of the each industry to city GHG
emissions.
1. Number of industries
2. Production process and GHG emissions
3. Scale of production
Selected industries from first two criteria are visited (30-50% sample) and discussed with
manufactures. As revealed in the discussions and observations those industries have
insignificant contributions at production process, therefore not included into the inventory.
However, energy consumption of these industries have considered in the Energy sector of this
inventory.
There are number of categories under each sector defined in IPCC and selected at National
Inventory. Selected sectors and categories of inventory items are attached in Annexure 2.1 &
2.2 detail reference.
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GHG INVENTORY - BMC and surroundings
4. GREEN HOUSE GAS INVENTORY FOR BATTICALOA
MC&SURROUNDINGS
4.1. Sector one: Energy
Energy sector mainly refers to Fuel Combustion activities. Fuel combustion, has categorized
into four types for emission assessment in Draft National GHG Inventory, i.e. energy
industries; manufacturing industries and construction, transport, and other sectors having
emissions from energy consumption. In this inventory, following sectors have identified as
key sources.
Stationery Sources:
I.
II.
Manufacturing Industries & Construction
Commercial/Institutional
III.
Residential
IV.
Agriculture
V.
fishery
Mobile Sources:
VI.
VII.
Road Transportation
Railway Transportation
The following formula was applied to compute GHG emissions from specific activities as per
the process specified in Tier 02.
Emission GHG,,Fuel =Fuel Consumption fuel *Country Specific Emission Factor GHG,,Fuel
Country specific emission factors which used for calculation, were obtained from the draft
national Inventory, 2000. Other specific references have presented at the end of each section.
Page | 27
GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
4.1.1.Energysector‐Manufacturingindustries&construction
Types of industries available in study area as per 2010 registry are listed below. There are
very limited number of industries which pre-dominantly small in scale.
Table 4.1.: Types of industries in Study Area
Type of Industry
A/C Refrigeration & Welding
Bakery
Cement Blocks Making
Engineering Works
Grinding Mills
Iron Works
Printers
Rice Mills
Timber Mills
Garment Factory
Small Scale Industries
3
8
9
27
11
7
8
4
11
-
Medium Scale Industries
1
11
7
14
4
6
1
12
2
2
(Source: District Hand Book, Batticaloa DSD Resource Profile & Registry of Industry CEA
Batticaloa)
Energy generated through electricity is directly obtained from statistical handbook (annually
compiled by D. S. Division) and verified from Electricity Board records. Average amount of
fuel consumption from other sources have computed through findings of a sample survey
(primary data collection) & FDG’s. Stratified random sampling method was employed with
stratification based on types of industries. 30-50% sample size was desirable according the
scope of study yet each type need to be represented. Number of samples obtained and sample
sizes have mentioned in following table.
Table 4.2.: Number of samples obtained from Industries
Type of Industry
A/C, Refrigeration repairs
Bakeries
Cement Blocks Making
Engineering Works (Welding & iron works)
Grinding Mills
Iron Works
Printers
Rice Mills
Timber Mills
Garment Factories
Total
Number of Industries
SSI
MSI
3
8
9
27
11
7
8
4
11
88
1
11
7
14
4
6
1
12
2
2
60
Number of samples
Obtained
SSI
MSI
2
3
4
10
5
3
4
2
5
38
1
4
3
5
2
3
1
5
1
2
27
Obtained
sample size (%)
SSI
MSI
67
38
44
37
45
43
50
50
45
43
100
36
43
36
50
50
100
42
50
100
45
SSI = Small scale Industries, MSI= Medium Scale Industries
Page | 28
GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
Electricity is the most significant energy source of all above industries. Electricity obtains
from National Power Grid and there is no any at-source electricity production presents within
the city limits. Bakeries use firewood as a main source but none of the other industries have
significant level of consumption other than electricity.
Table 4.3.: Annual energy consumption by Industries in Study Area
Energy
Annual Energy
Unit
Source
Consumption
Electricity
Source : Statistical Hand Book Profile 2009, DSD
319,000
KWH
(KWH)
& District Hand Book Batticaloa District
Annual Energy Consumption =
Fuel wood
68,400
Kg
No. of Bakery*Avg. Monthly Fuel wood
Consumption by Bakery (300kg) * 12
Table 4.4.: Calorific value & emission factors for energy sources
Energy Source
Fuel wood
Conversion Factor
- Calorific value of
the fuel(TJ/kg)
CO2 Emission
Factor (kg/TJ)
CH4 Emission
Factor (kg/TJ)
N2O Emission
Factor (kg/TJ)
0.0000155
29,900
300
4
(Source: Base on National GHG Inventory, Sri Lanka-2000 & IPCC 2000)
Table 4.5.: Average GHG emission for electricity production in Sri Lanka
GHG Source
Emissions for production of 100KWH(kg)
CO2 (Biomass)
80.50
CO2 (Fossil)
223.27
CH4
0.02
N2O
0.01
(Source: Base on National GHG Inventory, Sri Lanka-2000)
Table 4.6.: Emissions from use of energy for industrial sources in Study Area
Annual Emissions (kg)
Energy Source
CO2
CH4
N2O
Electricity
96,901.14
6.22
2.67
Fuel wood
31,699.98
3,180.60
4.24
Total
128,601.12
3,186.82
6.91
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GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
4.1.2.Energysector‐Commercial/Institutionalunitscategories
Commercial and institutional units have taken as a combined category because Electricity
consumption of these two sectors has recorded as one category in resource profile (in
respective D.S. Divisions). This data is highly accurate since it counts from the electricity
billing records of Electricity Board.
Electricity is the prime source of energy use in commercial and institutional activities yet
some commercial users assumed as consuming other energy. Those sources were listed
through community discussions based on local knowledge. As revealed in the discussion, tea
shops and hotels were selected as key categories which consume alternative energy sources.
Tea shops and hotels use LPG for cooking and boiling water. Average consumption of LPG
has counted based on a sample survey (primary data collection). Stratified random sampling
method was employed with stratification based on types of industries. 10% sample size was
desirable according the scope of study and number of samples obtained is representing in the
following table.
Table 4.7.: Number of samples obtained from Commercial Activities
Type of activity
Tea shops Hotels
Tourist Hotels
Total
Number of activities
143
11
154
Desired Samples
(Sample Size 10%)
Number of samples
Obtained
14.3
1.1
15.4
15
5
20
(Source; BMC, Business and commercial registry, 2009 & Resource profile of DSD)
Data and information have obtained inquiring the capacity of LPG cylinder/s and frequency
of refilling. Accordingly, average LPG consumption per unit was calculated.
Table 4.8.: Annual energy consumption by commercial and institutional units according
to type of energy source in Study Area
Energy
Annual Energy
Unit
Source
Consumption
Source : Statistical Hand Book Profile 2009, DSD
Electricity
3,416,922 KWH
& District Hand Book Batticaloa District
Annual Energy Consumption =
No. of Hotel*Avg. Monthly Fuel wood
Consumption per Hotel (50kg) * 12
LPG
95,700
Kg
Annual Energy Consumption =
No. of Tourist Hotel*Avg. Monthly Fuel wood
Consumption per Tourist Hotel (75kg) * 12
Page | 30
GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
Table 4.9.: Calorific value & emission factors for energy sources
Energy
Source
Conversion Factor Calorific value of the
fuel(TJ/kg)
CO2 Emission
Factor (kg/TJ)
CH4 Emission
Factor (kg/TJ)
N2O Emission
Factor (kg/TJ)
LPG
0.0000473
17,200
10
0.6
(Source: Base on National GHG Inventory, Sri Lanka-2000)
Table 4.10.: Average GHG emission for electricity production in Sri Lanka
GHG Source
Emissions for production of 100KWH(kg)
CO2 (Biomass)
80.50
CO2 (Fossil)
223.27
CH4
0.02
N2O
0.01
(Source: Base on National GHG Inventory, Sri Lanka-2000)
Table 4.11.: Emissions from use of energy for commercial sources in Study Area
Energy Source
Electricity
LPG
Total
Annual Emissions (kg)
CO2
1,037,942.43
CH4
N2O
66.66
28.57
77,874.16
452.76
2.71
1,115,816.59
519.43
31.28
Page | 31
GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
Note: Map indicate only BMC area
Page | 32
GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
4.1.3.Energysector‐Residentialcategory
Data records on source of energy use for cooking and lighting purpose are available in
Statistical hand book of respective D.S. Division and district hand book Batticaloa. Other
energy uses are mainly consist of electric appliances as heaters for boiling water, Fans for air
circulation, Irons for pressing clothes, refrigerators for cooling, and television and radios for
entertainment. Electricity consumption of residential sector has recorded in the Statistical
hand book, as per the records of from electricity bills. GHG emissions as per domestic
electricity consumption was computed from this secondary data sources, yet other sources of
energy use for cooking and lighting was needed to estimate. Average energy consumption for
cooking and lighting were obtained from a sample survey (primary data collection). Stratified
random sampling method was employed with stratification based on types of industries. 50
samples were selected randomly and number of samples obtained is representing in following
table.
