Foreword
For many years, the design factsheets prepared by the former Countryside
Commission for Scotland - often referred to as the "Battleby Display Centre Information
Sheets" - have been a much valued aid to countryside practitioners. This Countryside
Access Design Guide builds on and updates these technical information sheets. In
addition, the technical information is backed by advice and guiding principles aimed
at helping practitioners understand the design principles and then make informed
choices about the appropriate design solution for particular circumstances.
The publication provides design advice on a range of structures frequently used by
managers to assist and manage public access to the countryside. Included in this
selection are some tried and tested favourites; designs adapted on the basis of
experience; designs modified to take account of the new British Standard for Gaps,
Gates and Stiles or to better accommodate the needs of people with disabilities; and
some newer ideas developed by practitioners to respond to new management needs.
This Guide complements other recently published titles providing good practice
guidance in access management, such as Car Parks in the Countryside - A Practical
Guide to Planning, Design and Construction; Lowland Path Construction - A Guide to
Good Practice; and Upland Pathwork Construction Standards for Scotland.
This Countryside Access Design Guide has been developed by Scottish Natural
Heritage (SNH) with assistance and support from The Paths for All Partnership, the
Scottish Countryside Access Network (SCAN) and The Fieldfare Trust. Thanks are due
to the members of the Steering Group for providing valuable advice and information
during the preparation of this work.
SNH commissioned countryside management and interpretation consultants
Countrywise to research and prepare this publication, led by David Haffey with input
from Marcus Byron and Anthony Walker & Partners. Thanks are due to the many
people who responded to Countrywise's request to provide information and examples
of designs which work well and especially to those who recommended designs and
provided technical information for inclusion in this guide. Without their assistance and
advice this publication could not have been produced.
We hope that this publication will prove as popular and useful as the "Battleby
Display Centre Information Sheets". In time, SNH would hope to update the
information in this Guide, in light of experience in the installation, use and
management of these designs. SNH would welcome comments on improvements or
modifications to individual designs, or suggestions and details for new designs.
Details should be sent to SNH's Recreation and Access Group at
recreationandaccess@snh.gov.uk
Scottish Natural Heritage
2002
Foreword
Countryside Access Design Guide
Contents
Countryside Access Design Guide
Introduction
Purpose and Scope of the Design Guide
Audience
How to Use this Guide
Legal Background
Disability Discrimination Act (1995)
Selection of Access Structures
Needs of People with Disabilities
Materials, Construction and Maintenance
Health and Safety
Risk Assessment
Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 1994
Control of Substances Hazardous to Health
Gaps and Barriers
1.1 Vehicle Barrier : Bollards
1.2 Vehicle Barrier & Seat
1.3 Vehicle Barrier
1.4 Vehicle Barrier : Edging
1.5 Vehicle Pole Barrier
1.6 Cycle Chicanes
1.7 Horse Stile/Motorcycle Barrier (Version 1)
1.8 Horse Stile/Motorcycle Barrier (Version 2)
1.9 Horse Stile/Motorcycle Barrier (Versions 3 & 4)
1.10 The Three Valleys Barrier
Gates
2.1 Timber Field Gate
2.2 Timber Bridle Gate : 1 Way Opening
2.3 Metal Bridle Gate : 1 & 2 Way Opening
2.4 Timber Wicket Gate (Version 1)
2.5 Timber Wicket Gate (Version 2)
2.6 Timber Wicket Gate (Version 3)
2.7 Metal Wicket Gates : 1 & 2 Way Opening
2.8 Timber Kissing Gate (Version 1)
2.9 Timber Kissing Gate (Version 2)
2.10 Timber Kissing Gate (Version 3)
2.11 Timber Kissing Gate (Version 4)
2.12 Metal Kissing Gate with ‘Radar’ Lock
2.13 The Rambler Gate
2.14 The Countryside for All Gate
2.15 The Belton Gate
2.16 Deer Fence Kissing Gate
2.17 Deer Fence Chicane
Stiles
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
3.11
Timber Step Stile (Version 1)
Timber Step Stile (Version 2)
Timber Step Stile (Version 3)
Timber Step Stile (Version 4)
Seat Top Stile
Ladder Stile
Stone Step Stile
Timber Squeeze Stile
Metal Squeeze Stile
Dog Gate (Version 1)
Dog Gate (Version 2)
1
Steps and Ramps
4.1 Timber Board & Aggregate Steps
4.2 Ramped Sleeper & Aggregate Steps
4.3 Stone Block & Aggregate Steps
4.4 Stone Block Steps
4.5 Stone Slab Steps
Fences
5.1 Post & Wire Fence with Timber Droppers
5.2 Post & Wire Fence
5.3 Post & Wire Fence with Top Rail
5.4 Post & Pig Net Fence with Top Wire
5.5 Post & Pig Net Fence with Top Rail
5.6 Post & Rabbit Net Fence with Top Wire
5.7 Post & Five Rail Timber Fence
5.8 Post & Four Rail Timber Fence
5.9 Post & Three Rail Timber Fence
5.10 Birdsmouth Timber Fence
5.11 Single Rail Barrier Fence
Boardwalks
6.1 Low Level Boardwalk
6.2 Raised Boardwalk with Edge Rails
6.3 Raised Boardwalk with Hand Rails
6.4 Raised Boardwalk (Wide Design)
2
Seats and Picnic Tables
7.1 Perch (Version 1)
7.2 Perch (Version 2)
7.3 Timber Bench
7.4 Seat with Backrest
7.5 Picnic Table (Version 1)
7.6 Picnic Table (Version 2)
7.7 ‘Access for All’ Picnic Table (Concept Design)
Appendix 1
BS5709 Specification for Gaps, Gates and Stiles (2001)
Appendix 2
The Disability Discrimination Act (1995)
Appendix 3
References and Further Information
Introduction
Purpose and Scope of the Design Guide
Scottish Natural Heritage has prepared this Guide to provide advice on the selection
and design of structures that accommodate and assist public access in the countryside.
There presently exists a wide range of published reference material dealing with the
practical and technical aspects of countryside recreation and access management.
Much of this material is widely dispersed or, in some cases, is out of date and fails
to take adequate account of current principles of best practice. Scottish Natural
Heritage, in collaboration with the Paths for All Partnership and the Scottish
Countryside Access Network, has therefore produced this revised and updated
guidance to assist practitioners.
Objectives of the Guide
• To respond to the need for consistent and up to date guidance to be provided
to practitioners involved in the development of access networks.
• To raise the profile of access for all principles so that practitioners are
encouraged to pay regard to the access needs of all types and abilities of
visitor to the countryside.
• To promote the concept of barrier free access and, where structures are
unavoidable, to encourage use of the least restrictive option.
• To respond to the increasing demand for guidance on the sympathetic
management of access in the countryside.
• To assist service providers in taking account of the Disability Discrimination Act
and proposed changes in access legislation.
The designs included in this Guide have been collected from a wide range of
sources and are presented here by Scottish Natural Heritage with the aim of
assisting in the improvement of access provision in the countryside. Many are tried
and tested designs that have been developed and installed by other organisations
throughout Scotland and England; others are new designs that have yet to be fully
evaluated. In some cases, existing designs have been modified or adapted to take
account of the recommendations of the new British Standard for Gaps, Gates and
Stiles, 2001 (see Appendix 1 for further details) or better accommodate the needs
of people with disabilities. Therefore, whilst endeavours have been made to include
designs that will operate effectively, efficiently and safely, Scottish Natural Heritage
cannot guarantee the accuracy and appropriateness of the specifications or of the
construction and installation details included in the Guide. Users of the Guide
should therefore seek appropriate technical advice when installing these structures.
The development of countryside access structures is an ongoing process which must meet
the evolving needs of all sections of society. This document is a contribution to this process
in that it disseminates information on access structures which may be of interest to
individuals and organisations involved in access management. In time, we would hope
to refine and update the information in this Guide in the light of experience in the
installation and use of these designs: any comments on improvements or modifications
to individual designs or suggestions for new designs would be welcome.
Function of the Guide
• To guide and advise practitioners in their selection of design solutions that
meet the access needs of all visitors to the countryside.
• To provide detailed drawings and specifications for the construction and
installation of chosen design solutions.
• To increase awareness amongst practitioners of best practice in the design of
countryside furniture and structures that provide access for all.
3
‘...practitioners are encouraged to
pay regard to the access needs of
all types and abilities of visitor to
the countryside.’
Audience
This Guide is intended for use by a wide spectrum of people involved in the
development and management of access provision. This will include access and
countryside professionals, rangers, planners, surveyors, site managers, land owners,
developers, volunteers and community groups.
The Guide has been prepared against the background of the Scottish legal system
and is targeted primarily at those concerned with the management of public access
to Scotland’s countryside. Scottish Natural Heritage recognises, however, that it
may also be of interest to those concerned with access and public rights of way in
other parts of the United Kingdom and welcomes its use by this wider audience.
‘This guide is intended for use by
a wide spectrum of people
involved in the development and
management of access provision.’
How to Use this Guide
A key feature of this Guide is that it is concerned not only with the
presentation of technical data on the design of access structures but also
with the provision of detailed guidance to assist in the selection of the most
appropriate design of structure for a particular situation. Users of the Guide
are therefore encouraged to see it as a package of information that can
assist in improving many aspects of access to the countryside, rather than as
just a convenient reference manual of ‘off the shelf’ designs.
4
The Guide is divided into seven sections covering the following types of structure:
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
easy to use
moderately easy to use
not very easy to use
Gaps and Barriers
Gates
Stiles
Steps and Ramps
Fences
Boardwalks
Seats and Picnic Tables
Information Sheets 1.1 - 1.10
Information Sheets 2.1 - 2.17
Information Sheets 3.1 - 3.11
Information Sheets 4.1 - 4.5
Information Sheets 5.1 - 5.11
Information Sheets 6.1 - 6.4
Information Sheets 7.1 - 7.7
At the beginning of each section, general guidance is provided on critical aspects of
design and construction and the performance requirements that should be met.
Information to assist in the process of selecting an appropriate design is presented in
a ‘Design List’ summarising their key attributes and in an ‘Evaluation’ matrix (except
Section 7) assessing their performance, primarily in terms of their accessibility to
different types of user. The evaluation also makes use of a 'smiley face' symbol when
performance is assessed on a scale ranging from good to bad.
In Section 1, 2 and 3 the designs have been assessed as to whether they
appear to conform to the recommendations of the British Standard 5709:2001
(Gaps, gates and stiles - Specification). This assessment is a judgement and does
not constitute, in any manner, a formal endorsement of the design by the BSI.
Introduction
Following this introductory material, a separate Information Sheet has been
prepared for each design. Side 1 provides a dimensioned drawing of the structure
and an extract of the Evaluation. Side 2 presents summary notes on its key features,
details of construction and installation, the source of the design, contacts for further
information and details of suppliers/manufacturers where appropriate. Where
possible, space is also provided for users of the Guide to make notes on their own
design modifications or to record other reference information.
All measurements referred to in this Guide are expressed in millimetres, except
where explicitly stated otherwise. For convenience and brevity, the abbreviation
‘mm’ is frequently omitted; only being included, where necessary, for clarity.
Legal Background
The publication of this Guide is timely in that new access legislation, both in
Scotland and in England and Wales, will increase opportunities for people to
explore and enjoy the countryside.
In Scotland, the Scottish Executive introduced the Land Reform (Scotland) Bill, in
November 2001, Part I of which provides for a right of responsible access to land
and water for recreational purposes and for crossing land. The right would apply to
almost all of Scotland's countryside, with safeguards for privacy, public safety, land
management and conservation.
In England and Wales, the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 introduces a
statutory right of access to open country for the purpose of open-air recreation and
strengthens and improves the rights of way system.
As this legislation is implemented, those responsible for the provision of access will
need to pay increasing regard to standards of access provision and to the installation
of structures that accommodate the access needs of all visitors to the countryside.
Disability Discrimination Act (1995)
Countryside managers and other service providers with responsibilities for access
and informal recreation must also be aware of the implications of the Disability
Discrimination Act (1995). The Act makes it unlawful for service providers to treat
disabled people less favourably than they would treat other people, for a reason
related to their disability, when offering or providing goods, services and facilities.
Some provisions of the Act came into force in 1996 and 1999, whilst others will
come into effect in 2004.
Further details of the provisions of the Disability Discrimination Act (1995) and its possible
implications for the management of access in the countryside are outlined in Appendix 2.
Access in the Countryside
Key Implications of the Disability Discrimination Act (1995)
• From 1 October 1999, but prior to 2004, where a structure on a path is a
barrier to access by disabled people, service providers have a duty to find a
reasonable alternative method of providing access.
• From 2004, where a structure on a path makes it impossible or unreasonably
difficult for a disabled person to gain access, service providers have a duty to
take reasonable steps to remove, alter or avoid it, if access cannot be
provided by a reasonable alternative method.
5
Selection of Access Structures
The guiding principle of providing access for all is ‘choose the least restrictive
option’. This means that access structures should accommodate the needs and
interests of as wide a range of legitimate users as possible. Adherence to this
principle is especially important when selecting structures such as gates and stiles
that may form a barrier to access. Depending on the access route, consideration
should be given to several types of user and their specific needs:
Pedestrian Access: walkers, including people with and without disabilities
users of wheelchairs (manual and motorised)
walkers with dogs under control
walkers with prams or push chairs (single and double)
elderly people
parents with children
Shared Access:
all footpath users
horse riders
pedal cyclists
people leading horses
The principle of choosing the least restrictive option means that, wherever possible,
a path should cross a boundary through an open gap. Only if this is inappropriate,
for example because of the need to control livestock or restrict vehicular access,
should consideration be given to the installation of a gate or other structure. Stiles
can severely restrict public access and should only be installed as a last resort when
it is not possible to provide access by means of a gap or gate.
The Needs of People with Disabilities
Access provision should always take account of the needs of people with
disabilities. Opportunities for disabled people to gain access to the countryside can
be readily improved by removing unnecessary barriers and installing gaps or gates
instead of stiles. If a gate, kissing gate, or stile is to be installed on a path, there
should be an assessment of whether such action is justified.
6
Installing a Gate, Kissing Gate or Stile?
Is it Justified or Reasonable?
• is the structure absolutely necessary (e.g. to control livestock)?
Choosing the least restrictive
option means that access
structures should accommodate
the needs and interests of as
wide a range of legitimate users
as possible.
• is it the least restrictive option?
• what is the likelihood that it will cause some restriction to users?
• what is the extent of any restriction created and what types of user will it affect?
• what is the effort or cost needed to remove the restriction or to enable people
to avoid it?
First Choice Option
Gap
Not
Suitable
Gate
Not
Suitable
Kissing
Gate
Access
for all
Last Choice Option
Stile
Cars
Motor cyclists
Pedal cyclists
Horse riders
Users of motorised wheelchairs
width 1525mm (optimum)
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✘
width 1200mm (min.)
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
o
✓ ✓ ✘
• Not stockproof
why? • Accessible to unauthorised/unwanted users
• Concerns about cutting into existing fence line
Bridle Gate
width 1525mm (BS5709 min.)
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✘
Pedestrian
Gate
width 1200mm (optimum)
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
o
✓ ✓ ✘
width 1000mm (BS5709 min.)
✓ ✓
o
✓ ✓ ✘
width < 900mm
✓ ✓ ✘
o
o
✓
✘ ✓ ✘ ✓
o
✘
• Concerns about effectiveness as a stockproof barrier
7
why? • Accessible to unauthorised/unwanted users
• Concerns about cutting into existing fence line
Rectangular
Enclosure
V - shaped
Enclosure
Not
Suitable
difficulty/inconvenience
Not accessible, or accessible with
extreme difficulty
Users of manual wheelchairs
✘
Ambulant disabled people
Key
✓ Accessible with ease
o Accessible, but possibly with some
Able bodied people
Access Across a Boundary Guide to Choosing the Least Restrictive Option
People with prams or single pushchairs
Introduction
Gaps, Gates and Stiles
Depth 1600mm
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✘ ✓ ✓ ✘
Depth 1400mm
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✘
o
✘
✘
Depth 1200mm
✓ ✓ ✓ ✘ ✓ ✘
o
✘
✘
Depth 1000-1100mm
✓
o
✘
✘
✘
✘
✘
✘
✘
✓
o
✘
✘
✘
✘
✘
✘
✘
✓
o
✘
✘
✘
✘
✘
✘
✘
o
✘
✘
✘
✘
✘
✘
✘
✘
why? • Concerns about effectiveness as a stockproof barrier
• Concerns about cutting into existing fence line
Squeeze Stile
/Step-through stile
Step-over
Stile
Ladder
Stile
Is a stile really the only option?
Please check again before
going ahead.
The selection of the most appropriate structure for installation on a path, whether it is
a gap, gate or stile, must recognise the diversity of potential users and the range of
disabilities that may influence people’s ability to negotiate a structure safely and
conveniently. Such considerations may also apply to other structures such as steps,
ramps, seats and picnic tables.
The following table looks at the ways in which the ease of use of different access
structures can be affected by a person’s age or the nature of any disability, including:
• visual impairment
• dexterity
• reach
• balance
• strength
• mobility and
• wheelchair users
The ‘Evaluation’ included in each section of the Guide and on Side 1 of the
Information Sheets summarises the key attributes of each design. Whilst these
provide a broad appraisal of the different structures, they are based on the above
type of comprehensive assessment of their accessibility and ease of use both by
people of all ages, including able-bodied people and people with the disabilities. It
is hoped that this information will assist site managers in selecting the most
appropriate designs of structure and increase awareness of the access constraints
that they may unintentionally impose on potential users of differing ability.
8
‘Access provision should always
take account of the needs of
people with disabilities, including
both ambulant disabled people
and people using wheelchairs.’
Materials, Construction and Maintenance
It is expected that users of the Guide will have some familiarity with the practical
aspects of countryside access management. The Information Sheets provide
sufficient data on the design, construction and installation of the different structures
to enable suitably skilled personnel to build them. However, they are not intended to
offer a complete or exhaustive specification or a blueprint that will be suitable for
every situation. In many instances designs will need to be adapted to suit a
particular set of circumstances or to solve a specific access problem. It is therefore
recommended that, where appropriate, advice is sought from experienced
practitioners or skilled contractors as to the suitability of a particular design and any
modifications that may be necessary.
In addition, it should be recognised that the quality and lifespan of individual
structures will depend upon the standards of materials and workmanship used in
their construction. Wherever possible, these should conform to the relevant British
Introduction
Ease of Use of Access Structures in the Countryside
The Effects of People’s Disabilities
Nature of a Person’s
Disability
Effects
Examples
Visual (Blind & Partially
Sighted People)
• May walk into or trip on the structure
• Vehicle barriers
• May find it difficult to use, or work out method
of use, or may use incorrectly
• Kissing gates
• Latched gates
Dexterity
• May not be able to grip or turn to
operate a mechanism
• Latched gates
Reach
• May not be able to reach forward,
back, up, or behind to operate
• Latched gates
• May have insufficient reach to operate
• Kissing gates
• May not be able to manoeuvre without
a hand hold
• Stiles
• May not be able to balance on one foot or
may be unsteady and lacking confidence
• Stiles
• May not be able to negotiate without a
handrail
• Steps
• Ramps
• Boardwalks
Strength
• May not have the strength to operate
• Self-closing gates
• Heavy timber gates
Mobility (Ambulant disabled
people with mobility difficulties)
• May not be able to raise feet to
required height
• Stiles
• Steps
• May not be able to manoeuvre
• Kissing gates
• May need to rely on sticks at all times
• Stiles
• Steps
• Ramps
• May have difficulty sitting down or
rising up from a seat
• Seats
• Picnic Tables
• May not be able to get chair into
available space
• Gates
• May need manoeuvring space
• Kissing gates
• May not be able to reach to operate
• Latched gates
Balance
9
Wheelchair Users
(Classes 1, II & III )1
1
as defined under Statutory Instrument (1988) No 2268 Road Traffic - The Use of Invalid Carriages on Highways Regulations.
Standards and Approved Codes of Practice. The following guidelines will also assist
in achieving high standards of construction and installation, thereby minimising the
requirement for future repair and replacement, and ensuring that structures function
safely and reliably and cause the minimum of inconvenience to users:
• All softwood timber should be dried to an appropriate moisture content and
pressure treated with an approved preservative (c.f. BS1282). Larch or Scots
pine are preferred. Spruce should not be used for timbers that are to be in
contact with the ground.
• The use of timber impregnated with wood preservatives should be avoided on
wetland sites of conservation importance due to the leaching of copper, arsenic
and other chemicals.
• All metal fittings and fencing materials (e.g. hinges, latches, bolts, screws, nails,
fence wire and mesh) should be galvanised, zinc plated, sherardised or
otherwise treated to prevent rusting.
• Concrete should not normally be used to install strainers, struts, posts and other
timbers, except where a hole cannot be excavated to an adequate depth.
Preferably, they should be fixed by back-filling with well rammed earth and stones.
• Concrete should be used to install metal structures or where a timber post or
strainer is subject to exceptional loads (e.g. to support a steel pole barrier).
Health and Safety
As indicated above, the aim of this Guide is to provide details of countryside access
structures that will accommodate and assist public access in the countryside. In
presenting these designs, which have been collected from many different sources,
Scottish Natural Heritage has sought to draw attention to issues relating to their safe
installation and use and to known limitations or constraints that may apply to
specific structures. In turn, there is also a duty on users of the Guide to ensure that,
when installing countryside access structures, the health, safety and convenience of
all members of the public is adequately safeguarded. In particular, site managers
and other countryside practitioners are reminded:
10
• to ensure that all obligations and responsibilities for the safety and welfare of
the public, and of people installing the structures, are given the highest priority
in terms of the design, construction and installation of structures and in their
subsequent maintenance and repair;
• to ensure that the design of structure installed in a
particular situation is suited to its intended purpose and
is constructed correctly, from good quality materials,
and to high standards of workmanship;
‘Stiles can severely restrict public
access and should only be
installed as a last resort when it is
not possible to provide access by
means of a gap or gate.’
• to ensure that structures are regularly checked for wear,
tear and deterioration and are maintained and repaired
as necessary so that they continue to function correctly,
efficiently and safely;
• to keep detailed and accurate records of all
inspections of structures, any repairs that are
found to be required, and any subsequent
maintenance works or modifications that are
carried out;
• to ensure that all contractors, employees and
volunteers involved in construction and
installation are adequately trained and are
closely supervised by experienced personnel.
Risk Assessment
Introduction Contents
Users of this Guide should also ensure that all working practices and procedures
comply with health and safety legislation and approved codes of practice: details
can be obtained from the Health and Safety Executive (tel. 0845 345 0055 or visit
www.hse.gov.uk)
An important and valuable procedure in safeguarding the health and safety of
workers and the public is ‘risk assessment’. Health and safety law places duties on
employers and self employed people to assess risks in the workplace. A risk
assessment is a careful examination of what could cause harm to people at work so
that a judgment can be made as to whether sufficient precautions have been taken,
or additional measures are needed to prevent harm. There are acknowledged to be
five key steps to risk assessment:
• look for the hazards;
• decide who might be harmed and how;
• evaluate the risks and decide whether the existing precautions are adequate or
more should be done;
• record the findings;
• review the assessment and revise it if necessary.
For more detailed advice and guidance on Risk Assessment procedures, reference
should be made to ‘Five Steps to Risk Assessment’ (see Appendix 3 : References
and Further Information) and other guidance published by the Health and Safety
Executive (see above for contact details).
In addition, the following two sets of government regulations are of particular relevance
to safeguarding the health and safety of workers and the general public in respect of
the construction and use of the types of structure included in this Design Guide.
Construction (Design and Management)
Regulations 1994
These Regulations, which are often referred to as the ‘CDM Regulations’, were
introduced to help avoid foreseeable risks to the health and safety of any person
involved in construction. They place duties on all those who can contribute to the
health and safety of a construction project, including clients, designers, contractors
and the planning supervisor.
The degree of detail, as well as the time and effort required to comply with the
CDM Regulations is largely dependent on the nature, size and level of health and
safety risks involved. Therefore, for small projects with minimal health and safety
risks, it will only be necessary to take simple, straightforward steps and few, if any,
specialist skills will be needed.
The Regulations only apply to ‘construction work’ which effectively includes any
building, engineering, maintenance, demolition and dismantling works. Within this
definition, there are also a number of exclusions, most notably in the context of this
Design Guide:
• works that are reasonably expected to last for less than 30 days (and less than
500 man days in total);
• works which involve not more than four persons at any one time.
11
11
If the CDM Regulations do apply, then there is a requirement to give consideration
to a number of issues relating to:
• the appointment, roles and responsibilities of the planning supervisor, the
principal contractor, the designer, the client or the client’s agent and all those
who contribute to the health and safety of the construction project;
• the preparation of a health and safety plan.
For further information, reference should be made to the full CDM Regulations (see
Appendix 3 : References and Further Information). In particular, users of this Design
Guide are recommended to consult the Regulations in order to check whether any
proposed countryside access works fall within their ambit and, should they do so, to
confirm the action that should be taken in order to comply with the Regulations.
Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (1999)
The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations, 1999, (often referred
to as the COSHH Regulations) provide a legal framework to protect people against
health risks from hazardous substances used at work.
Hazardous substances include those used directly in, and generated by, work activities
together with those that are naturally occurring. The ‘hazard’ presented by a substance
is its potential to cause harm. The ‘risk’ is the likelihood that it will harm people in the
actual circumstances of use: this will depend on many factors such as the hazard
presented by the substance, how it is used or misused, how exposure to it is controlled,
how much someone is exposed to it and for how long the work is being done.
To comply with COSHH, it is recommended that seven steps should be followed:
• assess the risks;
12
• decide what precautions are needed;
• prevent or adequately control exposure;
• ensure that control measures are used and maintained;
• monitor the level of exposure;
• carry out appropriate health surveillance;
• ensure that employees are properly informed, trained and supervised.
For further information, reference should be made to the full COSHH Regulations
(see Appendix 3 : References and Further Information) which can be obtained from
the Health and Safety Executive (see above for contact details).
Countryside Access Design Guide
Gaps and Barriers : General Guidance
If so desired, the types of user that can pass through a gap can be controlled through the installation of a structure that limits this
width or provides some other physical constraint. The minimum width of gap to accommodate walkers, cyclists and horseriders, but
exclude motor cars, is 1200mm: the preferred maximum is 1525mm. These widths will, however, also permit access by
motorcyclists.
Through careful design, access by certain types of user or vehicle can be restricted. In practice, such a structure may act more as a
deterrent than a barrier, since those who are determined will usually find a way through, over, or around it. To some, the presence
of an apparently impassable obstacle may even be a challenge to their ingenuity and resourcefulness. In such circumstances, a
more productive approach to the problem may lie in educational initiatives focusing on public safety, social responsibility, and the
provision of alternative sites.
The siting of access controls can also influence their effectiveness. The optimum solution, particularly where public safety is at risk,
will be to install a barrier at either end of the route to prevent, so far as possible, any unauthorised access. If the objective is more
one of a deterrence than prevention, it may be sufficient to locate a single barrier near the mid-point on a route, rather than at
either end. A strategic natural pinch point, such as the entrance to a tunnel or on a bridge, can often be very effective. The fact
that the whole route cannot be traversed is frequently a sufficient deterrent to most car drivers and motorcyclists.
It is important to remember that in seeking to restrict access to some unwanted users, particularly motorcyclists, constraints may be
unintentionally placed on legitimate users, such as horseriders and disabled people in motorised buggies. Decisions should be
based upon the balance of local interests and will often involve some form of compromise. This may require the dimensions of the
gap to be reduced to less than the optimum, and possibly close to the minimum, for certain types of legitimate user. Only in
exceptional circumstances should the interests of legitimate users be overridden by the desire to deter access by others. In some
situations, this may be an acceptable option if it is felt that the introduction of restrictions for a limited period may induce unwanted
users to go elsewhere. A solution may also lie in a broader approach to recreational planning by making provision for the needs
of ‘unwanted users’ at a different purpose-designed site.
Care should also be taken that vehicle barriers are not installed thoughtlessly or indiscriminately to curtail informal, but legitimate,
parking or access in the countryside. The emphasis should always be on positive access management by the provision of proper
facilities or through consultation and discussion. The installation of barriers should often be seen as a last resort when other
approaches have failed to achieve the desired result.
When installing barriers or other structures that may limit access, consideration should always be taken of the needs of people with
disabilities and of obligations under the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (see Appendix 2). In the context of the installation of
access controls, the Act requires that, as from October 1999, physical adjustments will be required to existing barriers to give
access to those with disabilities. From 2004, any new or existing barrier that denies access specifically to disabled people is likely
to be unlawful.
1. Barriers
The guiding principle of providing access for all is ‘choose the least restrictive option’. In other words, wherever possible, a path
should cross a boundary (e.g a fence, wall or hedge) through an open gap. Only if this is inappropriate, for example because of
the need to control livestock or restrict vehicular access, should consideration be given to the installation of a gate or other
structure.
Countryside Access Design Guide
Gaps and Barriers : Design List
1.1 Vehicle Barrier : Bollards
Bollards provide one of the simplest means of controlling access by vehicles and can be fabricated from timber, steel, plastic or
stone. The distance between the bollards will determine the types of user that will be able to pass. Details are provided of
basic designs of timber and steel bollards that can be manufactured locally, including fixed and removable versions. Specialist
manufacturers and suppliers of bollards are also listed.
1.2 Vehicle Barrier & Seat
A 1500mm long, timber vehicle barrier that can also be used as seat. The distance between adjacent barriers will determine
the types of user that will be able to pass. This design is best suited to rural locations where there is limited vehicle pressure or
risk of vandalism and damage.
1.3 Vehicle Barrier
A 2000 mm long, timber vehicle barrier, similar to 1.2, but which is not suitable for use as a seat. The distance between
adjacent barriers will determine the types of user that will be able to pass. This design is best suited to rural locations where
there is limited vehicle pressure or risk of vandalism and damage.
1.4 Vehicle Barrier : Edging
A simple design of timber edging re-using old telegraph poles to define the limit of permitted vehicle access. It is especially
suited to use as an edging to informal rural car parks. Its limited height means that it is not effective against more determined
drivers, and especially those in four wheel drive vehicles.
1.5 Vehicle Pole Barrier
A lockable, steel swing barrier suitable for controlling vehicle access along private roads and tracks. The provision of a gap or
gate alongside will permit access by other users. The length of the barrier can be manufactured to suit, up to a maximum of
4000mm. It is strong, resistant to damage and vandalism and also reasonably easy to repair.
1.6 Cycle Chicanes
Two designs of cycle chicane. The York Chicane and Fife Chicane allow cyclists to pass through without dismounting, whilst
preventing access by motorcyclists. Both are normally fabricated from tubular steel, although the former can also be made
from timber or stone. Provision for access by other users should be accommodated through the installation of a gate alongside.
1.7 Horse Stile/Motorcycle Barrier (Version 1)
A basic design of two bar horse stile fabricated from re-used railway sleepers. Such a stile should only be installed where there
is a proven and demonstrable need to deter access by motorcyclists along a path used by horseriders. Provision for access by
other users should be accommodated through the installation of a gate alongside.
1.8 Horse Stile/Motorcycle Barrier (Version 2)
A two bar horse stile, similar in design to 1.7, but fabricated largely from steel, making it more robust and less susceptible to
damage and vandalism.
1.9 Horse Stile/Motorcycle Barrier (Versions 3 & 4)
Two designs of horse stile that use a single, rather than a double bar. They are therefore simpler to construct and easier for
horseriders to use, but are also less of a deterrent to motorcyclists. Version 3 (a design from the Formartine & Buchan Way) is
fabricated from steel tubing whilst Version 4 (a design from the Speyside Way) is fabricated from timber.
1.10 The Three Valleys Barrier
A patented design of galvanised steel barrier suitable for use on some paths. It permits access by pedestrians, single
pushchairs, cyclists, and users of manual and small motorised wheelchairs but prevents access by motorcyclists. It is also
inaccessible to double childrens’ pushchairs, horseriders and types of larger motorised wheelchair with a hood. It has no
moving parts and is robust and resistant to vandalism.
Countryside Access Design Guide
Accessible to
Manual Wheelchair
& Pushchair Users
Accessible to
Horseriders
Accessible to
Pedal Cyclists
Accessible to
Motorcyclists
Accessible to
Motor Cars
✓
✓
✓
✓
✘
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✘
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✘
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✘
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✘
✘
✘
✘
✓3
✓
✘5
✘
- Fife Chicane
✘
✘
✘
✘
✓
✘5
✘
1.7
Horse Stile/Motorcycle
Barrier (Version 1)
✓
✘
✘
✓
✓4
✘5
✘
1.8
Horse Stile/Motorcycle
Barrier (Version 2)
✓
✘
✘
✓
✓4
✘5
✘
1.9
Horse Stile/Motorcycle
Barrier (Version 3)
✘
✘
✘
✓
✓
✘5
✘
Horse Stile/Motorcycle
Barrier (Version 4)
✘
✘
✘
✓
✓4
✘5
✘
✘
✓1
✓2
✘
✓
✘5
✘
Bollards
1.2
Vehicle Barrier & Seat
1.3
Vehicle Barrier
1.4
Vehicle Barrier : Edging
1.5
Vehicle Pole Barrier
1.6
Motorcycle Barrier
(at required 1200mm min. spacing)
(with required 1200mm min. gaps)
(with required 1200mm min. gaps)
(with required 1200mm min. gaps)
(with adjacent 1200mm min. gap)
- York Chicane
Motorcycle Barrier
1.10 The Three Valleys Barrier
Ease of use for
Pedestrians
✓
Conforms to
BS 5709
✓
1.1
Notes
1
but not accessible to the larger designs of motorised wheelchair with a hood
2
but not accessible to double pushchairs of a side-by-side design
3
accessible, but not very suitable or convenient for the purpose
4
but pedal cyclists will still need to dismount and lift their bike over
5
but may be accessible to lighter trail bikes
1. Barriers
Accessible to
Motorised
Wheelchair Users
Gaps and Barriers : Evaluation Summary
Countryside Access Design Guide
Countryside Access Design Guide
(Page 1 of 2)
1. 1A Plan : General Layout
Scale 1:50
0
Preferably two gaps
2000mm
Removable bollard
(optional) to allow
access for maintenance
400
Gap between bollards
1200 min :1525 pref. max.
Wall, fence or
other barrier
1. 1D Removable Steel Bollard
Scale 1:10
500mm
600
600
0
1. 1B Fixed Timber Bollard
Scale 1:10
500mm
600
0
1. 1C Removable Timber Bollard
Scale 1:10
0
Conforms to
BS 5709
✓
Ease of use for
Pedestrians
500mm
Accessible
Accessible
to Manual
to Motorised
Wheelchair and
Wheelchair Users Pushchair Users
✓
✓
Accessible to
Horseriders
Accessible to
Pedal Cyclists
Accessible to
Motorcyclists
Accessible to
Motor Cars
✓
✓
✓
✘
1.1 Barriers
Information Sheet No.1.1
Vehicle Barrier: Bollards
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.1.1
Vehicle Barrier: Bollards
(Page 2 of 2)
• Notes
Bollards provide one of the simplest means of controlling access by vehicles. The distance between the bollards will
determine the types of user that will be able to pass.
