Delta Hotel
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
Nov. 27 – 30, 2011
7th Canadian Workshop on Fusarium Head Blight 7e Colloque canadien sur la fusariose Delta Hotel Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Nov. 27 – 30, 2011 Local Organizing Committee: Andy Tekauz (Chair) Jeannie Gilbert (Co‐Chair) Brent McCallum (Registrar/Treasurer) Jennifer Mitchell Fetch (Secretary Kurt Anaka Vikram Bisht Dilantha Fernando Tom Gräfenhan Mike Grenier Brian Hellegards Sheryl Tittlemier James Tucker National Arrangements Committee: Aaron Beattie Barb Blackwell Michael Brophy André Comeau Faye Dokken‐Bouchard François Eudes Stephen Fox Richard Martin Keith Seifert Kelly Turkington Lily Tamburic‐Ilincic Linda Harris Ron Knox Proceedings compiled and edited by Jeannie Gilbert, Andy Tekauz, Norma Sweetland and Kirsten Slusarenko, Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, Cereal Research Centre, 195 Dafoe Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M9. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced without prior permission from the applicable author(s). Table of Contents Page Welcome Message 3 Sponsors 4 Program 14 Oral Presentation Abstracts 19 List of Poster Abstracts 74 Poster Abstracts 77 List of Registrants 107 Author Index 120 3
Greetings Welcome to the 7th Canadian Workshop on Fusarium Head Blight (7th CWFHB) and to Winnipeg, Manitoba! Since the 1st CWFHB in 1999, this biennial meeting has provided the opportunity for researchers, producers, consumers, industry and regulators to discuss issues relating to fusarium head blight (FHB). Our aim from the beginning has been to facilitate interaction among a broad community of stakeholders to gain a better understanding and appreciation of the impacts ‐ economic, social, and on health and safety ‐ that FHB leads to, in Canada and beyond. Have we made any progress in mitigating the damaging effects of FHB in the past 12 years? Certainly, but progress has not been of the >breakthrough= kind, rather, it has been the result of many small steps, that taken together herald significant achievement. Via breeding, several cultivars with improved resistance have been developed, and some previously registered cultivars identified as such, i.e. >5602HR=, >Carberry=, >Unity VB= and >Waskada= spring wheat, ‘FT Wonder’ and W454 winter wheat, >Island=, >CDC Mindon=, >CDC Cowboy= and >Norman= two‐
rowed barley, and >Leggett= and OT2069 oat. QTLs explaining levels of partial resistance have been identified on various wheat chromosomes, and useful marker‐assisted selection (MAS) protocols developed. New foliar fungicides have been tested and registered to supplement Folicur7 for suppression of FHB, e.g. Caramba7 from BASF, Proline7 and Prosaro7 from Bayer, and in addition, several promising biocontrol agents identified. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that Fusarium graminearum can survive on infected seed at or below the soil surface for up to 24 months, and that numerous weed and native plant species may act as alternative hosts providing the pathogen with enhanced survival possibilities. The roles of previous crop in reducing or increasing disease severity, and of prior glyphosate use, have been studied, but these have generated mixed messages and require further experimentation. Technologies such an NIR spectroscopy have been developed and refined to assist in quantifying levels of deoxynivalenol (DON) in harvested grain, an asset for both breeding programs and the grading and handling systems, and for promoting human and animal well‐being. However, there is still considerable work to be done, and we are here once again to expedite progress by bringing one another up‐to‐date on the latest research discoveries, learning about practical strategies to improve disease management success, hearing of initiatives by regulatory agencies to ensure safe and healthy agricultural products, and benefiting from producer accounts on how they cope with FHB and its effects on their farm operations and profitability. We trust you will find the speaker and poster sessions of interest and value, and will take advantage of opportunities for interaction and exchange, both scientific and social, during the next three days. On behalf of the National and Local Organizing Committee members, thank you for your support of the CWFHB, enjoy the meeting, exit energized, and travel safely. Andy Tekauz and Jeannie Gilbert Co‐chairs 7th CWFHB 4
Thanks to our Sponsors Platinum
With sales of €4.0 billion in 2010, BASF’s Crop Protection division is a leader in crop protection and a strong partner to the farming industry providing well‐established and innovative fungicides, insecticides and herbicides. Farmers use these products and services to improve crop yields and crop quality. Other uses include public health, structural/urban pest control, turf and ornamental plants, vegetation management, and forestry. BASF aims to turn knowledge rapidly into market success. The vision of BASF’s Crop Protection division is to be the world’s leading innovator, optimizing agricultural production, improving nutrition, and thus enhancing the quality of life for a growing world population. Further information can be found on the web at www.agro.basf.com or follow us on twitter: www.twitter.com/basfagro Bayer CropScience strives to be the global innovation leader, providing sustainable crop solutions from seed to harvest. 5
