IESNA 2004
From Concept to Reality to the Future
IESNA Great Lakes Region
Education Fly-In
Keith Scott
June 2004
1
08/07/01
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Presentation Agenda
•
•
•
•
•
Introduction
Solid State White Light
Technology
Luminaires and Applications
Integration
2
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Why LEDs? - Key Technology Advantages
•
High efficacy (Presently 25-30 Lumens/Watt)
•
•
•
•
Much greater design freedom
•
•
•
•
•
Red 10x Better that (filtered) incandescent
White 2x better than incandescent
Potential efficiency 150+ Lumens/Watt (2x better than fluorescent)
Dynamic Color Flexibility including many “whites” without filters
Size and shape flexibility for styling and fixture design
Instant on and fully dimmable with no color change
No heat or UV in beam
High Reliability
• Rugged Solid State construction
• Long lifetimes (5,000-100,000 hours); low maintenance
• No catastrophic failures
•
Environmentally friendly
•
•
•
•
Minimal disposal required
No mercury
Potential savings of $17B in annual energy costs (30 large power plants)
Potential reduction on CO2 emissions of 155 million tons
3
08/07/01
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Applications of High Brightness LEDs in 2002
Ill uminat ion $8
5M (5% )
Other
$221M (12%)
Signals $44M (2%)
Total $1.82 Billion
Automotive
$332M (18%)
Signs
$422M (23%)
Mobile Appliances
$716M (40%)
Illumination Segment expected to grow to $522M (12%) in 2007
4
Adapted from: “HB“HB-LEDs the Market Drive towards SolidSolid-StateState-Lighting” by Bob Steele (Strategies Unlimited) Published in “Compound
“Compound Semiconductor
December 2003
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Electricity Saved and Potential Savings of Selected
Niche Applications
Electricity Savings (TWh/yr)
Electricity Savings Potential 35.1 TWh/yr
Electricity Saved, 2002 9.6 TWh/yr
5
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
Automobile
Lights
Truck and
Bus Lights
Traffic
Signals
Exit Signs
Holiday
Lights
Data from :
“Energy Savings Estimates of Light Emitting Diodes in Niche Lighting Applications”
U.S. Department of Energy
November 2003
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Commercial
Advertising
Signs
Language
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Die = chip: heart of the LED
LED - chip in a package
PN Junction - where the light is created in
the chip
AlInGaP & AlGaS: red - yellow technology
InGaN - green – blue +white technology
Level 1 – the chip or die
Level 2 – the LED
Level 3 – a LED array; may include optics,
heat sink and/or power supply
Level 4 – LED luminaire
Driver = ballast
•
Thermal Resistance (C/W) - a measure of
the heat transfer capacity of the LED lower is better
•
Binning - subdivision of the manufactured
“distribution” into common operating
parts (color, flux, forward voltage)
6
08/07/01
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Electrical Model
Iforward
Anode
Vforward
(Electrons)
Cathode
φvisible
(Photons)
PN-Junction
What is a LED?
Low Flux LED
Light Emitted Forward
Reflector
Anode Lead
7
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What is a LED?
High Flux LED
Light Emitted Forward
Reflector Cup
8
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What is a LED?
LED’s Defined
†
The exchange of positive and negative
charges between these materials results in
the emission of photons.
The Periodic Table
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Courtesy io Lighting
What is a LED – How does it work?