The recommended minimum gap of 1200 will allow access by pedestrians, people with prams and pushchairs (single and
double), pedal cyclists, motorcyclists, horseriders, and users of manual and motorised wheelchairs. The preferred maximum
gap of 1525 provides a little more space for people to pass and is still inaccessible to motor cars.
Bollards can be fabricated from timber, steel or stone; the choice of material and design will depend upon the setting and
the likelihood of vandalism and damage.
Bollards can also be purchased from specialist suppliers in a wide range of styles and designs and are available in materials
such as cast iron, aluminium, steel, composites, plastic and timber; these are likely to be more expensive than the ‘home-made’
designs shown overleaf (see below for details of some commercial suppliers and manufacturers).
Timber bollards are generally more suitable for rural locations but they are more easily damaged or vandalised. The design
shown overleaf (Dwg. 1.1B) is visually attractive, can be manufactured locally from softwood or a suitable hardwood, and is
cheap and easy to install. If it is necessary to make provision for occasional vehicle access (e.g. for site maintenance purposes),
one bollard can be installed in an outer steel sleeve, using a padlocked steel pin to prevent removal (Dwg. 1.1C). Commercial
timber bollards are often manufactured from non-native hardwoods such as greenheart, wallabe and opepe.
Steel bollards provide a more effective vehicle barrier (Dwg. 1.1D). The design shown overleaf (which is lockable and
removable) can be manufactured to order by a local blacksmith.
Locally sourced stone can also be used to create effective and permanent bollards: suitable materials include boulders,
large stone setts, and re-used stone gate posts.
• Construction and Installation Details
The recommended size for the timber bollards shown overleaf (Dwg. 1.1B), which is based on a design from Plessey
Woods Country Park, Northumberland, is 1000 x 125 x 125. The height above ground is 400. To deter removal, a length
of rail (c. 400) should be nailed to the bottom of the bollard before installation. If a line of bollards is to be installed, the
simplest installation technique is to excavate a trench to a depth of 600, nail the base of the bollards to lengths of rail (at
the correct distance apart), put the railed bollards in the trench and backfill.
If a removable timber bollard is installed (Dwg. 1.1C), the steel sleeve should be fabricated from 6mm steel plate and
concreted into the ground; its internal section should be 130 x 130. The bollard can be locked in place with a padlocked steel
pin. If the bollard is removed for any length of time, the sleeve should be blocked with a timber blank to avoid the risk of injury
to the public or the sleeve filling with debris.
The removable metal bollard (Dwg. 1.1D) is based on a design from the Perth and Kinross Countryside Trust and was
fabricated by a local blacksmith from 6mm steel plate. The bollard is 1200 x 100 x 100 and fits into a steel sleeve with an
internal section of 105 x 105.
• Design Source and Contacts for Further Information
Design Source : Timber Bollard - Countryside Service, Environment Directorate, Northumberland County
Council, County Hall, Morpeth, Northumberland. NE61 2EF. Tel. 01670 533000.
Steel Bollard - Perth & Kinross Countryside Trust, Council Building, 2 High Street, Perth. PH1
5PH. Tel. 01738 475000
Commercial Suppliers: The Great British Bollard Company, PO Box 6, 35 - 37 Clive Street, North Shields,
Tyne & Wear. NE29 6LY. Tel 0191 259 0000
Furnitubes International Ltd., Seager Buildings, Brookmill Road, London. SE8 4JT.
Tel. 020 8694 9333
Woodscape Ltd., Upfield, Pike Lowe, Brinscall, Nr Chorley, Lancashire. PR6 0SP.
Tel. 01254 830886.
Bollards Ltd., 11 Nant Bychan, Moelfre, Anglesey. LL72 8HE. Tel. 01248 410806.
Countryside Access Design Guide
(Page 1 of 2)
1. 2A Elevation
Scale 1:20
0
1000mm
1500
1050
450
1200 min.
1525 pref. max.
1. 2B Plan
Scale 1:10
0
X
500mm
250
25
Y
1500
50
1. 2C Section X–Y
Scale 1:10
0
Conforms to
BS 5709
✓
Ease of use for
Pedestrians
500mm
Accessible
Accessible
to Manual
to Motorised
Wheelchair and
Wheelchair Users Pushchair Users
✓
✓
Accessible to
Horseriders
Accessible to
Pedal Cyclists
Accessible to
Motorcyclists
Accessible to
Motor Cars
✓
✓
✓
✘
1.2 Barriers
Information Sheet No.1.2
Vehicle Barrier/Seat
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.1.2
Vehicle Barrier/Seat
(Page 2 of 2)
• Notes
A timber vehicle barrier and seat based on a design included in the Countryside Commission for Scotland’s Battleby
Display Centre Design Guide. The seat height has been increased from 300 to 450 so that it is at a level from which
people will find it easier to get up.
This design of timber barrier is best suited to rural locations where there is limited vehicle pressure or risk of vandalism and
damage.
The distance between barrier sections should be a minimum of 1200, up to a preferred maximum of 1525: this will permit
access by pedestrians, people with prams and pushchairs (single and double), pedal cyclists, motorcyclists, horseriders,
and users of manual and motorised wheelchairs.
• Construction and Installation Details
Seat/Barrier Top Rails : 2 no. 1500 x 100 x 100 with chamfered edges.
Seat/Barrier Supports : 2 no. 1500 x 100 x 100 each with 2 no. 25 rebates for the top rails.
Seat/Barrier top fixed with 2 no. 250 bolts, each countersunk at both ends.
Seat/Barrier to have top height of 450 with supports installed to a depth of 1050.
Holes for supports should be dug as narrow as possible and filled with well rammed earth and stones. Supports should not
need to be concreted, except where ground conditions prevent the hole being dug to the full depth.
The surface around the seats should be firm and stable. If necessary it should be surfaced with a suitable material.
• Design Source and Contacts for Further Information
Design Source: Design adapted from Information Sheet 4.3.2 in ‘Countryside Commission for Scotland Battleby
Display Centre - Equipment and Materials for Countryside Recreation Sites’.
• User Notes : Design Modifications and Reference Information
✍
Countryside Access Design Guide
(Page 1 of 2)
1. 3A Elevation
Scale 1:20
0
1000mm
1200 min
1525 pref. max.
600
400
2000
1. 3B Plan
Scale 1:5
0
200mm
50
25
75
100
75
100
20
25
1. 3C End Elevation
Scale 1:5
0
Conforms to
BS 5709
✓
Ease of use for
Pedestrians
Accessible
Accessible
to Manual
to Motorised
Wheelchair and
Wheelchair Users Pushchair Users
✓
✓
200mm
Accessible to
Horseriders
Accessible to
Pedal Cyclists
Accessible to
Motorcyclists
Accessible to
Motor Cars
✓
✓
✓
✘
1.3 Barriers
Information Sheet No.1.3
Vehicle Barrier
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.1.3
Vehicle Barrier
(Page 2 of 2)
• Notes
A timber vehicle barrier based on a design included in the Battleby Display Centre Design Guide. The original design has
been slightly modified by increasing the size of the top rail from 75 x 75 to 100 x 75 in order to make it more substantial.
This design of timber barrier is best suited to rural locations where there is limited vehicle pressure or risk of vandalism and
damage.
The distance between barrier sections should be a minimum of 1200, up to a preferred maximum of 1525: this will permit
access by pedestrians, people with prams and pushchairs (single and double), pedal cyclists, motorcyclists, horseriders,
and users of manual and motorised wheelchairs.
• Construction and Installation Details
Top Rail : 1 no. 2000 x 100 x 75.
Barrier Supports : 2 no. 1000 x 100 x 100, each with a 25 rebate for the top rail.
Top rail fixed with 2 no. 150 bolts, nut countersunk.
Barrier to have top height of 400 with supports installed to a depth of 600.
Holes for supports should be dug as narrow as possible and filled with well rammed earth and stones. Supports should not
need to be concreted, except where ground conditions prevent the hole being dug to the full depth.
• Design Source and Contacts for Further Information
Design Source: Design adapted from Information Sheet 4.3.12 in ‘Countryside Commission for Scotland ‘Battleby
Display Centre - Equipment and Materials for Countryside Recreation Sites’.
• User Notes : Design Modifications and Reference Information
✍
Countryside Access Design Guide
(Page 1 of 2)
1. 4A Section
Scale 1:10
0
500mm
150
(200 max.)
300
approx.
1. 4B Plan/Layout
Scale 1:50
0
2000mm
Gap : 1200 min.
1525 pref. max.
Conforms to
BS 5709
✓
Ease of use for
Pedestrians
Accessible
Accessible
to Manual
to Motorised
Wheelchair and
Wheelchair Users Pushchair Users
✓
✓
Accessible to
Horseriders
Accessible to
Pedal Cyclists
Accessible to
Motorcyclists
Accessible to
Motor Cars
✓
✓
✓
✘
1.4 Barriers
Information Sheet No.1.4
Vehicle Barrier: Edging
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.1.4
Vehicle Barrier: Edging
(Page 2 of 2)
• Notes
A simple design of timber edging re-using old telegraph poles to define the limit of permitted vehicle access.
This type of barrier design is often useful as an edging to informal rural car parks, acting more as a limitation on vehicle
access than as a barrier. Its limited height means that it is not effective against more determined drivers, and especially
those in four wheel drive vehicles.
Gaps of 1200, up to a preferred maximum of 1525, should be left at appropriate locations along the edging to allow
access by pedestrians and other legitimate users. These gaps can be usefully defined by low bollards (c. 300 - 400 in
height) formed from c. 1000 lengths of pole.
Second hand telegraph poles can often be obtained direct from British Telecom or electricity supply companies when
lengths of overhead line are being renewed. They are also stocked by some second hand timber merchants.
Larch logs can be used instead of telegraph poles but these soon rot and, once the bark starts to peel off, they look
unsightly.
‘Rod rounded’ treated timber poles or fencing strainers are also suitable but these tend to be more expensive than re-used
telegraph poles. However, their uniform diameter means that they make a neater job and are easier to install.
• Construction and Installation Details
The height of the edging should be no less than 150 to provide an effective boundary but should be no higher than 200
to avoid the risk of damage to the front spoilers of cars running right up to the edging.
The taper of the poles should be let into the ground in order to maintain a uniform height. Poles should be butt jointed end
to end, with mitred joints being used to create bends. During installation, poles should be selected so that adjoining ends at
butt joints are of a similar diameter.
Poles should be fixed into the ground with 900 x 12 diameter ‘road pins’ hammered through pre-drilled holes at each end
and at 2000 - 3000 centres along the length. The holes should be of slightly smaller diameter than the pins so that the
pins fit tightly when hammered in. The tops of the pins should be flattened or hammered over to provide a sound fixing and
avoid leaving any sharp edges.
The adjacent hard surfacing of the vehicle access area should fall away (minimum 2˚) from the edging to avoid ponding
of surface water.
• Design Source and Contacts for Further Information
Design Source: Original log edging design adapted from Information Sheet 4.3.4 in ‘Countryside Commission
for Scotland ‘Battleby Display Centre - Equipment and Materials for Countryside Recreation
Sites’.
Further Information: Technique using second hand telegraph poles developed by Countryside Service, Environment
Directorate, Northumberland County Council, County Hall, Morpeth, Northumberland. NE61
2EF. Tel. 01670 533000.
• User Notes : Design Modifications and Reference Information
✍
Countryside Access Design Guide
(Page 1 of 2)
1. 5A Elevation
Scale 1:25
0
1000mm
1250
750
length optional
this example @ 3500
1. 5B Plan
Scale 1:25
0
1000mm
1. 5C Layout : Example to show layout
to restrict vehicle access but allow
access by other users
Scale 1:50
0
2000mm
1200 min.
1525 pref. max.
Conforms to
BS 5709
✓
Ease of use for
Pedestrians
Accessible
Accessible
to Manual
to Motorised
Wheelchair and
Wheelchair Users Pushchair Users
✓
✓
Accessible to
Horseriders
Accessible to
Pedal Cyclists
Accessible to
Motorcyclists
Accessible to
Motor Cars
✓
✓
✓
✘
1.5 Barriers
Information Sheet No.1.5
Vehicle Pole Barrier
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.1.5
Vehicle Pole Barrier
(Page 2 of 2)
• Notes
A steel pole barrier suitable for controlling vehicle access, for example along private roads and tracks. The appearance of
this type of barrier means that it is most appropriate for use in urban and suburban locations. The provision alongside of a
gap (minimum width 1200, up to a preferred maximum of 1525) will permit access by pedestrians, people with prams and
pushchairs (single and double), pedal cyclists, motorcyclists, horseriders, and users of manual and motorised wheelchairs. If
it is wished to prevent or deter access by certain of these types of user, a kissing gate or other form of control mechanism
should be installed alongside instead.
The length of the barrier can be manufactured to suit but should be a maximum of 4000. The barrier was designed to be
built to a height of 825 to the top of the beam. In the design shown overleaf, this has been reduced to 750 to meet the
requirements specified in the BT Countryside for All Guide in respect of the needs of visually impaired people using a long
cane, for whom the underside of the beam should be no more than 675 above ground level.
The steel hinge plate and catch plate, that are bolted to the hanging post and shutting post respectively, extend
approximately 150 below ground to prevent the posts being sawn off.
The simple design of the gate means that it is reasonably easy to mend the top beam by straightening or replacement of
the damaged section of tube. The same is not true of more complex tubular steel barrier designs or steel gates. The size of
tubing used for the beam also makes it strong whilst providing some ‘give’ should a vehicle drive into it. If there is a risk
that the barrier might be vandalised, a loose steel rod placed inside the main beam will make it difficult to cut with a disc
cutter and will irreparably damage the cutter blade.
If necessary, the barrier can be made more visible, especially at night, by fixing a reflective warning plate on the fin
and/or applying bands of reflective paint to the beam.
• Construction and Installation Details
The barrier beam and upright are fabricated from circular, hollow section steel tubing of external diameter 76.1mm and
wall thickness 3.2mm, with a 75mm radius heavy gauge steel bend. The bracing ‘fin’ is 6.0mm steel sheeting.
The timber hanging and shutting posts are each 2000 x 200 x 200 with a double weathered top and should be concreted
in.
The steel hinge plate and catch plate are each 900 x130 x 8 steel plate and extend approximately 150 below ground to
prevent the posts being sawn off. The plates are pre-drilled and are bolted to the hanging and shutting posts with 225 x
M10 plated bolts. 75 x 75 x 6 steel plate ‘washers’ are used on each bolt on the rear side of the posts.
The two hinges are each a standard ‘off the shelf’ weld-on crook and eye with 18mm pin. After installation, a nut should
be welded to the top of one pin to prevent the removal of the gate.
The catch mechanism is fabricated from case hardened 10mm steel plate and is suitable for heavy duty padlocks. A
vandal box can be fitted over the catch but the design and construction of the gate largely obviates the need for this.
All parts of the gate are fully galvanised after fabrication.
• Design Source and Contacts for Further Information
Design Source &
Further Information: Barrier developed and widely used by the Countryside Service, Environment Directorate,
Northumberland County Council, County Hall, Morpeth, Northumberland. NE61 2EF. Tel. 01670
533000.
Manufacture: Barrier manufactured to order by a local blacksmith - the Northumberland County Council
version was fabricated by John S. Lunn & Sons, The Forge, Red Row, Morpeth, Northumberland.
NE61 5AU. Tel. 01670 760246. Fax. 01670 760688.
• User Notes : Design Modifications and Reference Information
✍
Countryside Access Design Guide
(Page 1 of 2)
1. 6A York Chicane : Front
Elevation
Scale 1:20
0
1000mm
380
1. 6B Fife Chicane : Front
Elevation
Scale 1:12.5
0
500
320
500
600
700
100mm
220
150
90
800
450
725
1000
(approx.)
280
Conforms to
BS 5709
Ease of use for
Pedestrians
Accessible
Accessible
to Manual
to Motorised
Wheelchair and
Wheelchair Users Pushchair Users
Accessible to
Horseriders
Accessible to
Pedal Cyclists
Accessible to
Motorcyclists
Accessible to
Motor Cars
York
✘
✘
✘
✓1
✓
✘2
✘
Fife
✘
✘
✘
✘
✓
✘2
✘
1 accessible, but not very suitable or convenient for the purpose
2 but may be accessible to lighter trail bikes
1.6 Barriers
Information Sheet No.1.6
Cycle Chicanes
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.1.6
Cycle Chicanes
(Page 2 of 2)
York Chicane
• Notes
The York Chicane was developed by York City Council and has been used extensively on cycle ways throughout the
country. It allows cyclists to pass through without dismounting, although some smaller childrens’ bikes may need to be lifted
over if the pedals or stabilisers catch on the tubing. The dimensions of the gap deter access by motorcycles, except
possibly some of the lighter trail bikes which it may be possible to lift over or manoeuvre through the gap.
The chicane is accessible to pedestrians, although the 380 gap may be rather too narrow for people with mobility difficulties
and elderly people. Similarly, whilst the chicane can accommodate horseriders, it is not especially suitable or convenient for
this purpose. Provision for access by horseriders and other users, such as people with prams and pushchairs (single and
double), elderly and disabled people, and users of manual and motorised wheelchairs, should therefore be accommodated,
as appropriate, through the installation alongside of a kissing gate or other suitable structure.
• Construction and Installation Details
The chicane is fabricated from 100mm diameter galvanised, circular hollow section steel tubing and is fixed in concrete.
This type of chicane can also be constructed from timber (e.g. re-used railway sleepers installed end up) or stone (e.g.
granite setts).
Fife Chicane
• Notes
An alternative design of cycle chicane recently developed by Fife Council. Its dimensions are intended to allow passage by
pedal cyclists without dismounting, although some smaller childrens’ bikes may need to be lifted over if the pedals or
stabilisers catch on the tubing. The dimensions of the gap are intended to prevent access by motorcycles, although it has
yet to be thoroughly tested and it may be possible to manoeuvre some of the smaller types of trail bike through the gap.
The design of the chicane is such that it does not allow convenient passage by pedestrians.
Provision for access by other users, such as pedestrians, people with prams and pushchairs (single and double),
horseriders and users of manual and motorised wheelchairs, should therefore be accommodated, as appropriate, through
the installation alongside of a kissing gate or other suitable structure.
• Construction and Installation Details
The chicane is fabricated from 35mm diameter galvanised, circular hollow section steel tubing. The lower ends of the tubes
are fixed in concrete and the uppers ends screwed through a flange to adjacent 100 x 100 posts.
• Design Source and Contacts for Further Information
York Chicane : York City Council, Transport Planning Unit, 9 St Leonards Place, York. YO1 7ET.
Tel 01904 613161.
Fife Chicane : Planning Service, Fife Council, Fife House, North Street, Glenrothes, Fife. KY7 5LT.
Tel. 01592 413043.
• User Notes : Design Modifications and Reference Information
✍
Countryside Access Design Guide
(Page 1 of 2)
1. 7A Front Elevation
Scale 1:20
0
1000mm
1070
1525 min.
930
250
1. 7B Plan
Scale 1:20
0
1000mm
1100
125
1525 min.
Conforms to
BS 5709
✓
Ease of use for
Pedestrians
Accessible
Accessible
to Manual
to Motorised
Wheelchair and
Wheelchair Users Pushchair Users
✘
✘
Accessible to
Horseriders
Accessible to
Pedal Cyclists
Accessible to
Motorcyclists
Accessible to
Motor Cars
✓
✓1
✘2
✘
1 but pedal cyclists will still need to dismount and lift their bike over
2 but may be accessible to lighter trail bikes
1.7 Barriers
Information Sheet No.1.7
Horse Stile/Motorcycle Barrier (Version 1)
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.1.7
Horse Stile/Motorcycle Barrier (Version 1)
(Page 2 of 2)
• Notes
A horse stile should only be installed where there is a proven and demonstrable need to deter access by motorcyclists
along a path used by horseriders.
Pedal cyclists can also pass through this type of stile but need to lift their bikes over the railway sleeper beams. Provision
for access by other users, such as pedestrians, people with prams and pushchairs (single and double), and users of manual
and motorised wheelchairs, should be accommodated, as appropriate, through the installation alongside of a kissing gate
or other structure.
This design of barrier conforms to BS5709. Whilst it is reasonably inaccessible to larger and heavier types of motorcycle,
this may not be the case with lighter and more manoeuvrable trail bikes. However, at the very least, this type of barrier
does cause inconvenience to motorcyclists and reinforces the message that they are not welcome.
• Construction and Installation Details
Horizontal Beams : 2 no. 1825 x 250 x125 (e.g. re-used railway sleepers) with a gap of 1100 between.
Corner Posts : 4 no. 2000 x 150 x 150. Sleepers fixed to corner posts with 8 no. 275mm M10 threaded rods (i.e. 2 no.
per post) with nuts countersunk.
Side Rails : 4 no. rows of 88 x 38 rails on either side.
Ground between beams and to either side of stile should be surfaced with aggregate sub-base or other suitable material to
prevent it becoming plunged.
Holes for corner posts should be dug as narrow as possible and filled with well rammed earth and stones. These posts
should not need to be concreted, except where ground conditions prevent the hole being dug to the full depth.
• Design Source and Contacts for Further Information
Design Source : Adapted from: Information Sheet 5.23 in ‘Countryside Commission for Scotland
‘Battleby Display Centre - Equipment and Materials for Countryside
Recreation Sites’.
‘Footpaths: A Practical Conservation Handbook’ published by BTCV.
• User Notes : Design Modifications and Reference Information
✍
Countryside Access Design Guide
(Page 1 of 2)
1. 8A Front Elevation
Scale 1:20
0
1000mm
800
1525 min.
700
600
250
1. 8B Plan
Scale 1:20
1000mm
1200
0
Conforms to
BS 5709
✓
Ease of use for
Pedestrians
Accessible
Accessible
to Manual
to Motorised
Wheelchair and
Wheelchair Users Pushchair Users
✘
✘
Accessible to
Horseriders
Accessible to
Pedal Cyclists
Accessible to
Motorcyclists
Accessible to
Motor Cars
✓
✓1
✘2
✘
1 but pedal cyclists will still need to dismount and lift their bike over
2 but may be accessible to lighter trail bikes
1.8 Barriers
Information Sheet No.1.8
Horse Stile/Motorcycle Barrier (Version 2)
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.1.8
Horse Stile/Motorcycle Barrier (Version 2)
(Page 2 of 2)
• Notes
A horse stile should only be installed where there is a proven and demonstrable need to deter access by motorcyclists
along a path used by horseriders.
Pedal cyclists can also pass through this type of stile but need to lift their bikes over the railway sleeper beams. Provision
for access by other users, such as pedestrians, people with prams and pushchairs (single and double), and users of manual
and motorised wheelchairs, should be accommodated, as appropriate, through the installation alongside of a kissing gate
or other structure .
This design differs from Version 1 in being constructed largely from steel and therefore being more robust and less
susceptible to damage and vandalism. Its appearance also makes it more appropriate for use in urban and suburban
locations. In particular, the type of fencing incorporated in the design shown overleaf, fabricated from re-used scaffolding
poles, will not be suitable for rural or more sensitive sites.
This design of barrier conforms to BS5709. Whilst it is reasonably inaccessible to larger and heavier types of motorcycle,
this may not be the case with lighter and more manoeuvrable trail bikes. However, at the very least, this type of barrier
does cause inconvenience to motorcyclists and reinforces the message that they are not welcome.
• Construction and Installation Details
Horizontal Beams : 2 no. 1825 x 250 x 125 timbers (e.g. re-used railway sleepers) with a gap of 1200 between.
Corner Posts : 4 no. re-used gas bottles fixed in concrete to a top height of 800. Sleepers fixed by being bolted through
10mm metal plates welded to gas bottles.
Side Rails : 2 no. rows each side fabricated from 75 diameter (approx.) re-used scaffolding poles welded to the gas bottles.
All surfaces painted with black ‘Hammerite’ paint.
Ground between beams and to either side of stile to be surfaced with aggregate sub-base or other suitable material.
• Design Source and Contacts for Further Information
Design Source &
Further Information: Rights of Way Department, North Tyneside Council, PO Box 113, Station Road, Killingworth,
Newcastle upon Tyne. NE12 0WJ.
• User Notes : Design Modifications and Reference Information
✍
Countryside Access Design Guide
(Page 1 of 2)
1. 9A Version 3 : Formartine & Buchan
Way Horse Stile - Front Elevation
Scale 1:20
0
100
1000mm
900
500
300
300
300
1200
480
1. 9B Version 4 : Speyside Way Horse
Stile - Front Elevation
Scale 1:20
0
1000mm
Conforms to
BS 5709
Accessible
Accessible to Manual
to Motorised
Ease of use for
Wheelchair and
Pedestrians Wheelchair Users Pushchair Users
Accessible to
Horseriders
Accessible to
Pedal Cyclists
Accessible to
Motorcyclists
Accessible to
Motor Cars
Vers. 3
✘
✘
✘
✓
✓
✘2
✘
Vers. 4
✘
✘
✘
✓
✓1
✘2
✘
1 but pedal cyclists will still need to dismount and lift their bike over
2 but may be accessible to lighter trail bikes
1.9 Barriers
Information Sheet No.1.9
Horse Stile/Motorcycle Barrier (Versions 3 & 4)
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.1.9
Horse Stile/Motorcycle Barrier (Versions 3 & 4)
(Page 2 of 2)
A horse stile should only be installed where there is a proven and demonstrable need to deter access by motorcyclists
along a path used by horseriders.
Version 3 : Formartine & Buchan Way Horse Stile/Motorcycle Barrier
• Notes
In contrast to Versions 1 and 2 (see Information Sheets 1.7 & 1.8), this design has only a single beam and is therefore
easier for horseriders to use, but is a less effective barrier against motorcycles, especially the lighter trail bikes.
It allows access by horseriders and also enables cyclists to pass through without dismounting. The 300 wide ground level
gap is passable by pedestrians but may be rather narrow for convenient use by ambulant disabled and elderly people.
Provision for access by people with mobility difficulties, people with prams and pushchairs (single and double), and users of
manual and motorised wheelchairs, should be accommodated, as appropriate, through the installation alongside of a kissing
gate or other structure. In a recent design, the stile has been turned through 180o so that the opening is nearer the centre of
the path/route. A safety audit also recommended that signs should be erected to advise cyclists to dismount.
It does not conform to BS5709 in several respects, relating to its design, construction material and dimensions. However, it
has been installed on the Formartine and Buchan Way in Aberdeenshire and it is understood that it is both reasonably
effective as a motorcycle deterrent and acceptable to local horseriders.
• Construction and Installation Details
The horse stile beam is 900 wide and 300 high. The width of the adjacent pedestrian/cycle gap is 300.
The barrier is fabricated from 50mm diameter galvanised steel tubing concreted into the ground to a depth of 500. In the
layout shown overleaf, the main beam is welded to a 100mm diameter galvanised steel gate post but the design could be
adapted, through the addition of a flange to the end of the beam, to allow it to be screwed to a wooden gate post.
Version 4 : Speyside Way Horse Stile/Motorcycle Barrier
• Notes
In common with Version 3 (see above), this design has only a single beam and is therefore easier for horseriders to use.
For the same reason, it is also a less effective barrier against motorcycles, especially the lighter trail bikes.
It allows access by horseriders but pedal cyclists must dismount to lift their cycles over the beam. It is also reasonably
accessible to pedestrians, although the 300 high beam may cause problems for people with mobility difficulties.
Provision for access by pedestrians and other path users, such as people with prams and pushchairs (single and double),
and users of manual and motorised wheelchairs, should be accommodated, as appropriate, through the installation
alongside of a kissing gate or other structure.
It does not conform to BS5709 in several respects relating to its overall design and dimensions. However, it has been
installed on the Speyside Way in Moray and Highland and it is understood that it is both reasonably effective as a
motorcycle deterrent and acceptable to local horseriders.
• Construction and Installation Details
Beam : 1240 x 100 x 100; morticed 20 into each of the two uprights to a top height of 300.
Central Upright : 700 x 100 x 75; morticed 20 into underside of beam and set 480 deep into the ground.
Support Posts : 2 no. 2440 max - 2000 min x 150 x 150; the length of these posts will depend upon whether they also
act as hanging or shutting posts for adjacent gates.
• Design Source and Contacts for Further Information
Formatine: Aberdeenshire Council, Transportation & Infrastructure, Landscape Services, Woodhill House,
Westburn Road, Aberdeen. AB16 5GB. Tel. 01467 620981 or Signpost Service 0845 606 7000.
Speyside: Speyside Way Ranger Service, Broomfield Square, Aberlour, Banffshire.
AB38 9QP. Tel. 01340 881266.
Countryside Access Design Guide
(Page 1 of 2)
1. 10A Front Elevation
1. 10B Side Elevation
Scale 1:25
Scale 1:25
0
1000mm
0
1000mm
1535
1550
360
1000
50
Conforms to
BS 5709
Ease of use for
Pedestrians
Accessible
Accessible
to Manual
to Motorised
Wheelchair and
Wheelchair Users Pushchair Users
✓1
✘
✓2
Accessible to
Horseriders
Accessible to
Pedal Cyclists
Accessible to
Motorcyclists
Accessible to
Motor Cars
✘
✓
✘3
✘
1
but not accessible to the larger designs of motorised wheelchairs with a hood
2
but not accessible to double pushchairs of a side-by-side design
but may be accessible to lighter trail bikes
3
1.10 Barriers
Information Sheet No.1.10
The Three Valleys Barrier
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.1.10
The Three Valleys Barrier
(Page 2 of 2)
• Notes
The ‘Three Valleys Barrier’ is manufactured by Fearn Truck Bodies of Rotherham and is a patented design (No. GB2322149). Any
attempt to copy the design concept or functionality of this barrier is an infringement of the patent and is liable to prosecution.
This design allows access by pedestrians, single pushchairs, cyclists, and users of manual and small motorised wheelchairs
but restricts access by motorcycles. It is inaccessible to double childrens’ pushchairs, horseriders and types of larger
motorised wheelchair with a hood. Some concerns have been raised that this design of barrier might be a hazard to
visually impaired people.
The critical elements of the design are the tapered internal width and the positioning of the internal steel plate (980 to
1140 above ground level) which restricts access by motorcycles but allows pedal cycles to pass through. Motorcyclists may
be able to overcome this by shortening the handlebars.
• Construction and Installation Details
The barrier is manufactured from steel tubing, angle iron and plate and is fully galvanised.
It is recommended by the manufacturers that the barrier is fixed in concrete.
Critical points relating to installation are:
• the ground surface through the barrier should be horizontal in order to maintain the correct relationship between the
user and the barrier;
• the ground surface through the barrier should be smooth to allow easy access by wheelchair users;
• the barrier must be installed vertical to the the ground surface;
• the cross beam must be set 50mm below ground level;
• the ground surface through the barrier must be properly surfaced and well maintained to ensure that the above three
requirements continue to be met.
• Design Source and Contacts for Further Information
Design Source
and Supplier : The designer, patent holder and sole manufacturer of the Three Valleys Barrier is: Fearn (Truck
Bodies) Ltd., Chesterton Road, Eastwood Trading Estate, Rotherham. S65 1SU.
Tel. 01709 364541/377846. Fax. 01709 820473.
• User Notes : Design Modifications and Reference Information
✍
Countryside Access Design Guide
Gates : General Guidance
A gate should only be installed in a boundary (e.g. a fence, wall or hedge) when an open gap is considered inappropriate or is
unacceptable to one or more of the parties concerned. If the decision is made that a gate is the most suitable option, it should be
designed to optimise ease of access and cause least restriction and inconvenience to path users. At the same time, care should be
taken to ensure that it still performs its other functions, such as stock control or deterring non-legitimate access.
• pedestrian gates providing access along paths for pedestrians, people using manual or motorised wheelchairs and people
with single or double pushchairs/prams;
• bridle gates providing access along paths for all of the above types of user plus horseriders and cyclists;
• kissing wicket gates providing access along paths for pedestrians and, subject to the gate’s dimensions and design, manual
and motorised wheelchair users, cyclists and people with single or double pushchairs/prams.
Gates which form part of a field boundary may need to be stockproof. Where appropriate and lawful, gates can also assist in
preventing the passage of non-legitimate users. Careful consideration should, however, always be given to the needs of people
with disabilities and possible obligations under the Disability Discrimination Act, 1995 (see Appendix 2).
By virtue of their design and mode of operation, kissing gates can be more restrictive to users than simple pedestrian or bridle
gates. They should therefore only be installed if there is a specific and pressing reason to do so and a more accessible design is
not considered acceptable. The ready availability of self closing hinges and secure automatic latches for both one-way and twoway gates means that kissing gates should rarely be necessary if stock control is a gate’s only function. However, where the
control of access by certain types of user (e.g. horseriders and motorcyclists) is a key requirement, the installation of an
appropriate style of kissing gate may be the most effective solution.
In all cases, gates should swing freely and easily and should be properly installed and maintained so that they operate in the
intended manner. The use of self closing hinges will improve ease of use and, provided they are properly maintained, will ensure
that gates are stockproof.
The area through, and to either side of a gate should be appropriately surfaced (if necessary with aggregate fill) and properly
maintained to ensure that it does not become worn or eroded, causing puddling in wet weather. Adequate space should be
provided to either side of the gate to allow users to manoeuvre through it conveniently and safely. This is especially important
adjacent to roads and where horseriders, cyclists or wheelchair users may need to turn around to close a gate. Horseriders will
also require adequate headroom. Detailed guidance on the ‘manoeuvring space’ required for different types of gate is included in
Appendix 1 ‘BS5709:2001 Specification for Gaps, Gates and Stiles’.
Pedestrian Gates and Bridle Gates : Key Design Principles
• pedestrian gates should provide a minimum clear width of at least 1000mm to allow access by walkers and users of all
types of wheelchair, pushchair and pram (this width will also permit access by cyclists and motorcyclists);
• bridle gates should provide a minimum clear width of at least 1525mm to allow access by cyclists and horseriders,
together with walkers and users of all types of wheelchair, pushchair and pram (this width will also permit access by
motorcyclists);
• two-way opening gates are easier to use than those that open only one-way, particularly for wheelchair users and
horseriders;
• for reasons of safety, one-way opening gates should be used adjacent to roads, where they should open away from the
road;
• gate latching mechanisms should be accessible to all users (including those with restricted reach) from both sides of the
gate and should be convenient and easy to operate.
2. Gates
There are three main types of gate that can be used to accommodate public access:
Countryside Access Design Guide
Kissing Gates : Key Design Principles
• the shape of the enclosure and the distance between the gate (at the mid-point of its travel) and the end of the enclosure
will dictate the types of user that are able pass through:
- V - shaped enclosures with a depth of 900mm to 1000mm will accommodate only pedestrians (and, with some difficulty,
most cycles tipped up onto their back wheel);
- rectangular enclosures with a minimum entry/exit width of 1000mm and a depth of between 1200mm and 1400mm will
accommodate pedestrians, manual wheelchairs, small motorised wheelchairs and single and double pushchairs (and all
cycles tipped up onto their back wheel);
- rectangular enclosures with a minimum entry/exit width of 1000mm and a depth of between 1400mm and 1600mm will
accommodate all of the above users plus larger motorised wheelchairs (but with some difficulty in reach to open the
gate) and many motorcycles.
