Report on
Regular
Resources
2012
RESULTS FOR CHILDREN
unite for
children
Cover: A child has her arm measured to track growth at the Kono government hospital in Koidu, Sierra Leone.
FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
ACRONYMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
THE VALUE OF REGULAR RESOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
HOW UNICEF SPENDS ITS REGULAR RESOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Programme assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
RR planning levels and UNICEF fundraising targets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Countries with UNICEF programmes of cooperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Strategic and innovative activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Emergency Programme Fund . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
RESULTS FOR CHILDREN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Reasons to invest in UNICEF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Focus Area 1: Young child survival and development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Case study 1: Benin “Equity champions” provide health care to the most vulnerable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Case study 2: Myanmar Implementing infant and young child feeding: A Five-Year Plan of Action . . . . 24
Focus Area 2: Basic education and gender equality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Case study 3: Burundi Promoting basic education AND gender equality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Case study 4: Maldives Providing all children with inclusive and quality education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Focus Area 3: HIV/AIDS and children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Case study 5: Chad Improving HIV/AIDS services for children and their mothers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Case study 6: Jamaica Confronting HIV and the needs of vulnerable adolescents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Focus Area 4: Child protection from violence, exploitation, and abuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Case study 7: Costa Rica Ensuring social services for migrant families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Case study 8: Tajikistan Making Dushanbe City safer and friendlier for children and women . . . . . . . . 33
Focus Area 5: Policy advocacy and partnerships for children’s rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Case study 9: Armenia Introducing integrated social services reform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Case study 10: Cambodia Improving national budgets to enhance equity for children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Humanitarian action and post-crisis recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Case study 11: Jordan Providing emergency support for Syrian refugees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Case study 12: Madagascar Ensuring education and basic social services in emergencies . . . . . . . . . . . 39
ABOUT OUR DONORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
REGULAR RESOURCES PARTNERS AND DONORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Report on Regular Resources 2012
1
2
UNICEF
foreword
In 2012, as the scale of humanitarian emergencies and development challenges grew, and as demands on UNICEF to
respond to them increased, Regular Resources were critical in enabling us to reach the most disadvantaged children.
Why? Because Regular Resources are unrestricted and flexible. They help us respond where the needs are greatest
– quickly and effectively. In the aftermath of natural disaster. In filling key unfunded gaps in our health, nutrition,
education and protection programmes. In supporting innovation.
Regular Resources are also central to our commitment to equity: to advancing the rights of the most vulnerable
populations – however difficult the task, however remote the location.
As country programmes supported by UNICEF reach these children – in rural villages or urban slums; in nomadic
communities or conflict zones – Regular Resources help us go where we are most needed and – studies show –
where we have the greatest, most cost-effective impact.
Last year in Benin, for example, Regular Resources boosted our efforts to reduce child mortality and improve child health
and nutrition. With our partners, we expanded immunization programmes throughout the country and over 1,000
Community Health Workers delivered health services to families living in remote and disadvantaged communities.
Or the Maldives. Despite achieving universal primary education, many children with disabilities and special needs
there still do not have access to education, particularly in the rural islands. With our partners, we used Regular
Resources to strengthen Special Needs Education, specifically, teacher training and studies to assess the
effectiveness of education reforms.
Innovations are crucial. They enable us to reach those most in need faster and more efficiently. Regular Resources
continue to support innovation labs which bring together partners to find cost-effective and scalable solutions to
some of the biggest challenges affecting children. For example, last year in Nigeria, SMS technology was used to
collect data for over seven million births, giving these children official, legal status.
We are grateful to all our donors: governments, civil society, private citizens and private sector partners all over the
world. Your support enables us to help children in desperate need survive and thrive and dream of a future.
In this environment of continued fiscal austerity and shrinking budgets, your donations are more critical than ever.
We also know that you need our commitment to be as efficient, as effective and as innovative as we can with the
funds that you have entrusted to us. You have that commitment. We know that with every saving, we can buy
life-saving vaccines, vital micronutrients or bed-nets. We know that even a small saving can add up to big changes
in the life of a child.
This report shows how Regular Resources made a difference in the lives of children facing the greatest challenges.
It is our hope that in the years ahead we can continue to rely on Regular Resources and expand UNICEF’s reach to
millions more disadvantaged children around the world. As we work towards that grand goal, your continued trust
and support could not be more important.
Anthony Lake
Executive Director
UNICEF
Report on Regular Resources 2012
3
4
UNICEF
acronyms
CEE/CIS
Central/Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States
EMOPS
Office of Emergency Programmes
eMTCT
Elimination of mother-to-child transmission (of HIV)
EPF
Emergency Programme Fund
FAO
Food and Agriculture Organization
IOM
International Organization for Migration
IPSAS
International Public Sector Accounting Standards
LDC
Least developed country
MDG(s)
Millennium Development Goal(s)
MENA
Middle East and North Africa
MoRES
Monitoring Results for Equity Systems
MTSP
Medium-term Strategic Plan
NGO
Non-governmental organization
OR
Other Resources (restricted)
OVC
Orphans and vulnerable children
PAHO
Pan American Health Organization
PMTCT
Prevention of mother-to-child transmission (of HIV)
RR
Regular Resources (unrestricted)
SMS
Short message service
UNAIDS
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS
UNDG
United Nations Development Group
UNDP
United Nations Development Programme
UNDPKO
United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations
UNEP
United Nations Environment Programme
UNESCO
United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
UNFPA
United Nations Population Fund
UN-HABITAT
United Nations Human Settlements Programme
UNHCR
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
UNICEF
United Nations Children’s Fund
UNMAS
United Nations Mine Action Service
UNOCHA
United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
UNOPS
United Nations Office for Project Services
UNSAS
United Nations System Accounting Standards
USD
United States dollars
WASH
Water, sanitation, and hygiene
WFP
World Food Programme
WHO
World Health Organization
Report on Regular Resources 2012
5
the value
of regular
resources
Regular Resources (RR) – that is, funds contributed without any restrictions on their use – are critical to UNICEF’s
extensive operations worldwide. They are the core resources that enable the organization to promote the fulfilment
of the rights of all children in all situations. They enable UNICEF to provide assistance in all phases of the
development cycle and humanitarian assistance, including emergencies, post-conflict settings, and recovery
environments.
Only through Regular Resources can UNICEF be assured of steady and predictable funding, which in turn allows
the organization to undertake its work with a measure of certainty and continuity. In 2012, 60 per cent of Regular
Resources were spent in least developed countries, where nearly half the population is under 18 years. These are
the countries that face the greatest challenges to child survival and development, with the highest rates of
child mortality and the poorest access to such basic social services as education, health care, child protection,
safe drinking water, and sanitation and hygiene. Regular Resources are equally critical in helping UNICEF and its
partners to develop and strengthen laws, systems, services, policies, and standards that promote and protect
the rights of children.
UNICEF has a long-term global presence that reaches even to the most remote areas of the world. Many of the
more than 150 countries and territories in which it works, however, are out of the public spotlight, and consequently
do not attract much-needed donor attention. Given this situation, Regular Resources are essential in enabling the
organization to provide stability and continuity for all its country programmes of cooperation, helping to
maintain its specialized expertise and allowing it to use this in-country presence to promote robust local and global
partnerships, as well as to support one of the largest supply networks in the world. All these components form
the building blocks of better results for children.
Regular Resources play a pivotal role in enabling UNICEF to respond quickly to changing circumstances and
emerging challenges. As un-earmarked funds, they provide the flexibility that has proven critical in supporting
UNICEF’s equity agenda, which puts special focus on the needs and rights of the world’s most marginalized
children. In this way, UNICEF is directly addressing the root causes of the many inequalities that persist despite
impressive gains in achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
Regular Resources enable UNICEF to respond quickly to emergencies, particularly in countries facing conflict
or natural disasters. At a time when UNICEF is called upon to respond to an increasing number of humanitarian
crises throughout the world, it is these unrestricted resources that ensure the organization’s quick response and
rapid implementation of programmes. UNICEF’s Emergency Programme Fund (EPF), for instance, is a $75 million
RR revolving fund that is available to country offices in the days and even hours immediately following the onset of
a crisis. Angola, the Central African Republic, Peru, the Philippines, and the Syrian Arab Republic were among the
many countries that benefitted from the EPF in 2012.
Regular Resources also help UNICEF to simultaneously support the delivery of services to the most vulnerable
groups and to work at all levels of government to inform and shape policies that address the specific needs of
children and women. UNICEF’s work with partners in local communities informs and enhances its engagement at
the government and senior decision-making level.
6
UNICEF
Importantly, Regular Resources also help to ensure UNICEF’s independence, neutrality, and role as a trusted
partner to all parties, including national governments and non-state actors. RR funds are not driven by any individual
donor priorities or agendas, enabling the organization to focus on implementing programmes and delivering the best
quality services for children, often in challenging environments.
In a world where comprehensive and up-to-date data is essential to success, UNICEF is the unrivalled source of
information on the global situation of children, combining local understanding with global knowledge to provide
innovative and timely solutions. With more than 65 years of experience, the organization has an excellent level of
technical expertise, backed by a network of highly skilled field staff in public health, disease prevention, logistics,
nutrition, water and sanitation, child protection, human rights, education, gender, and emergency response. UNICEF
is able to undertake these activities at both the global and country level, utilizing information gathered through tried
and tested data collection and survey methodologies as well as monitoring and reporting tools. The organization’s
ability to undertake this important work, however, is largely dependent on Regular Resources, which allow for
consistent and world-class technical expertise, operational support, monitoring and evaluation, data collection,
and reporting.
Simply put, the value of RR funding cannot be overstated. It increases programmatic and cost efficiencies,
which are critical in an era of tighter fiscal budgets. It lessens the administrative burden on the organization,
host countries, implementing partners, and donors alike. It ensures a global and adequate country response.
It secures a platform for country-driven programme activities and allows UNICEF to invest in innovative
programmes that can later be scaled-up. In sum, Regular Resources are UNICEF’s most effective funding tool
as it seeks to reach children around the globe – fairly and equitably – with services that enable them to grow,
develop, and thrive.
Regular Resources allow UNICEF to work for all children –
everywhere, all the time – especially those hardest to reach.
They help UNICEF:
• To be agile, predictable, and needs-based in our goal to protect the rights of vulnerable children and
communities and to reach the most in need.
• To maintain a universal presence with engagement at the global, regional, and country level.
• To engage in both development and humanitarian contexts with independence and impartiality,
with the flexibility to address core priorities, even when the funds have yet to arrive.
• To respond rapidly to emergencies with lifesaving assistance.
• To provide data and evidence that is critical to support advocacy and programme effectiveness.
Report on Regular Resources 2012
7
HOW UNICEF
SPENDS ITS
REGULAR
RESOURCES
A child smiles in her classroom in the village of Bladier,
located in the district of Ouellesebougou, Mali.
UNICEF is guided by the fundamental principle that
all children have equal rights. Regular Resources ensure
that UNICEF can help countries address the basic needs
of children – especially the most vulnerable – even in the
most remote corners of the globe.
Programme assistance
The largest share of Regular Resources contributes
to Programme Assistance, which is spent by country
and regional offices in cooperation with governments
and other partners (e.g., local and international NGOs).
A portion of these funds also supports the global
work of the organization, enabling UNICEF to deliver
more programmes in more countries than any other
organization working for children.
1.Countries with UNICEF programmes of
cooperation: These funds are allocated to UNICEF
country programmes of cooperation based on three
key indicators affecting children: under-five mortality
rate, gross national income per capita, and child
population at the country level.
The balance of RR funds sustains UNICEF’s Institutional
Budget, which includes costs associated with
implementing country programmes of cooperation;
regional programme management, support, and
advocacy; and supporting the core structure and mission
of the organization. The Institutional Budget is funded
by both Regular Resources and Other Resources, and
is approved by the UNICEF Executive Board, which
ensures that the percentage of resources allocated to
these support functions remains a modest proportion
of RR expenses.7
Effective 1 January 2012, UNICEF has adopted the
International Public Sector Financial Reporting Standards
(IPSAS) to replace the United Nations Systems
Accounting Standards (UNSAS). As a result, all expenses
reported are presented on a full accrual basis,
unless otherwise noted.
Regular Resources for Programme Assistance at the
country and regional level are distributed among the
following six categories.
2.Strategic and innovative activities: At the
discretion of the Executive Director, 7 per cent of
RR Programme Assistance supports strategic and
innovative programmes.
3.Emergency Programme Fund: In addition to the
availability of Regular Resources allocated through
the above mechanisms to support humanitarian
programmes, country offices also call upon the
Emergency Programme Fund, a $75 million revolving
fund that can be accessed to finance immediate
emergency needs.
4.Advocacy and programme development: These
are allocations to support global advocacy, programme
development, and the roll-out of UNICEF strategies.
5.Net revenue on product sales: These are allocations
of Regular Resources to country offices that generate
additional RR through the sale of cards and products.
6.Revenue adjustments: These are refunds and
adjustments to revenue recognized in previous years.
7
The Institutional Budget is comprised of four cost classification categories:
Development effectiveness: These are activities and associated costs that contribute to the effective delivery of development results.
Normally, these are of a policy-advisory, technical, and implementation nature that are needed to achieve the objectives of UNICEF-assisted
programmes in each of the organization’s five Focus Areas. They are not included in specific programme components in country, regional, or
global programme documents.
United Nations development coordination: These comprise activities and associated costs that support coordination of development
activities within the United Nations system.
Management: These comprise recurring and non-recurring activities and associated costs, the primary function of which is to promote the
identity, direction, and well-being of the organization. These include executive direction, representation, external relations and partnerships,
corporate communications, legal affairs, oversight, audit, corporate evaluation, information technology, finance, administration, security, and
human resources.