p
n
+
Potential Energy
Conductive Band
Eg
hc
Eg
v
(a)
-
-
Radiative
Recombination
-
-
-
Nonradiative Shunt
Recombination
+ + + +
+
P-Type Region
+
Valence Band
Distance
10
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-
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N-Type Region
(b)
Working Principle of an LED
Electrical Model
Iforward
Anode
Vforward
(Electrons)
Cathode
φvisible
(Photons)
•Same principle for all colors
PN-Junction
(AlInGaP & InGaN)
•Power dissipation:1-5 Watt
•Package Extraction Efficiency: >95%
•Maximum Ratings
•Tjunction-max = 120°C
• Iforward-max = Product dependent
11
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LED Color Ranges
520
530
0.8
540
510
InGaN
Color Range
560
yG
500
570
G
0.4
YG
bG
3,500
W 4,800
8
BG
490
10,000
0.2
OPK
PK
pPK
B
480
580
Y
590
yO
2,856
O
A
D E
C 65
gB
GaP, AlInGaP
GaP
ColorColor
RangeRange
gY
B
6,500
rO
R
pR
600
610
620
650
AlInGaP Color
Range
770 nm
AlGaAs
Color Range
RP
pB
bP
y - Color Coordinate
0.6
P
rP
470
0
0
450
380
0.2
0.4
x - Color Coordinate
12
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0.6
0.8
Historical Development of LEDs
• 1962 – first LED, a novelty in the lab
• Late 60s – low output red LEDs (< 1 mcd) find
commercial applications as indicator lamps
• mid 70s – Green LEDs
• Early 90s – Blue (Nakamura), completing spectrum
• Late 90s + - commercialization of high brightness
LEDs
13
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Historical Development - Design
Evolution of LED Packages
LED Chip
Cathode
Lead
5mm Lamp
Circa 1970
2-3 lumens
If = 30 mA
PC Board
-
+
SuperFlux
Circa 1992
4-8 lumens
If = 70 mA
14
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Luxeon
Circa 1997
20-40 lumens
If = 350 mA
Historical Development - Better
Light Extraction
Absorbing
Substrate
(1991)
Transparent
Substrate
(1994)
Batwing
(1998)
Increase surface area
~ 3x flux
improvement
Re-shape Chip
~ 15x flux
improvement
15
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Lambertian
(mid 2001)
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~ 30x flux
improvement
Presentation Agenda
•
•
•
•
•
Introduction
Solid State White Light
Technology
Luminaires and Applications
Integration
16
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What is the Color Temperature?
Color Edges and Juxtaposition of Colors
The human eye is very good at
picking up “edges”. In this
example color edges are picked
up by the eye, but color
perception is muddled.
Both “X” shapes have the same
spectral power distribution but
their appearance differs.
This illustration demonstrates that
photo-pigment response in a small
region does not determine color
appearance in that region.
Color appearance depends on the
spatial structure of the image as a
whole.
17
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White LED Light
• Phosphor Coated
• What it is…
• What’s Next
• Features and Benefits
• Two Approaches
• Blue LED + yellow
phosphor, (+red)
• UV LED + RGB
phosphors
18
08/07/01
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White Light from LEDs
Three methods of Generating LED White Light
Each method has potential strengths!
Red + Green + Blue LEDs
UV LED + RGB Phosphor
UV LED
Spectrum
Combined
Spectrum
Red Peak
Blue Peak
Phosphor
Emission
Green Peak
410
470
525 590 630
470
525
590 630
(nm)
(nm)
RGB LEDs
UV LED + RGB phosphor
19
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Binary Complimentary
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Combined
Spectrum
Phosphor
Emission
Blue LED
Spectrum
470
525 590 630
(nm)
Blue LED
+
Yellow phosphor
White LED Light
RGB White
•
•
Advantages
UV LED +
RGB Phosphor
Blue LED + Yellow
(+Red) Phosphor
Advantages
Advantages
• Color can be changed
• Potential for limited
–Higher efficacy
dynamically
“tint” variation
–Technology exists
• As a luminance source,
• Simple ballast
today
millions of colors can be
(driver)
–Cool White:
produced
• Good color rendering
5500K, 70 CRI
• Higher efficacy
–Warm White:
Disadvantages
3200K, 90 CRI
Disadvantages
• Lower efficacy
20
• Requires more complex
driver electronics
• Color shifts due to
temperature and aging
• As an illumination
source, color rendition
can be tricky
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• New phosphor
Disadvantages
development
required
–Potential for “tint”
• Potential UV