• gate latching mechanisms will rarely be necessary; if latches are fitted, they should be accessible to all users from both
sides of the gate and should be convenient and easy to operate.
Countryside Access Design Guide
Gates : Design List
2.1 Timber Field Gate
A traditional design of timber field gate, commonly available in 3000mm and 3600mm lengths from fencing contractors and
agricultural suppliers. Design details will vary between manufacturers and according to local/traditional styles.
2.2 Timber Bridle Gate : 1 Way Opening
2.3 Metal Bridle Gate : 1 & 2 Way Opening
Two designs of galvanised steel bridle gate, providing one-way and two-way opening options. Both have a clear gate width
of at least 1525mm, are self closing, and are fitted with a latch that is suitable for use by horseriders (without dismounting)
and can be reached by people in wheelchairs.
2.4 Timber Wicket Gate (Version 1)
A traditional design of 1200mm wide timber pedestrian wicket gate providing a gap width of 1100mm. It will also be
accessible to wheelchair users if a suitable latch is fitted.
2.5 Timber Wicket Gate (Version 2)
A very simple design of 1100mm wide ‘self-build’ timber pedestrian wicket gate, constructed solely from 88 x 25 rails,
providing a gap width of 1000mm. It will also be accessible to wheelchair users if a suitable latch is fitted.
2.6 Timber Wicket Gate (Version 3)
An alternative, but narrower, design of simple ‘self-build’ timber pedestrian wicket gate. In common with 2.5, it is constructed
solely from fencing rails. Standard widths are 450mm and 600mm, but height and width can be adapted to suit the location.
2.7 Metal Wicket Gate : 1 & 2 Way Opening
Two designs of pedestrian wicket gate fabricated from galvanised steel. The one-way option has a clear width of at least
1000 and is fitted with a standard auto-latch. The two-way option, with a gate width of 1570, is identical to the two-way gate
shown in 2.3, except that it has a low level ‘Easy Latch’ handle designed primarily for pedestrians and wheelchair users. Both
gates are fitted with self closing hinges.
2.8 Timber Kissing Gate (Version 1)
A basic V-shaped design of timber kissing gate. The narrow kissing enclosure makes it stockproof, without the use of self
closing hinges, but restricts its use to pedestrians. It may be unsuitable for people with disabilities or mobility difficulties and
for walkers with large rucksacks.
2.9 Timber Kissing Gate (Version 2)
A design of kissing gate that has been developed for use primarily on National Trails and Long Distance Routes. A square
outer enclosure allows walkers with large rucksacks to pass through, but the low level inner V enclosure ensures that it is proof
against sheep and lambs without the need for self closing hinges.
2.10 Timber Kissing Gate (Version 3)
A rectangular design of timber kissing gate, with an internal length of 1200mm, that is accessible to all users, except
horseriders, pedal cyclists, motorcyclists and people with motorised wheelchairs. Self-closing hinges are necessary to ensure
that it is stockproof.
2.11 Timber Kissing Gate (Version 4)
A rectangular design of kissing gate, similar to 2.10, except that the internal length is extended to 1600mm. It is accessible to
all users except horseriders. Self closing hinges are necessary to ensure that it is stockproof.
continued over page ➜
2. Gates
A traditional design of one-way opening timber bridleway gate providing a clear width of 1525mm to accommodate access
by pedestrians, cyclists and horseriders. It will also be accessible to wheelchair users if a suitable latch is fitted.
Countryside Access Design Guide
Gates : Design List continued
2.12 Metal Kissing Gate with ‘Radar’ Lock
A heavy duty galvanised steel kissing gate which provides access for pedestrians, cyclists and users of manual wheelchairs. A
‘Radar’ lock on the gate latch also allows disabled people using larger motorised wheelchairs to pass through. Self closing
hinges ensure that it is stockproof, although the hoops may require netting against lambs.
2.13 The Rambler Gate
An unusual type of gate designed and manufactured by a specialist supplier. Two chained posts, pivoting from a ground level
beam, are moved apart to allow walkers to step through: releasing the posts allows them to fall back into place. It has a number
of distinct advantages and disadvantages over conventional pedestrian gates. If properly used and maintained, it is stockproof.
2.14 The Countryside for All Gate
A design of gate that is stockproof but which is readily accessible to people in wheelchairs. Its complex design means that it
may be visually intrusive in sensitive locations. It also requires special hinges, which may be difficult and expensive to fabricate.
2.15 The Belton Gate
An unusual, but effective, steel gate designed primarily to prevent motorcycle access and best suited to urban/suburban
locations. It operates, in part, like a turnstile, with a 2750mm gate rotating inside a semicircular outer steel enclosure. Stop
posts limit the rotation of the gate and restrict access by certain types of user.
2.16 Deer Fence Kissing Gate
A kissing gate, specifically designed for installation in deer fences, with the gate and kissing enclosure both being 2000mm
high. The 900mm depth of the enclosure makes it proof against livestock and deer but limits access by some users.
2.17 Deer Fence Chicane
A design of chicane suitable for installation in deer fences that provides access for pedestrians but which is reasonably
effective in deterring the passage of deer, especially where densities are low. It is not proof against sheep and lambs. The
design can be modified to a ‘double’ or ‘treble’ chicane which may be more effective.
Countryside Access Design Guide
Accessible to
Motorised
Wheelchair Users
Accessible to
Manual Wheelchair
& Pushchair Users
Accessible to
Horseriders
Accessible to
Pedal Cyclists
Accessible to
Motorcyclists
Timber Field Gate
✘
✓
✓ 1,2
✓ 1,2
✓1
✓1
✓
2.2
Timber Bridle Gate
✓
✓
✓ 1,2
✓ 1,2
✓
✓
✓
2.3
Metal Bridle Gates
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
2.4
Timber Wicket Gate
✓
✓
✓2
✓2
✓1
✓
✓
2.5
Timber Wicket Gate
✓
✓
✓2
✓2
✓1
✓
✓
2.6
Timber Wicket Gate
✘
✓
✘
✘
✘
✓
✓
2.7
Metal Wicket Gate
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓1
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✘
✓
✘
✘
✘
✘
✘
✘
✓
✘
✘
✘
✘
✘
Kissing Gate
2.10 Timber
(Version 3)
✓
✓3
✘
✓
✘
✓1
✘
Kissing Gate
2.11 Timber
(Version 4)
✓
✓3
✓
✓
✘
✓
✓
Kissing Gate
2.12 Metal
with ‘Radar’ lock
✓
✓
✓
✓
✘
✓
✘
2.13 The Rambler Gate
✘
✓
✘
✘
✘
✓1
✘
2.14 The Countryside for All Gate
✓
✓
✓
✓
✘
✓
✓
2.15 The Belton Gate
✓
✓
✘
✓
✘
✓
✘
2.16 Deer Fence Kissing Gate
✘
✓
✘
✓
✘
✓1
✘
2.17 Deer Fence Chicane
✓
✘
✘
✓
✘
✓
✘
1 Way Opening
1 & 2 Way Opening
(Version 1)
(Version 2)
(Version 3)
1 Way Opening
Metal Wicket Gate
2 Way Opening
2.8
Timber Kissing Gate
2.9
Timber Kissing Gate
(Version 1)
(Version 2)
Ease of use for
Pedestrians
Stockproof
2.1
Notes
1
accessible, but not very convenient or suitable for the purpose
2
assumes the fitting of a latch suitable for wheelchair users
3
assumes the fitting of self-closing hinges and/or latches
2. Gates
Conforms to
BS 5709
Gates : Evaluation Summary
Countryside Access Design Guide
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.2.1
Timber Field Gate
(Page 1 of 2)
2.1A Front Elevation
2.1 Gates
Scale 1:25
0
1000mm
3000 - 3600
hanging post
shutting post
hanging stile
50
55
1275
1325
shutting stile
35 offset
1115
50
2.1B Plan
Scale 1:10
0
500mm
50 overlap
3000 - 3600
Conforms to
BS 5709
Stockproof
✘
✓
Ease of use for
Pedestrians
Accessible
Accessible
to Manual
to Motorised
Wheelchair and
Wheelchair Users Pushchair Users
✓1,2
1
2
✓1,2
Accessible to
Horseriders
Accessible to
Pedal Cyclists
Accessible to
Motorcyclists
✓1
✓1
✓
accessible, but not very convenient or suitable for the purpose
assumes the fitting of a latch suitable for wheelchair users
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.2.1
Timber Field Gate
(Page 2 of 2)
• Notes
A standard design of timber field gate, commonly available in 3.0 metre and 3.6 metre lengths, or in corresponding
imperial sizes of 10’ 0” and 12’ 0” respectively. The standard height of field gates is 1220 (i.e. 48”) measured along the
hanging or shutting stile.
Field gates can be purchased from fencing contractors and suppliers of fencing materials. Design details will vary between
manufacturers and according to local/traditional styles. Key differences will be in the timber sizes used in construction and
in the separation between the rails.
Field gates are not suitable for use on paths if they provide the only means of access. Most people will find them heavy
and cumbersome and there is therefore an increased risk that they will be left open or climbed over. In such circumstances,
it is recommended that a pedestrian gate is installed alongside. It should also be remembered that field gates will allow
(possibly unwanted) access by motorcycles, cars and four wheel drive vehicles.
If installed on bridleways, a suitable catch should be fitted that is safe and easy for horseriders to use without dismounting;
e.g. throw-over chain, hook-on chain, ‘Gateasy’ or ‘Easy Latch’ (see below for details).
Self closing hinges should be fitted to improve ease of use and reduce the risk of the gate being inadvertently left open.
Field gates fabricated from galvanised tubular steel are widely available from agricultural suppliers. Some people feel that
steel gates are visually less attractive than timber gates and that they are less in keeping with the character of the
countryside, especially in sensitive locations. They are, however, more robust and have a longer life expectancy.
Field gates probably do not conform to BS5709 because the force needed to fully open them is likely to be greater than the
maximum specified by the BS performance requirements (i.e. 50 Newtons = approx. 5kg on a spring balance scale).
• Construction and Installation Details
Hanging Post : 2440 x 175 x 175.
Shutting Post : 2440 x 175 x 175.
Hanging Stile : 1220 x 125 x 75.
Shutting Stile : 1220 x 75 x 75.
Top Rail : 125 x 75 at hanging stile tapering to 75 x 75 at shutting stile.
Cross Rails : 85 x 25 (approx.) planed.
Braces : 85 x 25 (approx.) planed.
Self Closing Hinges : Top - 600 double strap band with offset eye
Bottom - adjustable
} hinges offset by 35mm
Top and bottom rails should be morticed the full width and pegged; others should be half morticed. Braces should be
morticed to the stiles and bolted to the rails.
When installing hanging and shutting posts, make the hole as narrow as possible and backfill with well rammed earth and
stones. Concrete should not be required, except where ground conditions prevent the post hole being dug to the full depth.
The bottom hinge pin should be reversed, if necessary, to prevent gate removal.
• Design Source and Contacts for Further Information
Design Source : Adapted from Design F6 (Field Gate - Timber) in ‘Pennine Bridleway National Trail Design
Guide’ published by the Countryside Agency.
Suppliers: ‘Throw-over chain’ and ‘hook-on chain’ available from most agricultural suppliers and fencing
contractors.
‘Easy Latch’ and self closing hinges (with fitting instructions) available from Centrewire Ltd., PO Box
11, Wymondham, Norfolk. NR18 0XD. Tel 01491 614490 Fax 01953 605637.
‘Gateasy’ available from Paddock Farm, Fairwarp, Uckfield, East Sussex. TN22 3DT. Tel/Fax
01825 712303.
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.2.2
Timber Bridle Gate: 1 Way Opening
(Page 1 of 2)
2.2A Front Elevation
2.2 Gates
Scale 1:20
0
1000mm
1625
shutting post
50
50
hanging post
shutting stile
55
1370
1425
hanging stile
35 offset
50
2.2B Plan
Scale 1:10
0
500mm
1525
1625
Conforms to
BS 5709
Stockproof
✓
✓
Ease of use for
Pedestrians
Accessible
Accessible
to Manual
to Motorised
Wheelchair and
Wheelchair Users Pushchair Users
✓1,2
1
2
✓1,2
Accessible to
Horseriders
Accessible to
Pedal Cyclists
Accessible to
Motorcyclists
✓
✓
✓
accessible, but not very convenient or suitable for the purpose
assumes the fitting of a latch suitable for wheelchair users
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.2.2
Timber Bridle Gate: 1 Way Opening
(Page 2 of 2)
• Notes
A standard design of timber bridle gate, commonly available from fencing contractors and suppliers of fencing materials.
Design details will vary between manufacturers and according to local/traditional styles. Key differences will be in the
timber sizes used in construction and in the separation between the rails.
The minimum clear width through the gate should be 1525 to comply with BS5709. This width is sufficient to provide
access for horseriders, cyclists, and pedestrians. It will also be accessible to disabled people using manual and motorised
wheelchairs, provided a suitable latch mechanism is fitted (see below for details).
The gate should be fitted with self-closing hinges to improve ease of use, particularly for horseriders, and to reduce the risk
of the gate being inadvertently left open.
Bridle gates should be fitted with a latch that is safe and easy to use for both horseriders (without dismounting) and
pedestrians e.g. throw-over chain, hook-on chain, ‘Gateasy’ or ‘Easy Latch’ (see below for details). If the gate is likely to
be used by people in wheelchairs, this should be replaced by a latch that is also easy to manipulate and can be reached
from a wheelchair; e.g. the ‘Easy Latch’ from Centrewire Ltd.
A hinge and latching system to allow timber bridle gates to be two-way self-closing is currently being developed by
Centrewire Ltd. This will only be suitable for use on new bridle gates because it requires a different layout in the positioning
of the hanging and shutting posts.
• Construction and Installation Details
Hanging Post : 2440 x 150 x 150.
Shutting Post : 2440 x 150 x 150.
Hanging Stile : 1320 x 125 x 75.
Shutting Stile : 1320 x 75 x 75.
Top Rail : 100 x 75 at hanging stile tapering to 75 x 75 at shutting stile.
Cross Rails : 85 x 25 (approx.) planed.
Braces : 85 x 25 (approx.) planed.
Self-closing Hinges : Top - 600 double strap band with offset eye
Bottom - adjustable
} hinges offset by 35mm.
Top and bottom rail should be morticed the full width and pegged; others should be half morticed. Braces should be
morticed to the stiles and bolted to the rails.
When installing hanging and shutting posts, make the hole as narrow as possible and backfill with well rammed earth and
stones. Concrete should not be required, except where ground conditions prevent the post hole being dug to the full depth.
The bottom hinge pin should be reversed, if necessary, to prevent gate removal.
• Design Source and Contacts for Further Information
Design Source : Adapted from Design F5 (Bridle Gate - Timber) in ‘Pennine Bridleway National Trail Design
Guide’ published by the Countryside Agency.
Suppliers: ‘Throw-over chain’ and ‘hook-on chain’ available from most agricultural suppliers and fencing
contractors.
‘Easy Latch’ and self-closing hinges (with fitting instructions) available from Centrewire Ltd., PO Box
11, Wymondham, Norfolk. NR18 0XD. Tel 01491 614490 Fax 01953 605637.
‘Gateasy’ available from Paddock Farm, Fairwarp, Uckfield, East Sussex. TN22 3DT. Tel/Fax
01825 712303.
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.2.3
Metal Bridle Gates: 1 & 2 Way Opening
(Page 1 of 2)
2.3A 1 Way Opening - Oblique
2.3 Gates
2.3B 1 Way Opening - Plan
Not to Scale
Not to Scale
154
0
1200
1540
2.3C 2 Way Opening - Oblique
Not to Scale
1200
157
0
2.3D 2 Way Opening - Plan
Not to Scale
1570
Conforms to
BS 5709
Stockproof
✓
✓
Ease of use for
Pedestrians
Accessible
Accessible
to Manual
to Motorised
Wheelchair and
Wheelchair Users Pushchair Users
✓
✓
Accessible to
Horseriders
Accessible to
Pedal Cyclists
Accessible to
Motorcyclists
✓
✓
✓
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.2.3
Metal Bridle Gates: 1 & 2 Way Opening
(Page 2 of 2)
• Notes
These two gates are fabricated from galvanised steel and steel mesh and are supplied by Centrewire Ltd. The 1 Way
version is 1540 wide and the 2 Way is 1570 wide. Both comply with BS5709.
Some people may consider metal gates to be less attractive and less in keeping with the countryside than traditional timber
designs. If necessary, for example in sensitive locations, the appearance of metal gates can be softened by painting them,
using a metal primer and top coat: muted colours such as brown or khaki often blend well into the landscape. Centrewire
is also trialing a coloured plastic coated finish, instead of galvanising, but it is expected that this will add considerably to
the cost.
They are accessible to horseriders, cyclists, pedestrians, single and double pushchairs and all types of wheelchairs and
buggies used by disabled people. Both are fitted with an ‘Easy Latch’ gate latch that is suitable for use by horseriders
(without dismounting), pedestrians and disabled people and can be easily reached by people in wheelchairs.
The gates are fitted with self-closing hinges to improve ease of use and reduce the risk of the gate being inadvertently left
open.
The one-way version of the gate incorporates a D loop on the latch to avoid any risk of the latch pin causing injury to
people or horses. The two way version limits this risk by using a shorter latch pin.
Where possible, a two-way opening gate should be installed in preference to a one-way gate because it is easier to use,
particularly for people in wheelchairs and for horseriders. For reasons of safety, one-way opening gates should be installed
adjacent to roads, where they should open away from the road. A one-way self closing gate should preferably open into the
side used by livestock.
• Construction and Installation Details
The gates are supplied complete with hanging and shutting posts in an ‘H frame’ which ensures that the latch and gate are
kept permanently in alignment. This design feature also makes the gates relatively simple to install.
Provided the ground is reasonably stable and, during installation, earth and stones are well rammed around the H frame, it
should not be necessary to use concrete.
• Design Source and Contacts for Further Information
Design Source
& Supplier : Centrewire Ltd., PO Box 11, Wymondham, Norfolk. NR18 0XD.
Tel 01491 614490 Fax 01953 605637.
• User Notes : Design Modifications and Reference Information
✍
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.2.4
Timber Wicket Gate (Version 1)
(Page 1 of 2)
2.4A Front Elevation
0
1000mm
50
2.4 Gates
1200
Scale 1:20
50
1270
1325
55
35 offset
50
2.4B Plan
Scale 1:10
0
500mm
1100
1200
Conforms to
BS 5709
Stockproof
✓
✓
Ease of use for
Pedestrians
Accessible
Accessible
to Manual
to Motorised
Wheelchair and
Wheelchair Users Pushchair Users
✓2
1
2
✓2
Accessible to
Horseriders
Accessible to
Pedal Cyclists
Accessible to
Motorcyclists
✓1
✓
✓
accessible, but not very convenient or suitable for the purpose
assumes the fitting of a latch suitable for wheelchair users
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.2.4
Timber Wicket Gate (Version 1)
(Page 2 of 2)
Notes
A basic design of timber pedestrian wicket gate, commonly available from fencing contractors and suppliers of fencing
materials. Design details will vary between manufacturers and according to local/traditional styles. Key differences will be
in the timber sizes used in construction and in the separation between the rails.
The gate width of 1200 and gap width of 1100 is sufficient to provide access for pedestrians and single and double
pushchairs. It will also be accessible to disabled people using manual and motorised wheelchairs provided that a suitable
latch mechanism is fitted (see below). This specification conforms to BS5709.
The gate should be fitted with self-closing hinges to improve ease of use and reduce the risk of the gate being inadvertently
left open.
Pedestrian wicket gates should be fitted with a latch that is safe and simple to use, such as a standard ‘autolatch’ or spring
catch (available from most agricultural suppliers and fencing contractors). If the gate is likely to be used by people in
wheelchairs, this should be replaced by a latch that is easy to manipulate and can be reached from a wheelchair; e.g. the
‘Easy Latch’ from Centrewire Ltd.
A hinge and latching system to allow timber pedestrian wicket gates to be two-way self-closing is currently being
developed by Centrewire Ltd. This will only be suitable for use on new gates because it requires a different layout in the
positioning of the hanging and shutting posts.
• Construction and Installation Details
Hanging Post : 2440 x 150 x 150.
Shutting Post : 2440 x 150 x 150.
Hanging Stile : 100 x 75.
Shutting Stile : 75 x 75.
Top Rail : 100 x 75 at hanging stile tapering to 75 x 75 at shutting stile.
Cross Rails : 85 x 25 (approx.) planed.
Braces : 85 x 25 (approx.) planed.
Self-closing Hinges : Top - 600 double strap band with offset eye
Bottom - adjustable
} hinges offset by 35mm.
Top and bottom rails should be morticed the full width and pegged; others should be half morticed. Braces should be
morticed to the stiles and bolted to the rails.
When installing hanging and shutting posts, make the hole as narrow as possible and backfill with well rammed earth and
stones. Concrete should not be required, except where ground conditions prevent the post hole being dug to the full depth.
The bottom hinge pin should be reversed, if necessary, to prevent gate removal.
• Design Source and Contacts for Further Information
Supplier: ‘Easy Latch’ and self-closing hinges (with fitting instructions) available from Centrewire Ltd., PO
Box 11, Wymondham, Norfolk. NR18 0XD. Tel 01491 614490 Fax 01953 605637.
• User Notes : Design Modifications and Reference Information
✍
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.2.5
Timber Wicket Gate (Version 2)
(Page 1 of 2)
2.5A Front & Side Elevations
2.5 Gates
Scale 1:10
0
500mm
1100
short length of infill rail
to allow fixing of hinge
100
1170
175
175
325
120
100
35
2.5B Plan
Scale 1:10
Conforms to
BS 5709
Stockproof
✓
✓
Ease of use for
Pedestrians
0
500mm
Accessible
Accessible
to Manual
to Motorised
Wheelchair and
Wheelchair Users Pushchair Users
Accessible to
Horseriders
Accessible to
Pedal Cyclists
Accessible to
Motorcyclists
✓1
✓
✓
✓2
1
2
✓2
accessible, but not very convenient or suitable for the purpose
assumes the fitting of a latch suitable for wheelchair users
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.2.5
Timber Wicket Gate (Version 2)
(Page 2 of 2)
• Notes
A very simple design of ‘self-build’ timber pedestrian wicket gate constructed from 88 x 25 rails. This design is based on
one originally developed by the Countryside Commission for Scotland.
The gate width of 1100 and gap width of 1000 shown overleaf is sufficient to provide access for pedestrians and for
single and double pushchairs. It will also be accessible to disabled people using manual and motorised wheelchairs
provided that a suitable latch mechanism is fitted (see below). This specification conforms to BS5709.
In practice, the ‘self-build’ nature of this design means that the dimensions of the gate can be adapted to suit the situation
in which it is being installed. The separation between the rails can also be adjusted to tie in with an adjacent post and rail
fence or kissing gate enclosure.
The design shown does not have self-closing hinges but these can be fitted if required.
Pedestrian wicket gates should be fitted with a latch that is safe and simple to use, such as a standard ‘autolatch’ or spring
catch (available from most agricultural suppliers and fencing contractors). If the gate is likely to be used by people in
wheelchairs, this should be replaced by a latch that is easy to manipulate and can be reached from a wheelchair; e.g. the
‘Easy Latch’ from Centrewire Ltd.
• Construction and Installation Details
The gate is constructed wholly from 88 x 25 rails. The main frame of the gate is formed from five horizontal 1100 lengths
of rail. These are held in place by being sandwiched between the two 1170 lengths of rail that form each of the hanging
stile and shutting stile. The same ‘sandwiching’ technique is used to reinforce the gate with a diagonal strut and short
vertical strut on either side of the horizontal rails. A short length of infill rail is added to either side of the (hanging stile) end
of the top rail to accommodate the fitting of the top hinge. Finally, a bevelled length of rail is used to form a capping along
the top of the gate.
Galvanised nails, screws or bolts can be used for the fixings. In the design shown overleaf, screws have been used on the
hanging and shutting stiles with coach bolts on the diagonal and vertical braces.
Hanging Post : 2440 x 150 x 150.
Shutting Post : 2440 x 150 x 150.
Hinges : Top - 600 double strap band.
Bottom - 127 double strap band.
When installing hanging and shutting posts, make the hole as narrow as possible and backfill with well rammed earth and
stones. Concrete should not be required, except where ground conditions prevent the post hole being dug to the full depth.
The bottom hinge pin should be reversed, if necessary, to prevent gate removal.
• Design Source and Contacts for Further Information
Design Source: Adapted from Countryside Commission for Scotland ‘Battleby Display Centre - Equipment and
Materials for Countryside Recreation Sites’. Information Sheet 4.8.4.
Supplier: ‘Easy Latch’ and self-closing hinges (with fitting instructions) available from Centrewire Ltd., PO
Box 11, Wymondham, Norfolk. NR18 0XD. Tel 01491 614490 Fax 01953 605637.
• User Notes : Design Modifications and Reference Information
✍
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.2.6
Timber Wicket Gate (Version 3)
(Page 1 of 2)
2. 6A Front Elevation
Scale 1:12.5
500mm
2.6 Gates
0
615
565
(approx.)
900
50
2.6C Rear Elevation - Detail of Spring
Scale 1:12.5
0
500mm
100
2. 6B Plan
Scale 1:12.5
0
500mm
Conforms to
BS 5709
Stockproof
✘
✓
Ease of use for
Pedestrians
Accessible
Accessible
to Manual
to Motorised
Wheelchair and
Wheelchair Users Pushchair Users
✘
✘
Accessible to
Horseriders
Accessible to
Pedal Cyclists
Accessible to
Motorcyclists
✘
✓
✓
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.2.6
Timber Wicket Gate (Version 3)
(Page 2 of 2)
• Notes
A very simple design of ‘self-build’ timber pedestrian wicket gate developed by the Peak District National Park Authority. It
is constructed wholly from 88 x 38 rails.
A key feature of this design is that its height and width can be made to suit the location in which it is to be installed.
The sizes most commonly used by the Peak Park are 900 high and 615 wide with four vertical rails; and 900 high and
440 wide with three vertical rails. One of the principal situations in which such gates are used in the Peak District is in
stockproofing stone squeeze stiles.
The width of gate opening provided by this design is too small to conform to BS5709. It is only suitable for use by
pedestrians and is not accessible to pushchairs or to wheelchair users. Care will therefore need to be taken as to the
locations in which this type of gate is installed so as to ensure that it does not restrict access.
The gate is made self-closing by fixing a spring between the hanging post and the inside of the gate cross brace.
A cabin hook is used as a gate catch.
By virtue of its light construction, this type of gate is probably not appropriate for situations where there is heavy public
use.
• Construction and Installation Details
Hanging Post : 1800 x 100 x 100.
Shutting Post : 1800 x 100 x 100.
Gate Fabrication : all from 88 x 38 rails, using galvanised screws.
Spring : 12” x 1.063” x 0.135” zinc plated. Bolted to hanging post and gate cross brace, using chain split links between
the bolt and spring.
Hinges : 10” galvanised straight bands with 0.5” hooks on plates (top and bottom). Bolted and screwed to hanging post.
Catches : 4” light cabin hooks. Black epoxy coated.
When installing hanging and shutting posts, make the hole as narrow as possible and backfill with well rammed earth and
stones. Concrete should not be required, except where ground conditions prevent the post hole being dug to the full depth.
The bottom hinge pin should be reversed, if necessary, to prevent gate removal.
• Design Source and Contacts for Further Information
Design Source: Ranger Service, Peak District National Park Authority, Aldern House, Baslow Road, Bakewell,
Derbyshire. Tel. 01629 816200.
Supplier: Eliza Tinsley & Co. Ltd., Reddal Hill Road, Cradley Heath, West Midlands. B64 5JF for hinges,
springs and cabin hooks.
• User Notes : Design Modifications and Reference Information
✍
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.2.7
Metal Wicket Gates : 1 & 2-Way Opening
(Page 1 of 2)
2.7 Gates
1000
2.7A 1 Way - Front Elevation
Not to Scale
2.7B 1 Way - Plan
Not to Scale
1000
1000
2.7C 2 Way - Elevation
Not to Scale
1200
1570
2.7D 2 Way - Plan
Not to Scale
1570
1-Way
2-Way
Stockproof
Accessible
Accessible
to Manual
Ease of use for
to Motorised
Wheelchair and
Pedestrians Wheelchair Users Pushchair Users
Accessible to
Horseriders
Accessible to
Pedal Cyclists
Accessible to
Motorcyclists
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓1
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Conforms to
BS 5709
1
accessible, but not very convenient or suitable for the purpose
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.2.7
Metal Wicket Gates : 1 & 2 Way Opening
(Page 2 of 2)
• Notes
These two gates are fabricated from galvanised steel and steel mesh and are supplied by Centrewire Ltd. Both are fitted
with self closing hinges to improve ease of use and reduce the risk of the gate being inadvertently left open. Centrewire
also manufactures several other designs of metal and timber pedestrian gate of different width and incorporating different
types of latch. The two designs presented here are those that are most likely to be of use in accommodating access in the
countryside for pedestrians and disabled people.
Some people may consider metal gates to be less attractive and less in keeping with the countryside than traditional timber
designs. If necessary, for example in sensitive locations, the appearance of metal gates can be softened by painting them,
using a metal primer and top coat: muted colours such as brown or khaki often blend well into the landscape. Centrewire
is also trialing a coloured plastic coated finish, instead of galvanising, but it is expected that this will add considerably to
the cost.
The one-way version (Dwgs. 2.7A & 2.7B) has a gate width of1000, with a width between posts of1200, and is accessible to
pedestrians, single and double pushchairs, manual wheelchairs, and most types of motorised wheelchair and buggy used
by disabled people. The use of a ‘D’ loop on the gate latch instead of a pin helps to avoid any risk of injury to users. This
type of gate should preferably open into the side used by livestock. It complies with BS5709.
The two-way gate (Dwgs. 2.7C & 2.7D) is identical to the two-way opening metal bridle gate shown in Information Sheet 2.3,
except that it has a low level ‘Easy Latch’ gate handle which is designed primarily for pedestrians. It too complies with
BS5709. It is especially convenient for people in wheelchairs. This type of gate handle is not suitable for use by
horseriders.
A two-way gate is easier to use, especially for disabled people, and should therefore be installed in preference to a oneway gate. However, for reasons of safety, one-way opening gates should be installed adjacent to roads, where they should
open away from the road.
• Construction and Installation Details
The gates are supplied complete with hanging and shutting posts in an ‘H frame’ which ensures that the latch and gate are
kept permanently in alignment. This design feature also makes the gates relatively simple to install.
Provided the ground is reasonably stable and, during installation, earth and stones are well rammed around the H frame, it
should not be necessary to use concrete.
• Design Source and Contacts for Further Information
Gate Design and Supply : Centrewire Ltd., PO Box 11, Wymondham, Norfolk. NR18 0XD.
Tel 01491 614490 Fax 01953 605637.
• User Notes : Design Modifications and Reference Information
✍
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.2.8
Timber Kissing Gate (Version 1)
(Page 1 of 2)
2.8A Plan
2.8 Gates
Scale 1:20
0
1000mm
1200
0
160
1100
approx.
100
max.
50verlap
o
2.8B Side Elevation
Scale 1:20
0
1000mm
Conforms to
BS 5709
Stockproof
✘
✓
Ease of use for
Pedestrians
Accessible
Accessible
to Manual
to Motorised
Wheelchair and
Wheelchair Users Pushchair Users
✘
✘
Accessible to
Horseriders
Accessible to
Pedal Cyclists
Accessible to
Motorcyclists
✘
✘
✘
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.2.8
Timber Kissing Gate (Version 1)
(Page 2 of 2)
• Notes
A basic V-shaped design of timber kissing gate that, by virtue of its dimensions, will only accommodate pedestrians, and
possibly some types of single pushchairs. It will not be accessible to double pushchairs and people in wheelchairs, and
may also be unsuitable for people with disabilities or mobility difficulties. Care should therefore be taken with respect to
the locations in which this type of kissing gate is installed.
Self-closing hinges should be fitted to ensure that the gate is stockproof.
A cyclist may with some difficulty be able to gain access by tipping a cycle onto its back wheel.
The depth of the enclosure when the gate is in mid-position is relatively tight: this design is therefore also not suitable for
routes where walkers will be carrying large rucksacks.
The restricted dimensions of this design mean that it does not conform to BS5709.
The design presented overleaf has four rows of rails on the enclosure to ensure that it is stockproof. If lambs are present,
five rows of rails may be required.
• Construction and Installation Details
Gate Hanging Post : 1 no. 2440 x 150 x 150; installed to a top height of 1325 above ground level (see Information
Sheet 2.4).
Gate : Standard 1200 wide timber wicket gate as per Information Sheet 2.4.
Kissing Enclosure Posts : 4 no. 1800 x 100 x 100; installed to a height of 1070 above ground level.
Enclosure Rails : 4 no. rows of 1600 x 88 x 38 rails on each side; top height of 1015 above ground level; spacing as per
standard four rail fence (see Information Sheet 5.8).
Self-closing Hinges : Top - 450 double strap band with normal eye.
Bottom - 127 double strap band with eye on corner.
• Design Source and Contacts for Further Information
Supplier: Self-closing hinges (with fitting instructions) available from Centrewire Ltd., PO Box 11,
Wymondham, Norfolk. NR18 0XD. Tel 01491 614490 Fax 01953 605637.
• User Notes : Design Modifications and Reference Information
✍
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.2.9
Timber Kissing Gate (Version 2)
(Page 1 of 2)
2.9A Plan
2.9 Gates
Scale 1:20
0
1000mm
X
1000
350
Y
rails rebated into post
(necessary because the rails
do not meet at right angles)
1120
2.9B Section through X–Y
Scale 1:20
1000mm
500
1015
0
Conforms to
BS 5709
Stockproof
✘
✓
Ease of use for
Pedestrians
Accessible
Accessible
to Manual
to Motorised
Wheelchair and
Wheelchair Users Pushchair Users
✘
✘
Accessible to
Horseriders
Accessible to
Pedal Cyclists
Accessible to
Motorcyclists
✘
✘
✘
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.2.9
Timber Kissing Gate (Version 2)
(Page 2 of 2)
• Notes
A design of kissing gate that is particularly suitable for use on National Trails and Long Distance Routes (at locations where
this type of gate is necessary or requested) because it can accommodate walkers with large rucksacks whilst still being
stockproof.
The rectangular design of the outer enclosure allows walkers with large rucksacks to pass through. The low level inner V
enclosure should prevent access by sheep, lambs and other livestock, even if standard hinges are fitted to the gate. Selfclosing hinges can be fitted, however, if this is felt to be necessary to ensure that the gate is fully stockproof.
This design is not accessible to single or double pushchairs and people in wheelchairs. It may also not be suitable for
people with disabilities or mobility difficulties. Care should therefore be taken with respect to the locations in which this
type of kissing gate is installed.