Special purpose: These cover activities and associated costs of a cross-cutting nature that (i) involve material capital investments or (ii) do not
represent a cost related to the management activities of the organization.
10
UNICEF
RR PROGRAMME ASSISTANCE EXPENSES (2012)
The following chart shows RR expenses across the
above-mentioned six categories.8
Total: $663 million
$604 million
Countries with UNICEF programmes
of cooperation, 91%
$24 million
Strategic and innovative activities, 4%
$18 million
Emergency Programme Fund, 3%
$14 million
Advocacy and programme
development, 2%
$2 million
Product sales (net revenue), <1%
$1 million
Adjustments, <1%
RR PROGRAMME ASSISTANCE EXPENSES
BY REGION (2012)
The following chart shows the regional distribution of
RR Programme Assistance expenses in 2012.9
Total: $663 million
$401 million
Sub-Saharan Africa, 61%
$28 million
Middle East and North Africa, 4%
$15 million
Inter-regional, 2%
$21 million
CEE/CIS, 3%
$175 million
Asia, 26%
$23 million
Latin America and the Caribbean, 3%
8
The use of Regular Resources for humanitarian programmes includes RR spent in countries that are allocated such resources through the Boardapproved formula, as well as countries that benefit from loans through the biennial Emergency Programme Fund (EPF). EPF loans are treated as
“estimated expenses” of Regular Resources until they are repaid. Loans that are not repaid are converted to non-reimbursable loans and treated
as RR expenses. Further, decisions on whether or not to waive reimbursement can be made until the end of the second year of the biennium.
Because most EPF loans are repaid, the RR expense figure presented in the above chart is less than the $75 million in available EPF funds. The
$18 million in EPF expense includes adjustments made in 2012 for EPF loans issued in prior years.
9
The distribution of these funds was based on the Executive Board-approved criteria: 61 per cent was distributed to sub-Saharan Africa and 26 per
cent to Asia, while between 3 and 4 per cent was distributed to each of the remaining three regions: the Middle East and North Africa, Central/
Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CEE/CIS), and Latin America and the Caribbean.
Report on Regular Resources 2012
11
RR PLANNING LEVELS AND UNICEF FUNDRAISING TARGETS
The UNICEF Executive Board established the current system for determining country programme planning levels
for Regular Resources in 1997. For more than 15 years this system has provided consistency and predictability
in funding that has helped country offices plan their programmes, while ensuring that the organization’s planning
processes are robust and thoughtfully considered.
A number of principles guide the allocation of
Regular Resources:
• RR planning levels are established based on the
organization’s Medium-term Strategic Plan, which
consist of planned financial income and expenditure
estimates approved by the Executive Board.
• Allocations are needs-based and determined by
applying the three core criteria: under-five mortality
rate, gross national income per capita, and child
population at the country level.
• Abrupt changes in country allocations are
to be avoided.
• RR is to be made available to offices to support
sudden, increased funding needs.
• In allocating RR, UNICEF gives highest priority to
the needs of children in low-income countries. Least
developed countries (LDCs) should receive at least
60 per cent of Regular Resources and countries in
sub-Saharan Africa should receive at least 50 per cent.10
• All countries are guaranteed a minimum allocation
of $750,000 until such time as they achieve
‘high income’ status based on World Bank country
classification, and maintain such status for
two consecutive years.11
PREDICTABILITY OF PLANNING LEVELS
Planning levels fluctuate very little from year to year. An analysis of RR allocation targets from 2009 to 2012 shows
that RR allocations among regions remained stable throughout this period, fluctuating less than 1 per cent in all
cases. The one notable area of redistribution of RR revenue (within regions) was from low income countries to
middle income countries. In 2009 low income countries received 79 per cent of RR and middle income countries
received 21 per cent, and in 2012 these ratios were 63 per cent and 37 per cent, respectively. However, these
changes do not reflect a significant redistribution of Regular Resources among countries, but rather they reflect
the relative increases in the standard of living of some low income countries that have recently joined the ranks of
middle income countries. Nonetheless, large disparities persist in many of these new middle income countries,
which continue to benefit from RR.
Planning levels are based on the needs of children and the need to consistently achieve better results for children.
All country offices use these planning levels to help guide them in formulating their programmes and budgets.
For example, the Bangladesh Country Programme Plan for 2012–2016 includes a Regular Resources budget
of $112 million over this five-year period, which was based on the Executive Board-approved RR planning level
of $22 million for 2012.
PREDICTABILITY OF RR ALLOCATION ENSURES HIGH EXPENDITURE RATES
Because the predictability of future RR funds enables country offices to effectively plan and implement programmes
during each calendar year, there is a strong correlation between RR planning levels and high expenditure rates from
year to year. The following table shows the 2012 share of RR allocation and expenditure for Programme Assistance
based on the Executive Board-approved formula.12
$692 million
RR Programme Assistance allocation
$663 million
RR Programme Assistance expenditure
96%
expenditure
10
In 2012, 57 per cent of all UNICEF resources, including Regular Resources and Other Resources, was spent in LDCs and 60 per cent in
sub-Saharan Africa, which includes Djibouti and Sudan.
11
The current $750,000 minimum allocation figure was approved by the UNICEF Executive Board in 2008.
12
The presentation of expenditures versus allocations is shown on a modified cash basis and reflects cash disbursements and commitments
outstanding at the end of the year.
12
UNICEF
COUNTRIES WITH UNICEF PROGRAMMES OF COOPERATION
In 2012, $604 million (91 per cent) of RR Programme Assistance was designated for countries with UNICEF
programmes of cooperation that were selected based on the Executive Board-approved needs-based criteria.
EXPENSES BY TOP 50 COUNTRIES RECEIVING FUNDS FOR UNICEF PROGRAMMES OF COOPERATION (2012)
The highest RR expenses were in Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and India.
Countries and territories
Nigeria
Democratic Republic of the Congo
India
Afghanistan
Ethiopia
Uganda
Niger
Pakistan
Myanmar
United Republic of Tanzania
Republic of Mozambique
Bangladesh
Burkina Faso
Mali
Kenya
Madagascar
China
Burundi
Chad
Sierra Leone
Zambia
Malawi
Rwanda
Sudan
Guinea
Côte d'Ivoire
Somalia
Angola
Cambodia
Nepal
Cameroon
Ghana
Yemen
Pacific Island Countries13
Indonesia
Zimbabwe
South Sudan
Benin
Liberia
Togo
Senegal
Philippines
Central African Republic
Uzbekistan
Egypt
Viet Nam
Caribbean Regional14
Haiti
Iraq
Guinea-Bissau
U5MR
(/1,000 live
births)
143
170
63
149
106
99
143
87
40
76
135
48
176
178
85
62
18
142
173
174
111
92
91
103
130
123
180
161
51
50
136
74
77
20
35
80
125
115
103
103
75
29
159
52
22
23
17
165
39
150
GNI/CAPITA
(USD)
1,180
180
1,340
330
380
490
360
1,050
1,005
530
440
640
550
600
780
440
4,260
160
600
340
1,070
330
540
1,270
380
1,070
140
3,960
760
490
1,160
1,240
1,060
12,276
2,580
460
964
750
190
440
1,050
2,050
460
1,280
2,340
1,100
3,610
650
2,320
540
CHILD POPULATION
(‘000)
77,907
35,056
447,309
16,781
40,380
18,471
8,611
73,227
14,937
22,964
11,849
55,938
8,576
8,266
19,817
10,331
322,163
3,761
5,846
2,902
6,937
7,863
5,172
20,281
4,940
9,407
4,772
10,167
5,560
12,876
9,261
90,977
12,401
60
77,787
5,866
4,306
4,453
1,989
2,796
6,282
38,970
2,069
9,940
30,264
25,981
299
4,260
15,732
726
Total RR EXPENDITURE
(USD million)
52.7
50.5
38.9
33.3
29.6
24.4
16.6
16.4
16.3
14.5
14.4
14.1
13.6
10.6
10.1
9.9
9.8
9.2
8.7
8.6
8.1
8.0
7.9
7.1
6.9
6.8
6.6
6.5
6.1
5.9
5.7
5.7
5.4
5.2
4.7
4.6
4.5
4.5
4.4
3.5
3.3
3.1
3.1
3.0
2.7
2.7
2.4
2.2
2.0
1.9
13
Countries in the Pacific Islands include the Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, the Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, Niue, Palau,
Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu.
14
The Caribbean Region includes Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, the British Virgin Islands, Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis,
Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, and the Turks and Caicos Islands.
Report on Regular Resources 2012
13
Strategic and
innovative activities
EXPENSES OF STRATEGIC AND INNOVATIVE
FUNDS BY REGION (2012)
Total: $24.1 million
$6.5 million
Upon the recommendation of UNICEF’s Allocation
Advisory Committee, each year a portion of total
Regular Resources is allocated at the discretion of the
Executive Director to support government and civil
society partnerships in strategic and innovative activities
that help achieve the Millennium Development Goals.
Seven per cent of Regular Resources are set aside for
country programmes to respond to evolving needs, to
encourage innovation, and to promote UNICEF’s equity
agenda (7 per cent set aside).
Sub-Saharan Africa, 27%
$5.1 million
Asia, 21%
$3.8 million
Middle East and North Africa, 16%
$3.6 million
CEE/CIS, 15%
$2.6 million
Inter-regional, 11%
$2.5 million
Latin America and the Caribbean, 10%
Regular Resources in support of strategic and innovative
activities enable UNICEF to respond to emerging
opportunities that can provide more and better services
to the most deprived children and their families, and to
minimize wide fluctuations in funding to programmes
approved by the UNICEF Executive Board. Country
programmes also receive such funding to more closely
monitor the removal of barriers and bottlenecks to the
achievement of results for the most disadvantaged; and
to fund emerging and critical opportunities in countries
that are the furthest from achieving the objectives of the
Millennium Declaration, the Millennium Development
Goals, and UNICEF’s Medium-term Strategic Plan.
Priority is given to high-burden countries and those with
high inequalities that seldom receive other resources.
EXPENSES OF STRATEGIC AND INNOVATIVE FUNDS BY TOP 20 COUNTRIES (2012)
In 2012, $24 million was spent among 118 countries on strategic and innovative activities. Of the top 20 countries,
nine were in sub-Saharan Africa, five in Asia, four in the Middle East and North Africa region, and two in CEE/CIS.
COUNTRIES AND TERRITORIES
EXPENSES OF STRATEGIC
AND INNOVATIVE FUNDS
(USD million)
Afghanistan
0.6
Benin
0.7
Central African Republic
0.9
Chad
0.6
Democratic Republic of the Congo
1.2
Ghana
1.5
Iraq
0.6
Middle East and North Africa Regional
0.6
Kosovo 15
1.3
Lao People's Democratic Republic
0.6
Moldova
0.5
Nepal
0.6
Nigeria
0.9
Philippines
0.6
Somalia
0.5
South Sudan
1.1
Sri Lanka
0.5
Sudan
1.8
Togo
0.5
Yemen
1.0
15
14
UNICEF activities in Kosovo under United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244 (1999).
UNICEF
STRATEGIC AND INNOVATIVE ACTIVITIES SUPPORTED BY RR
In 2012, Regular Resources were used to leverage funding and partnerships through various global and regional initiatives,
including efforts to motivate UNICEF partners to eliminate preventable child deaths; to eradicate polio; and to improve
the lives of adolescents by better understanding the issues that affect them. Other initiatives supported by RR are
designed to better understand disparities among children, young people, and their families through household surveys
and situation analyses; and to strengthen the monitoring and evaluation of programmes with a specific focus on equity.
A PROMISE RENEWED
ADOLESCENT EMPOWERMENT
RR funds have helped to support A Promise Renewed,
an effort to mobilize the world and its political leadership
to achieve an ambitious yet achievable goal – to end
preventable child death. By September 2012 more
than 110 governments had signed a pledge vowing to
redouble efforts to accelerate declines in child mortality
by taking action on maternal, newborn, and child
survival. Moreover, 174 civil society organizations,
91 faith-based organizations, and 290 faith leaders from
52 countries have signed their own pledges of support.
Regular Resources made possible the publication of
an important data-driven report, Progress for Children:
A Report Card on Adolescents, which provides
quantitative evidence and in-depth analysis on issues
affecting adolescents. Using the momentum created
by this international report, several UNICEF offices
conducted adolescent baseline studies and surveys,
notably in the areas of ‘life experiences’ and violence.
Regular Resources supported the implementation of
innovative information, communication, and technology
solutions that have helped to strengthen accountability
mechanisms. For example, the uReport in Uganda uses
free SMS to poll young people on their perspectives
regarding access and quality of community services and
youth issues. In return, these young people receive the
results of the polling as well as useful facts for action.
The uReport has provided a valuable entry-point for
youth to engage in decision-making processes.
A Promise Renewed provides technical assistance to
countries as they develop plans to fund and implement
programmes in support of child survival. Countries
as diverse as Burundi, Ecuador, Kyrgyzstan, Malawi,
and Sudan have applied RR funds to enhance access
to preventive and primary health care, including
early diagnosis and treatment of common diseases,
strengthening access to lifesaving commodities,
identifying and analysing health system bottlenecks,
and implementing appropriate actions in the areas of
nutrition, HIV, and health, water, and sanitation.
GLOBAL POLIO ERADICATION INITIATIVE
Unrestricted funds were allocated to cover shortfalls in
polio vaccines, social mobilization, operational costs,
and technical assistance to eradicate polio. For example,
RR funds supported Afghanistan and Nigeria to assess
barriers to polio eradication efforts, and to apply creative
approaches to accessing hard to reach populations.
The Global Polio Eradication Initiative aims at preventing
infection by immunizing every child until transmission
stops and the world is polio-free. The year 2012 had the
fewest children in the fewest places affected by polio
in recorded history. With just over 200 cases reported
worldwide, this was a reduction of more than 60 per
cent from the previous year.