Table 4.12.: Type of energy source using by family
for lighting & cooking other than electricity in Study Area
Energy Source
No. of Families*
Lighting
Cooking
Number of samples
Obtained
Lighting
Cooking
Obtained sample Size
Lighting
Cooking
Kerosene
37,413
22,321
Fuel wood
-
74,721
50
0.1
LPG
-
12,406
50
0.4
50
50
0.15
0.2
(Source: Statistic Hand Book, Batticaloa -2009)
Table 4.13.: Annual energy consumption
by residential units, according to type of energy source in Study Area
Energy
Annual Energy
Unit
Source
Consumption
Source : Statistical Hand Book 2009,
Electricity
78,540,413
KWH
DSD
Monthly
Avg
Fuel
wood
Fuel wood
53,799,120
Kg
Consumption for Cooking per
Family(kg) = 60kg
Monthly Avg Kerosene Consumption
for Cooking per Family(L) = 5.625 L
Kerosene
6,557,423
L
Monthly Avg Kerosene for Lighting
per Family(L) = 11.25L
Monthly Avg LPG Consumption for
LPG
1,860,900
Kg
Cooking per Family(kg) = 12.5kg
Page | 33
GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
Table 4.14.: Calorific value & emission factors for energy sources
Energy Source
LPG
Kerosene
Fuel wood
Conversion Factor
- Calorific value of
the fuel(TJ/kg)
CO2 Emission
Factor (kg/TJ)
0.0000473
0.0000448
0.0000155
17,200
19,600
29,900
CH4 Emission
Factor (kg/TJ)
N2O Emission
Factor (kg/TJ)
10
4
300
0.6
0.6
4
(Source: Base on National GHG Inventory, Sri Lanka-2000)
Table 4.15.: Average GHG emission for electricity production in Sri Lanka
GHG Source
Emissions for production of 100KWH(kg)
CO2 (Biomass)
80.50
CO2 (Fossil)
223.27
CH4
0.02
N2O
0.01
(Source: Base on National GHG Inventory, Sri Lanka-2000)
Table 4.16.: Emissions from use of energy for residential units in Study Area
Annual Emissions (kg)
Energy Source
CO2
CH4
N2O
Electricity
2,807,854.32
1,532.27
656.68
LPG
1,514,273.88
8,803.92
52.78
Kerosene
4,920,907.57
10,042.62
151.39
Fuel wood
24,933,202.51
2,501,659.08
3,335.33
Total
34,176,238.28
2,522,037.89
4,196.16
Page | 34
GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
4.1.4.Energysector‐Agriculture
The main agricultural crops available within the study area are coconut and paddy. Coconut
cultivation does not consume noteworthy amount of energy but paddy cultivation consumes
energy for tractors and harvesting machineries. As per the last year records, area cultivated
for paddy was 42,364ha for Yala season and 41,159ha for Maha Season. The following
assumptions which used in calculation have developed through Key Informant Interview
(KII) with agrarian officers. Information have verified through discussions with of farmers
(local knowledge).
Figure 4.1.: Harvesting Machines
Average diesel consumption for cultivation (tractors and harvesting machines) is 300 litres
per hectare.
Table 4.17.: Cultivated area according to the seasons in Study Area
Maha 2009/2010 (Ha)
Yala 2010 (Ha)
Major Minor Rainfed Total
Major Minor Rainfed
Paddy
15,844
1,721
23,585
41,159
17,058
1,721
23,585
Total
42,364
(Source: Statistical Branch, Batticaloa-Kachcheri)
Table 4.18.: Annual energy consumption by paddy cultivation, according to type of
energy source in Study Area
Energy
Avg. Annual Fuel
Appliance
Source
Consumption (L)
Avg. consumption 300L per Ha per
Tractors &
25,056,900
Diesel
season (Source: Agrarian Office,
Machinery
Batticaloa)
Page | 35
GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
Table 4.19.: Calorific value & emission factors for energy sources
Energy Source
Conversion Factor
- Calorific value of
the fuel(TJ/kg)
CO2 Emission
Factor (kg/TJ)
CH4 Emission
Factor (kg/TJ)
N2O Emission
Factor (kg/TJ)
0.0000403
20,200
4
0.6
Diesel
(Source: Base on National GHG Inventory, Sri Lanka-2000)
Table 4.20.: Emissions from use of energy for agriculture in Study Area
Energy Source
Annual Emissions (kg)
CO2
CH4
N2O
Diesel
16,647,426.34
32,965.11
494.24
Total
16,647,426.34
32,965.11
494.24
Page | 36
GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
Note: Map indicate only BMC area
Page | 37
GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
4.1.5.Energysector–Fishery
Fishery has identified as a key sector in Batticaloa area. Main energy consumptions of fishery
sector undertakes due to extensive use of fuel for fishing motor boats. Energy use for lighting
lamps in the boats at night is another appliance which uses kerosene, batteries and petrol.
Following assumptions were used to calculate energy consumption of boats.
The average fuel consumption of a multi-days boat has assumed as 6000 Litres per month
and one day boat is 5000 Litres per month. This assumption has developed through a Focal
Group Discussion (FGD) with local fishermen.
Figure 4.2.: Interview with fisherman to find out avg.. Fuel consumption
Table 4.21.: Type of fishery boats according to the source of energy use in Study Area
No of Boat
Energy Source
Multi-days boat
Boats with Outboard
Total
Kerosene
372
732
Diesel
113
113
(Source: Fishery Department, Batticaloa)
Table 4.22.: Annual energy consumption
by fishery boats, according to type of energy source in Study Area
Annual Fuel Consummation (L)
Energy Source
Total (L)
Total (kg)
Multi-days boat
Boats with Outboard
Kerosene
Diesel
-
26,784,000
26,784,000
22,915,625
8,136,000
-
8,136,000
6,648,332
(Annual Fuel Consumption = No of Boat * Avg. Monthly Fuel Consumption *12)
Page | 38
GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
Table 4.23.: Calorific value & emissions factors for energy sources
Energy Source
Kerosene
Diesel
Conversion Factor Calorific value of
the fuel(TJ/kg)
CO2 Emission
Factor (kg/TJ)
0.0000448
0.0000403
CH4 Emission
Factor (kg/TJ)
19,600
20,200
N2O Emission
Factor (kg/TJ)
5
5
2
2
(Source: Base on National GHG Inventory, Sri Lanka-2000)
Table 5.24.: Emissions from use of energy for fishery sector in Study Area
Annual Emissions (kg)
Energy Source
CO2
Kerosene
CH4
N2O
20,099,261.18
51,273.93
2,050.89
Diesel
5,405,426.67
13,379.77
535.20
Total
25,504,687.85
64,653.69
2,586.09
Page | 39
GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
Note: Map indicate only BMC area
Page | 40
GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
4.1.6. Energy sector - Road transportation
GHG Emissions can estimate from either the fuel consumed (represented by fuel sold) or the
distance travelled by the vehicles. In general, the first approach (fuel sold) is appropriate for
CO2 and the second (distance travelled by vehicle type and road type) is appropriate for CH4
and N2O. Therefore, this inventory adopted both methods but made sure not to double count.
Data about fuel sold was obtained from all fuel stations within the study area.
Figure 4.3.: Interviews in fuel station, to find out fuel sold information
This data was taken for a period of one year because there may be seasonal variations in
travel pattern at different periods of the year due to school vacations, festivals and tourist
arrivals. FGD’s were conducted with fuel station workers and officers to figure-out the
proportion of local users to outsiders who purchase fuel. There are two uncertain
circumstances can occur such as;
1. Consumers who purchase fuel from inside stations may travel outside the study area
2. Consumers who purchase fuel from outside stations may travel within the study area
The first circumstances should exclude from the inventory and the second should include into
the inventory. However, that need detailed data collection and therefore, both facts have
unaccounted assuming both are equal in quantity.
Conversely, the second method, which calculates based on distance travelled by vehicle type,
can overcome this limitation. That needs detailed traffic counts by type of vehicle on all roads
and average trip length of all users. Once again that demands a detailed Origin-Destination
survey. Since, this study has certain time and resources constraints, the possible secondary
data were obtained for traffic counts at major roads from Road Development Authority
(RDA, Sri Lanka). Further, average trip lengths and average fuel consumption were obtained
Page | 41
GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
through interviews conducted from vehicle users/ drivers at selected fuel stations. Screen line
traffic count and vehicle interview surveys (week day - 16hr) were carried out at three entry
points to the study area (at A4 road: Kallar, A5 road: Periyapullumalai, A15: Chenkalady) to
obtained data related to vehicles which passing through study area.