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About the National Research Council Plant Biotechnology Institute Comprised of more than 20 institutes and national programs, the National Research Council (NRC) is the Government of Canada’s premier organization for research and development. NRC plays a major role in stimulating community‐based innovation and is located in each Canadian province. NRC supports thousands of Canadian businesses every year by leveraging world‐
renowned research and technology development teams and technical infrastructure. Key areas of focus include life sciences, physical sciences, engineering and technology and industry support. With over 4000 employees, NRC provides substantial resources in helping Canada become one of the world’s top five R&D performers. Through combined systems biology approaches, researchers at the NRC in Saskatoon identify novel genes and molecular tools to assist breeders in the development of new crop varieties with higher yield and stress tolerance, reduced input requirements, and, in the case of oilseed crops, modified fatty acid profiles. These improvements will not only be used to increase the value to farmers, but also to address environmental, health and energy sustainability. 7
Gold
In 2012, the Canadian Grain Commission will mark 100 years as Canada's grain industry regulator and scientific researcher for grain quality and safety. The Grain Research Laboratory conducts research in support of Canada’s grain quality assurance system. We address and study emerging issues such as Fusarium head blight and work to provide the scientific basis for grain grading tolerances. We contribute to the marketing of Canadian grain in the interests of producers and the Canadian grain industry through our scientific work. Our job is to also regulate grain handling in Canada. This includes inspecting and weighing grain at export and support a fair and open grain handling system. Our work contributes to Canada's ability to supply customers with grain that consistently meets their quality and quantity needs. We do this by acting as a neutral and impartial third party, with no financial interest in the grain we grade, weigh and certify. Visit www.grainscanada.gc.ca to learn more about our work and mandate. The Canadian National Millers Association is a national not‐for‐profit association representing the public policy and regulatory interests of Canada's cereal grain milling industries. 8
Mission Statement: To develop and promote an innovative and successful business environment which will allow our farmer members the opportunity for profitable growth. Western Grains Research Foundation (WGRF) funds research to benefit western Canadian producers. WGRF is a farmer funded and directed non‐profit organization investing primarily in wheat and barley variety development. WGRF has assisted in the development and release of more than 100 new wheat and barley varieties over the past decade and a half, many of which are today seeded to large portions of the cropland in Western Canada. WGRF also makes research investments into other western Canadian crops through the Endowment fund. Since 1981 the Endowment Fund has supported a wealth of innovation across Western Canada providing over $26 million in funding for over 230 research projects. 9
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BREWING AND MALTING
BARLEY RESEARCH INSTITUTE (BMBRI)
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Supporting Research, Breeding and Development in Canada’s barley, malting and brewing industry • Testing, Evaluating and Communicating outcomes from research projects and breeding programs BMBRI’s work is generously supported by following members for 2011‐12: Prairie Malt Limited, Malteurop Canada, Rahr Malting Canada Ltd., Canada Malting Company, Molson Coors Canada, AB InBev, Sierra Nevada Brewing Co., New Belgium Brewing Company, Big Rock Brewery, Sleeman Brewing and Malting Company Ltd., Great Western Brewing Company, Canterra Seeds, SeCan, Viterra, FP Genetics, Syngenta Seeds Canada, Alberta Barley Commission. Contact BMBRI at (204) 927 1401 or www.bmbri.ca Owned by over 200 western Canadian shareholders, CANTERRA SEEDS is committed to sourcing genetically superior seed products that meet end‐user needs, while delivering agronomic and economic benefits for producers. With a versatile portfolio of cereals, pulses and oilseeds, CANTERRA SEEDS seeks opportunities that allow for mutual success in the agriculture industry. CANTERRA SEEDS evaluates thousands of lines each year, accessed from private breeders from around the world, to learn about their performance in various geographies. In addition, lines from the public breeding programs in Canada are examined. Each will be assessed on three factors: agronomic characteristics, disease tolerance, and quality parameters. The company’s main goal is to identify products that are well suited to the marketplace; products that offer increased value, benefit, or opportunity for the farmer and the end‐user. This could be through characteristics like yield, maturity or disease resistance, or connecting the farmer with downstream markets, providing new marketing opportunities. 10