MONITORING RESULTS FOR EQUITY
SYSTEMS
Thanks to RR funding, UNICEF successfully implemented
a further roll-out of the Monitoring Results for Equity
Systems (MoRES). This approach takes the organization’s
equity focus to a practical level by providing tools and
approaches that help identify the most disadvantaged
children and systematically address their needs. The
approach recognizes that there are critical conditions that
either constrain or enable the achievement of results for
particular groups of children. MoRES promotes regular
monitoring of programme responses to check if these
are achieving results. This strong focus on improving the
lives of those children who have been left behind – where
a bulk of the “unfinished work” lies – will help accelerate
progress towards the MDGs.
MULTIPLE INDICATOR CLUSTER SURVEY
RR funds supported national governments and their
statistical organizations to monitor the situation of
children and women through household surveys.
The fourth round of Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys
(MICS), which was conducted in 50 countries, was
completed during 2012. These surveys provided key
evidence and knowledge for monitoring the MDGs
and for informing policy formulation. With the data and
evidence generated, countries can identify their most
vulnerable populations by producing information on
wealth distribution, urban-rural residence, sex, age, and
ethnicity, among other key factors.
Report on Regular Resources 2012
15
HUMANITARIAN CRISES
SUPPORTED BY THE EPF
A wide variety of humanitarian responses was
supported through the Emergency Programme
Fund (EPF) in 2012. These included large-scale
natural disasters in Angola, Comoros, Pakistan,
Peru, and the Philippines, as well as conflicts
and complex emergencies in Africa and the
Middle East.
Perhaps no other humanitarian crisis dominated
2012 more than the Syria crisis, which affected
nearly 4 million people – almost half of them
children – in the Syrian Arab Republic, Lebanon,
Jordan, Turkey, and Iraq. Funding to support
the humanitarian response in the region was
inadequate to meet the sharply increasing needs.
Nearly $27 million in EPF loans was provided to
enable UNICEF and its partners to minimize the
impact of the crisis on Syrian children.
The EPF also helped bolster operations in the
Sahel with an initial injection of $5 million to
support early procurement of nutritional supplies
to reach hundreds of thousands of children in
the area.
In South Sudan an EPF loan of $3.4 million
allowed UNICEF to address the needs of
displaced Southern Sudanese in Jonglei State as
well as in other areas facing high levels of crisis.
Following the fighting in North Kivu in the
Democratic Republic of the Congo, which
resulted in hundreds of thousands of displaced
people, $4.3 million in EPF funds supported a
rapid response to the affected population’s most
urgent needs.
In addition, EPF funds were used to kick-start
responses to the drought in Angola and to
sustain underfunded crisis responses in the
Central African Republic, Madagascar, and
Myanmar.
In all these cases, it was clearly demonstrated
that Regular Resources through the EPF provide
UNICEF with an indispensable tool to respond
rapidly and flexibly to the needs of children in a
wide range of emergencies.
16
UNICEF
Emergency Programme Fund
Timely and flexible funding is essential to UNICEF’s
ability to respond rapidly and effectively to emerging
humanitarian crises. This is especially important in an
emergency, when the needs of children and women are
most critical. Regular Resources enable the organization
to invest these crucial funds in the days and even hours
following the onset of an emergency, and thus avoid
having to wait for the release of formal appeals or the
receipt of donor funds.
UNICEF responded to 286 humanitarian situations in
79 countries in 2012, including escalating conflict in the
Syrian Arab Republic, the severe food insecurity and
nutrition crisis in the Sahel, a complex emergency in
Mali, and cholera outbreaks in West and Central Africa.
These responses covered crises of different nature
and scales, including rapid onset emergencies, largescale natural disasters, new and protracted conflicts,
and chronic, underfunded ‘silent’ emergencies. For
many of these countries RR was allocated through the
Executive Board-approved formula to support their
ongoing humanitarian programmes. Another source
of RR is provided through the Emergency Programme
Fund (EPF), a $75 million revolving fund that country
offices can call upon when they need to respond quickly
to humanitarian crises.
EPF funds are allocated over a two-year period, with
2012 being the first year of the 2012–2013 biennium.
Funds are typically disbursed to country offices within
12–24 hours following a request to the Office of
Emergency Programmes, and they are subsequently
reimbursed as resources are mobilized. In cases where
UNICEF offices are unable to raise adequate funding to
reimburse their EPF grants, a decision whether or not to
waive reimbursement can be made on a case-by-case
basis after a careful analysis of the actual situation.
The Emergency Programme Fund has consistently
proven to be an effective method for providing funds
to UNICEF offices in a timely manner and allowing the
organization to initiate its response to crises before
donor funds become available. Today, the EPF remains
the quickest, most reliable, and most adaptable source
of emergency funding. It is, therefore, an integral
component of UNICEF’s response capacity.
The EPF is available to all UNICEF offices to support one
or more of the following:
• To provide urgent lifesaving assistance when
fundraising is still ongoing;
• Emergency needs when no inter-agency appeal
has been launched;
Thirty-three EPF loans were granted in 2012, for a total
of $54.63 million. Of this amount, $23.76 million has
been reimbursed to date and $1.17 million converted
into non-reimbursable loans. Since 2012 is the first year
of the current biennium and the EPF is a revolving fund,
reimbursement figures will change in 2013.
• UNICEF participation in inter-agency assessment
missions;
• Emergency staff and administration; and
• Preparedness to promote rapid response to deliver
on UNICEF’s Core Commitments for Children
in Humanitarian Action.
Emergency Programme Fund (2012)16
Country
2012 allocation
(USD million)
Reimbursement to Date
(USD million)
Converted to
non-Reimbursable
Loans
(USD million)
Jordan
9.39
6.79
-
Syria
9.30
0.06
-
West and Central Africa Regional
5.00
4.93
-
Lebanon
4.61
0.47
-
Democratic Republic of the Congo
4.30
-
-
South Sudan
3.44
1.03
-
Pakistan
2.83
1.18
Angola
2.30
2.30
-
Turkey
2.21
0.57
-
Mali
2.10
2.02
-
Liberia
1.50
-
-
Middle East and North Africa Regional
1.04
0.47
-
Comoros
1.00
0.50
-
Philippines
1.00
0.45
-
Central African Republic
0.85
-
0.85
Myanmar
0.80
0.80
-
Yemen
0.80
0.80
-
Congo
0.69
0.69
Madagascar
0.50
0.50
-
EMOPS Headquarters
0.32
-
0.32
Mauritania
0.30
0.05
-
Peru
0.20
0.14
-
Swaziland
0.15
-
-
54.63
23.76
1.17
16
The current EPF budget is for the 2012–2013 biennium. This table includes reimbursements made to this revolving fund through 19 April 2013.
Report on Regular Resources 2012
17
RESULTS FOR
CHILDREN
A boy and other mourners attend a funeral for a relative killed in the
conflict in the Syrian Arab Republic.
UNICEF’s work is guided by the Medium-term
Strategic Plan (MTSP) for 2006–2013, which sets out
the organization’s priorities: providing children with the
best possible start in life; helping to meet their basic
needs; enabling access to quality basic education;
protecting children from violence, exploitation, and
abuse; providing ample opportunity for children and
adolescents to reach their full potential; and advocating
for the promotion and protection of children’s rights.
These core principles are incorporated into five
programmatic Focus Areas, which reflect UNICEF’s
primary contributions to the international development
and humanitarian agenda. Each Focus Area describes
results to be achieved in UNICEF’s regular development
programming and in the organization’s humanitarian
action and response. UNICEF takes a holistic approach
to the well-being of children, realizing that progress in
any one area can lead to progress in other areas.
RR PROGRAMME ASSISTANCE EXPENSES
BY FOCUS AREA (2012) 17
Total: $663 million
$297 million
Young child survival and development, 45%
$125 million
Basic education and gender equality, 19%
$34 million
HIV/AIDS and children, 5%
$93 million
Child protection, 14%
$111 million
Policy advocacy and partnerships, 17%
$2 million
Other, <1%
Summary of Case Studies
The case studies highlight some of the key results
achieved in twelve countries with the support of
Regular Resources – an illustration of UNICEF’s work
worldwide. Of the programmes profiled, several are
among the highest recipients of RR, eight are in lowincome countries, and four are in upper-middle income
countries. Further, two benefitted from grants from
the Emergency Programme Fund.
The case studies were selected based on several
criteria, including high RR reliance, which is the
share of total programme costs funded by Regular
Resources; regional diversity; and the size of the
country programmes. In all cases, results for children
were achieved in 2012 as a direct consequence of
unrestricted RR funding.
Programme Area
Case Study
Country
Programme Description
Young child
survival and
development
1
Benin
“Equity champions” provide health care to the most vulnerable
51%
2
Myanmar
Implementing infant and young child feeding: A Five-Year Plan
of Action
55%
Basic education
and gender
equality
3
Burundi
Promoting basic education and gender equality
64%
4
Maldives
Providing all children with inclusive and quality education
51%
HIV/AIDS and
children
5
Chad
Improving HIV/AIDS services for children and their mothers
68%
6
Jamaica
Confronting HIV and the needs of vulnerable adolescents
60%
Child protection
from violence,
exploitation,
and abuse
7
Costa Rica
Ensuring social services for migrant families
56%
8
Tajikistan
Making Dushanbe City safer and friendlier for children and women
45%
Policy advocacy
and partnerships
for children's
rights
9
Armenia
Introducing integrated social services reform
75%
10
Cambodia
Improving national budgets to enhance equity for children
45%
Humanitarian
action
11
Jordan
Providing emergency support for Syrian refugees
EPF
12
Madagascar
Ensuring education and basic social services in emergencies
EPF
17
20
RR Reliance
The ‘Other’ category includes interventions that country and regional offices implement in line with national priorities that may not fall under the
MTSP framework or any of the five Focus Areas.
UNICEF
Reasons to invest in UNICEF
UNICEF has a universal mandate to promote the rights of children everywhere – especially those hardest to reach. Our
biggest assets remain our extensive global presence and significant reach, including in complex and challenging situations.
• With offices in some 150 countries and territories, UNICEF has access to the highest levels of government and
at the same time maintains strong grassroots relationships at the community level. This unique combination of
what we call the ‘upstream’ and ‘downstream’ of development work allows UNICEF to maximize the impact of
linking policies and programmes that deliver benefits in the lives of millions of children and their families.
• It also allows UNICEF to be there before, during, and after crises – responding quickly with lifesaving assistance.
And for all its work, the flexibility of Regular Resources makes the organization more responsive and effective than
it could be otherwise – and thus more successful in delivering on its promise to serve all children equitably.
Each of the following profiled countries and programmes demonstrates UNICEF’s capacity to change the lives of
children, and they show in a clear and profound way the role that RR is playing in achieving these successes. Further,
each of the 12 case studies illustrates one or more of the four characteristics that, taken together, underpin all of
UNICEF’s efforts.
Scope
Knowledge leadership
The totality of UNICEF’s programmes is far greater than
the sum of its parts. A child who is hungry is more likely
to suffer disease; a child in poor health is less likely to
go to school; and a child out of school is at higher risk of
exploitative labour, early marriage, and poverty. Similarly,
UNICEF’s solutions are multifaceted, tackling many
interrelated issues simultaneously and comprehensively.
The case studies illustrate the breadth, depth, and
interconnectedness of the organization’s work in
each country.
UNICEF is the leading source of information on the
global situation of children; and the organization’s
research, analysis, and publications provide crucial data
and evidence on the needs of children in a country
context. Further, UNICEF uses this knowledge to
inform governments where the needs of children are
not being met, and to support them in addressing these
shortcomings. The case studies presented here illustrate
how UNICEF combines local understanding with global
knowledge to innovate new scalable solutions.
REACH AND Scale
Partnerships
UNICEF not only delivers more programmes in more
countries than any other organization working on behalf
of children but – through its vast network of partners – it
has the capacity and scale to reach vulnerable children,
including in remote areas. The following case studies
demonstrate UNICEF’s unique reach – working with
decision makers as well as with local communities
to pilot projects, scale-up successes, and achieve
sustainable results for children in need.
Partnerships are at the heart of UNICEF’s work to achieve
the greatest possible impact for children. The organization
leverages resources through national governments;
brings partners to the table to scale-up initiatives
beyond the capacity of any single organization; extends
its reach by working with local groups; harnesses the
power of the corporate sector; and engages individuals
in achieving change for children. The following case
studies underscore the essential contribution that these
partnerships make to UNICEF’s success.
Report on Regular Resources 2012
21
Focus Area 1
Young child survival
and development
“Regular Resources have enabled us to consolidate the important gains made in the country’s Health Extension
Programme, whereby more than 30,000 community-level health workers are addressing all the major
remaining childhood killers, including severe acute malnutrition, diarrhoea, malaria, and pneumonia.”
—Peter Salama, UNICEF Representative, Ethiopia
The need
In 2012, UNICEF continued to contribute to the global
decline in child mortality rates with such essential
health interventions as routine immunization, malaria
prevention, polio eradication, vitamin A supplementation,
salt iodization, and improved water, hygiene, and
sanitation. Nonetheless, significant challenges remain
in the effort to achieve all the goals associated with
young child survival and development. Worldwide,
101 million children under five remain underweight;
one quarter of all children under five (an estimated
165 million) are stunted due to chronic undernutrition;
some 2.5 billion people do not have access to improved
sanitation; and over 22 million children remain
unvaccinated with basic vaccines. In addition, access to
early childhood care and development services remains
low in many developing countries; and the poorest
children, children with disabilities, and those from
minority or indigenous groups often lag furthest behind.