A feature of this design that may be useful in certain situations is that it is inaccessible to cyclists.
The restricted dimensions of this design mean that it does not conform to BS5709.
The design presented overleaf has five rows of rails on the outer enclosure to ensure that it is completely stockproof.
• Construction and Installation Details
Gate Hanging Post : 1 no. 2440 x 150 x 150; erected to a top height of 1325 above ground level (see Information Sheet
2.4).
Gate : Standard 1200 wide timber wicket gate as per Information Sheet 2.4.
Outer Enclosure Posts : 4 no. 1800 x 100 x 100; erected to a height of 1070 above ground level.
Outer Enclosure Rails : 5 no. rows of 88 x 38 rails (c. 1120 long) on each of 2 no. sides; 5 no. rows of 88 x 38 rails (c.
1080 long) on back. All erected to a top height of 1015 above ground level; spacing as per standard five rail fence (see
Information Sheet 5.7) .
Inner Enclosure Post : 1 no. 1000 x 75 x 75.
Inner Enclosure Rails : 3 no. rows of 88 x 38 rails (c. 850 long) on each of 2 no. sides; top height of c. 500; rebated into
inner and outer enclosure posts; spacing to alternate with outer enclosure rails.
Self-closing Hinges : Top - 450 double strap band with normal eye.
Bottom - 127 double strap band with eye on corner.
• Design Source and Contacts for Further Information
Design Source : Access and Rural Skills Department, Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park, Balloch
Castle, Balloch, Dunbartonshire. G53 8LX. Tel. 01389 722600.
National Trail Officer, Pembrokeshire Coast Path, Pembrokeshire Coast National Park Authority,
Winch Lane, Haverfordwest, Pembrokeshire. SA61 1PY. Tel. 01437 764636.
Supplier: Self-closing hinges (with fitting instructions) available from Centrewire Ltd., PO Box 11,
Wymondham, Norfolk. NR18 0XD. Tel 01491 614490 Fax 01953 605637.
• User Notes : Design Modifications and Reference Information
✍
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.2.10
Timber Kissing Gate (Version 3)
(Page 1 of 2)
2.10A Plan
2.10 Gates
Scale 1:20
0
1000mm
1500 min.
1500
10
0
0m
in.
1200 min.
2.10B Side Elevation
Scale 1:20
0
1000mm
Conforms to
BS 5709
Stockproof
✓
✓1
Ease of use for
Pedestrians
Accessible
Accessible
to Manual
to Motorised
Wheelchair and
Wheelchair Users Pushchair Users
✘
1 assumes the fitting of self-closing hinges and/or latches
2
accessible but not very convenient or suitable for the purpose
✓
Accessible to
Horseriders
Accessible to
Pedal Cyclists
Accessible to
Motorcyclists
✘
✓2
✘
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.2.10
Timber Kissing Gate (Version 3)
(Page 2 of 2)
• Notes
A rectangular design of kissing gate that is accessible to pedestrians, single and double pushchairs and disabled people
using manual wheelchairs. It is inaccessible to motorised wheelchairs, pedal cycles (unless they are tipped onto the back
wheel) and to motorcycles.
This design conforms to BS5709.
Increasing the depth of the enclosure from 1200 to 1400 will allow some (but not all) motorised wheelchairs and buggies
for disabled people but will also more easily accommodate cyclists. This depth will, however, still prevent motorcycles from
passing through.
The internal width of the enclosure should be at least 1500 to ensure that, when the gate is fully open, the distance
between the gate and the clapping post is the minimum of 1000 required by BS5709.
This design should be stockproof if self-closing hinges are fitted: these will ensure that, after use, the gate, in its resting
position, returns to one of the two shutting posts. If problems with stock access occur then latches may need to be fitted: the
design and installation height of any latches should be suitable for wheelchair users.
The design presented overleaf has four rows of rails on the enclosure to ensure that it is stockproof. If lambs are present,
five rows of rails may be required.
• Construction and Installation Details
Gate Hanging Post : 1 no. 2440 x 150 x 150; erected to a top height of 1325 above ground level (see Information Sheet
2.4).
Gate : Standard 1200 wide timber wicket gate as per Information Sheet 2.4
Enclosure Posts : 4 no. 1800 x 100 x 100; erected to a height of 1070 above ground level.
Enclosure Rails : 4 no. rows of 88 x 38 rails (c. 1500 long) on either side. 4 no. rows of 88 x 38 rails on the end (1580
long). All erected to a top height of 1015 above ground level; spacing as per standard four rail fence (see Information
Sheet 5.8)
Self-closing Hinges : Top - 450 double strap band with normal eye.
Bottom - 127 double strap band with eye on corner.
• Design Source and Contacts for Further Information
Supplier: Self-closing hinges (with fitting instructions) available from Centrewire Ltd., PO Box 11,
Wymondham, Norfolk. NR18 0XD. Tel 01491 614490 Fax 01953 605637.
• User Notes : Design Modifications and Reference Information
✍
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.2.11
Timber Kissing Gate (Version 4)
(Page 1 of 2)
2.11A Plan
2.11 Gates
Scale 1:20
0
1000mm
1500 min.
1900
10
0
0m
in.
1600 min.
2.11B Plan (alternative layout for flush
boundary fence)
Not to Scale
1600 min.
Adjoining fence line
1150 min.
Adjoining fence line
Conforms to
BS 5709
Stockproof
✓
✓1
Ease of use for
Pedestrians
Accessible
Accessible
to Manual
to Motorised
Wheelchair and
Wheelchair Users Pushchair Users
✓
1 assumes the fitting of self-closing hinges and/or latches
✓
Accessible to
Horseriders
Accessible to
Pedal Cyclists
Accessible to
Motorcyclists
✘
✓
✓
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.2.11
Timber Kissing Gate (Version 4)
(Page 2 of 2)
• Notes
A rectangular design of kissing gate, identical to Version 3 (Information Sheet 2.10) except that the depth of the enclosure
is increased from 1200 to 1600. This depth provides access for pedestrians, single and double pushchairs and disabled
people using manual or motorised wheelchairs, as well as pedal cyclists and motorcyclists.
This design conforms to BS5709.
The internal width of the enclosure should be at least 1500 to ensure that, when the gate is fully open, the distance
between the gate and the clapping post is the minimum of 1000 required by BS5709. The depth from the end of the gate
(at the mid-point of its travel) to the back of the enclosure should be a minimum of 1600.
This design should be stockproof if self-closing hinges are fitted: these will ensure that, after use, the gate, in its resting
position, returns to one of the two shutting posts. If problems with stock access occur then latches may need to be fitted: the
design and installation height of any latches should be suitable for wheelchair users.
The design presented overleaf has four rows of rails on the enclosure to ensure that it is stockproof. If lambs are present,
five rows of rails may be required.
The alternative layout (Dwg. 2.11B) is flush with one fence line and is therefore useful on land ownership boundaries.
• Construction and Installation Details
Gate Hanging Post : 1 no. 2440 x 150 x 150; erected to a top height of 1325 above ground level (see Information Sheet
2.4).
Gate : Standard 1200 wide timber wicket gate as per Information Sheet 2.4.
Enclosure Posts : 4 no. 1800 x 100 x 100; erected to a height of 1070 above ground level.
Enclosure Rails : 4 no. rows of 88 x 38 rails (c. 1900 long) on either side. 4 no. rows of 88 x 38 rails (c. 1130 - 1580
long) on the end. Erected to a top height of 1015 above ground level; spacing as per standard four rail fence (see
Information Sheet 5.8). If five rows of rails are fitted to ensure that it is stockproof against lambs, the rail spacing should be
as per a standard five rail fence (see Information Sheet 5.7). (Note that the alternative layout shown in Dwg 2.11B will
require different rail lengths.)
Self-closing Hinges : Top - 450 double strap band with normal eye.
Bottom - 127 double strap band with eye on corner.
• Design Source and Contacts for Further Information
Supplier: Self-closing hinges (with fitting instructions) available from Centrewire Ltd., PO Box 11,
Wymondham, Norfolk. NR18 0XD. Tel 01491 614490 Fax 01953 605637.
• User Notes : Design Modifications and Reference Information
✍
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.2.12
Metal Kissing Gate with ‘Radar’ Lock
(Page 1 of 2)
2.12A Oblique
2.12 Gates
Not to Scale
2.12B Plan (Gate and part of
enclosure)
Not to Scale
Pin acting as gate ‘stop’. Releasing the
‘Radar’ lock allows this pin to be
withdrawn and the gate to swing through
past the shutting post, thereby permitting
access by larger motorised wheelchairs
Conforms to
BS 5709
Stockproof
✓
✓
Ease of use for
Pedestrians
Accessible
Accessible
to Manual
to Motorised
Wheelchair and
Wheelchair Users Pushchair Users
✓
✓
Accessible to
Horseriders
Accessible to
Pedal Cyclists
Accessible to
Motorcyclists
✘
✓
✘
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.2.12
Metal Kissing Gate with ‘Radar’ Lock
(Page 2 of 2)
• Notes
This design comprises a heavy duty, galvanised steel and mesh gate with the enclosure formed by galvanised steel hoops.
It has been designed and is supplied by Centrewire Ltd.
Some people may consider metal gates to be less attractive and less in keeping with the countryside than traditional timber
designs. If necessary, for example in sensitive locations, the appearance of metal gates can be softened by painting them,
using a metal primer and top coat: muted colours such as brown or khaki often blend well into the landscape. Centrewire
is also trialing a coloured plastic coated finish, instead of galvanising, but it is expected that this will add considerably to
the cost.
The gate is 1000 high and 1200 wide. It is self-closing and is fitted with a ‘Radar’ lock. In normal use, it operates like a
conventional kissing gate, with movement of the gate limited by the two shutting posts at either end of the enclosure hoops.
This provides access for pedestrians, single and double pushchairs and manual wheelchairs, but does not allow access by
motorised wheelchairs or motorcycles.
Releasing the radar lock enables the user to withdraw a latch that allows the gate to swing out past the shutting posts,
thereby permitting motorised wheelchairs to pass through. The gate should then be returned to its original position ‘inside’
the hoops and the ‘Radar’ lock secured: if this is not done, the gate will be rendered ineffective both against unwanted
users (e.g. motorcyclists) and against livestock.
In this design of gate, the ‘Radar’ lock is a padlock that takes a ‘Radar’ key: this fits into a specially designed housing and
can be readily replaced. In common with most types of padlock, these padlocks can be relatively easily vandalised,
although new ones can be purchased quite cheaply (c. £10) from Centrewire and other specialist suppliers. Potential users
of this type of gate should therefore be aware of the possible inconvenience and costs of lock replacement on sites that are
prone to vandalism.
This design conforms to BS5709.
The gate is fitted with self-closing hinges which ensure that it is stockproof. If sheep or lambs are present, it will probably be
necessary to net the enclosure hoops.
The overall width of the gate and hoops is 1700 with a length (hanging posts to apex of hoops) of 2600.
• Construction and Installation Details
The gates are supplied complete with hanging and shutting posts in an ‘H frame’ which ensures that the latch and gate are
kept permanently in alignment. The hoops are supplied in two sections which bolt together and to the gate shutting post.
Provided the ground is reasonably stable and, during installation, earth and stones are well rammed around the H frame, it
should not be necessary to use concrete.
• Design Source and Contacts for Further Information
Gate Design and Supply : Gates and spare ‘Radar’ padlocks from Centrewire Ltd., PO Box 11, Wymondham,
Norfolk. NR18 0XD
Tel 01491 614490 Fax 01953 605637.
• User Notes : Design Modifications and Reference Information
✍
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.2.13
The Rambler Gate
(Page 1 of 2)
2.13A & B Side & Front Elevations
2.13 Gates
Scale 1:10
0
500mm
650
1150
1050
2.13C Plan
Scale 1:10
0
Conforms to
BS 5709
Stockproof
✘
✓
Ease of use for
Pedestrians
500mm
Accessible
Accessible
to Manual
to Motorised
Wheelchair and
Wheelchair Users Pushchair Users
✘
✘
Accessible to
Horseriders
Accessible to
Pedal Cyclists
Accessible to
Motorcyclists
✘
✓1
✘
1
accessible but not very convenient
or suitable for the purpose
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.2.13
The Rambler Gate
(Page 2 of 2)
• Notes
A distinctive type of gate, designed, manufactured and supplied by British Gates and Timber, that is something of a hybrid
between a gate and a stile. If properly used and maintained, it is fully stockproof.
When closed, the metal pivot posts are fastened by a small throw-over hoop. When the hoop is lifted, the posts can be
pushed apart to allow the walker to step through: on releasing the posts, they automatically fall back into place. The hoop
then needs to be replaced to re-fasten the gate.
The Rambler Gate has several advantages and disadvantages. Perhaps for this reason, it is liked by some users and land
managers and disliked by others.
Advantages:
- it can be used by people who are unable to climb over a stile;
- it is relatively simple to install;
- it occupies considerably less space than a kissing gate.
Disadvantages:
- it requires regular maintenance, especially in keeping the channel at the base of the gate free of vegetation and other
debris and ensuring that the gate sections swing freely and fall back into place so that the hoop can be re-fastened;
- the posts can catch a trailing leg if the user releases them too quickly;
- the posts can catch between a rucksack and the user’s back if they are released too quickly;
- the lower bar can trip people up;
- it can be difficult to use for people who have a walking stick because it requires both hands to be free;
- it can be difficult for one person to hold open the posts for someone else who requires assistance.
• Construction and Installation Details
The gates are supplied complete by British Gates and Timber. The only installation required is the fixing in the ground of
the two 1800 x 100 x 100 posts at either side of the gate. Provided they can be sunk to the correct depth and, when
backfilling, the excavated soil is well rammed back around the posts, it should not be necessary to use concrete.
• Design Source and Contacts for Further Information
Gate Design and Supply : British Gates and Timber Ltd., Castleton’s Oak Sawmills, Biddenden, Near Ashford, Kent.
TN27 8DN. Tel 01580 291555 Fax 01580 292011.
• User Notes : Design Modifications and Reference Information
✍
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.2.14
The Countryside for All Gate
(Page 1 of 2)
2.14A Plan
2.14 Gates
Not to Scale
00
00
15
20
access bay
50
12
in.
0m
0
10
stop post
arc of gate
swing
stop post
access bay
2.14B Detail of lower self-closing hinge
Not to Scale
50mm spacer
plate to ensure lift
width to suit gate
2 x 15mm dia. mild steel
bars welded to hinge
5mm screw hole
extension plate
10mm bolt hole
22mm dia. mild steel
bar threaded to bolt
through hanging post
18mm tracks
point to bite into
hanging post to
prevent twisting
Conforms to
BS 5709
Stockproof
✓
✓
Ease of use for
Pedestrians
Accessible
Accessible
to Manual
to Motorised
Wheelchair and
Wheelchair Users Pushchair Users
✓
✓
Accessible to
Horseriders
Accessible to
Pedal Cyclists
Accessible to
Motorcyclists
✘
✓
✓
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.2.14
The Countryside for All Gate
(Page 2 of 2)
• Notes
A gate design based on one that won a competition run by the Fieldfare Trust. It provides access for pedestrians, single
and double pushchairs and disabled people using manual or motorised wheelchairs. It is also accessible to pedal cycles
and to some smaller motor cycles.
The gate works by allowing users to push the gate away from them until it strikes the stop post, pass through the gap in the
boundary (e.g. fence or wall) and enter the bay on the far side. Releasing the gate allows it to swing back to its central
position. The user can then exit the bay. The fact that the gate can swing both ways and there are bays on either side of
the boundary means that it can be used from either direction.
The gate can be constructed using either a conventional farm gate (see Information Sheet 2.1) or a bridle gate (see
information Sheet 2.2). The key design feature is a self-closing hinge which always brings the gate to rest in a central
position (Dwg 2.14B). This hinge is not available commercially and will have to be made to order by a local blacksmith: for
this reason, it can be relatively expensive. It has two components (see 2.14B). The base plate, which is bolted through to the
hanging post, is fabricated from mild steel and has two curved slots. The hinge, which is bolted to the hanging stile of the
gate, is a standard gate hinge with an extension plate added and pieces of 15mm mild steel bar welded to the corners.
These bars are set so that they slide in the curved slots on the base plate: this pushes the gate off centre, lifting the shutting
stile end of the gate as it is opened. This ensures that when the gate is released it returns to its closed position.
The top hinge consists of a pin and eye bolt. Compared to a standard pin and double strap band, this arrangement
provides the greater tolerance that is required to accommodate the change in alignment (between the hanging post and
the hanging stile) caused by the displacement of the lower hinge as the gate is opened.
The side bays are constructed from post and rail fencing. Since this fencing does not contribute to the stockproofing of the
gate, three or four rows of rails should be sufficient.
If there is significant pressure from livestock, it may be necessary to install a rise and fall bolt and keep ramps on the
shutting stile of the gate (see the BT Countryside for All Good Practice Guide or contact the Fieldfare Trust for details).
For further information on the construction, design and operation of this gate, see the ‘BT Countryside for All Good Practice
Guide’ or contact the Fieldfare Trust (details below).
• Construction and Installation Details
Hanging Post : 1 no. 2440 x 150 x 150
Gate : Standard 1625 wide timber bridle gate (see Information Sheet 2.2)
Shutting Post : 1 no. 2440 x 150 x 150
Enclosure Posts : 10 no. 1675 x 100 x 100; erected to a height of 1070 above ground level.
Enclosure Rails : 12 no. 88 x 38 rails (c. 2000 long) & 6 no. 88 x 38 rails (c. 3000 long). All erected to a top height of
1015 above ground level; spacing as per standard three rail fence (see Information Sheet 5.9).
Self-closing Hinges : manufactured to order as per Dwg 2.14B.
• Design Source and Contacts for Further Information
Gate Design : Fieldfare Trust, 67A The Wicker, Sheffield, South Yorkshire. S3 8HT.
Tel. 0114 270 1668.
Further Information : BT Countryside for All : A Good Practice Guide to Disabled People’s Access in the
Countryside published by BT Community Partnership and the Fieldfare Trust.
• User Notes : Design Modifications and Reference Information
✍
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.2.15
The Belton Gate
(Page 1 of 2)
2000
1000
2.15 Gates
2.15A Plan
Scale 1:25
0
1000mm
X
Y
2.15B Section X–Y
200
Scale 1:25
0
1000mm
1000
2750
100
Conforms to
BS 5709
Stockproof
✓
✓
Ease of use for
Pedestrians
Accessible
Accessible
to Manual
to Motorised
Wheelchair and
Wheelchair Users Pushchair Users
✘
✓
Accessible to
Horseriders
Accessible to
Pedal Cyclists
Accessible to
Motorcyclists
✘
✓
✘
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.2.15
The Belton Gate
(Page 2 of 2)
• Notes
An unusual, but effective, gate design that has been installed on the Fife Coastal Path, primarily to prevent motorcycle
access. It operates like a turnstile, with a steel gate rotating inside an outer steel enclosure. Stop posts limit the rotation of
the gate and restrict access by certain types of user.
The gate is accessible to pedestrians, single and double pushchairs and pedal cycles, but not to horses. Its accessibility to
wheelchairs has not been tested but it seems likely that it will allow passage by manual wheelchairs and small motorised
wheelchairs but not by the larger types of motorised wheelchair. It is not accessible to motorcycles.
In the original design, the gate and enclosure were to be constructed from timber but it is not known whether this was built.
Given the design of this gate and its mode of operation, it seems likely that a timber version would be difficult to construct
and more prone to failure. Those erected on the Fife Coastal Path are all fabricated from galvanised steel and are set in
concrete. There is no known documentation relating to the design details and specification for this metal version. The
design shown overleaf has therefore been taken from one of the existing gates and is intended to provide only general
design guidance. Underground details, such as the length of posts, have been estimated.
Some people may find steel gates less attractive than timber gates and may also feel that they are not in keeping with the
character of the countryside. However, the design and primary function of this gate means that it will be most appropriate
for use in urban and suburban locations where it is less likely to appear ‘out of place’.
• Construction and Installation Details
Gate :
2750 wide x 1000 high.
5 no. horizontal rails with two diagonal cross braces.
Outer frame and central pillar fabricated from 40 x 40 square section galvanised steel tubing.
Internal rails and cross braces fabricated from 40 x 10 galvanised steel plate.
Hinge : 2 no. hinges welded to central gate pillar and hanging post at top and bottom.
Hanging Post : 1 no. post fabricated from 100 x 100 square hollow section galvanised steel tubing. 1150 above ground
(estimated length c. 2000) and set in concrete.
Stop Posts : 2 no. posts fabricated from 100 x 100 square hollow section galvanised steel tubing, welded to rails of
enclosure and set in concrete. 1150 above ground (estimated length c. 2000). Gate overlaps stop post by 50.
Enclosure : Semicircular plus 200 overlap at either end with internal radius of 1425. 5 no. rows of rails to a top height of
1100, at same spacing as gate rails. Fabricated from 40 x 10 galvanised steel plate. Rails welded to 2 no. stop posts (see
above) and to 4 no. support posts. Support posts fabricated from 40 x 40 square hollow section galvanised steel tubing
set in concrete, with 1150 above ground (estimated length c. 2000).
• Design Source and Contacts for Further Information
Further Information : Fife Council Ranger Service, Townhill Country Park, Dunfermline. KY12 0HT.
Tel. 01383 725596.
• User Notes : Design Modifications and Reference Information
✍
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.2.16
Deer Fence Kissing Gate
(Page 1 of 2)
2.16A Plan
2.16 Gates
Scale 1:20
1250
1000mm
1250
0
1100
100
2. 16B Side Elevation (showing only far
side of kissing enclosure)
Scale 1:20
0
1000mm
1950
2000
50
Conforms to
BS 5709
Stockproof
✘
✓
Ease of use for
Pedestrians
Accessible
Accessible
to Manual
to Motorised
Wheelchair and
Wheelchair Users Pushchair Users
✘
✓
Accessible to
Horseriders
Accessible to
Pedal Cyclists
Accessible to
Motorcyclists
✘
✓1
✘
1
accessible but not very convenient
or suitable for the purpose
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.2.16
Deer Fence Kissing Gate
(Page 2 of 2)
• Notes
A kissing gate, specifically designed for installation in deer fences, which is currently used on the West Highland Way.
It can be conveniently used by pedestrians, including walkers with large rucksacks. Although its suitability for other users
has not been tested, it is likely to be accessible to single (and possibly double) pushchairs and people in manual
wheelchairs, although the size and weight of the gate may cause problems for some users. Cycles could be taken through
if tipped up on the back wheel. It will not be accessible to motorised-wheelchair users.
The gate is fabricated wholly from rails and is based on the design detailed in Information Sheet 2.5 but with a total gate
height of 2000 rather than 1170. To reduce its overall weight, this gate is fabricated from 75 x 25 rails rather than 88 x
38 rails.
The internal width of the enclosure is 1200 although the use of large support posts restricts the accessible width to
approximately 900. The effective depth of the enclosure (from the back of the enclosure to the end of the gate in its central
position) is approximately 950. These dimensions mean that the design does not conform to BS5709.
The design on the West Highland Way is not fitted with self-closing hinges: it is possible that with a gate of these
dimensions, such hinges would not function properly. It is completely effective against deer but it is understood that some
hill sheep and lambs may be able to get through; this could be overcome by installing an internal V enclosure as detailed
in Information Sheet 2.9.
• Construction and Installation Details
Gate Hanging Post : 1 no. 3500 (min.) x 175 diam. round; erected to a top height of 2075 above ground level.
Enclosure Posts : 4 no. 3500 (min.) x 175 diam. round; erected to a height of 2075 above ground level.
Enclosure Rails : 8 no. rows of 75 x 25 rails (c. 1250 long) on each side and on the back. All erected to a top height of
1950 above ground level.
Gate Fabrication : all from 75 x 25 rails (see Information Sheet 2.5 for construction details).
Hinges : Top - 600 double strap band with normal eye.
Bottom - 600 double strap band with normal eye.
Given the height of this structure, the gate hanging and enclosure posts should be fixed firmly in the ground. Make the hole
as narrow as possible and backfill with well rammed earth and stones. Concreting should not be necessary, except where
ground conditions prevent the hole being dug to the full depth.
The bottom hinge pin should be reversed, if necessary, to prevent gate removal.
• Design Source and Contacts for Further Information
Design Source and Contact : Access and Rural Skills Department, Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park,
Balloch Castle, Balloch, Dunbartonshire. G53 8LX. Tel. 01389 722600.
• User Notes : Design Modifications and Reference Information
✍
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.2.17
Deer Fence Chicane
(Page 1 of 2)
2025
2.17 Gates
1000
Scale 1:25
2040
0
1000mm
1000
2. 17A Plan
925
1000
1000
2. 17B Elevation
Scale 1:25
1000
1000mm
2100
0
1
Conforms to
BS 5709
Stockproof
✓1
✘
for pedestrian use only
Ease of use for
Pedestrians
Accessible
Accessible
to Manual
to Motorised
Wheelchair and
Wheelchair Users Pushchair Users
✘
✓
Accessible to
Horseriders
Accessible to
Pedal Cyclists
Accessible to
Motorcyclists
✘
✓
✘
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.2.17
Deer Fence Chicane
(Page 2 of 2)
• Notes
A type of chicane designed for installation in deer fences that allows pedestrians to pass through but which has been
found to be reasonably effective in deterring the passage of deer. The specification and dimensions shown overleaf are
based on a design used on the Cairngorms National Nature Reserve. It is not completely deer-proof and some deer will
get through; it appears to be more effective against stags than hinds, possibly because of their larger size and antlers. It
will also allow sheep and lambs to pass.
A key feature of the design is that it must be installed on the outside of the fenced off area (i.e. it must project into the area
in which deer are present). Deer tend to follow fence lines and therefore are more likely to be deflected away from the
gap if the chicane structure acts as an obstacle along the fence line.
It is thought that this design is likely to be most successful in situations where the deer density is relatively low. In higher
density areas, the installation of a ‘double’ or ‘treble’ chicane may be more effective.
The gap of 925 through the chicane is sufficient to allow pedestrians, including walkers with large rucksacks, to pass
through with ease. Since the dimension of the ‘gap’ through the chicane exceeds the minimum of 900 required by BS5709
for pedestrians, the design probably conforms to this British Standard. Although its suitability for other users has not been
tested, it is likely to be accessible to single (and possibly double) pushchairs and people in manual wheelchairs. Cycles will
probably need to be tipped up on the back wheel. It will not be accessible to motorised wheelchair users.
If installed in upland areas, the needs of other users may need to be taken into account. The chicane will be accessible to
cross country skiers if they take off their skis. It may cause problems, however, if installed on a route used by stalking
ponies or mountain rescue teams. In such circumstances, a gate may need to be installed alongside.
• Construction and Installation Details
Posts (excluding the straining posts that form part of the deer fence) : 6 no. 3500 (min.) x 75 diam. round; erected to a top
height of 2100 above ground level. Alternatively 100 diam. round could be used: these will make a more substantial
structure.
Rails : 8 no. rows of 88 x 38 rails with a gap of approximately 150 between.
• Design Source and Contacts for Further Information
Further Information : Scottish Natural Heritage, Wynne Edwards House, 16/17 Rubislaw Terrace, Aberdeen. AB10
1XE. Tel. 01224 642863
• User Notes : Design Modifications and Reference Information
✍
Countryside Access Design Guide
Stiles : General Guidance
Stiles are often constructed in the belief that they improve accessibility. In reality, stiles erected in inappropriate locations can cause
inconvenience and discomfort to users and, in some instances, may severely restrict peoples’ ability to gain access to the
countryside. Stiles are impassable to wheelchair and pushchair users and can be an insurmountable barrier to ambulant disabled,
elderly and less agile people. It is therefore suggested that a stile should only be installed as a last resort when it is not possible to
provide access by means of a gap or gate. Wherever possible, land managers should look to install a gate instead, or preferably
avoid any barrier at all.
The area through, and to either side of a stile should be appropriately surfaced (e.g with aggregate fill or a flag stone set flush with
the ground) and regularly maintained to ensure that it does not become worn or eroded, causing puddling in wet weather.
Adequate space should also be provided to either side of the stile to allow users to get over it conveniently and safely.
Many people using paths and tracks through the countryside enjoy taking their dog for a walk. Since stiles can be as much of a
barrier to dogs as to people, two designs of ‘dog gate’ suitable for installation alongside a stile have also been included in this
section of the Guide.
The accessibility of stiles and their ease of use can be enhanced by adopting the following ‘Design Principles’, many of which are
based on the new British Standard 5709 for Gaps, Gates and Stiles (see Appendix 1). The Standard does make the point,
however, that ‘Stiles shall only be used for new structures when exceptional circumstances require them. With the exception of
horse stiles ... this standard is aimed at the repair and refurbishment of existing stiles’.
Key Design Principles
• the height rise between the ground and the first step and between steps should be the same;
• the maximum height rise between the ground and the first step and between steps should be 300mm;
• the maximum height rise between the top step and the top of the top rail should be 450mm;
• steps should be at least 200mm wide and 900mm long;
• on two step stiles, many people find crossed steps easier and more comfortable to negotiate than parallel steps;
• there should be no sharp edges on steps, fence rails and uprights;
• on stiles that cross wire fences with a top barb, the barbed wire should be enclosed in cross rails to ensure that it does not
pose a hazard to users;
• on stiles that cross plain wire fences, the top wire should be enclosed in cross rails, or at least stapled to a single cross rail, to
avoid users accidentally tripping on it;
• a hand post should be provided to assist users and aid balance;
• the size of gap in a dog gate should be a minimum of 375mm high and 300mm wide.
3. Stiles
New stiles should only be installed in exceptional circumstances where there is no alternative or no other type of structure is
acceptable. For example, some land managers may not want fence lines to be cut to allow the installation of a gate. Should land
managers have reservations about the effectiveness of self-closing gates in preventing accidental escape of livestock, every
attempt should be made to address these concerns before the decision to install a stile is made. If a new stile is to be installed, or
an existing one is to be modified or repaired, the design should be one that optimises accessibility and ease of use for pedestrians,
whilst retaining its effectiveness as a barrier to other unwanted forms of access (e.g. by cars, motorcycles, horses or pedal cycles)
or to livestock.
Countryside Access Design Guide
Stiles : Design List
3.1 Timber Step Stile (Version 1)
A two-step stile suitable for installation in existing post and wire fences without the need to cut or alter the fence. The use of timber
rails to enclose the top wire makes the stile safer for users and avoids any risk of personal injury or damage to clothing if barbed
wire is present.
3.2 Timber Step Stile (Version 2)
A design of two-step stile, similar to Version 1, which is also suitable for installation in existing post and wire fences. The use of
wider steps may make it more convenient for use by people with mobility difficulties.
3.3 Timber Step Stile (Version 3)
A design of two-step stile, based on one originally developed by the Peak District National Park Authority for production in kit
form. It can be incorporated in either post and rail or post and wire fences. Steps can be installed parallel or crossed over.
3.4 Timber Step Stile (Version 4)
A narrow two-step stile that is suitable for locations where space is limited. To make it easier to use, two hand posts are provided and
the steps are crossed over at 70˚. This type of stile is more likely to pose problems for people with mobility difficulties. It is suitable for
installation in post and wire or post and rail fences, but the latter will need to be cut and tied back to new strainers.
3.5 Seat Top Stile
A stile design that is better suited to the needs of elderly people and people with mobility difficulties. It is suitable for installation in
post and wire or post and rail fences, but the latter will need to be cut and tied back to new strainers. The 900 top height of the
stile means that it will not be stockproof against sheep and lambs.
3.6 Ladder Stile
By virtue of their height and the number of steps, ladder stiles can cause particular access problems for many visitors to the
countryside, and especially for people with mobility difficulties. Ladder stiles should therefore only be used in situations, as in this
example, to provide access over a stone wall where other designs of stile (except 3.7) would be inappropriate.
3.7 Stone Step Stile
An alternative design to a ladder stile that can be used to provide access over a stone wall. It can be relatively cheap and easy to
construct, provided there is a local source of suitable stone, and will also require little maintenance. In some situations (e.g. in
upland areas) stone step stiles are likely to be more in keeping with the landscape than timber ladder stiles.
3.8 Timber Squeeze Stile
A narrow design of stile, shaped like an inverted A, that uses only one step. In common with 3.4, users step through the stile, rather
than swinging each leg over in turn; this may cause problems for people with mobility difficulties. It is suitable for installation in post
and wire or post and rail fences, but the latter will need to be cut and tied back to new strainers.
3.9 Metal Squeeze Stile
A design of stile that, by virtue of its appearance, is probably best suited to urban and suburban locations. It has no steps and
relies on a narrow gap to restrict access: this may cause problems for some people with mobility difficulties. It can be fabricated by
a local blacksmith to the height and width required.
3.10 Dog Gate (Version 1)
A simple design of dog gate based on one developed by the Peak District National Park Authority. The dimensions used in this
example assume that it is being incorporated into an existing standard four rail fence. The sliding ‘paddle’ is made from a single
piece of fencing rail.
3.11 Dog Gate (Version 2)
An alternative design dog gate that is slightly more complex to construct than 3.10 in using a framework of battens to form the sliding
‘paddle’. The dimensions used in this example assume that it is being incorporated into an existing standard four rail fence.
Countryside Access Design Guide
Accessible to
Wheelchair &
Pushchair Users
Accessible to
Horseriders
Accessible to
Pedal Cyclists
Accessible to
Motor Cycles
Timber Step Stile (Version 1)
✓
✓
✘
✘
✘
✘
3.2
Timber Step Stile (Version 2)
✘
✓
✘
✘
✘
✘
3.3
Timber Step Stile (Version 3)
✓
✓
✘
✘
✘
✘
3.4
Timber Step Stile (Version 4)
✘
✓
✘
✘
✘
✘
3.5
Seat Top Stile
✘
✘1
✘
✘
✘
✘
3.6
Ladder Stile
✘
✓
✘
✘
✘
✘
3.7
Stone Step Stile
✘
✓
✘
✘
✘
✘
3.8
Timber Squeeze Stile
✘
✘1
✘
✘
✘
✘
3.9
Metal Squeeze Stile
✘
✘1
✘
✘
✘
✘
3.10 Dog Gate (Version 1)
✘
✓
3.11 Dog Gate (Version 2)
✓
✓
Ease of use for
Pedestrians
Stockproof
3.1
Notes
1
stockproof against cattle and horse, but may not be stockproof
against agile breeds of hill sheep due to low top rail
3. Stiles
Conforms to
BS 5709
Stiles : Evaluation Summary
Countryside Access Design Guide
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.3.1
Timber Step Stile (Version 1)
(Page 1 of 2)
3. 1A Elevation
Scale 1:20
500-700
0
1000mm
660
600
300
max
600
max
200
3. 1B Section
Scale 1:20
0
1000mm
upper step
upper step
support
3. 1C Section : Detail of
fixing of rails to enclose
top fence wire
lower step
lower step
support
Not to Scale
Conforms to
BS 5709
Stockproof
✓
✓
Ease of use for
Pedestrians
Accessible to
Wheelchair &
Pushchair Users
Accessible to
Horseriders
Accessible to
Pedal Cyclists
Accessible to
Motorcycles
✘
✘
✘
✘
3.1 Stiles
1015
1800
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.3.1
Timber Step Stile (Version 1)
(Page 2 of 2)
• Notes
Stiles can cause inconvenience and discomfort to users and, in some instances, may severely restrict peoples’ ability to
gain access to and enjoy the countryside. It is therefore recommended that a stile should only be installed as a last resort
when it is not possible to provide access by means of a gap or gate.