Table 4.25.: Annual energy consumption in Study Area by vehicle and type of energy
sources
Avg
Fuel
Avg Annual
No. of
Type
Vehicle
Vehicle Consumpt
Fuel
Vehicle
of Fuel
Type
km per ion per km Consumption
*
day**
(L)
(L)
Registered
Petrol Car
888
5
0.08
127,915
Vehicle
35
50
0.13
81,900
Mini Bus
within Study
45994
10
0.02
3,311,575
Motor Cycle
Area
Motor
3733
50
0.06
4,031,415
(Source :
Tricycle
*Motor
Diesel Car
516
7.5
0.08
111,360
Traffic
Oil
64
5
0.07
8,114
Pickup
Branch,
133
75
0.1
358,020
Medium Bus
Batticaloa,
Dual
2010,
1401
10
0.17
857,315
Purpose
**Primary
443
10
0.08
127,558
Jeep
Survey)
261
75
0.17
1,199,188
Heavy Bus
Truck
1319
20
0.2
1,899,648
Vehicles
Petrol Car
573
23
0.08
379,396
passing
0
0.13
0
Mini Bus
through
3984
27
0.02
774,449
Motor Cycle
Study Area
Motor
(Source : *
504
18
0.06
195,932
Tricycle
Primary
Diesel Car
331
32
0.08
304,847
Survey
Oil
53
48
0.07
64,447
Pickup
&Number of
84
33
0.17
170,373
Vehicles,
Medium Bus
RDA,
Dual
254
42
0.17
653,370
**Primary
Purpose
Survey)
170
41
0.08
200,535
Jeep
201
59
0.17
725,446
Heavy Bus
Truck
628
43
0.2
1,945,093
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GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
Table 4.26.: Calorific value & emissions factors of energy sources
Type of
Fuel
Vehicle Type
Density
Factor
Calorific
value of the
fuel
(TJ/kg)
Emission Factor (t/TJ)
CO2
CH4
N2O
Car
0.73722
0.0000448
18.9
0.02
0.001
Mini Bus
0.73722
0.0000448
18.9
0.02
0.001
Motor Cycle
0.73722
0.0000448
18.9
0.1
0.001
Motor Tricycle
0.73722
0.0000448
18.9
0.1
0.001
Car
0.81715
0.0000433
20.2
0.002
0.004
Pickup
0.81715
0.0000433
20.2
0.002
0.004
Medium Bus
0.81715
0.0000433
20.2
0.001
0.004
Dual Purpose
0.81715
0.0000433
20.2
0.001
0.004
Jeep
0.81715
0.0000433
20.2
0.001
0.004
Heavy Bus
0.81715
0.0000433
20.2
0.006
0.003
Truck
0.81715
0.0000433
20.2
0.006
0.003
Petrol
0.73722
0.0000448
18.9
0.062
0.0002
Diesel Oil
0.81715
0.0000433
20.2
0.0039
0.0039
Petrol
Diesel Oil
(Source: Base on National GHG Inventory, Sri Lanka-2000)
Table 4.27.: Vehicular GHG Emissions of the Study Area
(According to the vehicle kilometre)
Annual Emissions (kg)
Source
CO2
CH4
N2O
Registered Vehicle within study Area
7,769,843
24,115
772
Vehicles passing through study Area
3,723,812
4,084
518
11,493,654.07
28,199.31
1,290.30
Total
Table 4.28.: Average amount of monthly fuel sold within in Study Area
Type of Fuel
Avg. Monthly Amount of Fuel Sold (L)
Petrol
527,000
Diesel
680,000
(Source: Fuel sold record by Fuel Stations)
Page | 43
GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
Table 4.29.: Vehicular GHG Emissions of the Study Area
(According to the fuel sold)
Annual Emissions (kg)
Energy Source
CO2
CH4
N2O
Petrol
3,947,560.44
4,177.31
208.87
Diesel
5,836,224.67
288.92
1,155.69
Total
9,783,785.11
4,466.23
1,364.55
4.1.7.Energysector‐Railwaytransportation
Railway transportation consists of different types of engines which consumes alternative
energy sources. Railway Department occupy different types of engines at different trips and
these types are not uniform because engines rotate time to time. Therefore, the national
average fuel consumption of train per kilometre has taken as the emission factor which
normalizes the differences of engines. The average trip length has taken by multiplying
railway fleet within study area by frequency had counted from time table records of railway
station.
CO2
10.9023
Table 4.30.: Emissions factors for energy sources
Emissions (kg) per train operate km
CH4
N20
0.0007
0.0001
(Source: Base on National GHG Inventory, Sri Lanka-2000)
Table 4.31.: Emissions from use of energy for train transportation in Study Area
Annual Emissions (kg)
Energy Source
Total
CO2
CH4
N2O
150,418.42
10.03
1.21
Page | 44
GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
Note: Map indicate only BMC area
Page | 45
GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
4.2. Sector two: Agriculture, Forestry & Other land use
4.2.1.Livestock
Livestock is a key category of Green house gas emission inventory of study area. The key sub
categories of livestock have identified as;
a) Enteric Fermentation
Enteric fermentation in the digestive systems of ruminants leads to production and emission
of CH4. Ruminant livestock of the areas is mainly comprised of cattle, buffalo, goat and
sheep.
b) Manure Management
Management decisions about manure disposal and storage affect the emissions of CH4 and
N2O, which are formed in decomposing manures as a by-product of methanogenesis and
nitrification/de-nitrification, respectively. Volatilization losses of NH3 and NOx from manure
management systems and soils leads to indirect greenhouse gas emissions.
This includes ruminant as well as non-ruminant livestock (Poultry and swine).
Figure 4.4: Livestock activities in study area
Livestock population of the area by type is obtained from secondary sources; Vet. Office
Batticaloa.
Page | 46
GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
Table 4.32.: Livestock population in Study Area
Livestock species
No. of Species Ruminant
No. of Species Non-ruminant
Dairy Cattle
84,514
Non Dairy Cattle
36,786
Buffaloes
62,217
Sheep
114
Goat
52,843
Swine
5,310
Poultry
222,354
(Source: Vet. Office, Batticaloa)
Rest of the calculations were based on the average figures mentioned in the Draft National
Inventory. This sector in Draft National GHG Inventory is heavily based on assumptions.
Those assumptions are mentioned below for the reference of this section.
Assumptions from Draft National GHG Inventory
1. The cattle and buffalo herd (population) comprise of animals with different age groups
and different body weights. Therefore, to avoid variation, all these animals were brought
to a standard unit, which is accepted universally. This is called “livestock unit” (LU;
Livestock unit = mature cow = LU) Mature cow = 1 LU; Mature bull = 1.25 LU; Buffalo
= 1 LU; Calves/ Heifers = 0.6 LU
2. All of cattle and buffaloes are considered as dairy animals. In Sri Lanka, there is no beef
cattle operation or feed lot system. Therefore, all are considered as dairy animals.
3. Almost all the ruminant livestock are managed under a free grazing/browsing system
mainly; depending on natural roughages. Concentrate feed is used in very insignificant
amounts, compared to the total dry matter intake.
4. Since all ruminant livestock are managed under a free grazing system, excreta (both urine
and dung) are naturally disposed on the field. No stockpiling or accumulation is therefore
present.
5. Poultry comprise ducks and chicken and other minor important domesticated avian
species. All the members were taken into account if recorded.
6. Where goats and sheep are not specified individually, they are taken together (similar LU
values).
Page | 47
GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
7. All ruminant livestock spices are fed on similar diets (mainly roughages). The methane
production is therefore similar.
8. The ruminant livestock population in the country is found within the same temperature
range, with the exception of cattle in the Nuwara Eliya district (<27oC). Since the latter
population is very insignificant, compared to the total cattle population, they were not
considered.
Table 4.33.: Emission factors for livestock
Livestock
species
Dairy Cattle
Non Dairy
Cattle
Buffaloes
Sheep
Goat
Swine
Poultry
Emission Factors CH4 (kg/head/yr)
Enteric
Fermentation
56
Manure
Management
27
N2O Emission Factor from
Different Animal Waste
Management
System(kg/head/yr)
0.02
44
2
0.02
55
3
0.02
5
0.21
0.02
5
0.22
0.02
1
7
0.02
0
0.023
0.02
(Source: Base on National GHG Inventory, Sri Lanka-2000)
Table 4.34.: Emissions from livestock in Study Area
Annual Emissions (kg)
Source
Total
CH4
N2O
10,080,372.14
9,282.76
Page | 48
GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
4.2.2.Agriculture
Rice is the main food crop recorded in study area; cultivation majorly confined into NorthEast monsoon rain-fed. In addition to rice, chilli and red onions grow at small scale. The
following table represent the extent of paddy cultivation area of last year.
Figure 4.5: Agriculture activities in study area
Table 4.35.: Paddy Cultivated area in Study Area by season
Maha 2009/2010 (Ha)
Yala 2010 (Ha)
RainRainMajor Minor
fed
Total
Major Minor
fed
Paddy
15,844
1,721
23,585
41,159
17,058
1,721
23,585
Total
42,364
(Source: Statistical Branch, Batticaloa-Kachcheri)
The following assumptions which applied in Draft National Inventory have considered in
GHG inventory of Batticaloa too.
1. Rice was the only crop cultivated under submerged conditions.
2. Yala and Maha were taken together in every year. Even though Maha season extends
to the following year, it was included in the current year for calculations.
3. Extraction rates of crop residues were taken from international references.
4. Default values for emissions are not available locally; therefore, values from Indian
Subcontinent were used.
5. Rice cultivation is done under single aeration method.
Page | 49
GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
Rice cultivation contributes to produce CH4 as a result of sub-merged, anaerobic conditions.
Burning of crop residues emit carbon and few other GHG substances. Data on amount of crop
residues produce and proportion of burning were obtained from FGDs with local farmers.
Table 4.36.: Emission factors
Emission Factors (kg per Ha/Yr)
CH4
N2O
Rice Cultivation
23.70
Field Burning of crop residues
3.06
0.07
Direct emissions
1.68
Indirect emissions
21.04
(Source: Base on National GHG Inventory, Sri Lanka-2000)
Table 4.37.: Emissions from agriculture sector in Study Area
Annual Emissions (kg)
Source
CH4
N2O
Rice Cultivation
164,966.63
22,045.70
19,676.89
Field Burning of crop residues
Direct emissions
Indirect emissions
19,676.89 Total
187,012.33
Page | 50
GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
4.2.3.Forestryandotherlandusechange
Land Use changes cause to alternate GHG emissions or sinks of the locality. As a common
phenomenon in urban areas, green fields convert into brown fields and there by contribute to
GHG emissions at higher rate.
This land use analysis is a relative assessment based on a decided base year to current
inventory. Land use data is available for previous years. This inventory has compared the
changes through last ten years (1999 – 2009) and calculated average change in land use per
year by sector. There is no any previous inventory available for study area; therefore this will
be the benchmark study for future.
As revealed from calculation, forest land and croplands have subjected to a considerable
annual change but changes in other land use categories are insignificant. Therefore, this
section provides information on greenhouse gas emissions only from forest land and
croplands. Cropland refers to rice fields, coconut lands and other agro-forestry systems
including all annual and perennial crops as well as seasonal cultivations. Land-use
conversions to croplands from forest lands, grasslands and wetlands usually result in a net
loss of carbon from biomass and soils as well as emit N2O to the atmosphere.