UNICEF’s response
Every child has the right to survive and thrive, and for
UNICEF this means working with governments, civil
society, and development partners to support lifesaving
actions at every phase of a child’s life. The organization
provides financial and technical assistance in the areas
of basic health and nutrition; water, sanitation, and
hygiene; and early childhood development. This package
of services is designed to accelerate the reduction
of preventable deaths through high-impact, low-cost
interventions, including vaccines, antibiotics, insecticidetreated bed nets, improved breastfeeding, and safe
hygiene practices. Through these efforts, countless
children are protected from such crippling and deadly
diseases as measles, polio, diphtheria, and tuberculosis.
Still, disparities continue to grow between rich and poor,
urban and rural.
Through its participation in several global initiatives,
UNICEF is helping to reduce the under-five mortality rate
by increasing the availability of essential commodities
for children and women’s health and by scaling-up
nutritional support for millions of undernourished
people worldwide.
18
22
EXPENSES BY TYPE OF RESOURCES: YOUNG
CHILD SURVIVAL AND DEVELOPMENT (2012) 18
Total: $1,566 million
$297 million
Regular Resources, 19%
$720 million
Other Resources Regular, 46%
$549 million
Other Resources Emergency, 35%
Key Results IN 2012
•UNICEF supplied over 500 million vitamin A
capsules, reaching some 75 per cent of all children
aged 6–59 months in developing countries with
two doses of this essential supplement.
•UNICEF support helped an estimated 10.6 million
people gain access to improved sanitation, due to
the rapid expansion of Community Approaches to
Total Sanitation programmes in 54 countries.
•In emergency situations, UNICEF helped 17.1
million people maintain or gain access to
improved drinking water across 72 countries.
•India, which only a few years ago had more polio
cases than any other country in the world, has
now experienced two years with no wild polio
virus transmission whatsoever.
•UNICEF supported the training of an additional
12,600 community health workers in Africa,
bringing the total to more than 60,000.
•The organization supports the community-based
management of acute malnutrition in over
65 countries, reaching 2.6 million children aged
6–59 months with critical treatment in 2012.
•UNICEF and its partners supported immunization
programmes in over 100 countries, and contributed
to reaching more than 80 per cent of all children
worldwide with lifesaving vaccines. As the world’s
largest purchaser of vaccines, UNICEF procured
almost 1.9 billion doses of vaccine and over
500 million syringes.
In the charts that follow, Other Resources Regular refer to OR funds allocated towards regular development programmes and Other Resources
Emergency refer to OR funds allocated towards humanitarian programmes.
UNICEF
CASE STUDY 1:
benin
“EQUITY CHAMPIONS” PROVIDE HEALTH CARE
TO THE MOST VULNERABLE
“As a paediatrician, I see first-hand how UNICEF focuses on child health while giving priority to equity.
The organization plays a pivotal role in promoting well-being nationwide, while bringing added value to
interventions at the community level.”
—Dr. Dina Gbénou, WHO Benin
The need
Despite great government efforts, the situation of
children in Benin remains alarming, with some 36,000
children dying each year before the age of five. Malaria,
pneumonia, and diarrhoea are among the main causes
of death, but malnutrition is an underlying cause of
mortality in more than half of all such cases. Notably,
two thirds of under-five deaths occur within the
community – most often at home – due to the lack of
local health centres, demonstrating the urgent need
to address the inequality in access to health care
for children.
BENIN CHILD SURVIVAL PROGRAMME (2012)
Total: $4.3 million
$2.2 million
Regular Resources, 52%
$1.9 million
Other Resources Regular, 43%
$0.2 million
Other Resources Emergency, 5%
UNICEF’s response
In March 2011, UNICEF and partners introduced a
“performance-based financing approach” to reduce
the country’s high under-five mortality rate by providing
small financial incentives to motivate community health
workers (CHWs) to respond quickly and effectively to
the needs of the local populations. Focusing on four
health districts, this financing model has provided more
than 886,000 inhabitants – including 160,000 children –
with access to a full package of interventions
and services.
UNICEF identified and trained 1,087 CHWs (41 per cent
women) to carry out early diagnosis, provide treatment
of primary childhood diseases, and ensure the timely
referral of emergency cases. Going forward, UNICEF
will reach even more vulnerable children by training
an additional 1,000 CHWs in other high-priority
health districts.
The value of Regular Resources
In 2012, RR proved to be of particular importance to
Benin in the effort to reduce child mortality and improve
child health and nutrition. Specifically, these funds have
been critical in strengthening such national programmes
as the Expanded Programme on Immunization. In
addition, they have enabled more than 1,000 CHWs to
deliver health services and promote essential health
practices to families living in remote and disadvantaged
communities. RR has also strengthened upstream and
downstream monitoring systems, allowing UNICEF to
assess and quantify progress more accurately.
Report on Regular Resources 2012
Voices from the field
As Marie, a housewife from the southern village
of Ikpinlè, asserts: “The CHWs are really helpful,
and they play an important part in our life.
Ernestine is in charge of my neighbourhood.
She has been visiting us since my four-year-old
grandson was born, and I really appreciate her
dedication. Now, I do not have to run to the
hospital each time the boy is not feeling well.
She knows what to do. In addition, she gives
me good advice on the cleanliness of my
household, how to cook healthy food, and how
to use insecticide-treated bed nets to protect
against malaria.”
23
CASE STUDY 2:
MYANMAR
IMPLEMENTING INFANT AND YOUNG CHILD FEEDING:
A FIVE-YEAR PLAN OF ACTION
“Save the Children is helping to provide infant feeding in emergency-affected areas of Myanmar,
and thanks to our partnership with UNICEF, we have been able to implement a programme that has
protected the lives of many vulnerable children.”
—Anais Waroquier, Emergency Nutrition Advisor, Save the Children Myanmar
The need
Adequate nutrition during infancy and early childhood is
fundamental to the normal growth and full development
of a child. But in Myanmar malnutrition is thought to be
responsible, directly or indirectly, for the death of up
to 31,000 under-five children each year. In 2009–2010
the proportion of infants under six months who were
exclusively breastfed was just 24 per cent, and only
69 per cent of children aged six to eight months were
receiving complementary food. Mortality is higher
among malnourished children, and those who survive
are more frequently sick and suffer life-long impairment
of their intellectual performance, work capacity,
reproductive outcome, and overall health.
MYANMAR CHILD SURVIVAL PROGRAMME (2012)
Total: $15.02 million
$8.26 million
Regular Resources, 55%
$5.28 million
Other Resources Regular, 35%
$1.48 million
Other Resources Emergency, 10%
UNICEF’s response
As the country’s lead partner in the nutrition sector,
UNICEF works nationwide to provide micronutrient
supplementation and to prevent and treat acute and
chronic malnutrition. Following the destruction caused
by Cyclone Nargis in 2008, UNICEF was instrumental
in the development of a National Strategy for Infant and
Young Child Feeding and a Five-Year Plan of Action.
Through its convening power and position of influence,
key interventions are now being implemented, such as
an exclusive breastfeeding communication initiative,
revitalization of a baby-friendly hospital initiative,
regulation of the marketing of breast milk substitutes,
extension of maternity leave for working women,
and the provision of infant feeding in emergencies.
In the near future, UNICEF and its partners will begin to
generate evidence to demonstrate the impact of food
fortification – especially on young children, adolescents,
and women.
The value of Regular Resources
With the investment of Regular Resources, UNICEF is
able to leverage significant Other Resources to improve
the nutritional status of children and women in Myanmar.
These unrestricted funds also support the creation
of national policies, service delivery, emergency
preparation and response, and the initiation of new
interventions, such as food fortification – thus reducing
existing inequities.
24
UNICEF
Voices from the field
Eight-month-old Wut Hmone Phuu is already a
celebrity in Bant Bwe Kone village, where she
is known for being exclusively breastfed by her
mother, Nwat Nwat Win. In Myanmar, this is
nothing short of a revolutionary practice. Says
the proud mother: “I breastfed for the entire
first six months of my baby’s life and have no
regrets. My little girl has not been sick since
she was born. She has had no diarrhoea and no
flu. My neighbours said my child would die of
not drinking water. But I held on. Nowadays,
my daughter is a living example that UNICEF
was right, and I show her to other women to
convince them.”
Focus Area 2
Basic education and
gender equality
“Regular Resources have enabled us to meet the needs of the most disadvantaged groups with equity – a key
element of UNICEF’s work in Pakistan – as well as to support field visits, training activities, and highly
innovative pilot projects.”
—Dan Rohrmann, UNICEF Representative, Pakistan
The need
Currently, at least 61 million primary school-aged children
(53 per cent girls) are out of school worldwide, as are a
further 71 million adolescents of lower secondary-school
age. Despite major efforts by governments and their
partners, progress towards universal primary education
is stalling in several countries in sub-Saharan Africa,
with the number of out-of-school children recently on
the increase.
Worldwide, only half of all children have access to early
learning opportunities, and such opportunities remain
particularly elusive for children in the poorest countries.
Among the severely marginalized groups are orphans;
children with disabilities and special needs; children
from nomadic and pastoral communities; children of
ethnic and/or linguistic minority groups; and those from
poor households in remote rural areas and urban slums.
UNICEF’s response
Recognizing that education is a fundamental human
right and that equitable access by all children to a
quality education is an essential condition for social
inclusion and sustainable development, UNICEF helps
governments, civil society partners, communities, and
parents to develop the capacities and skills necessary to
fulfil their duties to provide all children with an education
of the highest possible quality. On the ground, UNICEF
provides early learning opportunities, builds child-centred
classrooms, provides safe water and sanitation facilities,
improves teaching and learning processes, and supplies
textbooks and other necessary teaching and learning
materials.
At the policy table, UNICEF supports more equitable
planning and budgeting to deliver results for the most
marginalized children, such as its support for the global
Out-of-School Children Initiative and the Simulation
for Equity in Education Model. Underlying all that
UNICEF does in the education sector is its child-friendly
approach, which promotes a safer, happier, and healthier
environment in which to learn.
EXPENSES BY TYPE OF RESOURCES:
BASIC EDUCATION AND GENDER EQUALITY (2012)
Total: $604 million
$125 million
Regular Resources, 20.7%
$390 million
Other Resources Regular, 64.6%
$89 million
Other Resources Emergency, 14.7%
Key Results in 2012
•With UNICEF support, 73 countries have put
in place national policies on universal school
readiness and 63 countries have developed
standards for early learning and development.
UNICEF supports early learning through schoolbased pre-schools, home/community-based
centres, peer-to-peer support, and mobile Early
Childhood Development centres.
•UNICEF’s leadership of the Out-of-School
Children’s Initiative has enabled over 20 countries
to identify which children are out of school and
why. This is providing previously unavailable and
detailed data that is essential to the development
of equity focused policies and programmes.
•Over 120 countries reported that they have
developed or are developing quality standards
based on UNICEF’s Child-friendly Schools
initiative or similar approaches.
•UNICEF continued its work in 49 countries to
enable 3.6 million children, including adolescents,
to access formal and non-formal basic education
in humanitarian, recovery, and fragile situations.
•As a key member of the Global Partnership for
Education (GPE), UNICEF has supported
36 countries to develop and implement their
education sector plans and to obtain critical
allocations of GPE funds.
•UNICEF has been co-leading the ‘post-2015’
discussion for education, in which it emphasizes
the importance of putting equity and learning
outcomes high on the political agenda.
Report on Regular Resources 2012
25
CASE STUDY 3:
BURUNDI
PROMOTING BASIC EDUCATION AND
GENDER EQUALITY
“UNICEF support enables the Ministry of Education to implement major interventions that significantly
improve the quality of teaching and the retention of children in school. UNICEF also provides expertise
and capacity development to strengthen our database and education statistics system.”
—Barbatus Harushingongo, Gener al Director of Administr ation, Ministry of Education, Vocational
Tr aining, and Liter acy
The need
With the abolition of school fees in 2005, school enrolment
in Burundi catapulted from 60 per cent in 2004 to
96 per cent in the 2010–2011 school year. At the same
time, the country realized equal access for girls and
boys alike. However, the primary repetition rate remains
high, at 34 per cent, and the completion rate stands at
only 68 per cent. Further, the lack of qualified teachers
and learning materials, inadequate school infrastructure,
overcrowded classrooms, and reduced learning hours
to accommodate a double-shift system have all affected
the quality of education. It is estimated that an additional
289 schools are needed to fully implement basic
education by 2015.
BURUNDI EDUCATION PROGRAMME (2012)
Total: $5.2 million
$3.3 million
Regular Resources, 64%
$1.9 million
Other Resources Regular, 36%
UNICEF’s response
UNICEF continues to provide technical and financial
support to improve enrolment and retention rates as
well as the quality of learning – reaching some 520,000
through its “Back to School” campaign. Further, in 2012
nearly 4,000 teachers were trained on the child-friendly
schools module; more than 1,000 schools received
student and teacher kits; and eight new schools were
built and fully equipped. Since the 2005 repatriation
movement of former Burundian refugees from the
United Republic of Tanzania, UNICEF has also been
supporting interventions for returnee pre-school and
school children.
The value of Regular Resources
The added value of Regular Resources in a context
such as Burundi is that they are timely, predictable,
and unconditional. The right to education of hundreds
of thousands of children has been fulfilled because
UNICEF was able to deliver its equity-based education
strategy, focusing on the most hard-to-reach children.
These unrestricted resources have also helped
UNICEF to reach out to children in the most deprived
communities, and to purchase emergency supplies
aimed at facilitating the return to school of thousands
of children when other emergency funds were
not available.
26
UNICEF
Voices from the field
Pendo Adolphe, 19, was born in a camp in the
United Republic of Tanzania and had never
been in his own country before 2008. “When
my family and I arrived in Burundi, I was very
happy,” he recalls. But Pendo was confronted
with an education system very different from
what he had known before. “At first I did not
understand anything because I did not know
the local language. Also, the other students
laughed at me because my parents could not
afford to buy me a uniform.” To assist in the
integration of returnee children, UNICEF provides
school kits and teacher training in child-friendly
techniques, and finances its partners to provide
language classes. “Our teachers are very
careful with children like me,” says Pendo.