This design of two-step stile is suitable for installation in existing post and wire fences without the need to cut or alter the fence.
It conforms to BS5709. The use of timber rails to enclose the top wire makes the stile safer for users and avoids any risk of
personal injury or damage to clothing from barbed wire.
• Construction and Installation Details
Fence Posts : 2 no 1675 x 100 x 75 pointed posts sunk into the ground so that the tops of the post are level with the top
wire. In the drawings overleaf it is assumed that this is at a height of 1015. (2 no. existing fence posts may need to be
removed to allow these new posts to be installed).
Treads : 2 no. 1200 x 200 x 50.
Step Supports : Lower step - 2 no. 850 x 150 x 75; Upper step - 2 no. 1150 x 150 x 75.
Hand Post : 1 no. 2250 x 75 x 75 post bolted to the side of one fence post with the top rounded to form a hand hold.
To enclose the top wire: Staple the wire to the top of the posts; nail lengths of 88 x 38 rail to either side of the posts (flush
with the top); cover the top with 150 x 30 rail and bevel the edges.
The top of the lower step should be 300 max. from ground level. The top of the upper step should be 300 max. from the
lower step. Assuming a standard fence height to the top wire of 1015, the distance from the upper step to the top stile rail
will be approximately 450.
• Design Source and Contacts for Further Information
Design Source: Adapted from a design developed by the Countryside Service, Environment Directorate,
Northumberland County Council, County Hall, Morpeth, Northumberland. NE61 2EF.
Tel. 01670 533000
• User Notes : Design Modifications and Reference Information
✍
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.3.2
Timber Step Stile (Version 2)
(Page 1 of 2)
500-700
3. 2A Elevation
Scale 1:20
0
1000mm
650
300
600
450
3.2 Stiles
3. 2B Section (from Right side of 3. 2A)
Scale 1:20
0
1000mm
3. 2C Perspective
Not to Scale
upper step
upper step
support
lower step
lower step
support
Conforms to
BS 5709
Stockproof
✘
✓
Ease of use for
Pedestrians
Accessible to
Wheelchair &
Pushchair Users
Accessible to
Horseriders
Accessible to
Pedal Cyclists
Accessible to
Motorcycles
✘
✘
✘
✘
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.3.2
Timber Step Stile (Version 2)
(Page 2 of 2)
• Notes
Stiles can cause inconvenience and discomfort to users and, in some instances, may severely restrict peoples’ ability to
gain access to and enjoy the countryside. It is therefore recommended that a stile should only be installed as a last resort
when it is not possible to provide access by means of a gap or gate.
This design of two-step stile is similar to Version 1 (Information Sheet 3.1) but has wider steps that may be more convenient
for elderly people and people with mobility difficulties. It is suitable for installation in existing post and wire fences without
the need to cut or alter the fence.
It does not conform to BS5709. It fails to meet the performance requirements of the BS because the distance between the
centre of the top step and the hand post is not within the specified 350 - 450.
This design assumes that the top fence wire is plain rather than barbed. If a top barb is present, it should be enclosed in
rails in accordance with the detail provided in Information Sheet 3.1.
• Construction and Installation Details
The design shown overleaf assumes that the stile is installed into an existing wire fence (with the top wire at a height of
1015 above ground level) and that the fence posts to either side of the stile do not need to be replaced.
Treads : 4 no. 1000 x 150 x 50.
Step Supports : Lower step - 2 no. 900 x 100 x 100; Upper step - 4 no. 1200 x 100 x 100.
Cross Ties : all 100 x 50.
Hand post : 1 no. 2250 x 75 x 75 post with the top rounded to form a hand hold.
Top Rail : 100 x 50 rail nailed to the adjacent fence posts so as to cover the top wire. Coach bolt the rail to the hand post.
Staple the wire to the back of the rail.
The top of the lower step should be 300 max. from ground level. The top of the upper step should be 300 max. from the
lower step. Assuming a standard fence height to the top wire of 1015, the distance from the upper step to the top stile rail
will be approximately 450.
• Design Source and Contacts for Further Information
Design Source: Adapted from a design developed by Scottish Borders Council Ranger Service, Harestanes,
By Ancrum, Jedburgh. TD8 6UQ. Tel. 01835 830281 Fax. 01835 830717
• User Notes : Design Modifications and Reference Information
✍
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.3.3
Timber Step Stile (Version 3)
(Page 1 of 2)
500-700
handpost
coach screwed
to stile upright
3. 3A Elevation (with parallel treads)
Scale 1:20
3. 3B Section (from right side of 3. 3A)
0
1000mm
Scale 1:20
0
1000mm
morticed stile uprights
300
600
770
3.3 Stiles
upper step
730
upper step
support
lower step
lower step
support
3. 3C Plan : Detail of alternative
step layouts
Not to Scale
350
500
Conforms to
BS 5709
Stockproof
✓
✓
Ease of use for
Pedestrians
Accessible to
Wheelchair &
Pushchair Users
Accessible to
Horseriders
Accessible to
Pedal Cyclists
Accessible to
Motorcycles
✘
✘
✘
✘
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.3.3
Timber Step Stile (Version 3)
(Page 2 of 2)
• Notes
Stiles can cause inconvenience and discomfort to users and, in some instances, may severely restrict peoples’ ability to
gain access to and enjoy the countryside. It is therefore recommended that a stile should only be installed as a last resort
when it is not possible to provide access by means of a gap or gate.
This design of two-step stile is based on one developed by the Peak District National Park Authority for production in kit form.
It is suitable for incorporation in either post and rail or post and wire fences. In the latter case, the fence will need to be cut
and tied back to new strainers; the stile should then be installed in the gap and railed back to the strainers.
The use of four rails means that it is stockproof against horses, cattle and sheep. If lambs are present, an additional rail or
wires may need to be fitted near ground level.
The step supports and treads can be installed so that the steps are parallel or cross over (see Dwg. 3.3C). The choice of
step layout is largely personal. Crossed treads do not project quite so much from the fence line and are considered by
some people to be easier to negotiate. Parallel treads are more suitable for installation on slopes (especially where the
fence runs up the slope) because it is easier to avoid one of the lower steps being too high off the ground.
This design conforms to BS5709.
• Construction and Installation Details
Treads : 2 no. 1200 x 200 x 50.
Step Supports : Lower step - 2 no. 850 x 150 x 75; Upper step - 2 no. 1150 x 150 x 75.
Stile Uprights : 2 no. 1800 x 150 x 75 posts, morticed to take 4 no. 88 x 38 rails.
Fence Posts : 2 no. 1675 x 127 x 64.
Hand Post : 1 no. 2250 x 75 x 75 post coach screwed to the back of one of the stile uprights and with the top rounded to
form a hand hold.
Rails : 4 no. 88 x 38 x length as required (recommended length 2000).
The top of the lower step should be 300 max. from ground level. The top of the upper step should be 300 max. from the
lower step. Assuming a standard top rail height of 1015, the distance from the upper step to the top rail will be
approximately 415.
• Design Source and Contacts for Further Information
Design Source: Adapted from a design developed by Peak Park Ranger Service, Peak District National Park
Authority, Aldern House, Baslow Road, Bakewell, Derbyshire. Tel. 01629 816200.
• User Notes : Design Modifications and Reference Information
✍
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.3.4
Timber Step Stile (Version 4)
(Page 1 of 2)
700
3. 4A Elevation
500-700
Scale 1:20
0
1000mm
Scale 1:20
0
1000mm
Conforms to
BS 5709
Stockproof
✘
✓
Ease of use for
Pedestrians
70o
Accessible to
Wheelchair &
Pushchair Users
Accessible to
Horseriders
Accessible to
Pedal Cyclists
Accessible to
Motorcycles
✘
✘
✘
✘
740
600
300
600
1015
3.4 Stiles
3. 4B Plan
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.3.4
Timber Step Stile (Version 4)
(Page 2 of 2)
• Notes
Stiles can cause inconvenience and discomfort to users and, in some instances, may severely restrict peoples’ ability to
gain access to and enjoy the countryside. It is therefore recommended that a stile should only be installed as a last resort
when it is not possible to provide access by means of a gap or gate.
This design of narrow two-step stile is based on one developed by Centrewire Ltd.
The narrow gap between the stile posts makes it suitable for locations where space is limited. This type of stile is normally
negotiated by stepping over without swinging a leg sideways. To assist users, two hand posts are provided rather than just
one and the steps are crossed over at 70˚ rather than 90˚; the latter design feature helps users in stepping ‘through’ the
stile. This type of stile is, however, more likely to pose problems for people with mobility difficulties because the leg
movement requires greater flexibility in the users’ knees and hips.
It is suitable for incorporation in either post and rail or post and wire fences. In the latter case, as shown in this example,
the fence will need to be cut and tied back to new strainers; the stile should then be installed in the gap and railed back to
the strainers.
The use of four rails means that it is stockproof against horses, cattle and sheep. If lambs are present, an additional rail or
wires may need to be fitted near ground level.
BS5709 requires that on this type of stile the top rail should be no more than 300 above the top of the upper step. The
design shown overleaf therefore does not conform to the BS. In order for it to do so, the top rail would need to be lowered
by at least 115; this would, however, reduce its effectiveness as a stockproof barrier.
It is of interest that this type of stile was voted the best design in a survey undertaken by the Institute of Public Rights of
Way Officers at the Stoneleigh Royal Agricultural Show.
• Construction and Installation Details
Treads : 2 no. 1300 x 200 x 50.
Step Supports : Lower step - 2 no. 850 x 150 x 75; Upper step - 2 no. 1150 x 150 x 75.
Hand Posts/Support Posts : 2 no. 2440 x 100 x 75 with a shaped hand hold at the top of each.
Rails : 88 x 38 to required length. Coach screw to hand/support posts. Nail to adjacent strainers.
The top of the lower step should be 300 max. from ground level. The top of the upper step should be 300 max. from the
lower step. Assuming a standard top rail height of 1015, the distance from the upper step to the top rail will be
approximately 415.
• Design Source and Contacts for Further Information
Design Source: Adapted from a design developed and manufactured by Centrewire Ltd., PO Box 11,
Wymondham, Norfolk. NR18 0XD. Tel. 01491 614490 Fax. 01953 605637.
• User Notes : Design Modifications and Reference Information
✍
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.3.5
Seat Top Stile
(Page 1 of 2)
3. 5A End Elevation
3. 5B Front Elevation
Scale 1:20
Scale 1:20
0
1000mm
0
1000mm
900
1300
seat top
upper step
upper
step
170
350
lower
step
lower
step
1100
50
3. 5C Plan
Scale 1:20
0
lower
step
1000mm
seat top
alignment to fence
75
75
Conforms to
BS 5709
Stockproof
✘
✘1
1
Ease of use for
Pedestrians
upper
step
Accessible to
Wheelchair &
Pushchair Users
Accessible to
Horseriders
Accessible to
Pedal Cyclists
Accessible to
Motorcycles
✘
✘
✘
✘
stockproof against cattle and horses but, due to a low top rail,
may not be stockproof against agile breeds of hill sheep
3.5 Stiles
seat top
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.3.5
Seat Top Stile
(Page 2 of 2)
• Notes
Stiles can cause inconvenience and discomfort to users and, in some instances, may severely restrict peoples’ ability to
gain access to and enjoy the countryside. It is therefore recommended that a stile should only be installed as a last resort
when it is not possible to provide access by means of a gap or gate.
This design of stile is similar to one included in the BT ‘Countryside for All - Good Practice Guide to Disabled People’s
Access in the Countryside’. The wide seat top enables users to sit, whilst swinging their legs over the stile. It is slightly easier
to use for people with mobility difficulties. Care should be taken to regularly apply a suitable timber preservative to the
seat top because, if it becomes covered in algal growth, it will soil peoples’ clothes.
It is suitable for incorporation in either post and rail or post and wire fences. In the latter case, the fence will need to be cut
and tied back to new strainers; the stile should then be installed in the gap and railed back to the strainers.
The 900 top height of the stile means that it will not be stockproof, especially against sheep and lambs.
This design of stile is not readily assessed against the performance requirements of BS5709. However, the fact that the
distance between the top step and ‘the top of the top rail’ (i.e. in this case the seat top) exceeds 450 means that it
probably does not conform to the BS.
• Construction and Installation Details
Treads : 2 no. 1200 x 300 x 50.
Seat Top : 1 no. 1200 x 300 x 50, fixed to seat top supports with 4 no. coach bolts.
Step Supports : Lower step - 2 no. 720 x 200 x 75; Upper step - 2 no. 900 x 200 x 75.
Seat Top Supports : 2 no. 1650 x 200 x 100 morticed to take 3 no. 88 x 38 rails.
Hand Posts : 1 no. 2000 x 75 x 75 with the top rounded to form a hand hold.
The top of the lower step should be 170 max. from ground level. The top of the upper step should be 350 max. from
ground level. The seat top should be 900 max. from ground level.
• Design Source and Contacts for Further Information
Design Sources: Countryside for All - A Good Practice Guide to Disabled People’s Access in the Countryside
published by BT Community Partnership and the Fieldfare Trust.
• User Notes : Design Modifications and Reference Information
✍
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.3.6
Ladder Stile
(Page 1 of 2)
3. 6A Front Elevation
Scale 1:20
0
1000mm
3.6 Stiles
1000
540
3. 6B Side Elevation
Scale 1:20
1000mm
1000
0
450
300
1200
560
Conforms to
BS 5709
Stockproof
✘
✓
Ease of use for
Pedestrians
Accessible to
Wheelchair &
Pushchair Users
Accessible to
Horseriders
Accessible to
Pedal Cyclists
Accessible to
Motorcycles
✘
✘
✘
✘
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.3.6
Ladder Stile
(Page 2 of 2)
•Notes
Stiles can cause inconvenience and discomfort to users and, in some instances, may severely restrict peoples’ ability to
gain access to and enjoy the countryside. It is therefore recommended that a stile should only be installed as a last resort
when it is not possible to provide access by means of a gap or gate.
By virtue of their height and the number of steps, ladder stiles can cause particular access problems for many visitors to the
countryside, and especially for people with mobility difficulties. Therefore, reinforcing the above presumption against the
use of stiles, care should be taken to ensure that ladder stiles are only used where another design of stile would be
inappropriate, for example, to provide access over a stone wall.
• Construction and Installation Details
Uprights : 4 no. 3000 x 130 x 60.
Treads : Up to 10 no. 600 x 130 x 60, rebated 20 into the uprights.
Platform : 5 or 6 no. 75 x 25 rails to required length.
Prior to installation, the top coping stones of the wall should be removed for the full width of the stile. This serves to reduce
the height of the stile and allows it to be firmly and securely built into the wall. After installation, the coping stones should
be built back up to the outer edges of the stile.
Each ‘side’ of the ladder stile is constructed to the same width; this means that when they are fixed together the two sides
are slightly offset. A rebate of 20 is cut into each upright and the two sides bolted together with the head of each bolt on
the inside of the stile.
The uprights should be sunk to a depth of at least 450, with the excavated earth firmly rammed back around the base.
Each upright should project 1000 above the platform/top step to provide hand holds.
Steps are rebated 20 into the uprights and nailed from underneath.
A platform should be constructed across the top of the stile by nailing lengths of 75 x 25 rail between the top steps on
either side.
Steps should be a maximum of 300 apart with the first step no more than 300 above ground level. The maximum number
of steps per side should be 5 (including the top step/platform). Assuming a normal maximum wall height (minus the coping
stone) of 1200, five steps should be sufficient. If more than 5 steps are required, an alternative access design, such as a
gate, should be used.
• Design Source and Contacts for Further Information
Design Source: Adapted from a design developed by the Countryside Service, Environment Directorate,
Northumberland County Council, County Hall, Morpeth, Northumberland. NE61 2EF.
Tel. 01670 533000
• User Notes : Design Modifications and Reference Information
✍
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.3.7
Stone Step Stile
(Page 1 of 2)
3. 7A Front Elevation
Scale 1:20
1000mm
1000
0
X
300
600
900
3.7 Stiles
Y
100
300
approx.
300
min.
3. 7B Section X–Y
Scale 1:20
1000mm
300
300
300
0
Conforms to
BS 5709
Stockproof
✘
✓
Ease of use for
Pedestrians
Accessible to
Wheelchair &
Pushchair Users
Accessible to
Horseriders
Accessible to
Pedal Cyclists
Accessible to
Motorcycles
✘
✘
✘
✘
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.3.7
Stone Step Stile
(Page 2 of 2)
• Notes
Stiles can cause inconvenience and discomfort to users and, in some instances, may severely restrict peoples’ ability to
gain access to and enjoy the countryside. It is therefore recommended that a stile should only be installed as a last resort
when it is not possible to provide access by means of a gap or gate.
Stiles over dry stone walls should be either a stone step stile or ladder stile (see 3.6); the former type is generally
preferable in being easier to negotiate and more in keeping with the landscape.
• Construction and Installation Details
Assuming a standard wall height of 1200, three steps will be required on each side of the wall. The heights of the steps
should be 300 (max) from ground level to the first step, 300 (max) from the first step to the second step, and 300 (max)
from the second step to the third step. The distance from the top step to the top of the wall will be 300 on a 1200 wall.
On higher walls, the final ‘step over’ height should not exceed 450; where this would be exceeded, an alternative access
structure, such as a gate, should be considered.
Each step should be constructed from a single through-stone of at least 300 x 120 in section and protruding a minimum of
300 from each side of the wall,
A large flat flagstone should be installed at ground level below the first step to prevent erosion or puddling at the base of
the stile.
The coping stones and, if necessary, the upper courses of the wall, should be cemented along the full length of the stile to
prevent stones becoming loose or falling off, and possibly becoming a hazard to users.
A hand post (2440 x 75 diam. round) with a rounded top should be installed adjacent to, and extending 1000 above the
top step. It should be fixed firmly in the ground and should be wired tightly through the wall to a 150 x 50 x 50 (approx.)
timber stay on the far side.
• Design Source and Contacts for Further Information
Design Source: Adapted from a design used by the Northumberland National Park Authority, Eastburn,
South Park, Hexham, Northumberland. NE46 1BS. Tel 01434 605555.
• User Notes : Design Modifications and Reference Information
✍
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.3.8
Timber Squeeze Stile
(Page 1 of 2)
3. 8A Elevation
900
Scale 1:20
0
1000mm
1100
300
730
3.8 Stiles
3. 8B Section
Scale 1:20
1000mm
25
450
300
730
0
1000
Conforms to
BS 5709
Stockproof
✘
✘1
1
Ease of use for
Pedestrians
Accessible to
Wheelchair &
Pushchair Users
Accessible to
Horseriders
Accessible to
Pedal Cyclists
Accessible to
Motorcycles
✘
✘
✘
✘
stockproof against cattle and horses but, due to a low top rail,
may not be stockproof against agile breeds of hill sheep
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.3.8
Timber Squeeze Stile
(Page 2 of 2)
•Notes
Stiles can cause inconvenience and discomfort to users and, in some instances, may severely restrict peoples’ ability to
gain access to and enjoy the countryside. It is therefore recommended that a stile should only be installed as a last resort
when it is not possible to provide access by means of a gap or gate.
This narrow design of stile, shaped like an inverted A, uses only one step. In common with 3.4, users step through the stile,
rather than swinging each leg over in turn: this may cause problems for people with mobility difficulties.
Provided the top rail is kept at an adequate height, it should be reasonably stockproof against cattle. However, some
breeds of sheep may be able to jump through the gap.
This design does not conform to BS5709.
It is suitable for use in both post and wire and post and rail fences. In the former case (as shown overleaf), the fence will
need to be cut and tied back to new strainers; the stile should then be installed in the gap and railed back to the strainers.
If it is installed in an existing post and four rail fence (the commonest type of post and rail fence), only a short section of
the top rail between the stile posts will need to be removed.
• Construction and Installation Details
Stile Posts : 2 no. 2000 x 100 x 100 posts with the tops rounded to form hand holds. The fence rails should be coach
bolted to these stile posts to ensure that they are securely fixed, should users step on them when crossing the stile.
Posts : 2 no. 1750 x 100 x 100.
Tread : 1000 x 200 x 50.
Step Supports : 2 no. 750 x 150 x 75.
• User Notes : Design Modifications and Reference Information
✍
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.3.9
Metal Squeeze Stile
(Page 1 of 2)
550
3. 9A Version A (for narrow gap)
Scale 1:10
0
200
500mm
3.9 Stiles
100
3. 9B Version B (for wide gap)
200
Scale 1:10
0
500mm
760
200
100
200
Conforms to
BS 5709
Stockproof
✘
✘1
1
Ease of use for
Pedestrians
Accessible to
Wheelchair &
Pushchair Users
Accessible to
Horseriders
Accessible to
Pedal Cyclists
Accessible to
Motorcycles
✘
✘
✘
✘
stockproof against cattle and horses, but may not be stockproof
against sheep due to low top height
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.3.9
Metal Squeeze Stile
(Page 2 of 2)
• Notes
Stiles can cause inconvenience and discomfort to users and, in some instances, may severely restrict peoples’ ability to
gain access to and enjoy the countryside. It is therefore recommended that a stile should only be installed as a last resort
when it is not possible to provide access by means of a gap or gate.
This design of stile has been developed by Fife Council Planning Service for use primarily on footpaths in more
inaccessible locations where wheeled access is not possible. Its appearance means that it is probably most suited to urban
and suburban sites. It has no steps and relies on a narrow gap to restrict access: this may cause problems for some people
with mobility difficulties.
Evidence to date indicates that dogs can get through the stile and that cyclists can easily lift their bikes over. Recent
versions of this gate constructed by Fife Planning Service have incorporated a hinge to allow the gate to be opened for
organised groups and people with disabilities. Alternatively, if access is required for other users such as horseriders or
wheelchair users, a gate is provided alongside.
One of the key features of this design is that it can be made by a local blacksmith to the height and width required to fit a
particular gap. The designs shown overleaf are just two examples of the type of structure that can be built.
This design does not conform to BS5709 primarily because it is too narrow.
• Construction and Installation Details
Fabricated by a blacksmith from 40 x 10 flat plate to the required height and width. On Version B tubular steel
strengtheners are used to give the structure added rigidity.
The stile is fixed with coach screws or rawl bolts depending on whether the adjacent supports are timber or
concrete/stone.
All joints are welded. Those installed by Fife Council have been painted. Galvanising would be an option, but this would
add to the cost.
• Design Source and Contacts for Further Information
Design Source & Further Information : Fife Council Planning Service, Fife House, North Street, Glenrothes, Fife.
KY7 5LT. Tel 01592 414141.
• User Notes : Design Modifications and Reference Information
✍
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.3.10
Dog Gate (Version 1)
(Page 1 of 2)
3. 10A Elevation
3. 10B Section
Scale 1:10
Scale 1:10
500mm
0
500mm
3.10 Stiles
350
0
1015
55
370
50
605
25
300 min
3. 10C Plan
Scale 1:10
0
Conforms to
BS 5709
Stockproof
✘
✓
Ease of use for
Pedestrians
Accessible to
Wheelchair &
Pushchair Users
Accessible to
Horseriders
Accessible to
Pedal Cyclists
500mm
Accessible to
Motorcycles
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.3.10
Dog Gate (Version 1)
(Page 2 of 2)
• Notes
A dog gate based on a design developed by the Peak District National Park Authority.
It conforms to the performance requirements of BS 5709 in all but two respects:
• The size of the gap between the gate (i.e. the sliding paddle) and the adjacent side posts exceeds the specified minimum
of 75: in this design the gap is 100.
• This design has the advantage of being one that can be readily incorporated into an exisiting four rail fence (see
information sheet 5.8) in which the underside of the third (from top) rail is approximately 370 from ground level.
Unfortunately, this means that the height of the gap, when the paddle is fully raised, will be approximately 5 short of the
minimum specified in the BS of 375.
• Construction and Installation Details
Posts : 2 no. 1675 x 100 x 75 to a top height of 1070 (i.e. as per a standard four rail fence - see Information Sheet 5.8)
and set 300 apart.
Paddle : 1 no. 1345 x 88 x 38 rail with a 150 x 50 x 50 batten screwed to the lower end.
Brackets : 2 no. 100 wide, galvanised steel brackets bolted to the top rail and third (from top) rail. These should allow the
paddle to slide freely up and down.
Ensure that the ends of all bolts are sawn off and any sharp edges filed down.
The top of the paddle should be shaped to form a convenient hand hold.
A door stop should be fitted to the back of the paddle below the hand hold to ensure that when it hits against the top rail,
a 20 gap remains between the bottom of the paddle and the ground.
The lower bracket should be fitted so that when the paddle is raised, the batten ‘stops’ against the bracket, with the
underside of the batten level with the underside of the third (from top) rail. On a standard four rail fence (see Information
Sheet 5.8) this will leave a gap (for the dog) of approximately 370 in height.
• Design Source and Contacts for Further Information
Design Source: Adapted from a design developed by Peak Park Ranger Service, Peak District National Park
Authority, Aldern House, Baslow Road, Bakewell, Derbyshire. Tel. 01629 816200.
• User Notes : Design Modifications and Reference Information
✍
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.3.11
Dog Gate (Version 2)
(Page 1 of 2)
3. 11A Elevation
3. 11B Section
Scale 1:10
Scale 1:10
0
500mm
0
500mm
375
1070
3.11 Stiles
75
75
25-50
300 min
3. 11C Plan
Scale 1:10
0
Conforms to
BS 5709
Stockproof
✓
✓
Ease of use for
Pedestrians
Accessible to
Wheelchair &
Pushchair Users
Accessible to
Horseriders
Accessible to
Pedal Cyclists
500mm
Accessible to
Motorcycles
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.3.11
Dog Gate (Version 2)
(Page 2 of 2)
• Notes
A dog gate based on a design developed and manufactured by Centrewire Ltd. This design conforms to BS5709.
In common with Version 1 (Information Sheet 3.10), this design of dog gate can be incorporated into an existing standard
four rail fence (see Information Sheet 5.8) in which the underside of the second rail will be approximately 370 from ground
level. Again, this would provide a gap height (when the paddle is fully raised) that just fails to meet the minimum of 375
required by the BS. Therefore, in order for this design to meet the performance requirements of the BS, the section of rail
across the top of the gate should be raised slightly.
The principal difference from Version 1 is that the paddle is constructed from two pieces of timber (joined by battens at the
top and bottom) rather than a single rail.
• Construction and Installation Details
Posts : 2 no. 1675 x 100 x 75 to a top height of 1070 (i.e. as per a standard four rail fence - see Information Sheet 5.8)
and set 300 apart.
Paddle : 2 no. 1070 x 40 x 30 vertical rails. 2 no. 155 x 75 x 25 cross pieces bolted and screwed across the top.
1 no. 155 x 55 x 50 cross piece screwed across the bottom. Cross pieces can be made from timber or recycled plastic:
the latter is lighter and stronger. A 280 x 25 diam. dowel through the top cross pieces serves as a handle.
Brackets : 2 no. 165 wide, galvanised steel brackets bolted to the top rail and third (from top) rail. These should allow the
paddle to slide freely up and down.
Ensure that the ends of all bolts are sawn off and any sharp edges filed down.
The lower bracket should be fitted so that when the paddle is raised, the lower cross piece ‘stops’ against the bracket, with
the underside of this cross piece level with the underside of the third (from top) rail.
• Design Source and Contacts for Further Information
Design Source: Adapted from a design developed and manufactured by Centrewire Ltd., PO Box 11,
Wymondham, Norfolk. NR18 0XD. Tel. 01491 614490 Fax. 01953 605637.
• User Notes : Design Modifications and Reference Information
✍
Countryside Access Design Guide
Steps and Ramps : General Guidance
This guidance provides a summary of the key design requirements for steps and ramps to meet the access needs of people with
and without disabilities. Further details and reference information can be found in Footpaths: A Practical Handbook (BTCV, 1996),
Informal Countryside Recreation for Disabled People: A Practical Guide for Countryside Managers (Countryside Commission,
1994), BT Countryside for All: Standards and Guidelines - A Good Practice Guide (BT Community Partnership & Fieldfare Trust,
undated), Lowland Path Construction – A Guide to Good Practice (SNH et al., 2001) and Upland Pathwork (Footpath Trust,
1999).
Steps should be designed to provide convenient, easy and safe access for able-bodied people and (where appropriate and
practical) disabled people. Ramps provide access for a wide range of users, including cyclists, people with prams and wheelchair
users. However, many visitors to the countryside, including some ambulant disabled people, find steps easier and safer to use.
Therefore, although access opportunities can be optimised by the installation of both steps and ramps, land managers will need to
consider the specific circumstances prevailing at each site in deciding upon the most appropriate type and level of provision.
Steps
Building steps is one of the most difficult aspects of path construction and often fails through inadequate planning, poor design
and construction, or lack of drainage.
Step design will also be influenced by the accessibility of the site to disabled people and people with mobility difficulties. The more
accessible the location, the greater the requirement to ensure that the needs of people with disabilities are taken into account.
Key Design Principles
• it is preferable that steps are not constructed in long straight lines; they can look intimidating and are out of place in the
countryside;
• care should be taken to avoid creating opportunities for people to take short cuts or ‘desire lines’ across corners or bends in
the path; where this is not possible, potential alternative routes should be blocked (with judiciously placed boulders, logs or
brash) or disguised by planting with trees and shrubs;
• steps will be stronger and more robust if they are constructed by being cut into a slope, not built on top of it;
• ideally, steps should be at least 1200mm wide, and preferably 1700mm wide if heavy use is envisaged; in remoter locations,
particularly where stone steps are constructed, widths are often reduced, but should preferably not be less than 600mm;
• risers (i.e individual step heights) should preferably be no more than 250mm and treads (i.e individual step depths) no less
than 300mm; where disabled people and people with mobility difficulties need to be accommodated, the maximum riser
height should be kept to 170mm;
• as a general guide, the total rise of any single flight of steps should preferably not be greater than 2000mm; where this
figure is to be exceeded, a level landing or rest area should be provided for at least every 2000mm rise; it is also
recommended that in such situations the number of steps between landings should not exceed fourteen; these guidelines
can, however, often be relaxed in remoter and more inaccessible landscapes where path users are likely to be better able to
cope with more demanding climbs;
• round timber is not recommended for the construction of step risers since it can become slippy and dangerous when wet;
square sawn timber is a safer alternative;
continued over page ➜
4. Steps
Most steps are constructed either of timber with an aggregate fill, or of stone. Timber steps are usually more appropriate in
woodland and lowland situations, where there is a desire to maintain a site’s informal ‘feel’, and on accessible sites that are
convenient for maintenance. Stone is more durable on upland sites and is generally more in keeping with the character and
appearance of upland landscapes: stone can also be an appropriate material for ‘hard’ coastal sites (i.e. cliffs and other rocky
areas). In remote or inaccessible landscapes, the availability of suitable stone blocks or aggregate close to the site will influence
the design that is cheapest and most convenient to construct. In such locations, care should be exercised in the use of more formal
or regular designs of stone block steps that may appear out of place.
Countryside Access Design Guide
• on timber steps, square stakes are preferable to round stakes as supports for the risers; although they may be more difficult
to keep square to the riser, they are neater and stronger, providing a far greater surface area in direct contact with the riser;
• the best type of aggregate fill for use in tread construction is one that has a high proportion of fines; the protection of the
sides of the steps with stone or timber revetments, where necessary, will help to prevent loss of fill;
• steps that curve around a hillside are easier to drain than those that go straight up since water can be taken off from the
downhill side;
• to help shed surface water, steps should be constructed with a slight rise from front to back and should slope across the
tread to the naturally draining side;
• the installation, where necessary, of a side drain will assist in the removal of surface water and prevent erosion;
• on stone steps, stones should be securely and firmly bedded; larger stones will be more stable than smaller stones,
especially when used to form the risers.
Ramps
Ramps should be provided, where appropriate and practical, for disabled and elderly people and people with mobility difficulties
who are unable to use steps. Ramps are also essential if paths that traverse significant gradients are to be accessible to cyclists,
wheelchair users and people with pushchairs and prams. However, it should be recognised that many ambulant disabled people
with problems of balance, or with callipers, may have difficulty with even small ramped inclines and often find steps easier and
safer to negotiate.
Key Design Principles
• the recommended1 maximum ramp gradient for ambulant disabled and wheelchair users is 1:20, although steeper gradients
of up to 1:10 may be acceptable over short distances;
• the recommended2 minimum width of ramp to accommodate all types and abilities of user is 1200mm; if heavy use by
wheelchairs is envisaged, passing places should be constructed or the ramp width increased to 1700mm;
• flat landings provide convenient resting places for wheelchair users, disabled and elderly people; the recommended2
distance between landings ranges from 9.00m to 19.00m depending upon location and gradient;
• the provision of a handrail at least 1000mm high on the down slope edge of a path will improve ease of use for disabled
people; where this is not possible, a 100mm kerb can be installed, allowing a 1000mm strip of land between the kerb and
the top of the slope;
• bends should be of a sufficient radius to provide an adequate turning space for wheelchair users; this varies from 1500mm
for manual wheelchairs to 5000mm for larger motorised versions;
• the ramp surface should be firm and even, stable, non-slip and should have no loose particles in excess of 5mm in size; in the
countryside, well compacted crushed rock or stone sub-base with a high proportion of fines is the most suitable material.
Handrails
In some situations, especially on urban and urban fringe sites, it may be appropriate to install handrails alongside steps or ramps.
Handrails can provide assistance to disabled and elderly people and people with mobility difficulties, providing a structure to pull
against, to help maintain balance, and to lean against for a rest. They can also provide security and protection, particularly for
those who are unsteady on their feet, against path-side dangers such as steep slopes. The purpose of a handrail will influence its
design and construction in that, for example, those providing security and safety from path side dangers will often need to be more
robust than those that merely provide a balancing aid alongside a short run of steps.
For safety and comfort, handrails should be 1000mm high. A second rail at a height of 750mm will assist children and, on ramps,
will aid people in wheelchairs. The cross section of handrails should be such that the grip is between 40mm and 50mm in
diameter.
1
Countryside Commission (1994)
2
BT Community Partnership and Fieldfare Trust (undated)
Countryside Access Design Guide
Design of Steps and Ramps to
Accommodate Cyclists, Pushchairs
and Prams, Disabled People and
Wheelchair Users
Top of slope
Level area
(1500 long x 1200 wide min.)
at approach to steps
Max. gradient
1:20
Flat landing and
passing place
(min 1500 wide,
2000 long)
Max. rise
between
landings
of 2000
1200 min.
width of ramp
Max. of
14 steps
between
landings
Corners to
accommodate
min. turning circle
of 5000 dia. for
larger motorised
wheelchairs
Level area
(1500 long x 1200 wide min.)
at approach to steps
Bottom of slope
4. Steps
1200 min.
step width
Countryside Access Design Guide
Steps and Ramps : Design List
4.1 Timber Board & Aggregate Steps
A basic step design that is suitable for use on most rural footpaths and which allows tread depth and step width and height
to be adjusted to suit the location, the angle of slope and the level of use. Timber risers are fixed with timber (or steel) pegs
and treads backfilled with stone aggregate.