The amount of carbon stored-in and emitted or removed from permanent cropland depends
on crop type, management practices, soil and climate variables. Carbon stocks in soils can be
significant and changes in stocks can occur in conjunction with soil properties and
management practices, including crop type and rotation, tillage, drainage, residue
management and organic amendments. Changes to biomes, dead organic matters and Soil
Carbons need to be assessed in this section.
However, this inventory only considered the changes occurred in biomes. This section has
not included in Draft National GHG Inventory. Hence, country specific emission factors are
not available. In this situation, the changes have computed by using, default values mentioned
in IPCC guidelines. As mentioned in IPCC, the error factor of using default values can be
higher as 75% at some instances.
Page | 51
GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
Table 4.38.: Net annual land use change (1999-2010) in Study Area
To
From
Settlements
Cropland
Forest Land
Wetlands
Other Land
Settlements
Cropland
Forest Land
Wetlands
Other Land
557 Ha
539 Ha
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
219Ha
95 Ha
0
-
(Source: Batticaloa& Land Use Data 1999 to 2010, Statistical Branch, Batticaloa-Kachcheri)
Table 4.39.: Default factors 141,817
Cropland Land
Converted to
Settlements
Cropland Land
Converted to Other
land
Forest Land
Converted to
Settlements
Forest Land
Converted to Other
land
Biomass stocks
before the
conversion
(tonnes dm ha -1)
Carbon
fraction
of dry matter
[tonnes C
(tonne dm)-1]
Annual
biomass
carbon
growth
(tonnes
C/Ha/yr-)
Annual loss
of
biomass
carbon
(tonnes
C/Ha/yr-)
10
0.5
1.8
0.9
6
0.5
1.8
0.9
90
0.5
1.8
0.9
90
0.5
1.8
0.9
(Source: IPCC 2000)
Table 4.40.: Emissions from land use change in Study Area
Annual change in carbon
Annual Emissions CO2
Source
stocks in biomass
(kg)
-1
(tonnes C yr )
Cropland Land Converted to
-3,886.8
14,251,600
Settlements
Cropland Land Converted to
-741.3
2,718,100
Other land
Forest Land Converted to
-54,639.90
200,346,300
Settlements
Forest Land Converted to Other
-9,569.70
35,088,900
land
Total
-68,837.70
252,404,900.00
Page | 52
GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
Note: Map indicate only BMC area
Page | 53
GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
Note: Map indicate only BMC area
Page | 54
GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
4.3. Sector three: Waste
Waste disposal systems are key source of GHG emission in cities. Solid waste generation is
increasing at alarming rate as a result of urbanization and population growth. This section
estimates carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from
Solid and liquid waste disposal in study area.
Accordingly, this report consist of three emission categories are,
I.
II.
III.
Solid Waste Disposal Sites
Incineration & Open Burning of Waste
Wastewater Treatment & Discharge
4.3.1. SolidWaste
64,700 MTPA amount of solid waste generate within the study area. Solid waste disposal
practices of city represent in following table.
Open Dumping and burning of solid
waste
KII conducted with Mr. Dushyanth,
Officer In-charge, Waste Management
site.
Open burning of solid waste at household level
Collection of plastic and glass bottle to
handover to recycling plant.
Municipal solid waste dumping site & construction work of
sanity land filling
Page | 55
GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
Table 4.41.: Composition of Solid Waste in Study Area
BMC
Surrounding
Area
14, 600 MT
50, 100 MT
40%
0%
10%
0%
Composting of Solid Waste at Household Level
5%
5%
Open Burning at Household Level
15%
40%
Open Dumping at Household Level
30%
55%
0.04%
0%
Area
Annual Generation
Collection & Open Dumping at Municipal Solid Waste
Dumping Site
Collection & Open Bunning at Municipal Solid Waste
Dumping Site
Recycling
(Source: PHI & Environment Section, BMC)
There is a composting bed under construction, which could reduce Carbon emissions from
open dumping in future.
Table 4.42.: Country specific composting of solid waste
Waste category
Composition %
Kitchen
45.6
Grass & wood
24.7
Paper
8.9
Textile
3.5
Soft plastic
4.0
Hard plastic
0.8
Leather & Rubber
0.9
Metal
0.5
Glass
0.8
Ceramic & stone
8.4
Other
2.0
Total
100
Table 4.43.: Default factors for open dumping
Methane
Correction
Factor (MCF)
Fraction of
DOC in MCW
Fraction of DOC
which Actually
Degrades*
Fraction of
Carbon Released
as Methane
Conversion
Ratio
0.4
0.1955
0.78
0.5
1.333333333
(Source: IPCC 2000, *Dr. Basnayake )
Page | 56
GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
Table 4.44.: Default factors for open burning
Fraction of
Fraction of Fossil
Waste Category
Carbon in Dry
Carbon in Total
Matter
Carbon
Paper
0.46
0.01
Textiles
0.5
0.2
Food waste
0.38
Wood
0.5
Garden & Park Waste
0.49
Nappies
0.6
0.1
Rubber & Leather
0.47
0.2
Plastics
1
Metl
Glass
Oxidation Factor
0.58
0.58
0.58
0.58
0.58
0.58
0.58
0.58
0.58
0.58
(Source :IPCC 2000)
Emission Factors (g N2O/t waste treated) = 150(Source: IPCC 2000)
Equation for Net Annual Methane Emissions (Gg CH4) from open Dumping/composting
A
Total Annual of Open Dumping(Gg)
B
Methane Correction Factor (MCF)
C
Fraction of DOC in MCW
D
Fraction of DOC which Actually Degrades
E
Fraction of Carbon Released as Methane
F
Conversion Ratio
G=CDEF
Potential Methane Generation Rate per Unit of Waste (Gg CH4/ Gg MSW)
Realized (Country specific Methane Generation Rate per Unit of Waste (Gg
H=BG
CH4/ Gg MSW)
J=HA
Gross Annual Methane Generation (Gg CH4)
K
Recovered Methane per Year (Gg CH4)
L=J-K
Net Annual Methane Generation (Gg CH4)
M
One Minus Methane Oxidation Correction Factor
N=LM
Net Annual Methane Emissions (Gg CH4)
Equation for Net Annual Fossil CO2 Emissions from Open Burning
Total Amount of MSW Open-burned according to the Waste Category(kg/yr)
Dry Matter Content
Fraction of Carbon in Dry Matter
Fraction of Fossil Carbon in Total Carbon
Oxidation Factor
Conversion Factor (44/12)
F
G
H
I
J
K
L=FGHIJ
Fossil CO2 Emissions (kg CO2)
K
Page | 57
GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
Equation for Annual Net Annual Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Open Burning
A
Total Annual amount Open-burned (t)
B
Emission Factor (g N2O/t waste treated)
H=A*B
Net Annual Nitrous Oxide Emissions (Gg N2 O)
Table 4.45.: Emissions from solid waste in Study Area
Annual Emissions (kg)
Source
CO2
CH4
Open Dumping at Household Level
8,334,698.32
Open Burning at Household Level
672,421.06
Open Dumping at Municipal Dumping Site
1,524,178.43
Open Burning at Municipal Dumping Site
44,162.61
Total
716,583.67 9,858,876.75
N2O
328.50
21.57
350.07
4.3.2. Waste–Wastewater
There is no any centralized waste water treatment facility available within study area.
Sewerage manages at domestic level by individual septic tanks. There is no any recorded CH4
collection practice from septic tanks. Residential waste water (grey water; kitchen waste, bath
room and other washing) is discharged to water bodies and low lying areas.
Table 4.46.: Country specific factors for Wastewater generation & emission
Organic Product Per Person
Emission Factor
(kg BOD/yr)
(kg CH4/kg BOD)
5.81
0.0095
(Source: Base on National GHG Inventory, Sri Lanka-2000)
Total Organic Product (kg BOD/yr)
= Organic Product per Person (kg BOD/yr) * Total Population in study area
Net Methane Emissions (kg CH4)
= [Total Organic Product (kg BOD/yr) * Emission Factor (kg CH4/kg BOD)
– [Recovered Methane per Year (Gg CH4)]
Table 4.47.: Emissions from waste water in Study Area
Source
Annual Emissions CH4 (kg)
Domestic Wastewater
22,019.90
Page | 58
GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
4.4. Analysis & Conclusion
Batticaloa is an emerging city which grows at faster rate after post-war rehabilitation and
reconstructions. As mentioned above, energy; agriculture, forestry & other land uses and
waste are the three identified key sectors of the city GHG inventory. The following table
summarise the estimated annual GHG gases emissions by sector.
Emissions from the Agriculture, Forestry and other Land Use sectors in Batticaloa are main
contributor to GHG emissions within the locality.
Table 4.48.: Overall GHG emission by sector in Study Area
SECTOR
Energy
Agriculture, Forestry and other Land
Use
Waste
Total
Annual Emissions (kg)
CO2
CH4
89,216,843
2,651,572
N2O
8,606
112,345,307
10,267,384
28,959
110,407
201,672,556
3,263,815
16,182,771
329
37,893
Energy sector contribute to the second largest proportion of GHG emissions. That includes a
significant proportion of CO2 and CH4. Following table presents the sectoral emissions in
detailed.
Table 4.49.: Overall GHG emission in Energy sector in Study Area
Industrial
Commercial & Institutional
Residential
Agriculture
Fishery
Road Transportation
Rail Transportation
Annual Emissions (kg)
CO2
CH4
128,601
3,187
1,115,817
519
34,176,238
2,522,038
16,647,426
32,965
25,504,688
64,654
11,493,654
28,199
150,418
10
Total
89,216,843
Energy
Sector
Source
2,651,572
N2O
7
31
4,196
494
2,586
1,290
1
8,606
Accordingly, residential sector has the highest responsibility on CO2 and CH4 emissions. This
is mainly because of the extensive use of fuel wood for cooking activities and electricity
Page | 59
GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
appliances at households. Fishery, Agriculture and Road transportation also highly
contributes to city GHG emissions directly through CO2 and CH4 emissions.