variation:
packaging problems,
Controlled optically
shorter life
and by selection
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Mixing of three colors - RGB
0.9
520 nm green
0.8
0.7
y coordinate
0.6
0.5
0.4
4.6 lm red + 10 lm green
+ 1 lm blue
0.3
627 nm red
0.2
0.1
1 lm red + 1 lm green + 1 lm blue
467 nm blue
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
x coordinate
21
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0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Vivid Colors
from Saturated Red, Green and Blue LED Light source
CCFL
(simulated)
22
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LED Lighting Concept Demonstrations
Index
LED LightBox
D65 Spectrum
380
480
580
680
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
R6
R7
R8
R9
R10
R11
R12
R13
R14
D65
Light
Box
95
97
97
93
96
98
95
94
85
95
94
90
95
98
wavelength [nm]
• Mixed RGB + amber +
white
• 547 lm, 49W (11.2
lm/W)
• CCT: 6705 K
• Ra=96
•
•
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• Objective: Duplicate CIE
D65 illuminance
spectrum between 420650nm
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Excellent color rendering for
all indices
Uniformity across box:
∆u’v’<.005
Cool White Phosphor LED Color
Coordinates
520 nm
540 nm
~x,y Coordinates for
Yellow Phosphor
560 nm
570 nm
580 nm
500 nm
InGaN LED / Yellow
Phosphor Blue-White:
~8000°K
~5500K
CIE Illuminant C
600 nm
y
Black Body Curve
InGaN LED 470 nm
Blue
700 nm
1931 CIE
Chromaticity Diagram
400 nm
x
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High CCT White Phosphor LED
Spectrum
Relative Spectral Power Distribution
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
Wavelength (nm)
White Wavelength Characteristics:
Typical Color Temperature: 5500K
Current Color Rendering Index: CRI 75
25
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800
Low CCT / High CRI White Spectrum
• 3200 - 3500K nominal CCT
• Typical CRI > 90
4.50E-04
4.00E-04
Optical Watts / nm
3.50E-04
3300K Luxeon Spectrum
Black Body 3300K Illuminant
3.00E-04
2.50E-04
2.00E-04
1.50E-04
1.00E-04
5.00E-05
0.00E+00
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
Wavelength (nm)
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3200K
8000K
What is the CRI?
Not All Warm White LEDs are the Same
Blackbody 2880K
Blackbody
2880K
JAZZ 2880K
Company
A 2880K
Company
B 2850K
Nichia 2850K
400
500
600
#1
#2
#3
#4
#5
#6
#9
#10
#11
#12
#13
#14
700
Wavelength (nm)
•
Measurements of Warm White LEDs
• Limited sampling
27
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Ra
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
R6
R7
R8
R9
R10
R11
R12
R13
R14
Company
A
Company
B
92
92.1
93.5
93.6
89.9
90.1
91.4
94.6
89.8
73.4
82.6
88.2
77.7
91.8
95.9
75
73.7
93.0
85.8
63.0
73.5
91.2
72.9
47.4
-8.3
83.1
55.7
71.6
78.2
92.2
#7
#8
“Color” Variation Among White LEDs
Conventional
New Conformal Coating
(b)
(a)
Phosphor Granules
Reflector Cup
Reflector Cup
Phosphor Granules
LED Die
Submount Die
LED Die
LED Die
Die Attach Epoxy
Die Attach Epoxy
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Phosphor Deposition on a Chip
Old Process:
•Blue Light travels
different distances
through different phosphor
thicknesses
•That causes varying CCT
at off axis viewing angles
New Process:
•Blue Light travels
equal distances
through equal phosphor
thicknesses
•That generates uniform
CCT at off axis viewing
angles
Phosphor
Blue Chip
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Improved CCT Angular Uniformity
• Reduced spread in CCT
• Reduced source size
CCT (Normalizd To On Axis Value)
200
~80K CCT Range
100
0
-100
-200
-300
-400
-500
-600
-700
~700K CCT Range
-800
-90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Theta (degrees)
Old Phosphor Deposition Method
30
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New Phosphor Deposition Method
Presentation Agenda
•
•
•
•
•
Introduction
Solid State White Light
Technology
Luminaires and Applications
Integration
31
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High Level View of Production Process
Reactor
• high pressure
• high temperature
• vapor density variations
wafer
Finished wafer
Sliced and diced into
thousands of chips or die
Packaging:
Die placement, wire bonds, encapsulation
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Finished
LED
What is Binning?