“And I am so happy to be in this nice new school.”
CASE STUDY 4:
MALDIVES
PROVIDING ALL CHILDREN WITH INCLUSIVE AND
QUALITY EDUCATION
“Having worked with UNICEF Maldives for over 10 years, I know that it is helping to shape our national
education system, and it has helped me to develop a rights-based perspective towards the education of
our children.”
—Fathmath Azza, Ministry of Education
The need
Although education is free and compulsory in the
Maldives, access to quality education for all remains
a challenge. With only 11 special-needs schools in
the country, children with special needs do not have
adequate access to education, particularly in the
rural islands. In general, most schools have a number
of constraints, including a lack of physical space,
equipment, and trained teachers. While the Maldives
has achieved almost universal access to primary
education, and with gender parity, the same cannot be
said for secondary education. Further, an estimated
6.6 per cent of five-year-olds are not attending either
pre-primary or primary school, and national assessments
indicate low achievement at all levels.
MALDIVES EDUCATION PROGRAMME (2012)
Total: $0.29 million
$0.15 million
Regular Resources, 51%
$0.14 million
Other Resources Regular, 49%
UNICEF’s response
UNICEF supports the government in the progressive
and equitable realization of the right of all Maldivian
children to a quality education; the development of
strategic partnerships; and the monitoring of results.
Having achieved the Millennium Development Goal
of universal primary education, with UNICEF support,
the Maldives now needs to accelerate efforts towards
inclusive quality education at all levels. Today, a major
focus is on the capacity development of state and civil
society partners; and the UNICEF country programme
seeks convergence across a broad spectrum of issues,
including child health, education, and protection,
as well as sustainable environmental practices, nutrition,
and HIV/AIDS prevention.
The value of Regular Resources
In 2012, Regular Resources were utilized to strengthen
special needs education through the evaluation of
the effectiveness of teacher training and to establish
baseline data for a study on the impact of piloted
curriculum reforms. Both studies provided crucial
evidence to improve the quality of education.
RR was also used to support schools in monitoring
the implementation of child-friendly school standards,
and these funds contributed to the achievement of an
inclusive and child-friendly learning environment.
Report on Regular Resources 2012
Voices from the field
“If I didn’t go to school, my life would be very
lonely,” says Mohammad, who studies at
Jamaaluddin School in Male’, and who is the
only deaf-mute member of a large, boisterous
family. “At home, my brothers used to get
annoyed with me when I was younger, but now
I play football with them. My elder sister loves
me and talks to me the most, but my mother
can’t really understand my language,” he says
with a smile. While he is fortunate to have a
happy home life, it is at school that Mohammad
feels “completely at ease” – as a top student,
as a member of the deaf community, and, most
importantly, as just another teenager hanging
out with his friends.
27
Focus Area 3
HIV/AIDS
and children
“Because external funding for HIV/AIDS programmes has declined as a result of India’s move to middle
income country status, Regular Resources have become critical to UNICEF India – accounting for
83 per cent of its HIV programme in 2012.”
—Louis-Georges Arsenault, UNICEF Representative, India
The need
Today, HIV/AIDS is the world’s fifth leading diseaserelated cause of death and the leading cause of death
among women of reproductive age (15–49), as well as a
contributor to under-five mortality. The most HIV-affected
region in the world is sub-Saharan Africa, which highlights
the need both for accelerated efforts to scale-up
antiretroviral treatment (ART) and for palliative,
psychosocial, and economic services to protect and
support affected households and those who require
long-term care.
Substantial gaps persist in access to key services.
Further, punitive laws, stigma and discrimination,
gender inequality, violence against women, and
other human rights violations continue to undermine
national responses. Sustained political will and financial
resources are needed to tackle the challenges that
continue to undermine progress against the virus,
including protecting the rights of – and providing
services for – disadvantaged, stigmatized, and
excluded communities.
UNICEF’s response
UNICEF has focused its support in the areas of HIV
prevention and treatment; care and protection of
vulnerable children; and adolescent risk prevention.
By providing advocacy, leadership, and technical and
financial support for an equity-based HIV response,
UNICEF has worked with global partners to ensure that
all pregnant women living with HIV are on lifelong ART,
to reduce paediatric HIV infections, to increase
HIV/AIDS treatment for children, and to increase
national capacities to support orphans and vulnerable
children (OVC).
EXPENSES BY TYPE OF RESOURCES:
HIV/AIDS AND CHILDREN (2012)
Total: $103 million
$34 million
Regular Resources, 32.8%
$64 million
Other Resources Regular, 62.5%
$5 million
Other Resources Emergency, 4.6%
Key Results IN 2012
•UNICEF financed and provided intensified support
to 11 countries in Africa to conduct decentralized
bottleneck analyses and to develop and
implement subnational operational plans to
eliminate new HIV infections in children by 2015
and keep their mothers alive.
•950 practitioners from 63 countries were
trained on the implementation of new HIV
clinical protocols and community engagement
methodologies for the prevention of motherto-child transmission of HIV through a new
interactive website launched by UNICEF.
•UNICEF provided technical support to build child
protection and social protection systems for
children affected by AIDS in Africa, Southeast
Asia, and Eastern Europe; to support resilient
families; and to reduce abuse, neglect, and
impoverishment of children affected by AIDS.
•UNICEF supported government-led partnerships
in six African countries to plan and implement
the SHUGA Radio initiative, which combines
information dissemination with youth outreach
using mobile phones and the Internet linked to
community-based HIV counselling and testing.
•UNICEF supported the first Regional Meeting of
Young People Living with HIV in Latin America
and the Caribbean, with young participants from
nearly all countries of Latin America, including
representatives of the Latin community in the US,
who contributed to the development of global and
regional guidelines on caring for young people
living with HIV.
28
UNICEF
CASE STUDY 5:
CHAD
IMPROVING HIV/AIDS SERVICES FOR CHILDREN
AND THEIR MOTHERS
“What is really unique about UNICEF is the organization’s presence at the decentralized level, which
provides an opportunity to support community-based interventions and to allow prompt responses when
children and mothers are in need.”
—Dr. Abbas Moustapha, Head, Health Sector, National Executive Secretariat of the National
Council for AIDS Response
The need
According to national authorities, Chad’s HIV prevalence
rate is estimated at 3.3 per cent, with more than
206,000 infected individuals and an average of 18,000
new infections annually. Since 2008, HIV/AIDS has been
responsible for 3 per cent of infant deaths and 17 per cent
of maternal deaths, as well as for some 161,000 orphans.
Adding to the burden, only 12 per cent of HIV-positive
women have access to prevention of mother-to-child
transmission (PMTCT) services. Overall, the epidemic is
evolving with noticeable disparities between women
(4 per cent) and men (2.6 per cent), and between rural
(2.3 per cent) and urban (7 per cent) populations.
There are also regional disparities, with N’Djamena and
Logone Oriental having the highest rates, at 8.3 and
9.8 per cent, respectively.
CHAD HIV/AIDS PROGRAMME (2012)
Total: $1.84 million
$1.25 million
Regular Resources, 67.9%
$0.43 million
Other Resources Regular, 23.6%
$0.16 million
Other Resources Emergency, 8.5%
UNICEF’s response
In 2012 two key strategic documents were produced and
validated: the National Strategic Plan for HIV & AIDS and
the National Plan for the Elimination of Mother-to-Child
Transmission 2012–2015. In addition, the National
Council for AIDS Response and the Ministry of Health –
in partnership with key stakeholders and with UNICEF
technical and financial support – launched an eMTCT
micro-planning process. Through this initiative, 195 partners acquired the capacity to identify bottlenecks
in delivering essential PMTCT services, and to plan
for the delivery of such services at the district level.
As a result, 36 districts in 10 priority regions representing
73 per cent of the country’s unmet PMTCT needs are
currently implementing eMTCT micro-plans.
The value of Regular Resources
Regular Resources, which represented 53 per cent of
UNICEF’s global 2012 HIV programme budget,
were essential to providing international technical
assistance in developing national capacities to plan,
implement, and monitor programmes to eliminate new
HIV infections among children by 2015. UNICEF also
invested Regular Resources to develop a strong
partnership with the Global Fund to Fight AIDS,
Tuberculosis and Malaria, resulting in a Fund grant to
UNICEF Chad of more than $9 million to support PMTCT
and OVC interventions in 2013 and 2014.
Report on Regular Resources 2012
Voices from the field
After Merci lost her husband and daughter to
AIDS and it was discovered that she and her
son were also HIV-positive, she was referred
to the UNICEF-supported Djenandoum Naasson
Centre. Says Merci: “The centre changed my life.
It offered me and my eldest son the treatment
we needed, including free antiretroviral therapy,
medical and nutritional care, and psychosocial
support.” As a result of her care, Merci was
able to return to university, where she studied
rural development, and she took the initiative
to found CAPI (Centre d’appui aux personnes
infectées) – a support centre for people living
with HIV.
29
CASE STUDY 6:
JAMAICA
CONFRONTING HIV AND THE NEEDS
OF VULNERABLE ADOLESCENTS
“UNICEF’s position as advocate for the rights and protection of adolescents and young people has helped to
keep child rights on the agenda, especially with regard to the HIV response in Jamaica. The organization
has been focused not just on health but on the greater well-being of children and adolescents in our country.”
—Sannia Sutherland, Director of HIV Prevention, Ministry of Health
The need
Approximately 1.8 per cent of Jamaica’s 2.7 million
people are living with HIV, and UNAIDS estimates that
up to half of the 30,000 infected Jamaicans are not
aware of their HIV-positive status. Homophobia has led
to stigma, discrimination, and in some cases violence
towards men who have sex with men, while other social
practices – such as multiple partners, relationships
between older men and younger women, and early
sexual debut – continue to put women and girls at risk.
Consequently, the HIV epidemic is increasingly being
forced underground, which has resulted in decreased
access to information and services for some of the most
affected populations, including adolescents. Further,
adolescent girls aged 10–19 are almost three-times
more likely to become infected with HIV than boys of
the same age.
JAMAICA HIV/AIDS PROGRAMME (2012)
Total: $0.23 million
$0.14 million
Regular Resources, 60%
$0.09 million
Other Resources Regular, 40%
UNICEF’s response
UNICEF Jamaica has been a consistent partner in the
country’s HIV response. The organization supports
efforts to strengthen national systems and human
resources that improve service delivery for HIV-positive
pregnant women and their HIV-exposed infants, and that
prevent primary and secondary HIV-infections among
adolescents and the most vulnerable. UNICEF also
supports the development of policies to ensure that the
rights of marginalized and vulnerable young people are
recognized and protected.
In addition, national guidance, standards, and protocols
for health service delivery among adolescents and young
people are now under review in line with a UNICEFsupported national strategic plan on adolescent health.
The value of Regular Resources
Regular Resources have been used to support partners
in areas that have been slow to attract donors – notably,
research and policy development. Through these funds,
UNICEF has also been able to cover the costs of those
staff members who provide HIV-related technical
assistance and who implement programmes.
30
UNICEF
Voices from the field
Tanya, 17, is the mother of a one-year-old son,
the consequence of rape. Two months after her
ordeal she learned that she was pregnant and
HIV-positive. While attending her local antenatal
clinic Tanya was referred to a UNICEFsupported NGO programme for adolescent
mothers, which helped her to adhere to her
medication throughout her pregnancy.
As a result, Tanya’s son was born HIV-negative.
Tanya has also benefited from life-skills training,
which includes secondary prevention education,
treatment literacy, and parenting education.
Joy Crawford, director of the programme,
says her work with girls like Tanya has been a
personal source of motivation. “They are living
testimonies,” Joy notes. “We see them become
better mothers, move into jobs, and improve
their relationships with their families and their
quality of life.”
Focus Area 4
CHILD PROTECTION FROM VIOLENCE,
EXPLOITATION, AND ABUSE
“The 2012 ‘Justice for Children’ strategic framework is ensuring that all children in South Sudan have
access to justice, but this was only possible with the crucial investment of UNICEF’s Regular Resources.”
—Yasmin Haque, UNICEF Representative, South Sudan
The need
Each day millions of children worldwide – from all
socio-economic backgrounds, and across all religions
and cultures – experience various forms of violence,
exploitation, and abuse. They are often the most
excluded members of society: children with disabilities,
poor girls forced into domestic labour or trafficking,
children recruited into armed groups, and girls subjected
to female genital mutilation/cutting and other harmful
practices. There are numerous factors directly and
indirectly affecting these children and their parents:
climate change, migration, urbanization, fuel and
financial crises, demographic shifts within and across
countries and regions, and the changing nature of
warfare and violence.
UNICEF’s response
Keenly aware of the lifelong impact that the lack of
protection can have on a child, UNICEF focuses its
child protection efforts on four key areas: strengthening
systems to better protect all children from violence,
exploitation, and abuse; promoting the social conventions,
norms, and values that keep children from harm;
protecting children from the immediate and long-term
impact of armed conflict and humanitarian crises; and
improving country-level monitoring, research, evaluation,
and use of child protection data.
UNICEF is the sole UN agency with the full breadth
of child protection within its mandate, and this is
the organization’s comparative advantage as it plays
convening and advocacy roles, bringing technical
expertise and applying research and innovative
approaches to deliver results for children worldwide.
Working with many partners, UNICEF focuses on
strengthening systems and promoting sociocultural
beliefs and practices that protect children in all contexts,
and on replicating “what works” through robust evidence.