Table 4.50.: Overall GHG emission in
Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use in Study Area
Annual Emissions (kg)
Sector
Source
CO2
Agriculture,
Forestry and
Other Land Use
CH4
N2O
Livestock
-
10,080,372
9,283
Agriculture
-
187,012
19,676
Land Use Change
112,345,307
-
-
Total
112,345,307
10,267,384
28,959
Land use changes contribute very large amount of CO2 emissions in study area. This is
mainly due to the conversion of forest land in to residential land. Livestock sector is
responsible for large proportion of CH4 emissions within the study area. This is by and large
due to enteric fermentation of ruminant species. However, these ruminant species are highly
important in nutrient supply (food production) and local livelihoods of poor communities.
Table 4.51.: Overall GHG emission in
Waste sector in Study Area
Sector
Waste
Source
Annual Emissions (kg)
CO2
CH4
N2O
Solid Waste
110,407
3,241,795
329
Wastewater
-
22,020
-
110,407
3,263,815
329
Total
Solid waste sector is another notable contributor which emits CO2 from open burning and
CH4 from un-managed waste dumping sites. This needs to be properly addressed by the city
council as a sustainable practice than a mandatory duty.
The below mentioned values represent the GHG emissions of study area as a percentage of
country levels (National GHG Inventory 1994) by sector. It is noteworthy to mention that
Batticaloa is a small urban area of country which consists of 2.22 % of country’s population
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GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
(compare to 1994) and 2.16% of country’s land area which contribute 0.6% of CO2, 0.02% of
N2O and 1.47% of CH4.
Table 5.50.: GHG Emissions
in Study Area as A Percentage of Country Levels (1994 inventory) by Sector
Annual Emissions (kg)
CO2
CH4
N2O
Energy
1.64%
0.29%
0.01%
Agriculture, Forestry and Other
Land Use
0.40%
6.55%
0.85%
Waste
-
0.16%
-
Total
0.60%
1.47%
0.02%
The results revealed that study area has relatively very low contribution to country’s GHG
emissions. However, Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use sector has high CH4 emission
compare to national emission level of that sector. This need to be consider especially in
Mitigation Plans at local level.
CO2 is the major contributor of city GHG emissions. Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land
Use sector the most and energy sector the second highest has contributed to that.
Figure 4.6: Annual Emissions of GHG by All Sources
Detailed findings are illustrated in following graphs.
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GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
Figure 4.7: Annual Emissions of GHG by Sector
Accordingly, residential, fishery and AFLOU sectors are the main contributors of CO2 while
solid waste sector holds the lion’s share of CH4 emissions.
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GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
Figure 4.8 : Annual Emissions of GHG by Source
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GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
Figure 4.9 ..: Percentage Distribution of Annual Emissions of GHG by Source
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GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
Rapid land use changes in the study area contribute more than 100,000 metric tons of CO2
during considered year (2010). This is considerably higher than all the other sectors.
Residential and fishery sectors contribute more than 20,000 metric tons of CO2 a year.
Livestock sector is responsible for the largest CH4 emission which release more than 5,000
metric tons a year.
Even though Methane and Nitrous Oxide are less in quantity, it has higher contribution to
Global warming.
The global warming potential (GWP) depends on both
the efficiency of the molecule as a greenhouse gas and
its atmospheric lifetime. GWP is measured relative to the
same mass of CO2 and evaluated for a specific
timescale. Thus, if a gas has a high GWP on a short time
scale (say 20 years) but has only a short lifetime, it will
have a large GWP on a 20 year scale but a small one on
a 100 year scale. Conversely, if a molecule has a longer
atmospheric lifetime than CO2 its GWP will increase
Atmospheric lifetime
The atmospheric lifetime of a species
therefore measures the time required
to restore equilibrium following an
increase in its concentration in the
atmosphere. Individual atoms or
molecules may be lost or deposited to
sinks such as the soil, the oceans and
other waters, or vegetation and other
biological systems, reducing the
excess to background concentrations.
The average time taken to achieve
this is the mean lifetime.
with the timescale considered.
Average estimated atmospheric life time of identified GHGs is stated below.
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GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
Species
CO2
Methane *
Nitrous oxide
Chemical
formula
CO2
CH4
N2O
Lifetime
(years)
variable **
12±3
120
Global Warming Potential
(Time Horizon)
20 years
100 years
500 years
1
1
1
56
21
6.5
280
310
170
Source: Climate Change 1995, The Science of Climate Change: Technical Summary of the Working Group I Report, page 22
*The GWP for methane includes indirect effects of tropospheric ozone production and stratospheric water vapour production
** Derived from the Bern carbon cycle model.
Following tables summarize the GHG emissions in CO2 equivalents. This brings a
comparable picture of GHG emissions among sectors considering the GWP potentials. Both
the table were computed considering the GWP potential for 20 year time horizons because it
likely to occur in near future which need to take immediate action.
Table 5.51.: Summary of GHG Emissions by Sector for 20 Year time Horizon
Sector
Gas Emissions (kt CO2 e.)
Electricity (incl. T&D losses)
4.23
District energy, CHP, and energy from waste
Commercial & Institutional
0.10
Residential
173.51
Manufacturing Industries & Construction
0.21
Fishery
29.85
Agriculture
18.63
Road transportation: LDVs
Road transportation: trucks
2.91
Road transportation: other
10.52
Railways
0.15
Domestic aviation
International aviation
Domestic marine
International marine
Industrial Processes
AFOLU
695.43
Solid waste disposal on land
552.91
Wastewater handling
1.23
Waste incineration
Total
1,489.69
Accordingly, AFOLU and Solid waste disposal are the main sectors which hold more than
70% share of total emissions.
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GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
Figure 4.10 ..: Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Sector 20 Year Time Horizons
Table 5.52.: Summary of GHG Emissions by Fuel or Activity Type for 20 Year time
Horizons
Fuel or Activity Type
ENERGY
Electricity (on-site renewable)
Electricity (grid)
Natural gas
Fuel oil
Coal
Gasoline
Diesel
Jet Fuel
Marine Fuel
Kerosene
LPG
Fuel wood
INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Industrial Products
WASTE
Solid waste disposal on land
Wastewater handling
Waste incineration
AFOLU
Livestock activities
Agriculture activities
Land use change
TOTAL
Total GHGs (t CO2 e)
0
4,225.20
0
0
0
4,239.97
34,271.87
0
0
29,070.53
2,134.06
166,171.00
0
552,911.70
1,233.11
0
567,100.01
15,982.22
12,345.31
1,469,685.00
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GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
Figure 4.11 ..: GHG Emissions by Fuel or Activity Type for 20 Year time Horizons
Figure 4.11 ..: GHG Emissions by Fuel Type for 20 Year time Horizons
Solid waste management, Livestock activity and Domestic fuel wood consumption (as
cooking energy source) are the key aspects should thoroughly address in GHG mitigation
plan of BMC and surroundings.
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GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
5. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MITIGATION MEASURES
TORESPONSECLIMATECHANGE(CC)IMPACTS
This section aimed to recommend mitigation measures for Batticaloa area to response
Climate Change. Accordingly this considered the possible mitigation initiatives at city level.
City level GHG Inventory
Recommended Mitigation
Measures in National Level
Draft GHG Inventory
Recommending
Plans for mitigation
& and adaptation to
response CC
impact on Cities
Stakeholder opinion on
Mitigation of GHG at city
level
This section consists of two sets of recommendations based on;
1. Recommended Mitigation Measures in National Level Draft GHG Inventory
a. Applicability of National actions at city level
b. Possible specific actions for Batticaloa city
2. Key findings of city GHG Inventory, Stakeholder opinion on Mitigation of GHG at
city level (Current practices, Suggestions and existing barriers to implement
suggestions)
Concerns made at each of the following sector has mentioned in this report.
5.1. Recommended Mitigation Measures in National Level Draft
GHG Inventory
As a party ratifying the UNFCCC, Sri Lanka was obliged to prepare a national
communication report by 2000. Following the guideline provided by the UNFCCC, and
partly funded by the Global Environmental Facility, the report was produced and submitted to
the UNFCCC in October 2000. The report consists of information ranging from GHG
emission inventory, climate change impacts and vulnerability and mitigation options to
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GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
adaptation responses. Subsequently, Sri Lanka developed policy recommendations on the
basis of UNFCCC guidelines that addressed the need for the nation to engage in climate
change mitigation and adaptation measures.
Mitigation refers to the reduction of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, such as
carbon dioxide (CO2), that are considered to be the prime sources of climate change. As
specified in the National Communication in Climate Change - Sri Lanka, the national
government proposed mitigating GHG emission through adopting a number of measures.
The list of mitigation measures proposed in draft National report was taken as the base to
identify activities applicable to implement at city level. The term ‘Applicability’ refers to
following considerations.
a. Address specific issues of the city (based on the Findings of city GHG inventory)
b. ‘Degree of fit’ to local conditions (technology, capacity)
c. Ability to initiate action at local level (i.e. even without national level initiative)
d. Local acceptability of the solution
Accordingly the applicable actions have listed below by sectors as; Agricultural, Forestry,
Energy, Transport, Waste, and Land use.
5.1.1. AgricultureSector
National Level Propositions
Applicability at Local Level
Batticaloa
1. Promote mixed cropping and agro-forestry instead of
monoculture (wherever possible)
Applicable
2. Cut down methane emissions from livestock with new
feed mixtures
3. Introduce changes in irrigation and fertilizer use to
reduce methane emissions from wet rice cultivation
Applicable
4. Minimize nitrous oxide emissions from agriculture with
new fertilizers and practices
Applicable
5. Alter breeding criteria for crop varieties with high
carbon dioxide sequestration
6. Introduced rice varieties that produce minimum
productive tillers with high yields to reduce methane
emissions from paddy fields.