4.2 Ramped Sleeper & Aggregate Steps
A design of ramped steps that is suitable for use on paths used by pedestrians and horseriders. In common with the previous
design, tread depth and step width and height can be adjusted to suit the location, the angle of slope and the level of use.
Risers are made from railway sleepers fixed with timber pegs and treads backfilled with stone aggregate.
4.3 Stone Block and Aggregate Steps
A neat and relatively simple design of stone steps that is suitable for use on footpaths, particularly in the uplands. Risers are
constructed from stone blocks and treads backfilled with stone aggregate. This design is especially useful in locations where
there is a local source of suitable stone.
4.4 Stone Block Steps
A more formal design of stone steps that is suitable for use on footpaths in both the lowlands and uplands. Risers and treads
are constructed from stone blocks. It is especially appropriate for locations where there is a local source of stone. If stone
has to be imported, this may significantly increase costs.
4.5 Stone Slab Steps
A step design similar to 4.4 which uses stone slabs to form the treads. It is also relatively formal in appearance but is suitable
for use on footpaths in both the lowlands and the uplands. This design is especially appropriate for locations where there is
a local source of stone blocks (for the risers). The stone slabs will normally have to be bought in, possibly making it relatively
expensive.
Countryside Access Design Guide
✘
✘
✓
✘1
✓
✘
✘
2
Stone Block Steps
✓
✘
✘
2
Stone Slab Steps
✓
✘
✘
2
4.2
Ramped Sleeper &
Aggregate Steps
4.3
Stone Block & Aggregate
Steps
4.4
4.5
✓
Upland
Sites
Coastal
Sites
Lowland
Sites
Urban
Fringe
Guide to Suitability
Note
1
ramped sleeper & aggregate steps can be reasonably accessible to people
with pushchairs, provided the risers are not too high and the treads are at least
1000 - 1500mm long
2
suitability relates to ‘hard’ coastal sites (i.e. cliffs and other rocky areas);
these stone designs will be less suitable for ‘soft’ coastal sites (i.e. sand dunes)
4. Steps
Timber Board & Aggregate
Steps
Accessible to
Wheelchair &
Pushchair Users
Suitable for Paths
used by Horseriders
✓
4.1
Ease of use for
Pedestrians
Suitable for
Footpaths
Steps and Ramps : Evaluation Summary
Countryside Access Design Guide
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.4.1
Timber Board & Aggregate Steps
(Page 1 of 2)
4. 1A Section
Scale 1:10
0
500mm
Tread depth
dependent on slope
(min. 300; pref. 500 -1000)
Riser height
(min. 150; max. 225)
4. 1B Plan
Scale 1:10
0
500mm
950
1200
Suitable for
Footpaths
Suitable for
Paths used by
Horseriders
✓
✘
Ease of use for
Pedestrians
Accessible to
Wheelchair &
Pushchair Users
✘
Guide to Suitability
Urban Fringe
Lowland Sites
Coastal Sites
Upland Sites
4.1 Steps
app
ro
line x. origin
of sl
ope al
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.4.1
Timber Board & Aggregate Steps
(Page 2 of 2)
• Notes
A basic step design that is suitable for most rural footpaths and which allows tread depth and step height and width to be
adjusted to suit the location, the angle of slope and the level of use.
A step width of 1200, as shown overleaf, is suitable for most situations and is adequate for people moving in opposite
directions to pass each other. Step width should not be less than 600. If the width exceeds 1500, the size of timber board
used for the risers may need to be increased and a third peg used to support the centre of the riser.
Tread depth can be adjusted to suit the location and the angle of slope but should preferably be between 700 and 1000
and should not be less than 300.
Round timber should not be used for the risers because it is easier for people to slip on the rounded riser edge, especially
when the timber is wet. Round timber can be used for the pegs, but they do not look as professional, do not get as good a
hold in the ground, and provide less support to the riser. They are, however, easier to install and may be appropriate if
steps are being constructed by volunteer or unskilled labour.
Steel pegs (usually c.12 mm diameter road pins) can be used instead of timber pegs to support the risers.
• Construction and Installation Details
Risers : 1200 x 250 x 50 sawn timber (recommended max. length 1500; recommended min. length 600).
Pegs : 2 no. 750 x 75 x 50 pointed pegs per riser, with the 75 side against the riser.
Steps should be cut into the slope rather than built up on top of it.
Riser boards should be installed so that the maximum riser height is 225 (preferably 150 - 200), leaving at least 25 below
ground level.
When hammering the pegs into the ground, a steel ‘turning bar’ should be used to ensure that they go into the ground
plumb and are kept square to the riser. After installation, the tops of the pegs should be weathered by cutting off at a 45˚
angle away from the riser.
Pegs should be fixed to the risers with 100mm galvanised nails.
Treads should be partially infilled with stone and soil gained during excavation of the steps: this should be well rammed in and
firmly compacted. The top 50 -100mm should be infilled with aggregate sub-base (e.g. 25mm - dust) or preferably with 12mm
- dust if available; this should also be well compacted and slightly overfilled to allow for settlement.
In order to shed surface water, treads should have a minimum 2˚ fall away from the riser and a minimum 2˚ cross fall to
the naturally draining side of the steps. If necessary, a French drain should be installed alongside the steps to collect
surface water and prevent erosion.
If desired, the pegs and the ends of the risers can be covered with soil and reseeded; this may improve their appearance
but will reduce the effective step width by at least 300mm.
If the ground falls away sharply to one side of the steps, possibly leading to loss of aggregate fill from the treads, a 250 x
50 board can be nailed to the side of the risers and fixed in place using 750 x 75 x 50 pegs.
• Design Source and Contacts for Further Information
Design Source: BTCV design guide ‘Footpaths : A Practical Handbook’.
Countryside Service, Environment Directorate, Northumberland County Council, County Hall,
Morpeth, Northumberland. NE61 2EF. Tel. 01670 533000.
Access and Rural Skills Department, Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park, Balloch
Castle, Balloch, Dunbartonshire. G53 8LX. Tel. 01389 722600.
• User Notes : Design Modifications and Reference Information
✍
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.4.2
Ramped Sleeper and Aggregate Steps
(Page 1 of 2)
4. 2A Section
Scale 1:20
0
1000mm
2000 min. - 4000 max.
approx. o
riginal line
Riser height 200
(max. 225)
of slope
4.2 Steps
4. 2B Plan
Scale 1:20
0
1000mm
125
100
100
Effective step width reduced to
c.2000 if ends landscaped
2600
Suitable for
Footpaths
Suitable for
Paths used by
Horseriders
✓
✓
1
Ease of use for
Pedestrians
Accessible to
Wheelchair &
Pushchair Users
Guide to Suitability
Urban Fringe
✘1
ramped sleeper & aggregate steps can be reasonably accessible to people with pushchairs,
provided the risers are not too high and the treads are at least 1000 - 1500mm long
Lowland Sites
Coastal Sites
Upland Sites
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.4.2
Ramped Sleeper and Aggregate Steps
(Page 2 of 2)
• Notes
A design of ramped steps that is suitable for use on paths used by pedestrians and horseriders. In common with the
previous design (4.1), tread depth and step height and width can be adjusted to suit the location, the angle of slope and
the level of use.
A step width of 2600, as shown overleaf, is suitable for most situations and is adequate for people and horseriders moving
in opposite directions to pass each other, and for two horseriders to pass.
Round timber should not be used for the risers because it is easier for people to slip on the rounded riser edge, especially
when the timber is wet. Round timber can be used for the pegs, but they do not look as professional, do not get as good a
hold in the ground, and provide less support to the riser. They are, however, easier to install and may be appropriate if
steps are being constructed by volunteer or unskilled labour.
• Construction and Installation Details
Risers : 250 x 125 x 2600 sawn timber (e.g. re-used railway sleepers).
Pegs : 2 no. 750 x 100 x 75 pointed pegs per riser, with the 100 side against the riser.
Steps should be cut into the slope rather than built up on top of it.
Sleeper risers should be installed so that the maximum riser height is 225 (preferably 200), leaving at least 25 below
ground level.
Tread depth should be between 2000 and 4000.
When hammering the pegs into the ground, a steel ‘turning bar’ should be used to ensure that they are plumb and are
kept square to the riser. After installation, the tops of the pegs should be weathered by cutting off at a 45˚ angle away
from the riser.
Pegs should be fixed to the risers with 2 no. 150mm coach screws per peg with the heads countersunk.
Treads should be partially infilled with stone and soil gained during excavation of the steps: this should be well rammed in and
firmly compacted. The top 50 -100mm should be infilled with aggregate sub-base (e.g. 25mm - dust) or preferably with 12mm
- dust if available: this should also be well compacted and slightly overfilled to allow for settlement. On this type of step, which
is likely to be used by horseriders, it is especially important that all fill material is very firmly compacted.
In order to shed surface water, treads should have a minimum 2˚ fall (max. 9˚) away from the riser and a minimum 2˚
cross fall to the naturally draining side of the steps. If necessary, a French drain should be installed alongside the steps to
collect surface water and prevent erosion.
If desired, the pegs and the ends of the risers can be covered with soil and reseeded: this may improve their appearance
but will reduce the effective step width by at least 400 - 500mm.
If the ground falls away sharply to one side of the steps, possibly leading to loss of aggregate fill from the treads, a 250 x
50 board can be nailed to the side of the risers and fixed in place using 750 x 75 x 50 pegs.
• Design Source and Contacts for Further Information
Design Sources: Pennine Bridleway National Trail Design Guide published by the Countryside Agency.
Countryside Service, Environment Directorate, Northumberland County Council, County Hall,
Morpeth, Northumberland. NE61 2EF. Tel. 01670 533000.
• User Notes : Design Modifications and Reference Information
✍
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.4.3
Stone Block & Aggregate Steps
(Page 1 of 2)
4. 3A Section
Scale 1:20
0
1000mm
Tread depth
dependent on slope
(min. 300;
pref. 700 - 1000)
175 - 200 optimum
(min. 150, max. 250)
origi
nal li
ne o
f slop
e
4.3 Steps
4. 3B Plan
Scale 1:50
0
2000mm
Path width
1200 - 1400
Suitable for
Footpaths
✓
Suitable for
Paths used by
Horseriders
✘
Ease of use for
Pedestrians
Accessible to
Wheelchair &
Pushchair Users
✘
Guide to Suitability
Urban Fringe
Lowland Sites
Coastal Sites
Upland Sites
1
1 suitability relates to ‘hard’ coastal sites (i.e. cliffs and other rocky areas); these
stone designs will be less suitable for ‘soft’ coastal sites (i.e. sand dunes)
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.4.3
Stone Block & Aggregate Steps
(Page 2 of 2)
• Notes
A neat and relatively simple design of stone steps that is suitable for use on footpaths in a wide range of different settings.
It is especially appropriate for locations where there is a local source of stone blocks for the risers and preferably also
material that is suitable as aggregate infill for the treads.
Step width should preferably be 1200 to 1400 and should not be less than 600.
Tread depth can be adjusted to suit the location and the angle of slope but should preferably be between 700 and 1000
and should not be less than 300.
Riser height should preferably be 175 - 200 but should not exceed 250.
The overall finished appearance of the steps and the landscaping of the disturbed ground to either side should be as
natural as possible. In particular, the steps should take a natural line with an even gradient, keeping long straight lengths to
a minimum.
• Construction and Installation Details
Steps should be partially cut into the slope, not built on top of it.
The stone block risers should be formed from large stones set in vertically to approximately 50% of their depth and
supported on both sides by large heel stones firmly bedded into a solid base. They should provide an exposed standard
rise of 175 - 200, but with a minimum of 150 and maximum of 250. They should be laid to form a close fitting regular
face for the riser and tread surfaces and should be angled to provide a 2˚- 5˚ cross fall.
The base of the treads should be infilled with any suitable stone gained during excavation; this should be well compacted
to provide a firm foundation and limit any future settlement. Treads should be surfaced with a 50 -100mm depth of locally
sourced aggregate infill containing a high proportion of fines. If this is not available, imported aggregate sub-base (e.g.
25mm - dust or preferably12mm - dust) should be used: this should also be well compacted and slightly overfilled to allow
for settlement. The parent material of any imported aggregate should be carefully checked to ensure that it is characteristic
of the area and is in keeping with the local landscape.
The tread surface should be graded to a 2˚- 5˚ gradient to the front of the steps and a similar gradient cross fall to the
naturally draining side of the steps: this will help to shed surface water. If necessary, a French drain or open stone side
drain should be installed at intervals alongside the steps to collect surface water and prevent erosion.
• Design Source and Contacts for Further Information
Design Sources: Cleveland Way Project, c/o North York Moors National Park Authority, The Old Vicarage,
Bondgate, Helmsley, North Yorkshire. YO62 5BP. Tel 01439 770657.
Access and Rural Skills Department, Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park, Balloch
Castle, Balloch, Dunbartonshire. G53 8LX. Tel. 01389 722600.
• User Notes : Design Modifications and Reference Information
✍
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.4.4
Stone Block Steps
(Page 1 of 2)
4. 4A Side Elevation
Scale 1:20
0
1000mm
Tread depth
dependent on slope
(min. 300;
pref. 700 - 1000)
175 - 200 optimum
(min. 150, max. 250)
origi
ne o
f slop
4.4 Steps
nal li
e
4. 4B Plan
Scale 1:50
0
2000mm
1200 - 1400 wide
Suitable for
Footpaths
✓
Suitable for
Paths used by
Horseriders
✘
Ease of use for
Pedestrians
Accessible to
Wheelchair &
Pushchair Users
✘
Guide to Suitability
Urban Fringe
Lowland Sites
Coastal Sites
Upland Sites
1
1 suitability relates to ‘hard’ coastal sites (i.e. cliffs and other rocky areas); these
stone designs will be less suitable for ‘soft’ coastal sites (i.e. sand dunes)
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.4.4
Stone Block Steps
(Page 2 of 2)
• Notes
A relatively formal design of stone steps that is suitable for use on footpaths in both the lowlands and uplands. It is
especially appropriate for locations where there is a local source of stone blocks. If stone has to be imported, this will
increase costs.
Constructed steps should normally be approximately 1200 in width but varying, as necessary, between 1000 and 1400.
Step width should not be less than 600.
Tread depth can be adjusted to suit the location and the angle of slope but should preferably be between 700 and 1000
and should not be less than 300.
Riser height should preferably be 175 - 200 but should not exceed 250.
The overall finished appearance of the steps and the landscaping of the disturbed ground to either side should be as
natural as possible. In particular, the steps should take a natural line with an even gradient, keeping long straight lengths to
a minimum.
• Construction and Installation Details
Steps should be partially cut into the slope, not built on top of it.
The stone block risers should be formed from larger stones set in vertically to approximately 50% of their depth to give an
exposed standard rise of 175 - 200, but with a minimum of 150 and maximum of 250. They should be laid to form a close
fitting regular face for the riser and tread surfaces and should be angled to provide a 2˚- 5˚ cross fall.
The stone blocks forming the tread surface should provide a downhill gradient of between 2˚ and 5˚ and a cross fall of
2˚- 5˚ to the naturally draining side of the steps. Open stone side drains should be constructed at approximately every
10th step, or where appropriate, to drain surface water away from the steps at regular intervals.
The stones should be set in to form a sound construction and larger stones should be used at the step edges. Stones should
be positioned to avoid any four way joints which would weaken the construction.
All gaps between construction stones should be packed with small stones, well compacted to provide a firm stable path
surface; they should then be infilled with a mixture of soil, fertiliser and seed.
All vegetation, soil and unused stone excavated during path construction should be used to landscape the path edges and
to provide natural barriers to discourage path users from moving off the path.
• Design Source and Contacts for Further Information
Design Source and Further Information: Cleveland Way Project, c/o North York Moors National Park Authority,
The Old Vicarage, Bondgate, Helmsley, North Yorkshire. YO62 5BP.
Tel 01439 770657.
• User Notes : Design Modifications and Reference Information
✍
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.4.5
Stone Slab Steps
(Page 1 of 2)
4. 5A Section
Scale 1:20
0
1000mm
175 - 200 optimum
(min. 150, max. 250)
origin
al line
of slop
e
4.5 Steps
4. 5B Plan
Scale 1:50
0
2000mm
1200 - 1400
wide
Suitable for
Footpaths
✓
Suitable for
Paths used by
Horseriders
✘
Ease of use for
Pedestrians
Accessible to
Wheelchair &
Pushchair Users
✘
Guide to Suitability
Urban Fringe
Lowland Sites
Coastal Sites
Upland Sites
1
1 suitability relates to ‘hard’ coastal sites (i.e. cliffs and other rocky areas); these
stone designs will be less suitable for ‘soft’ coastal sites (i.e. sand dunes)
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.4.5
Stone Slab Steps
(Page 2 of 2)
• Notes
A step design similar to stone block steps (see 4.4) which uses stone slabs to form the treads.
It is also a relatively formal design but is suitable for use on footpaths in both the lowlands and the uplands.
This design is especially appropriate for locations where there is a local source of stone blocks but the stone slabs will
normally have to be bought in, either direct from a quarry or as reclaimed stone (usually salvaged from the flooring of
demolished mills). The purchase and transportation of the slabs can make this a relatively expensive step design.
Constructed steps should normally be approximately 1200 in width but varying, as necessary, between 1000 and 1400.
Step width should not be less than 600.
Tread depth can be adjusted to suit the location, the angle of slope and the availability of stone slabs, but should
preferably be between 700 and 1000 and should not be less than 300.
Riser height should preferably be 175 - 200 but should not exceed 250.
The overall finished appearance of the steps and the landscaping of the disturbed ground to either side should be as
natural as possible. In particular, the steps should also take a natural line with an even gradient, keeping long straight
lengths to a minimum.
• Construction and Installation Details
Steps should be partially cut into the slope, not built on top of it.
The stone block risers should be formed from larger stones set in vertically to approximately 50% of their depth to give an
exposed standard rise of 175 - 200, but with a minimum of 150 and maximum of 250. They should be laid to form a close
fitting regular face for the riser and tread surfaces and should be angled to provide a 2˚- 5˚ cross fall.
The stone slabs forming the tread surface should be bedded in to form a sound surface that is level with the tread surface
of the lower stone block risers and to ensure the firm retention in the slope of the upper stone block risers.
Slabs should be laid to provide a downhill gradient of between 2˚ and 5˚ and a cross fall of 2˚- 5˚ to the naturally
draining side of the steps. Open stone side drains should be constructed at approximately every10th step, or where
appropriate, to drain surface water away from the steps at regular intervals.
All stones should be set in to form a sound construction and larger stones should be used at the step edges. Any gaps
which are unavoidably formed between the slabs and the riser stones should be packed with smaller stones, well
compacted to provide a firm stable path surface; they should then be infilled with a mixture of soil, fertiliser and seed.
All vegetation, soil and unused stone excavated during path construction should be used to landscape the path edges and
to provide natural barriers to discourage path users from moving off the path.
• Design Source and Contacts for Further Information
Design Source and further information: Cleveland Way Project, c/o North York Moors National Park Authority,
The Old Vicarage, Bondgate, Helmsley, North Yorkshire. YO62 5BP.
Tel 01439 770657.
• User Notes : Design Modifications and Reference Information
✍
Countryside Access Design Guide
Fences : General Guidance
Fences are an accepted and essential part of the farming landscape, especially in the lowlands, having all but replaced hedges as
the principal means of enclosing and controlling livestock. In the context of access management in the countryside, fences can
impact upon visitors in forming a barrier running either across or alongside access routes. In the former case, public access may be
impeded or prevented if inadequate provision is made for users to get over or through the fence. In the latter case, fences can
have an adverse effect upon visitors’ perception and enjoyment of an area by detracting from a sense of freedom and openness.
In general terms, fencing at countryside recreation sites and alongside public paths can serve one or more function by acting as:
• a physical barrier to control livestock or exclude wildlife (e.g. deer, rabbits or hares);
• a physical barrier to separate public access areas from other types of land use;
• a visual boundary to guide and influence the pattern of public use.
In many cases, it will be necessary to balance these differing interests. A fence must effectively fulfil any agricultural functions
required by a farmer or land manager but should also be designed and constructed so as to minimise any adverse physical or
visual impact on visitors.
The principle types of fencing that are appropriate for these situations, and which are covered by the Guide, are:
• post and wire/wire mesh fences with a top plain wire or top rail;
• timber post and rail fences (with between three and five rails);
• low level timber single rail barrier fences.
In practice, the quality of a fence will depend upon the materials used and the expertise of the personnel responsible for its
erection. Many types of fencing require considerable skill and experience and it is usually best to employ the services of a
specialist fencing contractor.
Timber fences are generally more attractive and robust than post and wire fences. They are also easier to erect and repair,
particularly for less experienced personnel. Labour and materials costs will, however, generally be higher than for post and wire
fences.
The erection of post and wire fences is cheaper, but requires a higher level of expertise. This type of fence can appear intimidating
and is more likely to give visitors the impression that they are being fenced in, rather than the livestock fenced out. Using fences to
create a narrow unappealing access corridor should be avoided. Replacing the top wire with a timber rail or leaving a wide
border between the fence(s) and the access route, which could be used, for example, for landscaping or tree and shrub planting
can improve the appearance considerably.
This Guide covers three main types of post and wire fence:
• Post and Plain Wire: This type of fence is normally erected using 12 gauge high tensile wire: 10 gauge wire is also suitable
but is likely to be a little more expensive. Alternatively, mild steel wire can also be used: this is easier to repair than high
tensile wire should the wire become broken, but it suffers from the disadvantage that it tends to become slack with age.
• Post and Stock Netting: Stock netting is commonly referred to as pig netting/pig mesh or by the trade name ‘Rylock’. The standard
specification is C8/80/15 which is fabricated from medium gauge mild steel wire and is usually available with a green or silver
finish; the former is said to be more resistant to weathering and rusting. An alternative specification (B8/80/15) uses heavy gauge
mild steel wire but this is unlikely to be necessary in most situations; it is also about twice the price. Pig netting fabricated from high
tensile wire is also available but this is used less commonly than the mild steel versions.
• Post and Rabbit Netting: This type of netting (sometimes simply referred to as ‘wire netting’) is available in many different
specifications according to overall height, mesh size and gauge of wire. The most commonly used specification to protect
areas against rabbits is 1050/31/19, referring to the above three measurements (in millimetres) respectively.
continued over page ➜
5. Fences
Most of the designs presented in the Information Sheets conform to fairly standard specifications since it is recognised that there
will be significant regional variations and preferences in terms of materials and construction details.
Countryside Access Design Guide
In all cases, wire should be galvanised to the appropriate British Standard.
Barbed wire should preferably not be used on fences adjacent to areas used by the public. If a land manager insists on its use, for
example where cattle or horses are present, it should be fixed to the side of the fence away from the public. In such cases, an
alternative solution may be to erect a single or double strand of barbed wire (sometimes referred to as ‘scare wire’) a few metres
back into the farmer’s field, thereby obviating the need for barbed wire on the fence adjacent to the public.
In circumstances where there is farmland on one side of a fence and public access on the other side, the rails or wires are normally
located on the side ‘against’ the livestock. In practice, it makes little difference and will often be determined by who owns or pays
for the fence and which way round looks better.
Where there is no requirement to control livestock, the use of fencing should preferably be avoided. If public access needs to be
managed, to ensure public safety for example, then fencing should form an effective and permanent barrier to both adults and
children - and possibly also to dogs.
If a fence is to provide a visual boundary to guide the public or delineate an access area, then a more modest design, such as a
low level single rail fence, will usually be adequate.
The following design principles are intended to provide an overview of the key issues to be considered when designing a fence.
Key Design Principles
Post & Wire/Wire Mesh Fences
• it is best not to mix sawn and round timber on a single run of fencing because it can look untidy and unprofessional;
• sawn timber will produce a higher quality of fence and generally looks better than round timber, but it is more difficult to
install, especially on hard or rocky ground;
• strainer holes dug by hand should be kept as narrow as possible and, during backfilling, should be well rammed with earth
and stones;
• concrete is normally only necessary where difficult ground conditions prevent the strainer or posts being installed to an
adequate depth;
• the appearance of post and wire fences can be improved by replacing the top wire with a timber rail.
Timber Fences
• a post and five rail fence is normally completely stockproof, even against hill lambs;
• a post and four rail fence will be proof against cattle and most breeds of sheep; if hill lambs are able to squeeze between
the lower rails, one or two plain wires may need to be added;
• a post and three rail fence is not stockproof against calves, sheep or lambs; cattle may also get their heads between the rails
and damage the fence;
• on post and rail fencing, care should be taken to ensure that all rails are the same length, since with the metrication of
fencing timber, the metric version of a standard imperial 12’ 0” rail may be 3600mm, 3660mm or 4000mm; since the
length of rail will determine the separation of the posts, it will be important to ensure that all rails are of a known and uniform
length;
• on post and rail fencing, posts should be at least 100mm wide and rails should be butt jointed preferably with no more than
three joints on a single post;
• rails should always be parallel to the ground surface and posts should always be vertical;
• birdsmouth fencing is not suitable for use on slopes because of problems with making satisfactory joints between rails and
with fixing the metal straps.
Countryside Access Design Guide
Fences : Design List
5.1 Post & Wire Fence with Timber Droppers
A basic but effective agricultural fence. 7 no. plain wires ensure that it is stockproof against lambs, sheep, cattle and calves.
The use of timber droppers makes it cheaper, but less robust, than 5.2. Installation requires a high level of expertise.
5.2 Post & Wire Fence
A design of fence similar to 5.1 using all posts, rather than a mixture of posts and dropper; this makes it more expensive, but
also more robust. 7 no. plain wires ensure that it is stockproof against lambs, sheep, cattle and calves. Installation requires a
high level of expertise.
5.3 Post & Wire Fence with Top Rail
A fence design similar to 5.2 but substituting a timber rail for the top plain wire. This improves its appearance and makes it
more suitable for use on countryside recreation sites and alongside footpaths.
5.4 Post & Pig Net Fence with Top Wire
A common type of agricultural post and wire fence. The use of pig mesh (frequently referred to by the trade name of
‘Rylock’) ensures that it is stockproof against lambs, sheep, cattle and calves. Installation is easier than for 5.1, 5.2 and 5.3
but still requires a measure of skill and experience.
5.5 Post & Pig Net Fence with Top Rail
A fence design similar to 5.4 but substituting a timber rail for the top plain wire. This improves its appearance and makes it
more suitable for use on countryside recreation sites and alongside footpaths.
A design of fence that should only be used where there is a need to protect young trees and shrubs from rabbit and hare
damage. Being prone to livestock damage, it is not suitable as a stock fence and has a life span of only 5 - 10 years: this is
normally sufficient for it to fulfil its purpose.
5.7 Post & Five Rail Timber Fence
Post and rail fencing is more versatile than post and wire fencing and is well suited to use on countryside recreation sites.
The use of five rails ensures that it is fully stockproof but makes it relatively expensive. Installation and repair is easier and
requires less skill than post and wire fencing.
5.8 Post & Four Rail Timber Fence
A fence design similar to 5.7 but using four rails rather than five. This is probably the commonest type of post and rail
fencing. It is well suited to use on countryside recreation sites and is fully stockproof, except against small lambs.
5.9 Post & Three Rail Timber Fence
A fence design similar to 5.7 & 5.8 but using only three rails. It is not proof against small livestock (e.g. lambs, sheep or
calves) and cattle may use their heads to pull the rails off. This type of fence is often used to provide a visual boundary to
guide and/or control public access.
5.10 Birdsmouth Timber Fence
A low level fence that serves primarily as a visual boundary and is most frequently used alongside roads and driveways
where there is a need to control or guide vehicle access. Due to its rather formal appearance, it will be most appropriate in
managed landscapes such as Country Parks and picnic sites.
5.11 Single Rail Barrier Fence
A low level fence, of a similar design to 5.10, but smaller and less imposing in appearance. Its primary function is as a visual
boundary and it is especially suitable for use alongside paths, tracks and driveways to guide vehicle and pedestrian access.
Due to its rather formal appearance, it will be most appropriate in managed landscapes such as Country Parks and picnic
sites.
5. Fences
5.6 Post & Rabbit Net Fence with Top Wire
Countryside Access Design Guide
✓
£
5.2
Post & Wire Fence
✓
✓
££
5.3
Post & Wire Fence with
Top Rail
✓
✓
££
5.4
Post & Pig Net Fence with
Top Wire
✓
✓
££
5.5
Post & Pig Net Fence with
Top Rail
✓
✓
££
5.6
Post & Rabbit Net Fence
✘1
✘1
£
5.7
Post & Five Rail Timber Fence
✓
✓
£££
5.8
Post & Four Rail Timber Fence
✓
✓2
£££
5.9
Post & Three Rail Timber Fence
✓3
✘
££
5.10 Birdsmouth Timber Fence
✘
✘
££
5.11 Single Rail Barrier Fence
✘
✘
£
Suitability for use
alongside
Public Paths
✓
Ease of
Installation
Post & Wire Fence with
Timber Droppers
Installation Cost
(/unit length)
Stockproof
(Sheep)
5.1
Visual
Appearance
Stockproof
(Cattle & Horses)
Fences : Evaluation Summary
Notes
1
May be stockproof, but not suitable for use where this type of
livestock is present because of damage to netting
2
Stockproof except for small hill lambs
3
Stockproof for cattle and horses, but cattle may put their heads
through the fence and pull off the rails
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.5.1
Post & Wire Fence with Timber Droppers
(Page 1 of 2)
5.1A
Elevation
Scale 1:25
0
1000mm
5400
1800
3600
205
850
160
1015
1070
175
160
140
125
1370
5.1B
Plan
Scale 1:25
0
1000mm
1800
5400
Stockproof
(cattle and
horses)
Stockproof
(sheep)
✓
✓
Visual
Appearance
Installation Cost
(/unit length)
£
Ease of
Installation
Suitability for use
alongside
Public Paths
5.1 Fencing
50
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.5.1
Post & Wire Fence with Timber Droppers
(Page 2 of 2)
• Notes
A basic, relatively cheap, but effective fence. 7 no. plain wires ensure that it is stockproof against lambs, sheep, cattle and
calves.
This type of fence is best suited to long straight runs. It is less suitable for undulating ground or where the fence turns many
corners. The fact that posts are at 5.4m to 9.0 metre centres may make it suitable for hard ground where post installation is
difficult.
Land managers may request that a barbed wire is substituted for the top plain wire (and sometimes also for the third top
wire), especially if cattle are present. If barbed wire is used, it should be fixed to the side of the post away from the public.
Mild steel twin strand barbed wire is recommended. Some types of high tensile (HT) twin strand barbed wire have a
tendency to ‘untwist’ and become slack. Single strand HT barbed wire can become brittle.
• Construction and Installation Details
End strainers : 2440 x 175 x 175 sawn or 2440 x 175 diam. machine rounded. With round strainers, use jointing strands
to fix the wires to help prevent the strainers rotating in the ground when the wires are tensioned. Round strainers will look
better if used in conjunction with round struts and posts. Struts should be used on all end strainers.
Intermediate strainers : 2440 x 150 x 150 sawn or 2440 x150 diam. machine rounded at 100m intervals (maximum) and
at changes in direction and slope. Struts will only be necessary at significant changes in direction or slope.
When installing strainers, make the hole as narrow as possible and backfill with well rammed earth and stones. Strainers
rarely need to be concreted, except where ground conditions prevent the strainer hole being dug to the full depth.
Struts : 2440 x 100 x 100 sawn or 2440 x 100 diam. machine rounded as required. Mortice into strainers. With square
sawn end strainers, mortices should be offset as shown in Dwg. 5.1B to prevent rotation of the strainers when the wires are
tensioned. With round strainers, mortice the strut into the mid-line of the strainer.
Lean strainers back slightly against the pull of the fence. To minimise movement of the strainer when the wires are
tensioned, nail a timber cross piece to the ‘back’ of the lower end and, during installation, place a large stone block on the
‘front’ side just below ground level. This can be further assisted by positioning a stone block tightly against the lower end
of the strut.
Posts : pointed 1675 x 75 x 75 sawn or 1675 x 88 diam. machine rounded at 5400 centres. Post centres can, if required,
be increased to 9000 maximum.
Droppers : 1020 x 50 x 38 sawn at 1800 centres. (Note : wire droppers are not recommended because they have a
tendency to slide on the wires).
Wires : 7 no. 12 gauge high tensile. 10 gauge high tensile is also suitable. Fix wires to posts with 38mm (1.5”) staples;
angle staples to prevent splitting the post timber and do not hammer fully home so that the wires are free to move. Fix to
droppers with 32 mm (1.25”) staples: angle staples to prevent splitting the dropper timber; hammer fully home and, on
each dropper, alternate the angle on successive wires to prevent the dropper sliding.
• User Notes : Design Modifications and Reference Information
✍
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.5.2
Post & Wire Fence
(Page 1 of 2)
5.2A
Elevation
Scale 1:25
0
1000mm
1800
1800
55
205
160
850
1070
175
160
140
125
50
1370
5.2 Fencing
5.2B Plan
Scale 1:25
0
1000mm
fence post on
‘wrong’ side of wire
to avoid strut
Stockproof
(cattle and
horses)
Stockproof
(sheep)
✓
✓
Visual
Appearance
Installation Cost
££
Ease of
Installation
Suitability for use
alongside
Public Paths
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.5.2
Post & Wire Fence
(Page 2 of 2)
• Notes
The commonest type of post and wire fence. 7 no. plain wires ensure that it is stockproof against lambs, sheep, cattle and
calves.
This type of fence is better suited to undulating ground than post and wire fencing with droppers (5.1) because the posts are
at closer centres. This feature may, however, make it less suitable for hard ground where post installation is difficult.
Land managers may request that a barbed wire is substituted for the top plain wire (and sometimes also for the third top
wire), especially if cattle are present. If barbed wire is used, it should be fixed to the side of the post away from the public.
Mild steel, twin strand barbed wire is recommended in preference to single or twin strand high tensile barbed wire (see
5.1).
• Construction and Installation Details
End strainers : 2440 x 175 x 175 sawn or 2440 x 175 diam. machine rounded. With round strainers, use jointing strands
to fix the wires to help prevent the strainers rotating in the ground when the wires are tensioned. Round strainers will look
better if used in conjunction with round struts and posts. Struts should be used on all end strainers.
Intermediate strainers : 2440 x 150 x 150 sawn or 2440 x 150 diam. machine rounded at 100m intervals (maximum)
and at changes in direction and slope. Struts will only be necessary at significant changes in direction or slope.
When installing strainers, make the hole as narrow as possible and backfill with well rammed earth and stones. Strainers
rarely need to be concreted, except where ground conditions prevent the strainer hole being dug to the full depth.