EXPENSES BY TYPE OF RESOURCES:
CHILD PROTECTION FROM VIOLENCE,
EXPLOITATION, AND ABUSE (2012)
Total: $331 million
$93 million
Regular Resources, 28%
$168 million
Other Resources Regular, 51%
$70 million
Other Resources Emergency, 21%
Key Results IN 2012
•The capacity of UNICEF partners to address issues
of child protection was greatly strengthened
in over 98 countries, including the provision of
social welfare services, alternative care,
and psychosocial support.
•With UNICEF support, over 29.5 million births were
registered in 82 countries, thus helping to ensure
the social and legal rights of these newborns.
•An additional 1,775 communities declared their
abandonment of female genital mutilation and
cutting, bringing the number of communities that
have abandoned the practice to approximately
10,000 since the start of the UNFPA-UNICEF
Joint Programme.
•A total of 87 programme countries (up from 78 in
2011) now have legal or policy frameworks in place
for preventing and responding to sexual violence
in line with international norms and standards.
•More than 1.4 million children in emergencies in
42 countries had access to protective community
spaces, learning spaces, and psychosocial
support services.
•Over 5,300 children associated with armed forces
or groups in nine countries were released and
reintegrated into their families and communities.
•Eleven additional countries ratified the Optional
Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the
Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution,
and Child Pornography, and seven ratified the
Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children
in Armed Conflict.
Report on Regular Resources 2012
31
CASE STUDY 7:
COSTA RICA
ENSURING SOCIAL SERVICES FOR
MIGRANT FAMILIES
“Through advocacy, training, and the sensitization of public officials, UNICEF helps to strengthen
the manner in which institutions play a key role in guaranteeing and protecting the rights of children
and adolescents.”
—Kathya Rodríguez, Director, National Bureau of Migr ation and Foreign Affairs
The need
In recent years the flow of regular and irregular immigrants
into Costa Rica has increased, such that today there are
an estimated 386,000 immigrants in the country, including
some 62,000 minors – the majority of whom have come
from neighbouring countries in search of economic
opportunity. Children of irregular migrants – that is,
people who lack legal status either because they have
entered the country illegally or because their visas have
expired – are particularly vulnerable, as they are kept
hidden from view, which can put them at greater risk
of sexual exploitation and trafficking. Furthermore, the
families of irregular migrants have only the most minimal
access to basic social services and to the opportunities
that would allow them to improve their situation.
COSTA RICA CHILD PROTECTION
PROGRAMME (2012)
Total: $0.74 million
$0.41 million
Regular Resources, 56%
$0.33 million
Other Resources Regular, 44%
UNICEF’s response
UNICEF has supported the creation of a Committee
for Child Migrants to harmonize national procedures
and coordination among key government institutions in
order to strengthen the identification and care of migrant
children. The committee monitors the impact of a 2010
immigration law and works to standardize information on
the situation of migrant children. Based on new data,
a policy was specifically designed for migrant children
and adolescents, which includes an intensive training
programme for all immigration officials as well as a
national public-awareness campaign aimed at decreasing
discrimination against non-Costa Rican children.
These efforts laid the foundations for an exceptional 2012
government initiative to offer all migrants the opportunity
to regularize their status, benefitting some 12,000 young
girls and boys as well as adolescents who had been
residing illegally in Costa Rica. In addition, some 2,000
children received their own national identity cards.
The value of Regular Resources
This programme would not have been possible without
the support of Regular Resources, which were specifically
used to support the policy design and training of officials.
RR funding was also used to research good practices
and compile lessons learned that supported the
advocacy campaign.
32
UNICEF
Voices from the field
Migrants are confronted with multiple obstacles
to integration in host countries, including
the lack of identity documents. Children of
migrants are dependent on the decisions of
their parents, which can be influenced by a
range of factors: migrants may fear expulsion,
sanction, or discrimination if they attempt to
regularize their status, or they may be insufficiently informed or lack the resources to fulfill
the legal and administrative requirements
demanded by the host country.
Carmen and Alexander are the Nicaraguan
parents of five children, all of whom were born
in Costa Rica. As Carmen explains, “It is very
important for us to have an official identity
document, as it allows our children to have
greater access to educational opportunities and
social services. And because I can now leave the
children in day care, both Alexander and I can
work and we can give our children a better life.”
CASE STUDY 8:
TAJIKISTAN
MAKING DUSHANBE CITY SAFER AND FRIENDLIER
FOR CHILDREN AND WOMEN
“UNICEF has been a pioneer in effectively advocating for the best interests of children, and has provided
great help to us in terms of expertise, knowledge, and ideas for building the capacity of the police force to
work with children in a child-friendly way and to protect them from all forms of ill treatment.”
—Zebonisso Kholdorbekova, Deputy Head of Service, Delinquency Prevention Among Youth and
Children, Ministry of Interior
The need
With more than half of the world’s population residing in
cities, many urban dwellers lack access to safe housing,
reliable services, secure tenure, and other basic rights –
and Dushanbe City, Tajikistan, is no exception. Women
and children – especially girls – face particular risks in
this context. Concerted efforts by government, local
authorities, civil society, and international organizations
are needed to pilot, assess, and scale-up innovative,
child-friendly, and gender-sensitive approaches
to prevent and reduce urban violence.
TAJIKISTAN CHILD PROTECTION
PROGRAMME (2012)
Total: $1 million
$0.45 million
Regular Resources, 45%
$0.55 million
Other Resources Regular, 55%
UNICEF’s response
Responding to the emerging challenges to city dwellers,
in 2011 UNICEF, UN-HABITAT, and UN Women launched
the “Safe and Friendly Cities for All” programme –
supporting partnerships between local authorities and
women’s, youth, and children’s groups in eight pilot
cities worldwide. In Tajikistan, the programme is led by
UNICEF, and the organization has been supporting local
authorities to challenge the widespread acceptance
of violence towards children and women, as well as
to establish and strengthen social services for victims
and those at risk. Initiatives introduced in 2012 included
strengthening services for vulnerable girls; a new shelter
for women victims of violence and their young children;
development of a toll-free child helpline; and the
training and mobilization of police, social workers,
and religious leaders.
The value of Regular Resources
Regular Resources allowed UNICEF Tajikistan to initiate
an innovative project that resulted in creating and
strengthening partnerships and in leveraging UNICEF
interventions to prevent violence in an urban setting.
The project built on the existing child protection
programme and expanded it to cover new areas not
previously addressed, but that are crucial for reducing
inequalities. As a result of advocacy efforts under
the Safe and Friendly Dushanbe Project, UNICEF has
engaged with the U.S. Embassy to improve service
delivery at the government-run Girls Support Services,
which is the only organization in Tajikistan supporting
girls who are victims or at risk of sexual abuse
and trafficking.
Report on Regular Resources 2012
Voices from the field
“I was really happy that Ms. Sanobar Rakhimova,
Deputy Mayor of Dushanbe, listened to me
attentively and replied to my concerns,” said
Khusravi, a beneficiary of a project to aid street
children. “I really believe such people can make
a difference for the children in Dushanbe, and
I hope there will be more opportunities like this.”
Indeed, Khusravi’s dream will be coming true:
Ms. Rakhimova says she found the consultations
with children so useful that there will be similar
events in the future on a regular basis.
33
Focus Area 5
POLICY ADVOCACY AND PARTNERSHIPS
FOR CHILDREN’S RIGHTS
“Thanks to Regular Resources, UNICEF Indonesia has been able to generate up-to-date evidence on the
disparities and inequities facing the most vulnerable children, and to strengthen its technical assistance to
the government in making the country’s cities more child-friendly based on a set of informed regulations,
policies, and programmes.”
—Angela Kearney, UNICEF Representative, Indonesia
The need
Recent decades have brought unprecedented gains
for the world’s children, but aggregated trends mask
the situation of children who have been left behind.
Amid the advances in child survival and development,
inequalities have often widened, and the benefits of
rapid economic growth have not been equally shared.
As always, children living in fragile and conflict-affected
contexts are the most underserved and are at greatest risk.
As many countries continue to grapple with heightened
vulnerabilities related to commodity prices, climate
change, and growing economic and social inequalities,
a renewed vision is needed to promote human
development and equity for all citizens, especially children.
It is clear that economic growth alone is not sufficient
to ensure human development or the achievement of
rights. A better understanding of poverty and progress
can bring greater clarity to the underlying causes and
nature of these more intractable problems and, in doing so,
help identify comprehensive solutions.
UNICEF’s response
Policy advocacy and partnerships underpin all of UNICEF’s
activities and are an essential aspect of our work with
governments, lawmakers, the media, civil society, and
international organizations. UNICEF works to strengthen
the capacities of its partners – to collect and analyse
data, to design and implement policies and legislation,
and to budget adequately and equitably – so that they
can meet their obligations to children.
Advocating for children and helping communities to
have a voice in the development process are critical
catalysts for achieving equitable results for children.
Because UNICEF’s own resources represent a minimal
share of the total resources needed to address the
rights and needs of children, increasingly its strength
is in leveraging resources, rather than in providing
direct services. Overall, in 2012 UNICEF increased its
efforts to eliminate child poverty by reducing disparities,
promoting social protection, and making an even
stronger case to increase investments in children.
34
UNICEF
EXPENSES BY TYPE OF RESOURCES:
POLICY ADVOCACY AND PARTNERSHIPS
FOR CHILDREN’S RIGHTS (2012)
Total: $264 million
$111 million
Regular Resources, 42%
$121 million
Other Resources Regular, 46%
$32 million
Other Resources Emergency, 12%
Key Results in 2012
•UNICEF supported child poverty and disparities
analyses in 81 countries, was engaged in social
budgeting in 64 countries, was involved in
social protection in 104 countries, and provided
technical advice on migration issues in
35 countries.
•More than 100 UNICEF country offices produced
major thematic studies or analyses, of which
some 70 explicitly used a human rights framework
and 55 applied a gender analysis framework.
•At the regional level, UNICEF played a crucial role
in fostering knowledge exchange among countries
and in facilitating dialogue and cooperation on
issues related to children.
•At the global level, UNICEF continued to
strengthen its monitoring of child outcomes
by completing the fourth round of the Multiple
Indicator Cluster Survey, which was conducted
in 50 countries, providing key evidence and
knowledge for MDG monitoring and policy-making.
•To provide guidance to stakeholders, UNICEF
developed a global strategy framework on social
protection, drawing from extensive country-level
experience.
CASE STUDY 9:
ARMENIA
INTRODUCING INTEGRATED SOCIAL
SERVICES REFORM
“In Armenia, UNICEF has been instrumental in preparing a cadre of professionals in the social protection
services by equipping them with an in-depth understanding of the fundamentals of effective service delivery
and highlighting the importance of cooperation among the various agencies.”
—Artem Asatryan, Minister of Labour and Social Issues
The need
Unquestionably, the single greatest challenge to human
development is poverty, which negatively affects every
aspect of an individual’s life. Poor children are at greater
risk of malnourishment, and consequently more likely not
to develop their full physical and intellectual potential;
have limited or no access to health and education services;
and are more vulnerable to various forms of violence
and abuse. Some 41 per cent of Armenian children
are classified as poor, yet the country’s social service
system has been unable to detect and respond to the
specific protection needs of the population, particularly
to those of children.
ARMENIA POLICY ADVOCACY AND
PARTNERSHIPS PROGRAMME (2012)
Total: $0.56 million
$0.42 million
Regular Resources, 75%
$0.14 million
Other Resources Regular, 25%
UNICEF’s response
The deteriorating situation of poor Armenian families
has generated concern over the effectiveness of social
protection interventions. UNICEF’s assumption is that
the development of a proper social protection system
would have a positive effect on vulnerable families,
preventing family separation, the institutionalization
of children, and various forms of violence and abuse.
On a positive note, progress has been made in integrated
social services reform, as promoted by UNICEF and the
World Bank and approved by a 2012 government decree.
These reforms are expanding the provision of social
services (health, education, protection, and care)
through outreach and professional support to families;
by strengthening cooperation among all social service
providers; and by focusing greater attention on issues
of inequity.
The value of Regular Resources
Regular Resources were highly instrumental in facilitating
UNICEF’s engagement in the social services reform
process, providing in-house technical capacity as well as
quality international and local expertise, where required.
In addition, RR funding has been used to develop almost
all the tools that guide case management and social
planning, and to provide technical support to national and
subnational counterparts.
Report on Regular Resources 2012
Voices from the field
In 2012 a UNICEF-trained social worker, Armen
Avetyan, saved a mother and her two children
from destitution. The father of this young
family was killed in a car accident; and because
of business debts his family was forced to sell
all their property and exhaust their savings.
They then moved into an abandoned house in
a forest, offered to them by a distant relative,
where they lived on mushrooms and berries
and where the children eventually dropped out
of school. When the school notified the social
worker of the children’s absence, he quickly
convened a meeting with representatives of the
school administration, an employment service,
the municipality, and local NGOs. As a result,
the widow was retrained and found full-time
employment, the municipality provided living
space, the NGOs provided food and clothing,
and the children resumed their studies.
35
CASE STUDY 10:
CAMBODIA
IMPROVING NATIONAL BUDGETS TO ENHANCE EQUITY
FOR CHILDREN
“I am passionate about development work, and in the wake of the food–fuel–finance crises, I came to form
a close association with UNICEF, which was very active in providing us with a constant stream of analysis
and best practices. The relationship has been truly strategic, with a focus on enhancing national ownership.”
—Dr. Sann Vathana, Deputy Secretary Gener al, Council for Agricultur al and Rur al Development
The need
Though poverty in Cambodia has declined significantly
in recent years – currently standing at 19.8 per cent – an
estimated 40 per cent of the population live just above
the poverty line, susceptible to external shocks that
include natural disasters, food price fluctuations, and
fiscal crises. Highly dependent on foreign aid, only about
25 per cent of the social sector budget comes from
government investment. Thus, the sustainability of basic
social services for the most disadvantaged is extremely
fragile, while more than half of all Cambodian children
continue to live in the poorest third of households.