Applicable
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GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
5.1.2. ForestrySector
Applicability at Local Level
National Level Propositions
Batticaloa
1.
Carbon sequestration by increasing the size of the
carbon pool by reforestation and afforestation of
degraded forests, croplands in marginal and waste lands
Applicable
2.
Use fast-growing fuel wood in place of coal or oil to
preserve the carbon reservoir contained in fossil fuels
Applicable
3.
4.
Conservation of existing carbon pools such as forests
Identify selected forest tree species that are most
suitable for carbon sequestration.
Applicable
Applicable
5.1.3. EnergySector
Applicability at Local Level
National Level Propositions
Batticaloa
1. Fuel switching: Replace existing (or planned) use of
fossil fuel with low GHG emitting fuels in electricity
generation, industrial, commercial and household
sectors.
2. Use of energy efficient technologies: Use new
technologies such as efficient combined cycle plants,
combined heat and power systems, efficient lighting and
air-conditioning systems with higher overall energy
efficiency to replace the existing less efficient systems
and in developing new systems.
3. Loss reduction: The average energy losses in Sri Lanka
power system is around 17%. It is also estimated that
older generation plants in this region consume 18%-44%
more fuel compared to their counterparts in OECD
countries. Adoption of loss reduction measures at
generation, transmission and distribution levels would
reduce GHG emissions per unit of energy consumed.
4. Renewable energy systems: Promote renewable energy
technologies in place of fossil fuel fired plants wherever
they are technologically and economically feasible.
Applicable
Applicable
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GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
Applicability at Local Level
National Level Propositions
Batticaloa
5. Pricing: Incorporate environmental and social impact
mitigation costs in pricing of electricity generated with
different technologies. Petroleum products should also
be priced at their true costs considering environmental
and social costs/benefits.
6. Energy conservation: Encourage energy conservation
through consumer education in industrial, commercial
and domestic sectors.
7. Propagate biogas technologies such as those developed
by the National Engineering Research and Development
Centre (NERD).
8. Improvements and Use of energy saving building and
road materials in construction activities
9. The establishment of Mini/micro hydro projects
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
5.1.4. WasteSector
National Level Propositions
Applicability at Local Level
Batticaloa
1. Dispose of waste with less or minimum Methane
emissions
2. Reduce methane emissions through bio gas generators
Applicable
Applicable
5.1.5. TransportSector
National Level Propositions
Applicability at Local Level
Batticaloa
1. Enforce and monitor emission standards for motor
vehicles.
2. Promote inter-modal transport.
3. Introduce traffic management measures to minimize
private and low occupancy vehicles.
4. Encourage the use of railways through financial
incentives.
5. Offer financial and other incentives aimed at greater use
of public transport systems
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
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GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
5.1.6. LandUseSector
Applicability at Local Level
National Level Propositions
1.
2.
Energy Efficient land use planning/ projects
Reduce methane emissions through bio gas
generators
3.
Changing the exterior colour (roofs and walls of
buildings) from dark to light which could eliminate the
need for increased thermal generation for cooling
particularly during peak hours
4.
Facilitating deeper penetration of sea breeze by a)
discouraging construction of high rise buildings along the
coast b) creating wind corridors perpendicular to the sea
5.
Encouraging shading in street canyon
6.
Development of neighbourhood - specific urban
development controls
7.
Permitting air movement through buildings and by
providing shading along streets
8.
Changing of the orientation of windows north-south
rather than east- west and reducing the size of glass
facades in building so that they should not exceed 50% of
the total area of the facade
9.
Growth of selected vegetation species as an urban
design to reduce particulate matter
Batticaloa
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
Applicable
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GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
Specific Actions which are possible to implement each of the identified, applicable sectors
are listed in following section.
Agriculture Sector
National Level Proposition
1. Promote mixed cropping and agroforestry instead of monoculture
wherever possible
2. Introduce changes in irrigation and
fertilizer use to reduce methane
emissions from wet rice cultivation
3. Minimize nitrous oxide emissions
from agriculture with new fertilizers
and practices
Possible Specific Actions for Cities
ƒ Introduce mixed cropping with coconut
cultivation
ƒ Conduct awareness programmes to local
farmers
ƒ Conduct training programmes to local
agrarian officers
ƒ Carry out researches in collaboration
with local institutions
Forester Sector
4. Alter breeding criteria for crop
varieties with high carbon dioxide
sequestration
5. Carbon sequestration by increasing
the size of the carbon pool by
reforestation and afforestation of
degraded forests, croplands in
marginal and waste lands
6. Use fast-growing fuel wood in place
of coal or oil to preserve the carbon
reservoir contained in fossil fuels*
ƒ Introduce Forest plantations along the
coastal belt
ƒ Select locally specific mangroves for
forest plantations
7. Conservation of existing carbon
pools such as forests
ƒ Identify ecologically important
forest/mangrove areas to declare as
conservation zones
ƒ Controlling over conversion of coconut
lands into residential and other built-up
areas through regulatory mechanisms
ƒ Carry out researches in collaboration
with local institutions
ƒ Conduct community awareness
programmes
ƒ Conduct training programmes to local
forest officers
8. Identify selected forest tree species
that are most suitable for carbon
sequestration
ƒ Introduce fuel wood plantations along
the interior coastal belt
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GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
Energy Sector
National Level Proposition
Possible Specific Actions for Cities
9. Use of energy efficient technologies:
Use new technologies such as
efficient combined cycle plants,
combined heat and power systems,
efficient lighting and airconditioning systems with higher
overall energy efficiency to replace
the existing less efficient systems
and in developing new systems.
ƒ Conduct awareness programmes to
community, commercial, and
institutional officers
ƒ Introduce energy efficient lighting for
streets and conduct awareness
programmes to Local authority
10. Renewable energy systems:
Promote renewable energy
technologies in place of fossil fuel
fired plants wherever they are
technologically and economically
feasible.
ƒ Introduce solar and wind power
generation options through conducting
researches and feasibility studies
11. Energy conservation: Encourage
energy conservation through
consumer education in industrial,
commercial and domestic sectors.
ƒ Conduct awareness programmes to
community, commercial, religious and
institutional officers
12. Propagate biogas technologies
such as those developed by the
National Engineering Research
and Development Centre (NERD).
ƒ Conduct awareness programmes to
community, commercial, religious and
institutional officers
13. Enforce and monitor emission
standards for motor vehicles.
ƒ Efficient inspection of smoke-test
approvals of vehicles
14. Promote inter-modal transport.
ƒ Introduce integrated (time, route, fare)
public transportation
ƒ Provide efficient and effective traffic
management options to control traffic
congestion
15. Introduce traffic management
measures to minimize private and
low occupancy vehicles.
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GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
16. Offer financial and other
incentives aimed at greater use of
public transport systems
National Level Proposition
Waste Sector
17. Dispose of waste with less or
minimum Methane emissions
18. Reduce methane emissions through
bio gas generators
Land Use Sector
19. Energy Efficient land use planning/
projects
20. Changing the exterior colour (roofs
and walls of buildings) from dark
to light which could eliminate the
need for increased thermal
generation for cooling particularly
during peak hours
21. Facilitating deeper penetration of
sea breeze by a) discouraging
construction of high rise buildings
along the coast b) creating wind
corridors perpendicular to the sea
22. Encouraging shading in street
canyon
23. Development of neighbourhood specific urban development
controls
24. Permitting air movement through
buildings and by providing shading
along streets
ƒ Provide special public transport facilities
to schools and office premises
Possible Specific Actions for Cities
ƒ Introduce Sanitary land filling sites
instead of existing open dumping of
municipal solid waste
ƒ Introduce Methane collection
technologies to existing composting
sites
ƒ Encourage decentralized waste-water
treatment practices to future
townships/residential complexes.
ƒ Encourage mixed land uses
ƒ Reduce daily average trip lengths
through adapting neighbourhood
planning concepts
ƒ Promote compact city development
ƒ Conduct awareness programs to
community, constructors and draftsmen
ƒ Conduct discussion to incorporate with
Land Use Development Plan, Local
authority by-laws and Coastal Zone
management Plan of CCD
ƒ Introduce tree plantation programmes on
urban roads
ƒ Conduct discussions to incorporate Land
Use Development Plan, Local authority
by-laws
ƒ Conduct awareness programs to
community, constructors and draftsmen
ƒ Introduce tree plantation programmes on
urban roads
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GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
25. Changing of the orientation of
windows north-south rather than
east- west and reducing the size of
glass facades in building so that
they should not exceed 50% of the
total area of the facade
26. Growth of selected vegetation
species as an urban design to
reduce particulate matter
ƒ Conduct awareness programs to
community, constructors and draftsmen
ƒ Conduct discussion to incorporate with
Land Use Development Plan, Local
authority by-laws
ƒ Conduct researches of the suitability of
local plants
ƒ Introduce tree plantation programmes on
urban roads
5.2. Stakeholder Prepositions to Reduce GHG emissions in BMC
& vicinity area
5.2.1. StakeholderPrepositionstoReduceGHGemissionsfromEnergy
Sector
5.2.1.1. Energy uses of Residents
As depicted in above table, residential sector significant contribution on CO2 emissions in
Batticaloa urban area. This is mainly because of the extensive fuel wood consumption and
electricity appliances at households. This matter has largely discussed in the workshop.
Individuals have different opinions to the ways which are possible to reduce energy
consumption. There were certain measures which practice by certain groups to reduce
domestic electricity consumption. Those methods were discussed among the group and listed
below.