Finished LED
100% test
• Functional
• Color, Flux, Vf
• Each LED Labeled by bin
Wavelength bins, 2.5-20 nm wide
Vf bins, .20 -.50 mv wide
Full Distribution
Color
Flux bins: 30% + ranges
Flux
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Vf
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Better Binning - New
0.41
5650k
0.39
5000k
0.46
4500k
0.44
6300k
7000k
0.37
P1
0.42
0.33
10000k
Y
Y
0.35
0.31
0.29
0.38
0.25
0.26 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.30 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.37
X
R1
P0
0.4
0.27
N1
R0
N0
Q0
RA
0.36
0.34
0.37
0.40
0.43
X
Cool White
Warm White
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0.46
0.49
Company B White Bins
Company B bins are larger
0.41
56 50 k
0.39
50 0 0 k
4 50 0 k
6300k
70 0 0 k
0.37
Y
0.35
0.33
10 0 0 0 k
0.31
0.29
0.27
0.25
0.26
0.28
0.30
0.32
0.34
0.36
X
Courtesy Lumidrives
35
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Company C White Bins
4500k
0.40
6300k 5650k
5000k
0.38
7000k
0.36
Company C bins
are mostly below
the Black Body
Locus.
0.34
0.32
10000k
Y
white bins average
8.5 step MacAdam
ellipse
0.30
0.28
0.26
34000k
0.24
0.22
0.26
0.28
0.30
0.32
0.34
0.36
X
Courtesy Lumidrives
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Warm White – Color Binning
0.46
0.44
P1
Y
0.42
Bin c ode
R1
0.40
0.38
N1
R0
P0
Q0
N0
Planckian
(BBL)
RA
0.36
N0
N1
P0
P1
Q0
R0
R1
RA
Typic al CCT
(K)
2950
2950
3150
3150
3370
3640
3500
3500
0.34
0.36
0.40
0.44
0.48
X
Tested and binned to fine resolution color binning structure to enable
mixing and matching to achieve consistent color performance from the
end product
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Packaging Technology – Low Power
LED
• 5mm and SuperFlux combine thermal and
electrical paths.
• SuperFlux added thermal conductivity.
Epoxy Lens
LED Chip
Cathode
Pin
Heat
+
Copper Cladding
SuperFlux
2 Cathode Pins
Thicker Pins
Copper Pins
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Heat
5 mm Lamp
Packaging Technology – High Power
LED
• Dedicated heat conduction path, separate
from electrical path.
• Excellent thermal performance matches
demands of high drive currents.
LED chip
Sub-mount
Lens
Heat
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Packaging Technology - Better Life
1. Silicone Encapsulent
2. Plastic Lens
3. Heat Sink Slug
Light Emitted Forward
Reflector Cup
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Heat
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Packaging Technology – Better Life
120
Relative Light Output
(%)
100
80
60
40
20
Lighting Research Center - June 2003
0
0
4000
8000
5-mm white LED
12000
Time (hrs)
16000
High-Power LED
20000
Courtesy Lighting
Research Center
• Luxeon (colored and white) are rated for 70% average lumen
maintenance (30% degradation) at 50,000 hours
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As temperature rises:
• Light Output decreases
• Wavelength gets longer
• Forward Voltage decreases
150%
Tamb = -20°C
+25°C
Amber
+85°C
1
580
590
λpeak 610
600
Royal
Blue
Gree
n
Cya
n
Whit
e
50%
0%
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
Junction Temperature TJ [°C]
100
120
350
300
250
200
Royal Blue, Blue, Cyan,
Green, White (InGaN)
Red, Reddish Orange,
Amber(AlInGaP)
150
100
∆Vf ≈ -2mV / °C
50
620
630
Wavelength [nm]
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Red Amber Blue
100%
Forward Current (mA)
Relative Intensity
200%
400
2
0
570
Relative Light Output (LOP)
LED Parameter vs.Temperature
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0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Forward Voltage (V)
How is a LED dimmed? How are colors mixed?