Four out of 10 children under five are stunted,
55 per cent have anaemia, and only 42 per cent
complete lower-secondary education.
CAMBODIA POLICY ADVOCACY
AND PARTNERSHIPS PROGRAMME (2012)
Total: $4.84 million
$2.16 million
Regular Resources, 45%
$2.68 million
Other Resources Regular, 55%
UNICEF’s response
Having concluded that budgetary efficiency and allocation
is a key determinant for the deprivation of children and
women, UNICEF moved to the centre of this national
effort in 2012 by joining the Technical Working Group
of the ongoing Public Financial Management Reforms,
and by adopting social budgeting advocacy as a priority
within its Country Management Plan. In this way,
UNICEF aims to partner with economic and finance
ministries and agencies to apply a systematic approach
to address budgetary inefficiencies, and thereby help
social line ministries access more government funding.
Today, UNICEF is entering into a more comprehensive
partnership with the Supreme National Economic Council
(SNEC), the main government advisory body, and with
the Ministry of Economics and Finance (MEF). At the
same time, it is working to ensure that disadvantaged
children can actually access basic social services.
The value of Regular Resources
Regular Resources give UNICEF Cambodia the technical
capacity and the programmatic flexibility to build and
reshape the country office as needed. For example,
with unrestricted resources the office has entered into
two strategic partnership agreements with the SNEC
and the MEF – focusing on social protection and
education research, and on developing results-based
budgeting capacity within the social sector line ministries.
36
UNICEF
Voices from the field
The Cambodia Child Tracker Bulletin – the
first-ever produced by a government agency in
Cambodia – aims at bridging gaps between the
policy and practice of child rights, at highlighting
the challenges of delivering services, and at
focusing attention on the need for increased
investment. It was through this system that
a survey team identified 12-year-old Keatha,
whose father had died and whose bed-ridden
mother was unable to care and provide for him
and his five siblings. This bright boy would
have dropped out of school had he and his
siblings not been categorized as orphans and
vulnerable children, and thus become entitled
to government assistance.
humanitarian action and
post-crisis recovery
“Thanks to the flexibility of Regular Resources, UNICEF was able to respond quickly and effectively to
emergencies in Yemen, Sudan, and the State of Palestine – ensuring that children continued their schooling
and benefitted from nutrition and clean water. Regular Resources were also instrumental in jump-starting
our humanitarian assistance to displaced children and women within and outside the Syrian Arab Republic.”
— Maria Calivis, UNICEF Regional Director, Middle East and North Africa
The need
Across the globe, millions of children and women
continued to feel the brunt of complex emergencies,
natural disasters, and chronic humanitarian crises.
Among these is the ongoing armed conflict in the
Syrian Arab Republic, which has affected nearly
4 million people, almost half of them children, and which
has regional implications due to the increasing refugee
caseload. The nutrition and food crisis in the Sahel belt
of West Africa affected some 1.1 million children under
five years who suffered from severe acute malnutrition.
And the conflict in Mali displaced families internally
and prompted a refugee emergency in surrounding
vulnerable countries. In this extremely challenging
environment, UNICEF and its partners have continued
to operate despite issues of access, staff security,
and reduced financial resources.
UNICEF’s response
In 2012, UNICEF and its partners responded to
286 humanitarian situations of varying degrees in
79 countries, providing support in the areas of health
and nutrition; water, sanitation, and hygiene; child
protection; education; and HIV/AIDS – as well as to
inter-agency and national coordination structures.
In addition, working with its partners UNICEF has
continued to address and strengthen emergency
preparedness in the organization’s country offices, and
has increasingly integrated peacebuilding into its country
programmes. Learning from emergencies such as those
in the Sahel and the Horn of Africa, UNICEF has also
strengthened its internal and inter-agency systems and
its collaboration with more than 1,200 partners in
the field.
EMERGENCY PROGRAMME FUND (2012)
Total: $55 million
$31 million
Non-reimbursed (RR), 57%
$24 million
Reimbursed (OR), 43%
Key Results IN 2012
•In its response to the Sahel crisis, UNICEF
supported the Ministries of Health and NGO
partners to establish nutrition services in
4,838 health facilities for more than 920,000
children under five suffering from severe acute
malnutrition; provided 7.3 million families with
insecticide-treated bed nets to prevent malaria;
and vaccinated 1.9 million children against measles.
•In the Syrian Arab Republic, more than 1.4 million
children were vaccinated against measles;
263,000 people received winter supplies, including
medicines and non-food items; 79,000 school-aged
children were provided access to an uninterrupted
education; and 47,000 children obtained
psychosocial support.
•In Yemen, UNICEF assisted in the community
and facility-level screening, management, and
treatment of some 100,000 children under five
with severe acute malnutrition, and provided
micronutrient supplements to nearly
3.5 million children.
•Globally, therapeutic feeding programmes treated
2.11 million severely malnourished children,
including those in the Sahel, and 43.8 million
children were reached with disease prevention
interventions.
•Access to safe water for drinking, cooking, and
bathing was provided to some 18.8 million people.
•Through UNICEF support, 65.4 million
children aged 6–59 months received vitamin A
supplements worldwide.
Report on Regular Resources 2012
37
CASE STUDY 11:
JORDAN
PROVIDING EMERGENCY SUPPORT
FOR SYRIAN REFUGEES
“In partnership with UNICEF, Save the Children International has established 14 child-friendly spaces
and three youth-friendly spaces in the Za’atari refugee camp, and these have had a huge positive impact on
the lives of the children.”
—Dima Hunaiti, Child Protection Coordinator, Save the Children International
The need
When the Government of Jordan established a refugee
camp in Za’atari to accommodate the rising number
of Syrians fleeing into the country in 2012, it turned to
UNICEF to take the lead in the areas of education, child
potection, and water, sanitation, and hygiene. In five
short months, the Za’atari camp was transformed from
an empty patch of desert to a camp hosting 55,000
refugees, including an estimated 30,000 children.
Interventions to protect children are crucial during an
emergency, when families are forced to abandon their
homes, communities, and livelihoods, and when children
may become separated. An estimated one third of all
children in Za’atari have lost at least one family member
in the conflict.
EMERGENCY PROGRAMME FUND (2012)
Total: $9.4 million
$2.6 million
Non-reimbursed (RR), 28%
$6.8 million
Reimbursed (OR), 72%
UNICEF’s response
UNICEF very quickly established domestic and drinking
water points, washing/bathing areas, toilets, handwashing facilities, solid waste management, and hygiene
promotion activities. In addition, the organization created
“child-friendly spaces” where children could play safely
and where UNICEF partners could identify and assist
families in need of psychosocial support.
In order to reach children most at risk, UNICEF and its
partners established community-based protection
committees, and deployed social workers for detection
of cases of violence and abuse. In coordination with
other UN agencies, the organization also identified
and registered children who were separated or
unaccompanied, and provided interim care for those
who could not be reunited with their families.
The value of Regular Resources
While the international community witnessed the
escalating crisis with alarm, donor resources took weeks
to arrive. Regular Resources ensured that UNICEF was
immediately able to mobilize its capacities and ensure
that it was at the forefront of this major relief operation.
As a result, children’s needs were quickly addressed at
the onset of the crisis and have remained at the core of
the overall response effort.
38
UNICEF
Voices from the field
“My name is Dina. I’m 11 and I have been living
in the Za’atari camp for six months. I’m here
with my parents, my two brothers and two
sisters, my grandmother, and my uncles and
cousins. I’m the youngest in the family! Life
in the camp is fine, though I hope to go back
home. What I like is that I feel safe and that I’m
together with my family. I am in the fifth grade.
When I am not in school, I often go to a
playground that was built by UNICEF and
Save the Children. I have met many new girls
there, and we talk about where we are from,
what colour or what kind of food we like….”
CASE STUDY 12:
MADAGASCAR
ENSURING EDUCATION AND BASIC SOCIAL SERVICES
IN EMERGENCIES
“Cyclone Giovanna altered the lives of tens of thousands of people who were already poor and vulnerable.
But thanks to UNICEF’s quick response, we were able to provide the affected populations with safe water,
sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) in the immediate aftermath of the disaster.”
—R amihaja Vonintosa Marie Pierrette, Regional Director, Ministry of Water, Antsinanana Region
The need
EMERGENCY PROGRAMME FUND (2012) 19
Total: $0.5 million
Second only to Comoros, Madagascar is the African
country most exposed to climatic shocks, and is regularly
affected by cyclones, floods, and drought. Further,
an estimated one quarter of the population – some
5 million people – live in areas of risk. In the first quarter
of 2012, Madagascar was hit by Cyclone Giovanna,
a category 4 cyclone, which killed 35 people, injured
284, destroyed more than 44,000 homes, and displaced
approximately 34,000 people. In total, nearly a quarter
of a million residents were affected. Notably, Giovanna’s
fury severely damaged health centres, essential
medicines, education materials, and school infrastructure,
affecting more than 77,000 school children.
$0.5 million
Reimbursed (OR), 100%
UNICEF’s response
Thanks to Regular Resources and pre-positioned supplies,
UNICEF was able to respond immediately to the crisis.
The initial emergency response provided 7,400 households with WASH kits; nearly 133,000 people received
information about good hygiene practices as well as
water treatment products for the home; 70 temporary
latrines were set up at relocation sites; 400 tents were
erected at 372 affected schools, enabling 20,000 children
to restart their education; and nearly 1,200 children
under five received free treatment for diarrhoea,
respiratory infections, and other influenza-like illnesses.
The value of Regular Resources
Madagascar’s ongoing political crisis has resulted in the
suspension of most external assistance to the country,
and has reduced the capacity of Malagasy authorities
to effectively respond to emergencies. In this context,
unrestricted Regular Resources proved critical in
supporting UNICEF’s rapid response to the emergency.
Now, as Madagascar finds itself again in the middle
of cyclone season, UNICEF is appealing to donors
in order to prepare its humanitarian response in this
hazard-prone country.
19
Voices from the field
Marie Helene and her classmates could have
easily lost a full year of school, had it not been
for the immediate response by UNICEF and
its partners. Together, they helped construct
temporary classroom tents – called tarpatents –
which allow children to continue their primary
education while solid school structures are
being rebuilt. Kamisy Leonard, chief of the local
school authority, noted that 80 per cent of the
classrooms in the district were destroyed.
“The cyclone didn’t find much resistance because
the school buildings had been constructed from
very light materials, such as wood and reeds,”
he explained. “Without UNICEF’s support,
we would never have finished the school year!”
The entire $500,000 EPF loan of Regular Resources was repaid with subsequent earmarked donations.
Report on Regular Resources 2012
39
ABOUT OUR
DONORS
A girl stands in a field where she works, in the village of Djorbana,
Zanzan Region, Côte d’Ivoire. She does not attend school.
UNICEF derives its revenue entirely from the voluntary
contributions of governments and private donors.
These consist of unrestricted Regular Resources (RR),
the organization’s preferred type of revenue, and
restricted Other Resources (OR), which donors
can direct to specific programmes according to their
interests or priorities. Such unrestricted and restricted
resources complement one another, and it is the
balance between these two funding modalities that
allows UNICEF to drive its agenda for children and to
commit to predictable results. Specifically, Regular
Resources enable the organization to invest in new
programming, upon which many of its earmarked
programmes are subsequently built. Further, the larger
the share of Regular Resources, the lower are UNICEF’s
transaction costs and the greater are the organization’s
effectiveness and efficiency in reaching the most
vulnerable.
government donors, foundations, non-governmental
organizations, global funds, multi-donor trust funds,
and private-public partnerships. Many donors are also
directing their funding to specific programmes in line
with their own priorities. UNICEF therefore has an
even greater need to secure and leverage additional
unrestricted Regular Resources, as well as high-grade
earmarked Other Resources – global and local – from a
broader funding base.
REVENUE BY TYPE OF RESOURCES (2012)
Regular Resources accounted for 32 per cent of total
revenue in 2012. In the face of continuing funding
challenges, UNICEF’s leadership role in child-related
priorities in the years to come will continue to depend
on securing a strong and reliable core revenue base.
Total: $3,958 million
A diversified donor base helps to reduce dependency
on a limited number of funding sources and protects the
sustainability of UNICEF’s global mission. Such diversity
is especially important because the aid environment
has become increasingly complex, with both new donors
and new funding modalities. These include new
$1,260 million
Regular Resources, 32%
$2,698 million
Other Resources, 68%
REVENUE TRENDS BY TYPE OF RESOURCES (2003–2012)1
UNICEF’s revenue has more than doubled over the past decade, thanks largely to increases in Other Resources.
It is important to see an increase in Regular Resources or high-quality Other Resources if UNICEF is to promote and
protect the rights of all children efficiently and effectively.
3,000
USD million
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
2003
2004
Other Resources
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Regular Resources
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
2003
2004
Other Resources
1
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Regular Resources
Limits on comparability: A meaningful analysis of trends in revenue from one period to the next requires comparable data. The change in
accounting standards in 2012 from the United Nations System Accounting Standards (UNSAS) to the International Public Sector Accounting
Standards (IPSAS) may not allow meaningful comparisons between 2012 figures and prior years as historical trend data could not be restated.
All amounts in this report are in US dollars. Further, all dollar values and percentages have been rounded.
42
UNICEF
In 2012, UNICEF donors contributed $3,958 million,
an 8 per cent increase over 2011.2 In all, 92 governments
contributed $2,621 million (66 per cent of total revenue)
directly to UNICEF or through inter-governmental
organizations, such as the European Commission,
and inter-organizational arrangements, which are
government contributions to UNICEF through other
UN agencies.3 Revenue from private sources and
non-governmental organizations (NGOs) was $1,261
million (32 per cent of total revenue).4 This latter figure
includes $941 million (24 per cent of total revenue) from
36 National Committees – UNICEF’s network of national
NGOs – which mobilize resources through fundraising
appeals and ongoing relationships with individuals,
civil society groups, companies, and foundations, as
well as through the organization’s cards and products
operations; $99 million (2.5 per cent) through UNICEF
country offices and private sector revenue provided
directly to UNICEF Headquarters; and $220 million
(5.6 per cent) through Global Programme Partnerships
and NGOs other than the National Committees.