Methods
ƒ Switch off unnecessary bulbs (certain period during mid
night)
ƒ Use of energy saving appliances (e.g. CFC bulbs)
ƒ Open all windows to receive maximum natural light &
ventilation during day time
ƒ Press clothes once a week
ƒ Use of solar energy panels for illumination sources
ƒ Reduce the use of electrical appliances for works which can
do manually (eg. Washing machine, Grinder, Blender)
1
2
Group
3 4 5
6
7
Y Y Y
Y Y
Y Y Y Y
Y Y
Y
Y
Y Y
Y
Y Y
Y Y Y
Y
Y
01-Members and officers from the Provincial Council & District Level officers, 02-Members from the Local Authorities, 03-Members from the Divisional
Secretariat Office & GN Officers, 04-Members from the local level infrastructure agencies, 05-Members from local level government institutions, 06-Members
from Private sector organizations, Financial institutions and Community Base Organizations, 07-Members from Fishery Organization
Page | 77
GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
All above were generally recognized as good suggestions but, the last two were somewhat
controversial. Solar power is one of the best solutions for an east phasing city like Batticaloa
which receives intensive sunlight; has a lengthier day time than night; has more sunny days
than the rainy days per year. However, many of the citizens belong to economically weaker
class and lower middle income class who are not affordable for expensive technologies as
solar power. Sixth solution raised an issue of timing because manual activities consume much
time to perform. Therefore, specially the employed- women did not fully agree to accept that
as an effective solution.
Cooking is one of the key activities which consume large quantities of energy including
electricity, fuel wood, kerosene and LPG. The following table contents the stakeholder
suggestions to reduce energy consumption at cooking.
Methods
1
2
3
4
ƒ
Use energy efficient stoves
Y Y Y
ƒ
Use limited time for cooking
Y
ƒ
Use pressure cooker(cook 2/3 dishes at same time)
Y
ƒ
Use of bio gas generate from sewage pit
Y Y Y
5
6
7
01-Members and officers from the Provincial Council & District Level officers, 02-Members from the Local Authorities, 03-Members from the Divisional
Secretariat Office & GN Officers, 04-Members from the local level infrastructure agencies, 05-Members from local level government institutions, 06-Members
from Private sector organizations, Financial institutions and Community Base Organizations, 07-Members from Fishery Organization
Traditional cooking practice of the country take longer
time due to boiling rice and grains, preparing two/three
curries per meal, less preferences on fast food etc…
Use of bio-gas has recognized as an effective solution
to directly reduce CH4 emissions and indirectly reduce
CO2 emissions to atmosphere. However, there should
be a proper mechanism to introduce bio-gas practices
at domestic level.
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GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
5.2.1.2. Energy use for Road Transportation
Road transportation is another important contributor of city GHG emissions (energy sector)
directly through CO2 and indirectly through extensive proportion of CO. There are three
solutions proposed by stakeholders to minimize energy consumption of transport sector.
1. Control traffic congestion within the city
- There is a noteworthy amount of energy waste in traffic congested nodes. This could
reduce through a smooth traffic circulation plan.
2. Promote less energy consuming transportation
-
This emphasised the importance of promoting Pedestrian movements and cyclic
movements within the city. Cyclic movement is a well known practice of Batticaloa
city which is diluting gradually with the introduction of motor vehicles.
Batticaloa city known to be a “cycle city”
3. Maintain the emission levels of vehicles
-
There are large numbers of out-dated vehicles at Batticaloa urban area. Many of those
old vehicles have high emission levels than the others. By the date of workshop,
government has not made mandatory to have vehicular emission tests (testing CO, HC
levels) within this region. However, by now it has been made mandatory within the
entire country.
Specific actions under each category as proposed by different groups are given in the table
below.
Prepositions
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
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GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
Control Traffic Congestion
ƒ Expand the traffic police services
ƒ Use alternative routes to enter /exits from Batticaloa –south
to Batticaloa north
ƒ Introduce automated traffic signals at Kalladi Bridge
Promote less energy consuming Modes of transportation
ƒ Promote public transport
ƒ Encouraging and creating awareness to people to use
environmentally friendly transport modes (walking, cycling,
public, transportation)
ƒ Facilitate by-cycle users
Maintain the emission levels of Vehicles
ƒ Stop the use of old vehicles
ƒ Regular monitoring of vehicle condition (smoke tests)
through the motor transport dept
Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Y
Y Y Y Y
Y
Y Y Y Y Y Y
Y Y Y
Y
Y Y
Y Y Y
Y Y Y
Y Y Y Y Y
Y Y Y Y
Y
01-Members and officers from the Provincial Council & District Level officers, 02-Members from the Local Authorities, 03-Members from the Divisional
Secretariat Office & GN Officers, 04-Members from the local level infrastructure agencies, 05-Members from local level government institutions, 06-Members
from Private sector organizations, Financial institutions and Community Base Organizations, 07-Members from Fishery Organization
5.2.1.3. Energy use of Other Categories
Fishery, Commercial, Institutional, Agriculture, Industry, and Rail transportation are the
other categories which contribute to GHG emissions of energy sector. Fishery, institutional
and Agriculture categories have identified as third, fourth and fifth important categories in
GHG inventory of the city. However, these categories have not been prioritized as important
sectors in the workshop yet; the particular stakeholders who employed in these categories
mentioned their regular practices and proposals which contribute to reduce GHG emissions.
Summary of those activities are listed below.
ƒ
ƒ
ƒ
ƒ
ƒ
ƒ
ƒ
ƒ
Electricity saving options for institutions
Switch off unnecessary bulbs, fans and other appliances
before leave office.
Switch off fans &bulbs during the lunch- break within the
office premises other than lunch room/canteen
Shut-down computers before leave office and stop keeping
stand-by
Use CFC bulbs
open all windows at day time and utilize natural light and
ventilation at maximum level
Conduct a competition among institutions to be the best
energy saver (through award system)
Monitor wastage/electricity consumption through submeters at different building blocks
Switch on AC after 10.00 a.m. (not at 8.00 a.m.) and switch
1
2
Y
3
4
5
6
7
Y Y Y Y Y
Y Y Y Y Y Y
Y Y Y
Y Y Y Y
Y Y
Y Y
Y
Y Y Y
Y
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GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
of by 4.00 pm (mot at 5.00 pm). This saves one third of
electricity consumption for air conditioners.
ƒ Charge penalties/fine on who do not switch off lights/fans
when going out of office
Y
01-Members and officers from the Provincial Council & District Level officers, 02-Members from the Local Authorities, 03-Members from the Divisional
Secretariat Office & GN Officers, 04-Members from the local level infrastructure agencies, 05-Members from local level government institutions, 06-Members
from Private sector organizations, Financial institutions and Community Base Organizations, 07-Members from Fishery Organization
Methods to reduce fuel consumption at Farming
Practice traditional harvesting methods
ƒ Use cattle instead of tractors
ƒ Use sun light for panning, grinding rice (outdoor mills)
ƒ Use of man power instead of using harvesting machines.
Monitoring and controlling
ƒ Regular monitoring air pollution levels in rice mills and
grinding mills
1 2 3 4 5
Y Y Y Y Y
Y
Y
Y Y Y
Y
Y
6 7
Y
Y
Y
Y
01-Members and officers from the Provincial Council & District Level officers, 02-Members from the Local Authorities, 03-Members from the Divisional
Secretariat Office & GN Officers, 04-Members from the local level infrastructure agencies, 05-Members from local level government institutions, 06-Members
from Private sector organizations, Financial institutions and Community Base Organizations, 07-Members from Fishery Organization
Methods to reduce fuel consumption at Fishing
Practice traditional fishing methods
ƒ Use of traditional wooden boats instead of modern fibre
boats
Stop Mal-practices of fishing
ƒ Avoid the use of gas for fish killing
Encourage alternative modes of energy
ƒ Introduce wind energy for fishing boats
Conduct awareness programmes
ƒ Aware all fishermen about their activity and encourage to
reduce their usage of fuel at least to the most possible extent
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Y
Y
Y
Y Y
Y Y
Y Y Y Y Y
Y Y Y Y Y
01-Members and officers from the Provincial Council & District Level officers, 02-Members from the Local Authorities, 03-Members from the Divisional
Secretariat Office & GN Officers, 04-Members from the local level infrastructure agencies, 05-Members from local level government institutions, 06-Members
from Private sector organizations, Financial institutions and Community Base Organizations, 07-Members from Fishery Organization
Traditional fishing and farming has practiced with renewable energy, using manual labour
and animals. Many of them have very limited GHG emissions. Practices have gradually
changed into modern methods, which open paths for mass production with the technological
revolution. There should be research studies which develop the productivity, mass production
through traditional environmental friendly methods.
5.2.1.4. Proposal to reduce energy consumption at city level
Methods
Reduce energy consumption of Street Lighting
ƒ Use CFL bulbs for street lights
ƒ Use solar energy for street lighting
ƒ Introduce a proper monitoring system to ensure timely
1 2
Y Y
Y
Y Y
Y
3 4 5 6 7
Y Y Y Y Y
Y Y
Y Y
Y
Y
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GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
switch-on/ switch off
ƒ Take legal actions to stop illegal electricity tapping from street
light power cables
Introduce use of alternative energy sources
ƒ Use solid waste to produce energy
ƒ Use solar power to produce energy
ƒ Use bio gas to produce energy
Conduct Awareness programs
ƒ Target school children to disseminate knowledge/practices
Regular Monitoring
ƒ Regular monitoring of GHG emission in the city
Land Use Planning
ƒ
Locate future industries outside the city where there are
lot of greenery to absorb Carbon
ƒ Introduce building codes regulations
Y Y
Y Y Y
Y Y
Y Y
Y
Y
Y Y
Y Y
Y
01-Members and officers from the Provincial Council & District Level officers, 02-Members from the Local Authorities, 03-Members from the Divisional
Secretariat Office & GN Officers, 04-Members from the local level infrastructure agencies, 05-Members from local level government institutions, 06-Members
from Private sector organizations, Financial institutions and Community Base Organizations, 07-Members from Fishery Organization
Solar Powered Street lights at Swiss village,
Batticaloa
5.2.2. Stakeholder Prepositions to Reduce GHG emissions from
Agriculture,ForestryandOtherLandUses
Livestock sector is responsible for large proportion of CH4 emissions within the city. This is
by and large due to enteric fermentation of ruminant species. However, These ruminant
species are highly important in nutrient supply (food production) and local livelihoods of
poor communities.