Duty Factor (%) = ton/toff*100
If
DF=10%
1
2
3
4
5
If
6
7
8
9
DF=50%
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 time(ms)
ton
toff
9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 time(ms)
9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 time(ms)
If
DF=100%
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
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Encapsulated & Window Optics
Encapsulated
Optic
19/32
Window Optic
9/32
3/32
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Micro Optics ?
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Luminous Efficiency (lm/W)
Evolution of Lighting
200
150
Electrical
Discharge Lamps
High-Pressure
Sodium
100
Best LED
Fluorescent
Mercury Vapor
50
Incandescents
0
1920
Tungsten-Halogen
pe
Sha
efle
dR
ct o
rs
LEDs
White LEDs
Conventional Incandescent
1940
1960
1980
Year
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Light Emitting
Diodes
Metal Halide
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2000
2020
Evolution of LEDs
LED Flux per package has 35% per year for 30+ Years!!
Flux/Package (lumens)
1000
100
Luxeon
10
1
Indicator LEDs
0.1
0.01
0.001
1960
1970
1980
1990
Year
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2000
2010
Evolution - Automotive CHMSL
80
AS AlGaAs 5mm
70
Number of LEDs
60
50
TS AlGaAs 5mm
40
Series2
30
AS AlInGaP
SuperFlux
TS AlInGaP
SnapLED 70/150
20
TS AlGaAs 5mm
TS AlInGaP
Luxeon
10
TS AlInGaP
SnapLED
0
1987
1990
1992
1992
1998
Model Year
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2000
2006
Evolution – Traffic Signal
Case in Point: …impact on Traffic Signals
5mm ThruThru-Hole to Surface Mounted
1993
1996
5mm LED
5mm LEDs
700 LEDs
200 LEDs
1999
High Flux
Surface Mounted
LEDs
Lumileds Solution
18 LEDs
Red/Amber
Courtesy io Lighting
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2003: 12 RED LEDs
LED Technology
White LED Performance
100000
10000
Flux (lm )
1000
100
Efficacy (lm/W)
10
Pow er (W)
1
2000
50 Courtesy Roland Haitz
08/07/01
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2005
2010
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2015
2020
LED Technology
Flux/Lamp and Cost/Lumen
Flux/Lamp & Cost/Lumen (Red & White)
1.E+05
White
1.E+04
1.E+03
1.E+02
Cost/Lumen ($/lm)
)
Flux/Lamp (lm)
1.E+01
Battlefields
for Lighting
1.E+00
Red
1.E-01
-10x/Decade
1.E-02
1.E-03
1965
51
+20x/Decade
1970
1975
Courtesy Roland Haitz
08/07/01
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1980
1985
1990
1995
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2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
Life Cycle Costs…
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Future Developments
• >500 lumens
• 5700K CCT
• >500 lumens
• 3500K CCT
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LED Technology Summary
•
•
•
Colored Lighting:
LEDs are a disruptive technology replacing conventional sources
and enabling new applications. LEDs should dominate these
markets due to their efficiency, design flexibility, and reliability
Low Power White Lighting:
LEDs are moving into a wide variety of niche applications. LED
market penetration will accelerate as higher efficiency LEDs with
better color rendering become available, and within the next 5-10
years LEDs should dominate.
General Illumination:
Efficiency and cost breakthroughs must be achieved to enable
LEDs to substantially replace conventional lighting. Performance
of 150+ lm/w and 100x lm/w cost reductions seem possible over
the next 10-20 years. This would result in LEDs being a disruptive
technology for all existing lighting technologies and will enabling
new applications and approaches to illumination infrastructures.