TOTAL REVENUE BY SOURCE (2012)
TOTAL RR REVENUE BY SOURCE (2012)
In 2012 governments provided 48 per cent of UNICEF’s
Regular Resources, and private sector sources and
NGOs contributed 46 per cent.5
Total: $3,958 million
$2,271 million
Governments and intergovernmental organizations, 57%
Total: $1,260 million
$350 million
$601 million
Inter-organizational arrangements, 9%
$1,261 million
Governments, 48%
$76 million
Private sector and NGOs, 46%
$583 million
Private sector and NGOs, 32%
Other, 2%
$76 million
Other, 6%
PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR REVENUE TRENDS (2003–2012) 6
2,000
USD million
1,800
1,600
1,400
Asian Tsunami
1,200
Haiti Earthquake
1,000
800
600
400
200
0
2003
Public Sector OR
Public Sector RR
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Private Sector OR
Private Sector RR
2
UNICEF receives contributions from public and private sector donors, including contributions made in cash and made in kind. The 8 per cent increase
over 2011 refers to contributions made in cash and received by UNICEF in 2012.
3
Contributions from inter-organizational arrangements have come through the following sources: FAO, IOM, PAHO, UNAIDS, UNDG, UNDP,
UNDPKO, UNDSS, UNEP, UNESCO, UNFPA, UNHCR, UN Human Security Trust Fund, UNMAS, UN Office Geneva, UNOCHA, UNOPS, UN
Secretariat, UN Women, WFP, WHO, World Bank (including the Global Partnership for Education), as well as UN Joint Programmes where UNICEF
is the Administrative Agent.
4
The remaining 2 per cent includes revenue from interest and miscellaneous revenue, such as small donations and gains/losses on foreign
exchange transactions.
5
National Committees contributed $563 million (44.7 per cent) in Regular Resources; other private sources (including revenue from individuals,
corporations, and foundations provided directly to UNICEF) and NGOs contributed $20 million (1.6 per cent). ‘Other’ includes interest revenue,
foreign exchange gains and losses, and other revenue.
6
Limits on comparability: A meaningful analysis of trends in revenue from one period to the next requires comparable data. The change in
accounting standards in 2012 from the United Nations System Accounting Standards (UNSAS) to the International Public Sector Accounting
Standards (IPSAS) may not allow meaningful comparisons between 2012 figures and prior years as historical trend data could not be restated.
Report on Regular Resources 2012
43
TOP 20 GOVERNMENT, INTER-GOVERNMENTAL, AND NATIONAL COMMITTEE DONORS (2012)
Among the top 20 donors to UNICEF in 2012, ten were governments and nine were National Committees. The ratio
of RR to OR revenue varies considerably among these donors, with eight providing more than 50 per cent of their
funding as RR. The three largest RR donors as a percentage of total contributions were the National Committees of
Japan, France, and the Netherlands.
DONOR
1 United Kingdom
Donor Type
RR
(USD million)
RR
(%)
OR
(USD million)
OR
(%)
Total
(USD million)
Government
63
19%
271
81%
335
2 United States of America Government
132
39%
202
61%
334
81
34%
154
66%
234
228
3 Norway
Government
4 European Commission
Inter-governmental
-‒
-
228
100%
5 Japan
Government
17
9%
180
91%
197
6 Canada
Government
18
10%
162
90%
180
7 Sweden
Government
70
43%
91
57%
161
8 Japan
National Committee
130
86%
21
14%
151
9 Netherlands
Government
42
34%
82
66%
124
National Committee
69
73%
26
27%
95
10 France
11 Germany
National Committee
47
53%
41
47%
89
12 Australia
Government
36
40%
52
60%
88
13 United States of America National Committee
20
25%
60
75%
80
14 Netherlands
National Committee
53
70%
23
30%
77
15 Sweden
National Committee
35
54%
30
46%
65
16 Republic of Korea
National Committee
43
67%
21
33%
64
17 Germany
Government
18 United Kingdom
National Committee
8
13%
53
87%
61
18
31%
40
69%
58
19 Denmark
Government
29
54%
25
46%
54
20 Italy
National Committee
27
54%
24
46%
51
TOP 20 DONOR COUNTRIES (2012)
The following list shows the top 20 donor countries, aggregating public and private sector contributions.
COUNTRY
1 United States
2 United Kingdom
Public Sector
Private Sector
OR
(USD million)
Total
(USD million)
RR
(USD million)
OR
(USD million)
RR
(USD million)
132
202
20
60
414
63
271
18
40
392
348
3 Japan
17
180
130
21
4 Norway
81
154
6
4
244
5 Sweden
70
91
35
30
226
6 Netherlands
42
82
53
23
201
7 Canada
18
162
7
5
192
8 Germany
8
53
47
41
149
9 France
1
18
69
26
115
10 Australia
36
52
7
9
104
11 Denmark
29
25
9
8
71
12 Republic of Korea
3
3
43
21
71
13 Italy
‒-
12
27
24
63
14 Spain
4
8
31
18
60
21
20
13
5
60
16 Belgium
25
14
8
7
54
17 Switzerland
22
11
6
13
51
18 Ireland
11
15
2
3
31
19 Argentina
<1
-
7
12
18
20 Thailand
<1
-
3
11
14
15 Finland
44
UNICEF
TOP 20 GOVERNMENT RR DONORS (2012)
Among the top 20 government RR donors, the United
States provided $132 million, followed by Norway with
$81 million and Sweden with $70 million.
Countries
1
United States
2
Norway
3
4
TOP 20 NATIONAL COMMITTEE RR DONORS (2012)
Among the top 20 National Committee RR donors,
Japan provided $130 million, followed by France with
$69 million and the Netherlands with $53 million.
RR
(USD million)
Countries
and territories
RR
(USD million)
132
1
Japan
130
81
2
France
69
Sweden
70
3
Netherlands
53
United Kingdom
63
4
Germany
47
5
Netherlands
42
5
Republic of Korea
43
6
Australia
36
6
Sweden
35
7
Denmark
29
7
Spain
31
8
Belgium
25
8
Italy
27
9
Switzerland
22
9
United States
20
10
Finland
21
10
United Kingdom
18
11
Canada
18
11
Finland
13
12
Japan
17
12
Denmark
9
13
Ireland
11
13
Belgium
8
14
Germany
8
14
Canada
7
15
New Zealand
5
15
Hong Kong, China
7
16
Spain
4
16
Australia
7
17
Luxembourg
4
17
Norway
6
18
Republic of Korea
3
18
Switzerland
6
19
Austria
1
19
Austria
5
20
France
1
20
Greece
4
Report on Regular Resources 2012
45
Regular Resources
partners and donors 20
(in US dollars)
REGULAR RESOURCES
Donor
Afghanistan
Andorra
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belgium
Brazil
Bulgaria
Cameroon
Canada
Chile
China
Colombia
Costa Rica
Croatia
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Ecuador
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Gibraltar
Greece
Guyana
Honduras
Hong Kong, China
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Kazakhstan
Kuwait
Lithuania
Liechtenstein
Luxembourg
Malaysia
Mexico
Monaco
Mongolia
Morocco
Mozambique
Myanmar
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Nigeria
Norway
Public Sector
Government
1,000
98,685
25,000
6,000
35,594,944
1,460,822
34,500
4,000
24,747,565
10,000
40,400
18,000,000
77,000
1,300,000
11,426
10,000
29,054,750
5,000
61,392
21,144,260
1,328,020
8,076,870
10,098
29,998
16,503
112,043
487,492
772,540
210,000
10,991,936
110,000
17,300,374
100,000
200,000
55,127
3,519,253
284,000
214,000
10,502
11,000
76,205
2,000
1,841
42,288,520
4,535,160
1,000
127,000
80,545,500
Private Sector 21
National
Committees
285,122
6,835,048
4,691,475
8,018,537
7,166,999
2,237,352
9,268,513
90,200
13,291,035
69,393,474
47,422,248
3,776,468
7,114,188
59,706
2,170,690
1,970,008
29,480
27,452,050
129,923,654
38,756
1,396,155
53,481,916
2,823,029
6,007,319
Other
Contributions
6,562,308
51,710
19,526
73,632
11,068
45,172
527,791
812,700
39,601
1,034
526,823
321,411
4,096,284
30,086
-
20
Provisional unaudited figures.
21
Includes revenue from sales of cards and other UNICEF products and from private sector fundraising.
46
UNICEF
Total
1,000
383,807
6,587,308
6,000
42,429,992
6,152,297
34,500
4,000
32,766,102
51,710
29,526
40,400
25,166,999
150,632
1,311,068
45,172
11,426
527,791
10,000
812,700
2,237,352
38,323,263
44,601
151,592
34,435,295
70,721,494
55,499,118
1,034
3,776,468
10,098
29,998
7,130,691
171,749
2,658,182
1,299,363
531,411
12,961,944
139,480
27,452,050
147,224,028
100,000
200,000
38,756
55,127
4,915,408
4,380,284
244,086
10,502
11,000
76,205
2,000
1,841
95,770,436
7,358,189
1,000
127,000
86,552,819
REGULAR RESOURCES
Donor
Pakistan
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Qatar
Republic of Korea
Republic of Moldova
Russian Federation
Saudi Arabia
Serbia
Singapore
Slovakia
Slovenia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sweden
Switzerland
Thailand
Tunisia
Turkey
Turkmenistan
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela
(Bolivarian Republic of)
Viet Nam
Miscellaneous
Revenue adjustments
to prior years
Subtotal
Non-governmental
organizations
Tetsuko Kuroyanagi, Japan
Miscellaneous
Subtotal
Other revenue 22
TOTAL REVENUE
22
Public Sector
Government
65,066
62,603
105,452
200,000
100,000
3,200,000
2,000
1,000,000
1,000,000
50,000
12,497
30,144
3,808,218
15,500
69,974,400
21,598,200
247,172
28,572
150,000
3,000
100,000
63,492,400
131,755,000
21,400
-
Private Sector
National
Committees
Other
Contributions
Total
67,354
3,204,129
43,066,582
1,297,763
30,601,465
34,805,625
5,831,830
803,799
17,829,794
19,899,939
-
38,421
414,615
256,367
5,592
2,847,230
12,156
3,911
201,080
2,300,434
65,066
38,421
477,218
172,806
3,404,129
100,000
46,266,582
2,000
1,000,000
1,000,000
256,367
50,000
12,497
1,297,763
35,736
34,409,683
15,500
104,780,025
27,430,030
3,094,402
40,728
953,799
3,000
103,911
81,322,194
151,654,939
222,480
2,300,434
13,700
105,280
557,650
300,134
363,056
-
13,700
468,336
857,784
600,801,980
562,651,835
19,562,009
1,183,015,824
600,801,980
562,651,835
381,128
6,394
505,994
20,068,004
381,128
6,394
505,994
76,365,999
1,259,887,817
Includes interest revenue, foreign exchange gains and losses, and other revenue.
Report on Regular Resources 2012
47
Photo credits
Acknowledgments
cover This document was prepared by UNICEF’s Private
Fundraising and Partnerships (PFP) Division in
collaboration with the Public Sector Alliances and
Resource Mobilization Office (PARMO).
© UNICEF/SRLA2010-0087/Asselin
page 3
© UNICEF/NYHQ2010-0697/Markisz
page 8
© UNICEF/MLIA2012-00788/Bindra
page 18
© UNICEF/NYHQ2012-0206/Romenzi
page 21© UNICEF/MLWB2011-00336/Noorani
© UNICEF/NYHQ2005-1020/
© UNICEF/INDA2012-00613/Singh
© UNICEF/CBDA2008-00021/Noorani
page 23
© UNICEF/Leonie Marinovich/2009
page 24
© UNICEF/Myanmar/2012
page 26
©U
NICEF/Burundi/2012
page 27
©U
NICEF/Maldives/2012
page 29
©U
NICEF/Chad/2012
page 30
©U
NICEF/Jamaica/2012
page 32
©U
NICEF/Costa Rica/2012
page 33
©U
NICEF/Tajikistan/2012
page 35
©U
NICEF/Armenia/2012
page 36
© UNICEF/Cambodia/2012
page 38
© UNICEF/Jordan/2012
page 39
© UNICEF/Madagascar/2012
page 40
© UNICEF/NYHQ2011-2471/Asselin
The authors of this report would like to thank the
many people from the country and regional offices
who provided advice and contributions throughout the
production process. We would also like to acknowledge
the following UNICEF Divisions for their review
and comments on the various chapters: Division of
Communication, Division of Financial and Administrative
Management, Division of Policy and Strategy, Office of
Emergency Programmes, Programme Division,
and the Office of the Executive Director.
Resources
credits
A video on Regular Resources can be found online at:
www.tinyurl.com/regularresources
Editor: John Tessitore
An electronic version of this report can be found online at:
For UNICEF staff:
www.intranet.unicef.org/geneva/fundraising.nsf/pageid/fund09a
Production: Strijbos Graphic Group BV, Netherlands.
FSC-STD-40-004 (V2-0) FSC Standard for Chain of Custody
Certification. Certified since June 2009.
SGS Ref # NL09/81819611
For National Committees:
www4.intranet.unicef.org/geneva/fundraising.nsf/pageid/fund09a
For public access:
Scan this QR code or visit www.unicef.org/publications
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ISBN 978-92-806-4699-3
© United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), June 2013
48
UNICEF
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