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GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
Stakeholder’s key attention has paid to the effects of conversion of green fields into brown
fields. They strongly suggested taking proactive; remedial measures on this concern.
Stakeholder Suggestions to control conversion of agricultural/ forest land uses into built-up
areas are listed below.
Emerging urban areas of the country are continuously demanding land for development.
Therefore, it is not financially viable to reserve/keep large forest areas within the city limits.
However, the local temperature is increasing, concentration of dust particles in atmosphere;
CO2 concentration of atmosphere is also increasing, settlements getting compact, therefore
city demands green lungs too. Tree plantations may increase carbon sinks and reduce GHG
from atmosphere. There are stakeholder suggestions on possible areas for tree plantations
within the city. Following map depicts the areas which local stakeholders suggested as
suitable sites for tree Plantations. This includes Beaches, Parks and Roads which has space
for tree plantation.
Methods
Legal and Institutional enforcements
ƒ Enforce existing law against the conversion of agriculture
land uses into build up areas (especially on reclamation
productive swamp eco-system adjacent to lagoon)
ƒ Introduce new regulations on conversion of forest land to
built-up lands
ƒ Make proper co-ordination between related agencies
before approving any land reclamation.
(e.g. forest dept, coast conservation dept, CEA, etc.)
Allocate green lands into optimum utilization
ƒ Proper Maintenance of irrigation facilities
ƒ plant mangrove vegetation on wetland areas (especially in
new bridge area)
Land use Planning
ƒ Carry out proper land suitability assessment and identify
developable land within the city instead of reclamation
ƒ Maintain (as a local norm) 25% of forest/vegetation cover
from total land area
1
2
Y
3
4
5
6
7
Y Y Y
Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Y Y Y Y
Y
Y
Y Y Y
Y Y Y
Y Y Y
Y
Y
01-Members and officers from the Provincial Council & District Level officers, 02-Members from the Local Authorities, 03-Members from the Divisional
Secretariat Office & GN Officers, 04-Members from the local level infrastructure agencies, 05-Members from local level government institutions, 06-Members
from Private sector organizations, Financial institutions and Community Base Organizations, 07-Members from Fishery Organization
The table below the map consists of the plants which grow within the locality as suggested by
the stakeholders.
Location
Type of Trees
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GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
Beach
Park
Roads
Coconut, Casuarina, Mangroves, Palmyra, Spinifex, Litores, Ipomea Batatus
Coconut, Croton, Casuarina, Mango tree
Mangroves (specially on roads which bordered lagoon or Sea), Azadiracta
Indica, Neam/Magosa
There should be a proper study carry out on the suitability of these plants (i.e. water
requirement, tolerance to salinity and capability to absorb CO2) and sites (i.e. tenure, land
use, soil type, associated vegetation, proposed development).
There is a practice in the city, to remove old trees which are in-dangerous to fell on road and
other properties, but once removed there is no practice of planting another tree to replace
previous. In addition to proposed tree plantation, stakeholders recommended to take
necessary measures to avoid tree felling besides the roads
.
Mangrove Plantation along
Lagoon, Batticaloa
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GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
Tree Plantation along roads, Batticaloa
Tree
Plantation
along roads,
Batticaloa
Note: Site
suitability
based on
stakeholder
opinion (only
within BMC
area).
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GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
5.2.3. Stakeholder Prepositions to Reduce GHG emissions form
Solid/liquidwaste
Solid waste sector is another main contributor which emits CO2 from open burning and CH4
from un-mange waste dumping sites. This needs to be properly addressed by the city council
as a sustainable practice than a mandatory duty.
Batticaloa Municipal council has already taken initiatives to establish composting plant and
thereby reduce open burning. Therefore at first, the discussion focused on the stakeholder
suggestions to improve city solid waste management system.
At-source
segregation
Step 01:Appoint a municipal level committee to mange solid waste
including Municipal commissioner and Public Health Inspector
Step 02: Establish a framework; a proper sort-out method applicable to the
context of Batticaloa urban area. This could be done through consulting
universities (University of Moratwa, Eastern University; Sri Lanka)
Step 03: provide colour bags for every household to put sorted garbage
Step 04: Conduct timely inspection by PHI and aware community
Step 05: Enforce by-law on persons who do not in compliance with atsource segregation practices.
ƒ
Door to door
collection
ƒ
ƒ
ƒ
Site
management
Wastedisposal,
treatment
Aware people on door-to-door collection process including the
information on time, place, method, person of collection
Re-issue ‘coloured bags for sorting’ at the time of collecting previous
bag.
Regular collection of the waste as per the schedule.
Provide community bins with enough capacity.
Prepare a site management plan considering the views of community who
settled at the vicinity of solid waste dumping site. Consult experts who
have proper knowledge about solid waste management mechanisms.
ƒ
ƒ
ƒ
Compost bio-degradable waste with proper methane collection methods
Make fertilizer and attempt to cover part of maintenance cost from that
income. Encourage local farmers to buy compost fertilizers
Involve community for monitoring process and build their capacity
through proper training
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GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
Recyclable waste store- Batticaloa
Solid Waste Management should start at grassroots-levels from house and office/working
places. Stakeholders discussed the difficulties and possibilities of at-source waste
management. Accordingly, the key issues identified are listed below.
At Home
1. Plot sizes are small; therefore, there is no enough space to dig waste disposal pits.
2. Majority of the community do not have enough knowledge, skills to prepare fertilizer
from domestic waste.
3. There are problems of selling plastic or glass, iron and paper materials which collected
at home
- There is no enough space to store for a longer period.
- There is no standard price for selling.
- There are no regular collectors.
At Work Places
1. There are no enough labours to handle solid wastes
2. There are no sufficient technical capabilities to establish and maintain mini-scale
decentralized solid waste management systems.
3. There are officers/workers who have technical know-how on solid waste management.
But many of them do not have hands-on experiences. Therefore they are reluctant to
initiate such programmes.
4. Lack of composting bins and high cost of a bin
5. lack of time to look-after the solid waste management system
6. Lack of space to handle solid waste within the premises
7. Absence of institutional coherence among solid waste management related authorities to
initiate waste management practice.
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GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
As revealed from the findings many of the issues are related to capacity building and
institutional strengths of the stakeholders. The following suggestions were made by the
stakeholders to encourage sustainable solid and liquid waste management practices.
1. Promote bio-gas utilities and composting practices
ƒ
Conduct awareness programmes to community
ƒ
Conduct training programmes to provide technical-know-how
ƒ
Provide necessary plant equipments/ compost bins at a subsidiary rate or as
monthly instalment basis
ƒ
Establish ‘Technical Service Cell’ which could get assistance for repairing
2. Promote recycling practice within the city
ƒ
Provide micro-finance to establish small-scale recycling plants
ƒ
Formalize the collection of plastic, glass, metal paper and re-usable waste
materials
ƒ
Introduce proper pricing for waste
3. Conduct pilot projects at difference parts of city and initiate neighbourhood-oriented
waste management practices
The workshop was based on the findings of GHG inventory prepared for Batticaloa
Municipal Council and vicinity Area. There were two presentations on results of GHG
Inventory and National level actions of the country, prior to inquire stakeholder propositions
for mitigation. Stakeholders were actively participating and they were capable enough to
provide a number of innovative, locality-specific solutions to reduce GHG emissions of their
own city.
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GHG INVENTORY - BMC & surroundings
6. Conclusion
This GHG emission inventory has prepared for Batticoloa Municipal Council area including
the emissions of the immediate vicinity. Batticoloa has already evident the clues of climate
change with increasing rainfall and temperature. This is not merely due to local emissions
instead as a sub system of global climate change. The aim of the study was to identify the
GHG emissions at city level and voluntarily contribute towards mitigation which may create
micro climatic effects as well.
This GHG Inventory has documented as per the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National
Greenhouse Gas Inventories developed by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and
‘International Standard for Determining Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Cities, 2010’ (Draft,
June 2010)5 developed jointly by UNEP, UN-HABITAT, World Bank and supported by
Cities Alliance.
According to the results, the area has emitted 1489.69 Kt CO2 equivalents (20 years time
horizon) during year 2010. Solid waste management, Livestock activity and Domestic fuel
wood consumption (as cooking energy source) are the key aspects should thoroughly address
in GHG mitigation plan of BMC and surroundings.
The findings were discussed in a stakeholder workshop conducted at Batticoloa Municipal
Council Area with the participation of the local government officers, local politicians,
academic & research institutions, entrepreneurs and community groups. Stakeholders were
actively participated and they were capable enough to provide a number of innovative,
locality-specific solutions to reduce GHG emissions of their own city. Community based
mitigation measures were documented into a stakeholder Guidance Manuel and published in
UNHABITAT country website. The project has successfully raised community awareness on
GHG sources and mitigation, generated community based solutions and built mutual
agreement to way forward.
5
VERSION 2.1, 28 JUNE. 2010. Information from: Soraya Smaoun (UNEP) soraya.smaoun@unep.org, Raf
Tuts (UN-HABITAT) Raf.Tuts@unhabitat.org, Daniel Hoorweg (World Bank) dhoornweg@worldbank.org
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