Struts : 2440 x 100 x 100 sawn or 2440 x 100 diam. machine rounded as required. Mortice into strainers. With square
sawn end strainers, mortices should be offset as shown in Dwg. 5.2B to prevent rotation of the strainers when the wires are
tensioned. With round strainers, mortice the strut into the mid-line of the strainer.
Lean strainers back slightly against the pull of the fence. To minimise movement of the strainer when the wires are
tensioned, nail a timber cross piece to the ‘back’ of the lower end and, during installation, place a large stone block on the
‘front’ side just below ground level. This can be further assisted by positioning a stone block tightly against the lower end
of the strut.
Posts : pointed 1675 x 75 x 75 sawn or 1675 x 88 diam. machine rounded at 1800 centres. The first post away from a
strutted end strainer or intermediate strainer should be located on the ‘wrong’ side of the fence to avoid the strut.
Wires : 7 no. 12 gauge high tensile. 10 gauge high tensile is also suitable. Fix wires to posts with 38mm (1.5”) staples;
angle staples to prevent splitting the post timber and do not hammer fully home so that the wires are free to move.
• User Notes : Design Modifications and Reference Information
✍
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.5.3
Post & Wire Fence with Top Rail
(Page 1 of 2)
5.3A
Elevation
Scale 1:25
0
1000mm
1800
1800
55
165
1070
155
850
150
150
135
120
50
1370
5.3 Fencing
5.3B
Plan
Scale 1:25
0
1000mm
fence post on ‘wrong’ side
of wire to avoid strut and
rail rebated into post
Stockproof
(cattle and
horses)
Stockproof
(sheep)
✓
✓
Visual
Appearance
Installation Cost
££
Ease of
Installation
Suitability for use
alongside
Public Paths
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.5.3
Post & Wire Fence with Top Rail
(Page 2 of 2)
• Notes
A fence design that is similar to Information Sheet 5.2 but substitutes a timber rail for the top plain wire. This improves the
appearance of the fence and makes it more suitable for use on countryside recreation sites and alongside paths; it does,
however, also make it more expensive.
The spacing of the 6 no. plain wires and top rail ensures that it is stockproof against lambs, sheep, cattle and calves.
In common with 5.2, the closer spacing of the posts makes this type of wire fence more suitable for undulating ground than
5.1.
Land managers may request that a barbed wire is added to the top of the fence, especially if cattle are present. If barbed
wire is used, it should be fixed to the side of the post away from the public, but take care that it is not hidden behind the
top rail, leading to accidental injury if the top rail is grasped by the hand. Mild steel, twin strand barbed wire is
recommended in preference to single or twin strand high tensile barbed wire (see 5.1).
If horses are present, a single plain wire may need to be stapled to the top of the top rail to prevent it being gnawed.
• Construction and Installation Details
End strainers : 2440 x 175 x 175 sawn. Struts should be used on all end strainers.
Intermediate strainers : 2440 x 150 x 150 sawn at 100m intervals (maximum) and at changes in direction and slope.
Struts will only be necessary at significant changes in direction or slope.
Round strainers are not recommended because the top rails cannot be easily fixed (the strainer may need to be rebated)
and they can look incongruous with sawn timber posts (see below).
When installing strainers, make the hole as narrow as possible and backfill with well rammed earth and stones. Strainers
rarely need to be concreted, except where ground conditions prevent the strainer hole being dug to the full depth.
Struts : 2440 x 100 x 100 sawn. Mortice into strainers. Mortices should be offset as shown in Dwg. 5.3B to prevent
rotation of the strainers when the wires are tensioned.
Lean strainers back slightly against the pull of the fence. To minimise movement of the strainer when the wires are
tensioned, nail a timber cross piece to the ‘back’ of the lower end and, during installation, place a large stone block on the
‘front’ side just below ground level. This can be further assisted by positioning a stone block tightly against the lower end
of the strut.
Posts : pointed 1675 x 100 x 75 sawn at 1800 centres. The increase in size from 75 x 75 (c.f. 5.2) to 100 x 75 is
necessary to allow for the rails to be butt jointed on alternate posts. Round timber is unsuitable because it is incompatible
with fixing a top rail.
Post centres need to be exact to ensure that the top rails can be jointed correctly. The first post away from a strutted end
strainer or intermediate strainer should be located on the ‘wrong’ side of the fence to avoid the strut. The top rail should be
rebated into this post so that the post can be correctly faced up to the wires.
Wires : 6 no. 12 gauge high tensile. 10 gauge high tensile is also suitable. Fix wires to posts with 38mm (1.5”) staples;
angle staples to prevent splitting the post timber and do not hammer fully home so that the wires are free to move.
Rails : 3600 x 88 x 38. Butt jointed at every second post. Only nail to the strainer after the wires have been tensioned and
the fence has bedded in.
• User Notes : Design Modifications and Reference Information
✍
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.5.4
Post & Pig Net Fence with Top Wire
(Page 1 of 2)
5.4A Elevation
Scale 1:25
0
1000mm
1800
1800
55
800
1070
165
50
1370
5.4 Fencing
5.4B Plan
Scale 1:25
0
1000mm
fence post on
‘wrong’ side of wire
to avoid strut
Stockproof
(cattle and
horses)
Stockproof
(sheep)
✓
✓
Visual
Appearance
Installation Cost
££
Ease of
Installation
Suitability for use
alongside
Public Paths
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.5.4
Post & Pig Net Fence with Top Wire
(Page 2 of 2)
• Notes
A common type of post and wire mesh fence (frequently referred to by the trade name of ‘Rylock’) that is popular with
land managers for a number of reasons:
• it is easier to erect than fences with line wires (see 5.1, 5.2 & 5.3);
• it is very effective against livestock (incl. cattle, calves, sheep and lambs)
• it remains stockproof even if the wire becomes a little slack over time.
This type of fencing can readily accommodate changes in direction but the meshed structure of pig netting is not well suited
to sharply undulating ground. The installation of posts at 1800 centres may make it less suitable than post and wire fencing
with timber droppers (5.1) on hard ground where post installation is difficult.
Land managers may request that a barbed wire is substituted for the top plain wire, especially if cattle are present. If
barbed wire is used, it should be fixed to the side of the post away from the public. Mild steel, twin strand barbed wire is
recommended in preference to single or twin strand, high tensile barbed wire (see 5.1).
• Construction and Installation Details
End strainers : 2440 x 175 x 175 sawn or 2440 x 175 diam. machine rounded. With round strainers, use jointing strands
to fix the wires to prevent strainers rotating in the ground when the wires are tensioned. Round strainers will look better if
used in conjunction with round struts and posts. Struts should be used on all end strainers.
Intermediate strainers : 2440 x 150 x 150 sawn or 2440 x 150 diam. machine rounded at 100m intervals (maximum)
and at changes in direction and slope. Struts will only be necessary at significant changes in direction or slope.
When installing strainers, make the hole as narrow as possible and backfill with well rammed earth and stones. Strainers
rarely need to be concreted, except where ground conditions prevent the strainer hole being dug to the full depth.
Struts : 2440 x 100 x 100 sawn or 2440 x 100 diam. machine rounded as required. Mortice into strainers. With square
sawn end strainers, mortices should be offset as shown in Dwg. 5.4B to prevent rotation of the strainers when the wires are
tensioned. With round strainers, mortice the strut into the mid-line of the strainer.
Lean strainers back slightly against the pull of the fence. To minimise movement of the strainer when the wires are
tensioned, nail a timber cross piece to the ‘back’ of the lower end and, during installation, place a large stone block on the
‘front’ side just below ground level. This can be further assisted by positioning a stone block tightly against the lower end
of the strut.
Posts : pointed 1675 x 75 x 75 sawn or 1675 x 88 diam. machine rounded at 1800 centres. The first post away from a
strutted end strainer or intermediate strainer should be located on the ‘wrong’ side of the fence to avoid the strut.
Wire : C8/80/15 pig netting clipped to upper and mid-line support wires (12 gauge high tensile) and stapled to posts
with 38mm (1.5”) staples. Top 12 gauge high tensile plain wire. Fix wires to posts with 38mm staples; angle staples to
prevent splitting the post timber and do not hammer fully home so that the wires are free to move.
• User Notes : Design Modifications and Reference Information
✍
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.5.5
Post & Pig Net Fence with Top Rail
(Page 1 of 2)
5.5A Elevation
Scale 1:25
0
1000mm
1800
1800
55
800
1070
75
50
1370
5.5 Fencing
5.5B Plan
Scale 1:25
0
1000mm
fence post on ‘wrong’ side
of wire to avoid strut and
rail rebated into post
Stockproof
(cattle and
horses)
Stockproof
(sheep)
✓
✓
Visual
Appearance
Installation Cost
££
Ease of
Installation
Suitability for use
alongside
Public Paths
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.5.5
Post & Pig Net Fence with Top Rail
(Page 2 of 2)
• Notes
A fence design that is similar to 5.4 but substitutes a timber rail for the top plain wire. This improves the appearance of
the fence and makes it more suitable for use on countryside recreation sites and alongside footpaths.
The use of pig mesh (frequently referred to by the trade name of ‘Rylock’) ensures that it is stockproof against lambs,
sheep, cattle and calves.
This type of fencing can readily accommodate changes in direction but the meshed structure of pig netting is not well
suited to sharply undulating ground. On hard ground, the installation of posts at 1800 centres may make it less
suitable than post and wire fencing with timber droppers (5.1)
Land managers may request that a barbed wire is added to the top of the fence, especially if cattle are present. If
barbed wire is used, it should be fixed to the side of the post away from the public, but care should be taken that it is
not hidden behind the top rail, leading to accidental injury if the top rail is grasped by the hand. Mild steel twin strand
barbed wire is recommended in preference to single or twin strand high tensile barbed wire (see 5.1).
If horses are present, a single plain wire may need to be stapled to the top of the top rail to prevent it being gnawed.
• Construction and Installation Details
End strainers : 2440 x 175 x 175 sawn. Struts should be used on all end strainers.
Intermediate strainers : 2440 x 150 x 150 sawn at 100m intervals (maximum) and at changes in direction and slope.
Struts will only be necessary at significant changes in direction or slope.
Round strainers are not recommended because the top rails cannot be easily fixed (the strainer may need to be
rebated) and they can look incongruous with sawn timber posts (see below).
When installing strainers, make the hole as narrow as possible and backfill with well rammed earth and stones.
Strainers rarely need to be concreted, except where ground conditions prevent the strainer hole being dug to the full
depth.
Struts : 2440 x 100 x 100 sawn as required. Mortice into strainers. Mortices should be offset as shown in Dwg. 5.5B to
prevent rotation of the strainers when the wires are tensioned.
Lean strainers back slightly against the pull of the fence. To minimise movement of the strainer when the wires are
tensioned, nail a timber cross piece to the ‘back’ of the lower end and, during installation, place a large stone block on
the ‘front’ side just below ground level. This can be further assisted by positioning a stone block tightly against the
lower end of the strut.
Posts : pointed 1675 x 100 x 75 sawn at 1800 centres. The increase in size from 75 x 75 (c.f. 5.4) to 100 x 75 is
necessary to allow for the rails to be butt jointed on alternate posts. Round timber is unsuitable because it is
incompatible with fixing a top rail.
Post centres need to be exact to ensure that the top rails can be jointed correctly. The first post away from a strutted
end strainer or intermediate strainer should be located on the ‘wrong’ side of the fence to avoid the strut. The top rail
should be rebated into this post so that it can be correctly faced up to the wires.
Wire : C8/80/15 pig netting clipped to upper and mid-line support wires (12 gauge high tensile) and stapled to posts
with 38mm (1.5”) staples. Fix wires to posts with 38mm staples; angle staples to prevent splitting the post timber and
do not hammer fully home so that the wires are free to move.
Rails : 3600 x 88 x 38. Butt jointed at every second post. Only nail to the strainer after the wires have been tensioned
and the fence has bedded in.
• User Notes : Design Modifications and Reference Information
✍
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.5.6
Post & Rabbit Net Fence
(Page 1 of 2)
5.6A Elevation
Scale 1:25
0
1000mm
5.6 Fencing
1370
1070
900
3600 (up to 7200 max.)
5.6B Plan
Scale 1:25
0
1000mm
55
5.6C Section
Scale 1:25
1000mm
450
900
0
50
fold out bottom 150mm
of netting and dig in
Stockproof
(cattle and
horses)
Stockproof
(sheep)
✘1
✘1
1
Visual
Appearance
Installation Cost
Ease of
Installation
Suitability for use
alongside
Public Paths
£
May be stockproof, but not suitable for use where such livestock are present because of damage to netting.
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.5.6
Post & Rabbit Net Fence
(Page 2 of 2)
• Notes
This design of fencing should only be used where there is a need to protect young trees and shrubs from rabbit and hare
damage. It should not be used as a stock fence and has a life span of only 5 - 10 years, which is normally sufficient to fulfil
its purpose.
Cattle and calves can cause serious damage to the netting and should be kept away by installing a simple guard fence
comprising two lines of twin strand, mild steel barbed wire set back at least 2 metres.
Over time, sheep can also cause damage by putting their feet through the bottom of netting or catching their horns in the
netting and pulling. If sheep are likely to be present, consider erecting a pig mesh fence (see 5.4 and 5.5) and adding
rabbit netting to the outside.
If the above guidance is followed, cattle should not be in contact with the fence and therefore a top barbed wire will not
be necessary.
Since this type of fence is often of a temporary nature, round timber may be more economical.
The netting should be regularly checked and any holes immediately mended; rabbits and hares can cause a lot of damage
to young trees in a short space of time, especially in winter.
• Construction and Installation Details
End strainers : 2440 x 175 x 175 sawn or 2440 x 175 diam. machine rounded. With round strainers, use jointing strands
to fix the wires to help prevent the strainers rotating in the ground when the wires are tensioned. Round strainers will look
better if used in conjunction with round struts and posts. Struts should be used on all end strainers.
Intermediate strainers : 2440 x 150 x 150 sawn or 2440 x 150 diam. machine rounded as necessary. Struts will only be
necessary at significant changes in direction or angle.
When installing strainers, make the hole as narrow as possible and backfill with well rammed earth and stones. Strainers
rarely need to be concreted, except where ground conditions prevent the strainer hole being dug to the full depth.
Struts : 2440 x 100 x 100 sawn or 2440 x 100 diam. machine rounded as required. Mortice into strainers. With square
sawn end strainers, mortices should be offset to prevent rotation of the strainers when the wires are tensioned. With round
strainers, mortice the strut into the mid-line of the strainer.
Lean strainers back slightly against the pull of the fence. To minimise movement of the strainer when the wires are
tensioned, nail a timber cross piece to the ‘back’ of the lower end and, during installation, place a large stone block on the
‘front’ side just below ground level. This can be further assisted by positioning a stone block tightly against the lower end
of the strut.
Posts : pointed 1675 x 75 x 75 sawn or 1675 x 88 diam. machine rounded at 3600 centres. This can be extended to a
maximum of 7200 centres, although care should be taken to ensure that, over time, the support wires do not sag.
Wire : 1050/31/19/50 rabbit netting clipped to the three support wires (12 gauge high tensile) and stapled to posts. Single
12 gauge high tensile plain wire above netting. Fix wires to posts with 38mm (1.5”) staples; angle staples to prevent splitting the
post timber and do not hammer fully home so that the wires are free to move. The bottom 150mm of netting should be folded
outwards (against the rabbits and hares) and dug into the ground to prevent them burrowing underneath.
• User Notes : Design Modifications and Reference Information
✍
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.5.7
Post & Five Rail Timber Fence
(Page 1 of 2)
5.7A Elevation
Scale 1:25
0
1000mm
1800
1800
55
160
1070
140
125
100
5.7 Fencing
605
50
5.7B Elevation (at change of slope)
Scale 1:25
0
0
180
1000mm
1800
5.7C Section
Scale 1:25
0
Stockproof
(cattle and
horses)
Stockproof
(sheep)
✓
✓
Visual
Appearance
Installation Cost
£££
Ease of
Installation
1000mm
Suitability for use
alongside
Public Paths
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.5.7
Post & Five Rail Timber Fence
(Page 2 of 2)
• Notes
Post and rail fencing is more versatile and flexible than post and wire fencing in that it can more readily accommodate
changes in direction and slope. It is also visually attractive and robust and can often be easily and cheaply repaired. It is
therefore especially suitable for use on countryside recreation sites and alongside paths.
The use of five rails ensures that it is stockproof against lambs, sheep, horses, cattle and calves. If lambs are not present, a
four rail fence (see 5.8) should be adequate for other livestock.
The cost of materials makes this design relatively expensive to install. Four and three rail versions (see 5.8 and 5.9
respectively) are correspondingly cheaper.
Land managers may request that a barbed wire is added to the top of the fence, especially if cattle are present. If barbed
wire is used, it should be stapled to the posts (just above the top rail) on the side away from the public. However, care
should be taken to ensure that it is not hidden behind the top rail, leading to possible accidental injury if the top rail is
grasped by the hand. Mild steel, twin strand barbed wire is recommended in preference to single or twin strand, high
tensile barbed wire (see 5.1).
If horses are present, a single plain wire may need to be stapled to the top of the top rail to prevent it being gnawed.
• Construction and Installation Details
Posts : pointed 1675 x 127 x 64 sawn posts at 1800 centres are recommended. Pointed 1675 x 127 x 75 posts are also
suitable and, whilst they are more substantial and give a better result, they are more expensive and, in many situations, this
size of timber is probably unnecessary. Pointed 1675 x 100 x 75 posts can also be used (c.f. 5.2 & 5.4) but they provide
less overlap on the posts where the rails are butt jointed, making the rail ends more likely to split when they are nailed.
Round timber is unsuitable for the posts because rails cannot be satisfactorily fixed.
Post centres need to be exact to ensure that the top rails can be butt jointed correctly.
The use of pointed posts makes it easy to ensure that all posts are installed to exactly the same height. By excavating a
post hole to slightly less than the required depth and tapping the post in the last few centimetres with a mell, the desired
final height can be accurately achieved. This is more difficult with unpointed posts.
Rails : 3600 x 88 x 38 sawn rails are recommended. Butt joint at every second post. Metric versions of old imperial 12’
0” long rails include lengths of 3660mm, 3650mm and 3600mm. Since rail length determines post separation, ensure that
all the rails used on a single run of fencing are the same length.
Rails are also available in other sections including 75 x 25, 88 x 31, and 100 x 38. For most situations the recommended
section of 88 x 38 is adequate but other sizes can be used to give different ‘weights’ of fence, which may be preferable
depending upon the available budget, the purpose of the fence and its location.
Half round rails (usually machine rounded) can also be used.
At significant changes in direction, use two posts and mitre the rails ends, rather than nailing all rails onto a single post.
• User Notes : Design Modifications and Reference Information
✍
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.5.8
Post & Four Rail Timber Fence
(Page 1 of 2)
5.8A Elevation
Scale 1:25
0
1000mm
1800
1800
55
1070
205
180
150
5.8 Fencing
605
130
5.8B Elevation (at change of slope)
Scale 1:25
0
1000mm
0
180
1800
5.8C Section
Scale 1:25
0
Stockproof
(cattle and
horses)
Stockproof
(sheep)
✓
✓1
1
Visual
Appearance
Installation Cost
Stockproof, except for small hill lambs
£££
Ease of
Installation
1000mm
Suitability for use
alongside
Public Paths
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.5.8
Post & Four Rail Timber Fence
(Page 2 of 2)
• Notes
Post and rail fencing is more versatile and flexible than post and wire fencing in that it can more readily accommodate
changes in direction and slope. It is also visually attractive and robust and can often be easily and cheaply repaired. It is
therefore especially suitable for use on countryside recreation sites and alongside footpaths.
The use of four rails ensures that it is stockproof against sheep, horses, cattle and calves. If lambs are present, especially
smaller hill breeds, a five rail fence will probably be required (see 5.7). Alternatively, plain wires can be added to the
lower sections of the fence.
Land managers may request that a barbed wire is added to the top of the fence, especially if cattle are present. If barbed
wire is used, it should be stapled to the posts (just above the top rail) on the side away from the public. However, care
should be taken to ensure that it is not hidden behind the top rail, leading to possible accidental injury if the top rail is
grasped by the hand. Mild steel, twin strand barbed wire is recommended in preference to single or twin strand, high
tensile barbed wire (see 5.1)
If horses are present, a single plain wire may need to be stapled to the top of the top rail to prevent it being gnawed.
• Construction and Installation Details
Posts : pointed 1675 x 127 x 64 sawn posts at 1800 centres are recommended. Pointed 1675 x 127 x 75 posts are also
suitable and, whilst they are more substantial and give a better result, they are more expensive and, in many situations, this
size of timber is probably unnecessary. Pointed 1675 x 100 x 75 posts can also be used (c.f. 5.2 & 5.4) but they provide
less overlap on the posts where the rails are butt jointed, making the rail ends more likely to split when they are nailed.
Round timber is unsuitable for the posts because rails cannot be satisfactorily fixed.
Post centres need to be exact to ensure that the top rails can be butt jointed correctly.
The use of pointed posts makes it easy to ensure that all posts are installed to exactly the same height. By excavating a
post hole to slightly less than the required depth and tapping the post in the last few centimetres with a mell, the desired
final height can be accurately achieved. This is more difficult with unpointed posts.
Rails : 3600 x 88 x 38 sawn rails are recommended. Butt joint at every second post. Metric versions of old imperial 12’
0” long rails include lengths of 3660mm, 3650mm and 3600mm. Since rail length determines post separation, ensure that
all the rails used on a single run of fencing are the same length.
Rails are also available in other sections including 75 x 25, 88 x 31, and 100 x 38. For most situations the recommended
section of 88 x 38 is adequate but other sizes can be used to give different ‘weights’ of fence, which may be preferable
depending upon the available budget, the purpose of the fence and its location.
Half round rails (usually machine rounded) can also be used.
At significant changes in direction, use two posts and mitre the rails ends rather than nailing all rails onto a single post.
• User Notes : Design Modifications and Reference Information
✍
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.5.9
Post & Three Rail Timber Fence
(Page 1 of 2)
5.9A Elevation
Scale 1:25
0
1000mm
1800
1800
55
1070
250
250
5.9 Fencing
605
250
5.9B Elevation (at change of slope)
Scale 1:25
0
1000mm
0
180
1800
5.9C Section
Scale 1:25
0
Stockproof
(cattle and
horses)
Stockproof
(sheep)
✓1
✘
1
Visual
Appearance
Stockproof for cattle and horses, but cattle may put
their heads through the fence and pull off the rails.
Installation Cost
££
Ease of
Installation
1000mm
Suitability for use
alongside
Public Paths
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.5.9
Post & Three Rail Timber Fence
(Page 2 of 2)
• Notes
Post and rail fencing is more versatile and flexible than post and wire fencing in that it can more readily accommodate
changes in direction and slope. It is also visually attractive and robust and can often be easily and cheaply repaired. It is
therefore especially suitable for use on countryside recreation sites and alongside footpaths.
Post and three rail fence is not suitable for small livestock (e.g. lambs, sheep or calves) since the gaps between the rails are
too wide to provide an effective barrier. It may be suitable for horses and cattle, although the latter tend to pull the rails off
with their heads when stretching through the fence. If there are livestock on one side of the fence and people on the other,
it is normal practice to erect the fence so that the rails are on the side towards the livestock.
The main function of a three rail fence is often to provide a visual boundary to guide and/or control public access.
Land managers may request that a barbed wire is added to the top of the fence, especially if cattle are present. If barbed
wire is used, it should be stapled to the posts (just above the top rail) on the side away from the public; care should,
however, be taken to ensure that it is not hidden behind the top rail, leading to possible accidental injury if the top rail is
grasped by the hand. Mild steel, twin strand barbed wire is recommended in preference to single or twin strand, high
tensile barbed wire (see 5.1).
If horses are present, a single plain wire may need to be stapled to the top of the top rail to prevent it being gnawed.
• Construction and Installation Details
Posts : pointed 1675 x 127 x 64 sawn posts at 1800 centres are recommended. Pointed 1675 x 127 x 75 posts are also
suitable and, whilst they are more substantial and give a better result, they are more expensive and, in many situations, this
size of timber is probably unnecessary. Pointed 1675 x 100 x 75 posts can also be used (c.f. 5.2 & 5.4) but they provide
less overlap on the posts where the rails are butt jointed, making the rail ends more likely to split when they are nailed.
Round timber is unsuitable for the posts because rails cannot be satisfactorily fixed.
Post centres need to be exact to ensure that the top rails can be butt jointed correctly.
The use of pointed posts makes it easy to ensure that all posts are installed to exactly the same height. By excavating a
post hole to slightly less than the required depth and tapping the post in the last few centimetres with a mell, the desired
final height can be accurately achieved. This is more difficult with unpointed posts.
Rails : 3600 x 88 x 38 sawn rails are recommended. Butt joint at every second post. Metric versions of old imperial 12’
0” long rails include lengths of 3660mm, 3650mm and 3600mm. Since rail length determines post separation, ensure that
all the rails used on a single run of fencing are the same length.
Rails are also available in other sections including 75 x 25, 88 x 31, and 100 x 38. For most situations the recommended
section of 88 x 38 is adequate but other sizes can be used to give different ‘weights’ of fence, which may be preferable
depending upon the available budget, the purpose of the fence and its location.
Half round rails (usually machine rounded) can also be used.
At significant changes in direction, use two posts and mitre the rails ends rather than nailing all rails onto a single post.
• User Notes : Design Modifications and Reference Information
✍
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.5.10
Birdsmouth Timber Fence
(Page 1 of 2)
5.10A Elevation
Scale 1:20
0
1000mm
5.10 Fencing
750
750
2000
5. 10B Elevation : Detail of strap
and rail joint
Scale 1:5
200mm
100
300
350
0
5.10C Section
Scale 1:10
0
100
Stockproof
(cattle and
horses)
Stockproof
(sheep)
✘
✘
Visual
Appearance
500mm
150
Installation Cost
££
Ease of
Installation
Suitability for use
alongside
Public Paths
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.5.10
Birdsmouth Timber Fence
(Page 2 of 2)
• Notes
A low level fence that serves primarily as a visual boundary and is most frequently used alongside roads and driveways
where there is a need to control or guide vehicle access. Due to its rather formal appearance, it will be most appropriate
in managed landscapes such as Country Parks and picnic sites.
Its construction from substantial timbers gives it a rather imposing appearance, making it less appropriate for situations
where there is only pedestrian access.
It is not suitable for controlling livestock.
The two line wires are optional but may be useful if there is a need to deter access by children and dogs. One or two rails
(e.g. 75 x 50 or 100 x 50) can be used instead of plain wires but these should be rebated into the posts if they are to be
in keeping with the style of the fence.
The design of the metal straps and the V notch at the top of the post make this type of fence unsuitable for ground with a
significant slope (e.g. >10˚- 15˚).
• Construction and Installation Details
Posts : 1500 x 150 x 100 sawn posts at 2000 centres. A right angled notch is cut in the top of the post to take the 100 x
100 rail.
Rails : 4000 x 100 x 100 butt jointed at alternate posts. At changes in direction or slope, the fence should be taken in a
gentle curve with rails cut to 2000 lengths and butt jointed at every post.
Straps : The straps used in this design were made to order; these were 600 x 75 in size and fabricated from c. 2.00mm
galvanised steel plate. Straps of different sizes can be purchased from fencing suppliers (e.g. 450 x 50 x 22 gauge from
Jacksons Fencing; 500 x 30 x 3 and 600 x 30 x 3 from Peart & Co. Ltd.) - see below for details of suppliers.
Wire : 12 gauge high tensile wire fed through holes drilled at the required height on the mid-line of the 150mm side of the
post.
• Design Source and Contacts for Further Information
Suppliers : Galvanised straps can be obtained from, for example:
Jacksons Fencing, Stowting Common, Ashford, Kent. TN25 6BN. Tel. 01233 750393.
F. Peart & Co., Baltic Works, Baltic Street, Hartlepool. TS25 1PW. Tel. 01429 263331.
• User Notes : Design Modifications and Reference Information
✍
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.5.11
Single Rail Barrier Fence
(Page 1 of 2)
5.11A Elevation
Scale 1:20
0
1000mm
550
450
2000
5.11 Fencing
5. 11B & C Details post/rail joint
Scale 1:5
0
Stockproof
(cattle and
horses)
Stockproof
(sheep)
✘
✘
Visual
Appearance
Installation Cost
£
200mm
Ease of
Installation
Suitability for use
alongside
Public Paths
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.5.11
Single Rail Barrier Fence
(Page 2 of 2)
• Notes
A low level fence, of a similar design to Information Sheet 5.10, but smaller and less imposing in appearance.
Its primary function is as a visual boundary and it is especially suitable for use alongside paths, tracks and driveways to
guide vehicle and pedestrian access or to separate access areas/zones. Due to its rather formal appearance, it will be
most appropriate in managed landscapes such as Country Parks and picnic sites.
It is not suitable for controlling livestock.
• Construction and Installation Details
Posts : 1000 x 100 x 100 sawn posts at 2000 centres. The posts should be flat topped and care should be taken to avoid
damaging this during installation. Tops will need to be angled if the fence is on a slope.
Rails : 2000 x 75 x 75 butt jointed at every post. A 50mm long diagonal rebate is cut from both ends of each rail and this
is then nailed to the post top. Nail holes should be pre-drilled to avoid splitting the rail ends.
At changes in direction or slope, the fence should be taken in a gentle curve. Post tops and rail rebates may need to be
altered accordingly.
• User Notes : Design Modifications and Reference Information
✍
Countryside Access Design Guide
Boardwalks : General Guidance
Boardwalks can be a valuable management tool on countryside recreation sites in providing a method of balancing the needs and
interests of visitors with the protection of important wildlife habitats. In particular, boardwalks can be used:
• to accommodate public access to, or over, sensitive areas;
• to provide visitors with the opportunity to experience, enjoy and learn about wetland and other habitats that might otherwise
be inaccessible;
• to prevent and/or reverse damage to sensitive wildlife habitats caused by public access;
• to avoid impacts on the hydrology of a site that might arise from the construction of ground level paths.
Boardwalks can, however, be relatively obtrusive in the landscape and expensive to construct and should therefore be used
selectively and only where necessary, with lengths of run being kept to a minimum.
The minimum clear width of boardwalks should be 1200mm to permit convenient use by pedestrians, people with prams and
pushchairs and wheelchair users. A width of 1700mm will accommodate two way traffic; alternatively, where use is low, passing
places can be provided on a 1200mm wide boardwalk. A decision on the appropriate width of a section of boardwalk will be
determined by the expected level and types of use, the width of approach paths, structural requirements and economy.
Where a boardwalk is likely to be used by people in wheelchairs or by people with mobility difficulties, it is advisable to install
edge boards/edging strips or handrails. Such measures may also be necessary, for reasons of public safety, where a boardwalk is
elevated or passes over water. Ease of access onto the boardwalk can also be improved by making sure that it is level or ramped
to a gradient of not greater than 1:12.
Edging strips should be a minimum of 75mm high, whilst edge boards should be at least 100mm in height, with a gap of no more
than 75mm between the lower edge and the boardwalk. (See Information Sheet 6.2 for details).
The cross section of each handrail should be such that the grip is between 40mm and 50mm in diameter. When designed
specifically for children, a grip of 25mm to 32mm in diameter is more suitable. In countryside locations, handrails will normally be
constructed from timber (preferably hardwood) which, if well smoothed, will minimise the risk of splinters.
On boardwalks with timber decking, boards should be laid at right angles to the direction of pedestrian flow. The ‘BT Countryside
for All : Good Practice Guide to Disabled Peoples’ Access in the Countryside’ recommends a maximum gap between boards of
12mm. Whilst this measurement may be appropriate for boardwalks being used by disabled people, a larger gap of up to 25 30mm can be used on those installed in remoter and more inaccessible locations. For example, the boardwalks installed on
upland sections of the Pennine Way use a gap width of 25mm (see Information Sheet 6.1 for details).
Algal growth can make timber decking slippery in wet conditions. This can be reduced by regular applications of a water based
wood preservative1 and good ventilation around the boards.
A non-slip surface can be provided by epoxy tar sprays1 spread with grit. The main weakness of this technique is that the tar may
not form a secure and long lasting bond to the wood: this can be strengthened by applying the tar to new timber, before it has had
time to weather.
Grooving the decking boards prior to installation can improve grip. Galvanised rabbit netting or plastic mesh can also be stapled to
the boards to improve the level of grip for pedestrians and wheelchair users. However, care should be exercised in the use of this
technique in that, in time, holes often develop and, if these are not repaired, there is a serious risk of people being tripped. It can also
make the boardwalk more dangerous in icy conditions.
1
care should be exercised in the use of such chemicals and they should be avoided on sites of high conservation value
6. Boardwalks
Handrails normally have a minimum of three rails with the top rail at a height of 1000mm, the middle rail at about 750mm (to assist
wheelchair users and children) and the bottom rail with a gap below of no more than 75mm. Assuming that the rails are
approximately 100mm deep, this will leave a gap between the lower and middle rails of approximately 475mm. An extra rail can be
added if there are concerns about the danger that this might pose for young children. (See Information Sheet 6.3 for details).
Countryside Access Design Guide
Boardwalks : Design List
6.1 Low Level Boardwalk
A boardwalk design developed for use on the Pennine Way to improve access across boggy ground and eroding peat and to
reduce vegetation damage by walkers. It is only suitable for situations where the boardwalk lies on or very close to the ground
surface. Boardwalk sections are normally prefabricated in 2400 metre lengths and transported to site by motor vehicle or
helicopter. This design is therefore especially suitable for remote locations, provided it fits with the landscape.
6.2 Raised Boardwalk with Edge Rails
A boardwalk design suitable for wetlands, marshes and other situations where the decking needs to be raised well above ground
level. For reasons of safety, a raised boardwalk should normally be fitted with edge rails or handrails, especially if it is accessible
to wheelchair users. Details are provided of two alternative designs of edge rail.
6.3 Raised Boardwalk with Hand Rails
A boardwalk design suitable for wetlands, marshes and other situations where the decking needs to be raised well above ground
level. For reasons of safety, a raised boardwalk should normally be fitted with edge rails or handrails, especially if it is accessible
to wheelchair users. Details are provided of the design of handrails fitted to one side or both sides of the boardwalk.
6.4 Raised Boardwalk (Wide Design)
A design suitable for situations where a wider or more robust type of raised boardwalk is required. The maximum deck width is
2000, providing an accessible clear width of approximately1770 between deck level edge rails; this is sufficient to accommodate
two way traffic by wheelchair users. This design cannot readily accommodate the incorporation of raised edge rails or handrails.