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Presentation Agenda
•
•
•
•
•
Introduction
Solid State White Light
Technology
Luminaires and Applications
Integration
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SSL Applications Enabled Today
Lighting the World with Semiconductor Technology
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Traffic / Railway / Marine /
Airport Runway Signaling
Automotive Exterior / Stop-TailTurn / CHIMSL / EVL
Signage / Corporate Identity
Portable Lighting / Flashlights
Low Lumen Accent / Reading /
Map / Task Lights
Stair / Step / Orientation Lighting
Fiber Optic Alternative
Landscape Lighting / Bollards
Architectural Detail / Column /
Wall Wash / Cove Lighting
LCD Back Lighting / Edge-Lit
Signs / Point Of Sale
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In the Beginning…
Relative Intensity
We started with colors
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
CYAN
BLUE
ROYAL
BLUE
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
400
AMBER
GREEN
RED
450
500
550
600
Wavelength (nm)
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650
700
“Luminance” type applications
LEDs produced enough light to be seen but were
still not being used to illuminate
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Edge Lit into Acrylic*
Single LED Exit Sign
• 1 Red Side-Emitting
Luxeon Emitter
• Excellent in-coupling into
acrylic with a single blind
or through hole
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Portable Lighting
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Safety and Step Lighting
Ledpoint
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Emergency Lighting
Emergency Lighting
Luxeon White side emitter
1 Watt power
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Navigation
Harbour / Dock light – 1 mile visibility
Red
Energy efficiency, reliability, maintenance
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Medical
Operation Lamp
Luxeon V White Side emitter
Cold Light, no UV/IR
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A New World of Luminaires
Sire - Spain
Sire - Spain
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Task Lighting
Table lamp
Luxeon White w. optics
4 Luxeon per lamp
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Pendant
TITANO
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Cove Lighting*
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Under/Over Cabinet Lighting
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Landscape
Bollards , Small street poles
70
Deltalux - Sweden
08/07/01
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Low voltage wiring, Energy efficiency,
reliability, maintenance
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Sconces and Wall Wash
Wallwashing
Crescent - UK
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Wall Washing
Philips Luminaire France
Color Kinetics
72
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Add Power and Dynamic Control
Space Cannon
Lumidrives
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Xilver
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And Create ….
Herbert Groene concert tour Germany
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Dancefloor in The Netherlands
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Club Lighting
Wall washing moves inside with color changing
Bar Blue – Felixstowe – UK
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Street and Roadway
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Escalator Lighting
Taipei Municipal Social Education Hall/Taipei
Culture Center
Hall/
77
2004 IIDA Special Citation Award
08/07/01
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Residential Lighting Applications
Lamps based on Luxeon White 1W
Apartment lit solely by Luxeon LEDs
Nepal 2000*
India 2001*
Sri Lanka 2003*
* Photos Courtesy of Light Up the World and PICO Power
78
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Retail Lighting
High Power LEDs emitters 3200K, 90CRI warm white
4 units x 32 pcs.
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…with colored backdrop
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Luxeon emitters Red, Green, Blue
12 pcs. Per unit
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Restaurant Lighting
Hotel Anna in Munich
•Style – Small size
•Dynamics white point and color control
•Dimming
•Energy Saving Directed Light
•Long Life, Reduced Maintenance
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City Focal Point
Whiteleys Shopping Centre
Bayswater – UK
Installed Nov. 2002
Using 2000 RGB Luxeon
-Dynamic light
-Lower cost of ownership
-Reliability
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City Focal Point
Glasgow / Scotland
White HB-LED lights railing
VP - Reliability, Maintenance, Energy
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Presentation Agenda
•
•
•
•
•
Introduction
Technology
Solid State White Light
Luminaires and Applications
Integration
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Will LEDs work for me?
• Questions you Need to Ask
• A Model for Moving Forward
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System Approach
Tertiary optics
Plastic tertiary optics can be designed to provide
any desired light distribution pattern
Collimators
Injection molded plastic collimators maximize
light collection from LEDs (over 90% optical
efficiency) and offer a wide choice of beam widths.
Clustered LED arrays
Clustered high brightness LED modules assembled
onto a metal core printed circuit board. Reliable
connections provide mechanical sturdiness and
good electrical and thermal conductivity.