Providing Visitor
Access across Water
and Wetlands
6.1
Low Level Boardwalk
✓
✘
6.2
Raised Boardwalk with Edge
Rails
✓
✓
6.3
Raised Boardwalk with Hand
Rails
✓
✓
6.4
Raised Boardwalk (Wide
Design)
✓
✓
Suitability for
Wheelchair Users
Suitability for Use
by People with
Mobility Difficulties
Suitability for Use by
Able-Bodied People
Reducing Visitor
Pressure on Sensitive
Habitats
Countryside Access Design Guide
Boardwalks : Evaluation Summary
Boardwalk
Purpose:
6. Boardwalks
Countryside Access Design Guide
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.6.1
Low Level Boardwalk
(Page 1 of 2)
6. 1A Plan
Scale 1:20
0
1000mm
2400
1000
X
Y
300
overlap on
stringers
6.1 Boardwalks
cut-through detail of
bolted stringer joint and
support peg
6. 1B Section X–Y
Scale 1:10
0
500mm
75
75
75
150
900
100
Boardwalk Purpose
Reducing
Visitor Pressure
on Sensitive
Habitats
Providing
Visitor Access
across Water
& Wetlands
✓
✘
Suitability for Use Suitability for Use
Suitability for
by Able-Bodied
by People with
People
Mobility Difficulties Wheelchair Users
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.6.1
Low Level Boardwalk
(Page 2 of 2)
• Notes
A design of boardwalk developed for use on the Pennine Way to improve access across boggy ground and eroding peat.
It is only suitable for situations where the boardwalk lies on or very close to the ground surface.
Sections of boardwalk are prefabricated in 2400 metre lengths. This length is determined by the need to limit the weight of
each section to 50kg - 60kg for ease of handling. Prefabrication minimises the amount of work that needs to be carried out
on site, making this design especially suitable for remote locations. If necessary, sections can be bundled and transported
to site by helicopter.
A key element of the design is the use of off-set stringers (one at 150 from the board edge and the other at 75 from the
board edge), which allows all sections to be identical and prefabricated on a jig. By reversing alternate sections during
installation on site, they can be bolted together through the overlapping stringers, rather than using weaker butt joints. This
design is simple, flexible and strong.
The use of timber impregnated with wood preservatives should be avoided on wetland sites of conservation importance
due to the leaching of copper, arsenic or other harmful chemicals.
• Construction and Installation Details
Decking Boards : 1000 x 150 x 50; allow 12 no. boards per section (this includes an allowance for overlapping
stringers); 25 gap between boards.
Stringers : 2 no. 2400 x 100 x 75 per section with 300 overlap at each end.
Stringer Supports : 4 no. 900 x 100 x 75 pointed pegs per section (plus some extra longer ones for dips and hollows).
Decking boards should be fixed to stringers with 100mm sherardised annular ring shank flat headed nails (4 no. per board)
Several sections of prefabricated boardwalk should be set out along the intended line. Alternate sections should be
reversed so that offset stringers can be laid with a 300 overlap. Sections are bolted together through the stringers with
180 x M12 plated bolts with washers (allow 2 no. bolts per section). Holes for bolts should be drilled slightly larger than
required to provide flexibility in the joined sections so that they can be laid out in gentle curves if necessary.
The two end boards of each section and the two boards above the peg locations (i.e. the three boards at each end) are
not fixed at the time of prefabrication. On site, several sections are bolted together and laid out on the ground. Pegs are
then driven into the ground (4 no. per section) at appropriate locations. Steel caps fabricated from 12mm plate should be
used to cover the tops of the pegs to prevent them becoming damaged when hammered in.
The pegs are nailed to the stringers (from inside) with 125mm galvanised nails. The missing decking boards are then nailed
on.
Sections can be adapted to make small steps - this requires sections not to be reversed so that the stringers of adjoining
sections lie on top of each other and can be nailed together with a joining plate.
• Design Source and Contacts for Further Information
Design Source : Northumberland National Park Authority, Eastburn, South Park, Hexham, Northumberland. NE46
1BS. Tel. 01434 605555.
• User Notes : Design Modifications and Reference Information
✍
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.6.2
Raised Boardwalk with Edge Rails
(Page 1 of 2)
6. 2A Section - including alternative
edging details
Scale 1:20
0
1000mm
1600
50
50
100
Edging Alternative 1:
deck level edging rail
Edging Alternative 2:
raised edging rail
600
75 max.
6.2 Boardwalks
6. 2B Plan - including alternative
edging details
Scale 1:20
0
1000mm
Edging Alternative 1:
deck level edging rail
Edging Alternative 2:
raised edging rail
cut-through detail of
overlapping stringer joint
and support post
50
Boardwalk Purpose
Reducing
Visitor Pressure
on Sensitive
Habitats
Providing
Visitor Access
across Water
& Wetlands
✓
✓
Suitability for Use Suitability for Use
Suitability for
by Able-Bodied
by People with
People
Mobility Difficulties Wheelchair Users
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.6.2
Raised Boardwalk with Edge Rails
(Page 2 of 2)
• Notes
A design of boardwalk suitable for wetlands, marshes and other situations where the decking needs to be raised well
above the ground level.
It provides a clear width of at least 1200 which is adequate in most situations and is accessible to wheelchair users. If a
wider boardwalk is required, it will be necessary to use a different and more substantial design (e.g. 6.4); this design
should not be modified or adapted to increase the specified decking width beyond 1600.
For reasons of safety, raised boardwalks should normally be fitted with edge rails or handrails, especially if it is accessible
to wheelchair users. The specification overleaf provides details of alternative designs of edge rail; one is fixed directly onto
the decking and the other is raised a maximum of 75 mm above the decking. Information Sheet 6.3 provides details of a
design with handrails.
With a deck level edging rail to either side, the clear width of the boardwalk is 1350. With a raised edging rail to either
side, the clear width of the boardwalk is 1200.
The use of timber impregnated with wood preservatives should be avoided on wetland sites of conservation importance
due to the leaching of copper, arsenic or other harmful chemicals.
• Construction and Installation Details
Decking Boards : 1600 x 150 x 50 with a 12 gap between boards (approx 12 no. boards per 2000 run of boardwalk).
Stringers : 2 no. 2200 x 100 x 100 per 2000 run of boardwalk (this allows for a 200 overlap at each join).
Stringer Support Posts : 100 x 100 x required length, at 2000 centres (max.), sunk to a minimum depth of 600.
Stringers to be fixed (at overlapping joint) to posts with 225 x M14 coach bolts.
Decking boards should be fixed to stringers with 100mm sherardised annular ring shank flat headed nails (4 no. per board).
Deck Level Edge : 75 x 75 rails fixed to decking with 100mm M10 galvanised coach screws countersunk . Edging should
be set 50 in from edge to prevent decking boards from splitting.
Raised Edge : 100 x 50 rails nailed to stringer supports (extended through the decking).
If the boardwalk is raised more than 600 above ground level, 88 x 38 cross braces should be fitted between the stringer
supports.
• Design Source and Contacts for Further Information
Design Sources : ‘Countryside Commission for Scotland : Battleby Display Centre - Equipment and Materials for
Countryside Recreation Sites’ (1989) : Information Sheet 6.9.
National Rivers Authority Recreation Facility Design Manual : Information Sheet 1.6.1.
BT Countryside for All Good Practice Guide : Information Sheet 2.3.
• User Notes : Design Modifications and Reference Information
✍
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.6.3
Raised Boardwalk with Hand Rails
(Page 1 of 2)
1600
1200
6. 3A Section
Scale 1:20
1000mm
1000
0
6. 3B Plan
Scale 1:20
0
1000mm
cut-through detail of
overlapping stringer joint
and support post
Boardwalk Purpose
Reducing
Visitor Pressure
on Sensitive
Habitats
Providing
Visitor Access
across Water
& Wetlands
✓
✓
Suitability for Use Suitability for Use
Suitability for
by Able -Bodied
by People with
People
Mobility Difficulties Wheelchair Users
6.3 Boardwalks
750
min.
75 max.
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.6.3
Raised Boardwalk with Hand Rails
(Page 2 of 2)
• Notes
A design of boardwalk suitable for wetlands, marshes and other situations where the decking needs to be raised well
above the ground level. Handrails should be fitted to one side or both sides of the boardwalk, as and where necessary, to
provide assistance to users or to improve safety.
This design is based on Information Sheet 6.2 but with the addition of handrails fixed to extended stringer support posts. It
provides a clear width of 1200 which is adequate in most situations and is accessible to wheelchair users. If a wider
boardwalk is required, it will be necessary to use a different and more substantial design; this design should not be
modified or adapted to increase the specified decking width beyond1600.
The use of timber impregnated with wood preservatives should be avoided on wetland sites of conservation importance
due to the leaching of copper, arsenic or other harmful chemicals.
• Construction and Installation Details
Decking Boards : 1600 x 150 x 50 with a 12 gap between boards (approx 12 no. boards per 2000 run of boardwalk).
Stringers : 2 no. 2200 x 100 x 100 per 2000 run of boardwalk (this allows for a 200 overlap at each join).
Stringer Support Posts : 100 x 100 x required length, at 2000 centres (max.), sunk to a minimum depth of 750. Posts to be
cut through decking boards and extending 1000 above decking.
Stringers to be fixed (at overlapping joint) to posts with 225 x M14 coach bolts.
Decking boards should be fixed to stringers with 100mm sherardised annular ring shank flat headed nails (4 no. per board).
Rails : 100 x 50. 4 no. rows of rails. Bottom rail 75 max. above decking. Top rail to have rounded top to provide suitable
handhold; lower rails to be smooth with corners rounded.
If the boardwalk is raised more than 600 above ground level, 88 x 38 cross braces should be fitted between the stringer
supports.
• Design Source and Contacts for Further Information
Design Sources : ‘Countryside Commission for Scotland : Battleby Display Centre - Equipment and Materials for
Countryside Recreation Sites’ (1989) : Information Sheet 6.9.
National Rivers Authority Recreation Facility Design Manual : Information Sheet 1.6.1.
BT Countryside for All Good Practice Guide : Information Sheet 2.3.
• User Notes : Design Modifications and Reference Information
✍
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.6.4
Raised Boardwalk (Wide Design)
(Page 1 of 2)
6. 4A Side Elevation
Scale 1:10
0
500mm
deck level edge
decking boards
200
150
outer stringer
cross bearer
stringer/cross bearer
support post
50
6.4 Boardwalks
6. 4B Section
Scale 1:20
0
1000mm
1800
125
deck level edge
decking boards
outer stringer
central stringer
cross bearer
100
stringer/cross bearer
support post
Boardwalk Purpose
Reducing
Visitor Pressure
on Sensitive
Habitats
Providing
Visitor Access
across Water
& Wetlands
✓
✓
Suitability for Use Suitability for Use
Suitability for
by Able -Bodied
by People with
People
Mobility Difficulties Wheelchair Users
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.6.4
Raised Boardwalk (Wide Design)
(Page 2 of 2)
• Notes
A wide design of boardwalk suitable for wetlands, marshes and other situations where the decking needs to be raised
above ground level.
For reasons of safety, it should be fitted with deck level edge rails, especially if it is accessible to wheelchair users.
Unfortunately, this design cannot readily accommodate the incorporation of raised edge rails or handrails.
Information Sheets 6.2 and 6.3 incorporate a maximum deck width of 1600. This design is suitable for situations where a
wider or more robust boardwalk is required. The maximum deck width is 2000, providing an accessible clear width of
approximately 1770 between deck level edge rails: this is sufficient to accommodate two-way traffic by wheelchair users.
The use of timber impregnated with wood preservatives should be avoided on wetland sites of conservation importance
due to the leaching of copper, arsenic or other harmful chemicals.
• Construction and Installation Details
Decking Boards : 1800 - 2000 x 150 x 50 with a12 gap between boards.
Outer Stringers : 2 no. 3600 x 150 x 50 stringers per boardwalk width. Butt jointed at alternate stringer/cross bearer
support posts. Nailed to stringer/cross bearer support posts.
Central Stringer : 1 no. 3800 x 150 x 50 stringer per boardwalk width. 100 overlap at alternate stringer/cross bearer
support posts and nailed to cross bearers.
Cross Bearers : 2 no. 1800 - 2000 x 200 x 50 per pair of support posts.
Stringer/Cross Bearer Support Posts : 2 no. 200 x 100 x required length, at 1800 centres (max.), sunk to a minimum
depth of 600.
Cross bearers fixed to support posts with 4 no. 225 x M12 coach bolts.
Outer stringers fixed to support posts and central stringer to cross bearers with 100mm galvanised flat headed nails.
Decking boards fixed to stringers with100mm galvanised annular ring shank flat headed nails (4 no. per board).
Deck Level Edge : 75 x 75 rails fixed to decking with 100mm M10 galvanised coach screws countersunk. Edging should
be set 50 in from edge to prevent decking boards from splitting.
• Design Source and Contacts for Further Information
Design Source : Adapted from a design installed at Bolam Lake Country Park, Northumberland by the
Countryside Service, Environment Directorate, Northumberland County Council, County Hall,
Morpeth, Northumberland. NE61 2EF. Tel. 01670 533000.
• User Notes : Design Modifications and Reference Information
✍
Countryside Access Design Guide
Seating and Picnic Tables : General Guidance
Seats offer an opportunity for visitors to the countryside to rest, relax, and enjoy the view. They also provide useful resting places for
elderly and disabled people and those with mobility difficulties. This is especially important in the countryside where path surfaces
may not be as good as in urban areas, the ground may be uneven and there are more likely to be ramps or steps.
Seats or resting points are most useful at the top and bottom of slopes and at intervals along more difficult or arduous sections of
path. By taking advantage of natural shade and shelter, good views, or attractive surroundings, people can be encouraged to make
best use of any seating that is provided.
The surface around seating and picnic tables should be firm, stable and flush with the path. If the path is accessible to wheelchairs, a
surfaced resting place at least 900mm square can be provided for wheelchair users.
Seating is best set back from the main route so that it does not pose an obstacle, but care should be taken that it is still readily
accessible and, where possible, is on the same level as the path.
The incorporation of a heel space of at least 100mm below seats and perches helps people to stand up more easily by allowing
them to put their feet below their centre of gravity.
Picnic tables should be designed so that they are readily accessible to both able bodied and disabled people, with some tables that
are accessible to people in wheelchairs being provided in suitable locations.
Perches
A perch is a simple, informal structure providing a leaning/semi-seated resting point along a path.
Perch seats should preferably be between 550mm and 750mm high, with the ideal option being the installation of a number of
perches at various heights across this range. The higher perches can be especially useful to elderly and less mobile people who may
have difficulty in rising from lower seat heights.
Information Sheets 7.1 and 7.2 provide specifications for two basic types of timber perch. However, provided that they meet these
basic performance requirements, perches offer considerable scope to improvise in the use of designs, materials and construction
techniques, possibly linked, for example, to local historical or architectural themes.
Seats
Seats should preferably be 450mm to 520mm high to the bench top. Designs incorporating backrests and arms provide more
support than simple benches, especially for disabled people and people with mobility difficulties. A backrest can also help people
get down to, or up from a seat and can be used as a perch.
Picnic Tables
Picnic table designs that incorporate high horizontal beams between the table and bench are best avoided because they can cause
problems for users, and especially people with mobility difficulties, in gaining access to the bench. This is a common failing of many
commercial ‘off the shelf’ designs of picnic table.
At sites that are accessible to wheelchairs, some picnic tables that accommodate wheelchair users should be provided. It is
recommended that a 900mm wide space is allowed for each wheelchair and that this is preferably situated between or adjacent to
the seats for non-disabled people; circular or oval table designs are particularly well suited to this. The incorporation of hand holds
in the table top can also help people with mobility difficulties in sitting down and getting up from the bench. (See Information Sheet
7.7 for details of these points).
The provision of an access area, extending to at least 1500mm around the table, will assist when manoeuvring wheelchairs. This
space should be level, accessible to any adjacent paths and suitably surfaced (e.g concrete, tarmac or aggregate with a high
proportion of fines).
7. Seats
In common with seats, the benches of picnic tables should be between 450mm and 520mm in height. A corresponding clear vertical
height of 750mm below the table top is convenient and comfortable for most users and also allows access by people in wheelchairs.
Countryside Access Design Guide
Seats and Picnic Tables : Design List
7.1 Perch (Version 1)
A perch is an informal resting point that people can lean against or use semi-seated. This design is based on an A frame
construction with a small slatted seat and should be reasonably simple for a competent joiner to build. It can also be used as a
basis for more imaginative designs of perch using different materials and styles of construction.
7.2 Perch (Version 2)
A key feature of the design is that it minimises the amount of timber and uses a single timber size with limited preparation. It
also allows the height of the seat to be selected by varying the depth of insertion of the main support into the ground: this
therefore allows one design to be used, without alteration, to instal perches of different heights.
7.3 Timber Bench
A very simple timber bench adapted from a design originally included in the Countryside Commission for Scotland’s Battleby
Display Centre Design Guide. It is easy to construct and install and uses readily available timber sizes. It can also be readily
repaired if damaged or vandalised.
7.4 Seat with Backrest
A simple timber seat with backrest, slightly modified from an original design included in the Countryside Commission for Scotland’s
Battleby Display Centre Design Guide. The height of the seat has been raised to 450 - 520 to make it more convenient for people
with mobility difficulties and elderly people. This type of seat is easy to construct and has proved to be a popular design.
7.5 Picnic Table (Version 1)
The key feature of this design of picnic table is that the table and seats are free standing and avoid the use of spars, either above or
at ground level, which could hinder access by people with mobility difficulties. The bench design can also be adapted to provide
space for a person in a wheelchair on one or both sides of the table.
7.6 Picnic Table (Version 2)
A picnic table designed and manufactured by the Forest Enterprise workshop in Fochabers. The seats provide space for wheelchair
users to gain access to each side of the table. A version with full length seats is also available. The incorporation of backrests makes
these designs especially suitable for elderly people and people with mobility difficulties.
7.7 ‘Access for All’ Picnic Table (Concept Design)
This Information Sheet illustrates some of the key design concepts identified by the Edinburgh Greenbelt Trust and ECAS in an
exercise to develop a picnic table which is accessible to as wide a range of potential users as possible. Picnic tables incorporating
these concepts have been installed at a site beside the Union Canal at Ratho near Edinburgh.
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.7.1
Perch (Version 1)
(Page 1 of 2)
7. 1A Front Elevation
7. 1B Side Elevation
Scale 1:10
Scale 1:10
0
500mm
0
500mm
400
320
100
870 - 1070
550 - 750
10
c.70o
c.1000
7.1 Seats
400
500
7. 1C Plan
Scale 1:10
0
600
500mm
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.7.1
Perch (Version 1)
(Page 2 of 2)
• Notes
A perch is a simple and informal resting point that people can lean against or use semi-seated. Perches can be very helpful
in assisting access if they are located along paths at points where people may wish to rest, for example along steeper
sections, at the top of a climb, or at a viewpoint. Because of the way in which perches are intended to be used, they
should be set higher than a seat, preferably at between 550 and 750 above ground level. Ideally, perches of different
heights within this range should be provided since some people may find getting up from the lower ones a little difficult.
The design shown overleaf is constructed from timber. Perches can also be constructed from steel. Both timber and steel
versions have been constructed and erected by the Edinburgh Greenbelt Trust at a site beside the Union Canal at Ratho
near Edinburgh.
• Construction and Installation Details
Legs : 2 no. 100 x 100 x c. 2100 (depending on height).
Seat Supports : 2 no. 75 x 75 x 400.
Seat Latts : 3 no. 100 x 50 x 500 - 600.
Leg Strut : 750 x 50 x 50.
Fixings : Seat supports fixed to legs with 2 no. 150mm M12 galvanised coach screws countersunk. Leg strut fixed to legs with
2 no. 100mm M10 galvanised coach screws countersunk. Seat latts fixed to supports with 100mm galvanised screws.
It is important that the seat is made first, as it is used to clamp together/wedge the two uprights which are not bolted at the
top.
All timber should be planed. Above sizes are for unplaned timber.
Total height of perch should be 870 -1070 giving a seat height of between 550 - 750.
• Design Source and Contacts for Further Information
Design Source : Design is based on a concept developed by Matthew Hepworth during a student placement with
Scottish Natural Heritage, Battleby, Redgorton, Perth. PH1 3EW. Tel 01738 444177.
Further Information: Edinburgh Greenbelt Trust, Laundry House, Dalkeith Park, Dalkeith, Midlothian. EH22 2NA. Tel.
0131 654 1933.
• User Notes : Design Modifications and Reference Information
✍
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.7.2
Perch (Version 2)
(Page 1 of 2)
7. 2A Front End View
7. 2B Side Elevation
Scale 1:20
Scale 1:20
0
1000mm
0
400
1000mm
550 - 750
300
350
750 - 1000
80o
150
7. 2C Side Elevation (Detail)
Scale 1:5
0
300mm
7.2 Seats
250
centre line
225
A
A
80o
7. 2D Section A-A
Scale 1:5
0
300mm
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.7.2
Perch (Version 2)
(Page 2 of 2)
• Notes
A perch is a simple and informal resting point that people can lean against or use semi-seated. Perches can be very helpful
in assisting access if they are located along paths at points where people may wish to rest, for example along steeper
sections, at the top of a climb, or at a viewpoint. Because of the way in which perches are intended to be used, they
should be set higher than a seat, preferably at between 550 and 750 above ground level. Ideally, perches of different
heights within this range should be provided since some people may find getting up from the lower ones a little difficult.
This timber perch was designed by Phil Clarke and Hugh Muschamp of the ‘Paths for All Partnership’.
A key feature of the design is that it minimises the amount of timber and uses a single timber size with limited preparation. It
also allows the height of the seat to be selected by varying the depth of insertion of the main support into the ground; this
therefore allows one design to be used, without alteration, to instal perches of different heights.
• Construction and Installation Details
Main Support : 1 no. 150 x 100 x 1800
Seat : 2 no. 150 x 100 x 350 and
1 no. 150 x 100 x 225
Fixings : Seat timbers bolted together and fixed to the main support with 3 no. 360 long M16 threaded bars or coach
bolts. Seat timbers and main support pre-drilled as required with18mm clearance holes. Bolt heads and nuts countersunk
(40mm diam. x 40mm deep) and plugged (with wooden plugs, 41mm diam. x 20mm thick). Plugs should be glued into
holes.
A 360mm M16 threaded bar should be fitted through the base of the main support prior to installation to prevent the
perch from being pulled out.
Main support should be installed to the required depth for the desired height of the perch. The hole should be backfilled
with well rammed earth and stones, with larger rocks wedged at the toe and at the ‘heel’ (i.e. at the back, just below
ground level) to prevent movement. Concrete may be required in softer soils or where less than 750 of the main support is
below ground level.
• Design Source and Contacts for Further Information
Design Source and : Paths for All Partnership, Inglewood house, Tullibody Road, Alloa. FK10 2HU.
Further Information : Tel 01259 218888. Fax 01259 218488.
• User Notes : Design Modifications and Reference Information
✍
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.7.3
Timber Bench
(Page 1 of 2)
7. 3A Front Elevation
7. 3B End Elevation
Scale 1:20
Scale 1:20
0
1000mm
0
2000
1000mm
310
500
200
450 - 520
100
7. 3C Detail of fixings
Scale 1:5
0
300mm
7. 3D Perspective
Not to Scale
7.3 Seats
75
200
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.7.3
Timber Bench
(Page 2 of 2)
• Notes
A simple timber bench adapted from a design included in the Countryside Commission for Scotland’s Battleby Display
Centre Design Guide. It is easy to construct and install and uses readily available timber sizes. It can also be easily
repaired if damaged or vandalised.
It is recommended that it is pre-fabricated in the workshop and then installed on site. The cross pieces fixed at the lower
end of the legs keep the structure rigid during transportation and installation; they also make it more difficult to remove,
should there be a risk of theft.
The height of the seat has been raised (from the original design) to 450 - 520 to make it easier for people to sit down and
get up from the seat.
• Construction and Installation Details
Legs : 4 no. 75 x 75 x 950 -1020 (depending on height).
Seat : 2 no. 2000 x 150 x 100 with 10mm gap between and with edges chamfered or rounded.
Seat Supports : 2 no. 300 x 75 x 75.
Cross Pieces : 2 no. 300 x 100 x 50.
Fixings : Seat supports fixed to legs with 4 no. 150mm M12 galvanised coach bolts countersunk and with timber
connectors. Seat top timbers fixed to supports with 4 no. 150mm M12 galvanised coach screws countersunk.
Install pre-fabricated seat in holes excavated to the full required depth. Back fill holes with well rammed earth and stones.
Concrete should not be necessary unless the holes cannot be excavated to the required depth.
• Design Source and Contacts for Further Information
Design Source : Based on an original design from ‘Countryside Commission for Scotland: Battleby Display Centre
- Equipment and Materials for Countryside Recreation Sites’ (Information Sheet 5.12).
• User Notes : Design Modifications and Reference Information
✍
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.7.4
Seat with Backrest
(Page 1 of 2)
7. 4A Front Elevation
7. 4B Side Elevation (Alternative fixing)
Scale 1:20
Scale 1:20
0
1000mm
0
1000mm
450 - 520
2000
1000
300
7. 4C Side Elevation
100
7. 4D Rear Elevation - detail of
seat support
Scale 1:10
0
500mm
Scale 1:10
0
500mm
15
94o
7.4 Seats
75
25
450 - 520
750 - 820
390
100
20
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.7.4
Seat with Backrest
(Page 2 of 2)
• Notes
A simple timber seat with backrest, slightly modified from an original design included within the Countryside Commission
for Scotland’s Battleby Display Centre Design Guide. The height of the seat has been raised to 450 - 520 to make it more
convenient for people with mobility difficulties and elderly people.
This type of seat is easy to construct and has proved to be a popular design.
It is recommended that it is pre-fabricated in the workshop and then installed on site. The design details overleaf include
alternative installation methods (see below).
• Construction and Installation Details
Legs : Installation Method 1 (Dwg. 7.4A) : 2 no. 150 x 100 x 1750 -1820 (depending on height).
Installation Method 2 (Dwg. 7.4B) : 2 no. 150 x 100 x 850 - 920 (depending on height).
Seat : 2 no. 2000 x 150 x 50 with 15mm gap between and with edges chamfered or rounded.
Backrest : 1 no. 2000 x 150 x 50 with edges chamfered or rounded.
Seat Supports : 2 no. 550 x 150 x 100 rebated 20 into inside of legs (see Dwg. 7.4D).
Fixings : Seat supports fixed to legs with 4 no. 165mm galvanised coach bolts with timber connectors and countersunk.
Seat and backrest fixed with 100mm galvanised screws.
Installation Method 1(Dwg. 7.4A)
This is the usual method of installation.
Install seat legs in holes excavated to a depth of 1000. Back fill holes with well rammed earth and stones. Concrete should
not be necessary unless the holes cannot be excavated to the required depth.
Installation Method 2 (Dwg. 7.4B)
This method of installation is especially suited for locations where it is not possible to excavate to the required depth of 1000.
Fix each seat leg to a length of 100 x 75 M5 angle iron with 2 no. M12 coach bolts. Fix the angle iron to a c. 865 length
of railway sleeper (250 x 125) with 2 no. 75mm M10 coach screws so that the alignment of the sleeper is perpendicular
to the alignment of the seat. Install into excavated holes to a depth of 225 (i.e. so the top of the sleeper is 100 below
ground level), backfilling with well rammed earth and stones.
• Design Source and Contacts for Further Information
Design Source : Based on an original design from ‘Countryside Commission for Scotland: Battleby Display Centre
- Equipment and Materials for Countryside Recreation Sites’ (Information Sheet 5.13).
Further Information : Leisure and Cultural Services Dept.,Perth & Kinross Council, 3 - 5 High Street, Peth, PH1 5JS.
on Installation Tel 01738 475255.
Method 2
• User Notes : Design Modifications and Reference Information
✍
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.7.5
Picnic Table (Version 1)
(Page 1 of 2)
7. 5A Front Elevation - full length seat
7. 5B End Elevation - full length seat
Scale 1:20
Scale 1:20
0
1000mm
0
1000mm
100
1850
790
375
310
510
810
table top supports
second
seat not
shown
750
(500 min.)
seat supports
7. 5C Front Elevation - alternative seat
layout providing access for
wheelchair users
Scale 1:20
0
1000mm
300
400
7. 5D Plan - to show alternative seat
layout
Not to Scale
900
table top supports
7.5 Seats
25
25
275
seat supports
475
Access for
wheelchair user
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.7.5
Picnic Table (Version 1)
(Page 2 of 2)
• Notes
The key feature of this design of picnic table is that the table and benches are free standing and avoid the use of spars,
either above or at ground level, which could hinder access by people with mobility difficulties or possibly present a
tripping hazard. The bench design can also be adapted to provide space for a person in a wheelchair on one or both
sides of the table.
Given that this type of table is fixed permanently and is suitable for use by ambulant disabled people and wheelchair
users, it is advisable that the ground below the table and seats and the surrounding area to a distance of 1500mm is
appropriately surfaced.
It is recommended the table and benches are pre-fabricated in the workshop and then installed on site. The cross pieces
fixed at the lower end of the table and seat legs keep the structure rigid during transportation and installation; they also
make it more difficult to remove, should there be a risk of theft.
• Construction and Installation Details
Table Top Slats: 5 no. 1850 x 150 x 60 slats.
Table Legs : 4 no. 1500 x 75 x 75.
Table Top Supports : 2 no. 770 x 75 x 75.
Table Leg Braces (below ground) : 2 no. 400 x 100 x 50.
Seat Top Slats(per side) : 2 no. 1850 x 150 x 60 slats (for single 1850 long seat) or
4 no. 475 x 150 x 60 slats (for 2 no. 475 long seats with 900 wheelchair space).
Seat Legs (per side) : 4 no. 1200 x 75 x 75 (for single 1850 long seat) or
8 no. 1200 x 75 x 75 (for 2 no. 475 long seats).
Seat Top Supports (per side) : 2 no. 300 x 75 x 75 (for single 1850 long seat) or
4 no. 300 x 75 x 75 (for 2 no. 475 long seats).
Seat Leg Braces (below ground) (per side) : 2 no. 300 x 100 x 50 (for single 1850 long seat) or
4 no. 300 x 100 x 50 (for 2 no. 475 long seats).
Fixings : all table top and seat top supports fixed to legs with 150mm x M12 bolts, countersunk and with timber connectors.
Table top slats and seat slats fixed to cross pieces with 100mm galvanised screws, countersunk.
Install table and seat legs in holes excavated to a depth of 1000. Back fill holes with well rammed earth and stones.
Concrete should not be necessary unless the holes cannot be excavated to the required depth.
Table top height should be 810 and seat top height should be 510.
• Design Source and Contacts for Further Information
Design Source : Based on an original design from ‘Countryside Commission for Scotland: Battleby Display Centre
- Equipment and Materials for Countryside Recreation Sites’ (Information Sheet 5.17).
Design details relating to access for wheelchair users are based on BT Countryside for All Good
Practice Guide Information Sheet 4.2.
• User Notes : Design Modifications and Reference Information
✍
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.7.6
Picnic Table (Version 2)
(Page 1 of 2)
7. 6A Side Elevation
Scale 1:20
0
1000mm
235
115
750
860
450
780
250
1820
7. 6B Perspective
Not to Scale
17
5
0
7.6 Seats
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.7.6
Picnic Table (Version 2)
(Page 2 of 2)
• Notes
This picnic table has been designed by the Forestry Commission and is manufactured by the Forest Enterprise workshop in
Fochabers. The half length diagonal seats provide space for wheelchair users to gain access to each side of the table. A
version with full length seats is also available.
The incorporation of backrests on the seats makes these designs especially suitable for elderly people and also allows
disabled people to transfer from a wheelchair onto the seat. The presence of horizontal spars at ground level (joining the
table to the seats) may be inconvenient for people with mobility difficulties.
• Construction and Installation Details
Since this picnic table is available commercially from Forest Enterprise, only the basic dimensions are provided in the
drawings overleaf. It is supplied in kit form ready for assembly.
It is manufactured from home grown Douglas Fir of 45 nominal thickness (except the back supports of the seats which are
30 thickness). All timber is dressed and the table top and seats are finished with a sander and have rounded edges.
Timber legs in contact with the ground are treated with clear preservative. The complete unit is treated with two coats of
preservative/water repellent.
Galvanised bolts and coach screws are used throughout.
• Design Source and Contacts for Further Information
Designer/Supplier : Forest Enterprise, Moray Forest District, Speymouth Signs Workshop, Balnacoul, Fochabers
Morayshire. IV32 7LL. Tel/Fax 01343 821500
• User Notes : Design Modifications and Reference Information
✍
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.7.7
Access for All Picnic Table (Concept Design)
(Page 1 of 2)
highest of the three seats
at a height of 530
7. 7A Plan
Scale 1:20
1000mm
r
900 ce fo rs
e
a
. sp r u s
min elchai
whe
m
9
wh in. sp 00
eel ac
cha e f
ir u or
ser
s
0
75
0
100 100
35 -
lowest of the three seats
at a height of 430
slits in table top to provide
hand holds to help people
get up from seats
mid height
seat at 480
250
45
in.
0m
45
in.
m
100
600
gap to provide
access to seats
7. 7B Elevation
Scale 1:20
1000mm
1500
30-50
750 min.
100 min.
0
space for
wheelchair users
7.7 Seats
backrest to provide
support and assist
people lowering
themselves onto and
rising from the seat
Countryside Access Design Guide
Information Sheet No.7.7
Access for All Picnic Table (Concept Design)
(Page 2 of 2)
• Notes
The drawings overleaf illustrate some of the key design concepts identified by the Edinburgh Greenbelt Trust and ECAS in
an exercise to develop a picnic table which is accessible to as wide a range of potential users as possible.
A picnic table incorporating these design concepts has been installed by the Edinburgh Greenbelt Trust at a site beside the
Union Canal at Ratho outside Edinburgh: this table is fabricated from steel and timber and was built by a local blacksmith
(P. Johnson & Co., Ratho Byers Forge).
Key design features are:
• The use of a round or oval table means that people using wheelchairs are completely integrated with other users.
Although the drawings overleaf use a round table to illustrate this point, an oval table will, in practice, tend to make
more effective use of table space in having a larger edge : area ratio.
• The provision of two 900mm wide spaces will allow two people in wheelchairs to gain access to the table and, if
desired, transfer to the seats.
• The 750mm minimum height to the underside of the table accommodates wheelchair users.
• The provision of a 600mm gap provides an additional easy access space to the seats.
• The provision of seats at different heights will help to accommodate the needs of people with differing levels of mobility.
• The inclusion of a backrest on one of the seats will be of assistance to people with mobility difficulties in helping them
to lower themselves and rise up from the seat.
• The seat depth and design/construction of the backrest accommodates people of all sizes.
• The fact that the table and seats are free standing means that there are no above ground braces or other structures
between the table and the seats that people have to step over.
• The incorporation of 35mm - 45mm slits in the table top provides a hand grip that may assist people in getting up
from the seat.
• The table and seats should be surrounded by a hard surface, such as tarmac or concrete, that is easy to walk on and
is suitable for wheelchair users.
• Construction and Installation Details
Information on the construction and installation by the Edinburgh Greenbelt Trust of picnic tables that incorporate these
design concepts can be obtained from the address below
• Design Source and Contacts for Further Information
Design Source and : Edinburgh Greenbelt Trust, Laundry House, Dalkeith Park, Dalkeith, Midlothian. EH22 2NA
Further Information : Tel. 0131 654 1933.
• User Notes : Design Modifications and Reference Information
✍