Heat sink
Heat management for optimal system efficiency
Driver
DC current power supply with any control
functionality possibilities
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Questions You Need to Ask
•
•
•
•
•
•
Is the luminaire cooled properly?
Are the LEDs powered/dimmed correctly?
Will this create the lighting effect I want?
Have you ensured color consistency?
What will the lumen depreciation be?
Does Led color rendering meet application
needs?
• What is the overall system efficiency?
• How are optics affecting system efficacy?
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Is it Cooled Properly?
LED Energy
Visible
Light
15%
100 Watt GLS Incandescent Bulb
Energy
Heat
Losses
12%
Visible
Light 5%
Heat
85%
IR 83%
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Is it Cooled Properly?
Examples of Thermal Conductivity
450
400
Al k=170
350
Copper k=400
300
250
Silicon k=148
200
Stainless Steel
k=16
Carbon Steel
k=60
150
100
50
0
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What can you do to minimize
color variation?
• Can use multiple flux / colour bins
• Repeatable in volume applications
• Consider distance to illuminated object
• Can use multiple flux / colour bins
• Careful attention to mixing and optics
Courtesy Lumidrives
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How are optics affecting system efficiency?
• Sputtered Aluminum reflector 80 to 85% efficient
– also foils
• Plastic Lens 8% Fresnel loss
• Lens Optics emit in narrow angles
• Reflector optics emit in wider angles
• Encapsulating lens very efficient but big
• Micro optics
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System Efficiency
System Efficiency: Bulb vs LED
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Lighting Community
Specification Channel
Owner
Specification
Level
Architect
Engineer
Lighting Designer
General Contractor
Electrical Contractor
Distributor
Agent/Rep
Purchasing Level
Luminaire Manufacturer
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Courtesy TIR Systems
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Feedback from Designer/OEM Focus Groups
• Provide Value Propositions to:
• End-User, OEMs, Solution Providers, LED Manufacturer
• Provide “Clean” Lighting Solution:
• Uniformity of White
•
•
•
Optically
Binning refinement of Vf, Color/Tint and Flux continue with manufacturers
High Lumen and “color” maintenance
• Warm White, High CRI for high quality lighting
• High Lumen and LPW Packages
• Develop of a Solution Providers Network
• thermal, optical, power supplies and control systems development
• System integration
• Color & white mixing routines being developed by solution providers
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Industry Obligations to Specifier
• Clarify opportunities and limitations of current technology
• Initial and long term system performance predictability
• Minimize system sizes and costs; develop ROI
• Meet the needs of the Luminaire manufacturer
• Via Solution Provider Network
• Standards
• Education
• About the technology
• Delivery of system design and integration
• Train OEMs and rep agencies
• Simple “cut-sheets” for systems
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Vision
• Enable a network of System Providers
Each member has the capability and resources to design,
develop, manufacture and guarantee the performance of
a Luxeon based lighting system from concept through
installation.
• Enable a network of Luminaire OEMs
Each member has the capabilities and resources to
design, develop and manufacture Luxeon based
luminaires with a performance guarantee
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LED Lighting Network
Enduser
Specification
Community
Lighting Designer
Architect
Interior Designers
Engineers
Manufacturers Reps
Lamp Distributors
LED
Manufacturers
Manufacturers
Luminaire
Manufacturers
Components &
Light Engines
LED
Lighting
Network
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Lighting Industry Benefits
• Instill confidence in specifiers and end-users in High
Power LED-based system-solutions
• Provide manufacturers “de-facto” design/development
standards
• Accelerate market pull for development and adoption of
SSL systems
• Resolve “white” tint challenge – by design and in
coordination with industry
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We believe that if we do this…
We Provide Lighting Designers and OEMs:
• Ability to design products Never Before
Possible
• Ability to offer products with better energy
efficiency, environmental soundness, and
intelligence WHILE improving design creativity.
• New products for new markets, competitive
differentiation
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Illumination in the Future
Fast forward: 25 years
Change the
“Lightbulb”
What’s a lightbulb and why would
anyone want to change one?
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Thank You
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