As “Canada’s Seed Partner”, SeCan actively seeks partnerships that promote profitability in Canadian agriculture. SeCan is the largest supplier of certified seed to Canadian farmers with more than 750 members from coast to coast engaged in seed production, processing and marketing. Since its inception in 1976, SeCan has been a major supporter of plant breeding in Canada, returning more than $65 million in royalties and research funding. SeCan represents more than 430 crop varieties developed by public and private sector breeding programs. Syngenta is a leading global agribusiness company committed to sustainable agriculture through innovative research and technology. Syngenta provides an extensive range of products and services that span the country’s major crops including wheat, barley, canola, corn, potatoes, pulse crops, and soybeans and ranks third in the high‐value commercial seeds market. Syngenta crop Protection, Seed Care and Syngenta Seeds divisions collaborate to provide a complete offering of integrated crop solutions, from expert agronomic advice and best management practices to cutting edge technology and scientific innovation designed to help Canadian growers produce robust yields and high quality crops. 11
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Conviron is headquartered in Winnipeg, Canada and has been a leading global supplier
of controlled environment systems and research greenhouses for nearly 50 years. Our
expertise is applied to agricultural biotechnology research applications requiring precise
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Conviron also offers a comprehensive suite of value-added services encompassing the
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The Canadian Seed Growers’ Association (CSGA) represents approximately 4,000 seed growers and provides leadership as the Canadian organization designated in the federal Seeds Act and Regulations to certify pedigreed seed crops for all agricultural crops in Canada except potatoes. It is a seed crop certification system that supports Canada’s worldwide reputation as a supplier of quality agricultural products. CSGA’s Mission Statement is to: Represent members by: •
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Advancing a grower perspective on issues related to seed; Providing leadership to members and engaging in activities designed to give members a voice on seed related matters; and • Supporting members in gaining and maintaining knowledge of seed crop certification. Advance the seed industry by: •
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Promoting the benefits of pedigreed seed throughout the seed industry and to end‐users; Advocating the use of the seed certification system as an integral part of identity preserved and quality assurance programs; • Cooperating with researchers, growers and processors to expand the use of pedigreed seed; and • Facilitating transfer of end‐use specific traits from research to commercial use through pedigreed seed. Provide seed crop certification by: •
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Developing varietal purity standards and regulations for pedigreed seed crop production; Maintaining a verifiable seed certification system; and Certifying the varietal purity of pedigreed seed crops. 13
To constantly improve what is essential to human progress. We do this responsibly and profitably by: •
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applying innovation to help our customers succeed aiding the production of an abundant, nutritious food supply creating new value in, and from, agriculture Rahr Malting Co. will produce and or distribute preferred malt and barley products for the world’s beverage and food manufacturers by anticipating and responding to their changing needs in a way that delivers total customer satisfaction. 14
Venue: Ballroom of the Delta Hotel 350 St. Mary Avenue, Winnipeg MB R3C 3J2 PROGRAM 7th Canadian Workshop on Fusarium Head Blight Sunday, November 27, 2011 16:00 ‐ 21:00 Registration desk open ‐ First Floor Foyer 18:00 ‐ 21:00 Poster set‐up – Ballroom A 19:00 ‐ 22:00 Reception Monday, November 28, 2011 7:00 ‐ 8:15 Continental breakfast provided 7:00 ‐ 17:30 Registration desk open 7:00 ‐ 10:00 Poster set‐up 8:15 Opening remarks Andy Tekauz Plenary Session: Chair : Jeannie Gilbert 8:30 Marcia McMullen (North Dakota State University, Fargo ND, USA): Unified efforts for solving Fusarium head blight: Progress made, continued challenges. 9:00 Frances Trail (Michigan State University, East Lansing MI, USA): A whole plant/whole fungus look at the Fusarium graminearum‐wheat interaction. 9:30 ‐ 10:00 Refreshment break 15
Session 1: Mycotoxins Chairs:Barb Blackwell, Sheryl Tittlemier 10:00 Genevieve Bondy (Health Canada, Ottawa ON): Effects of chronic dietary mycotoxin exposure on the cancer‐prone p53 heterozygous mouse. 10:20 Ken Voss (ARS‐USDA, Athens GA, USA):– Current perspectives on Fusarium mycotoxins: fumonisin and deoxynivalenol. 10:40 Abed Zeibdawi (Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa ON): An overview of CFIA's mycotoxin monitoring program in livestock feeds. 11:00 Paul Hazendonk (University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge AB): Towards understanding the toxicity of DON and its implications. 11:20 Sheryl Tittlemier (Canadian Grain Commission, Winnipeg MB): Distribution of moniliformin and Fusarium avenaceum in Canadian durum wheat. 11:40 Sofia Chulze (Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Argentina): Fusarium graminearum species complex populations from South America: toxigenic profiles and biocontrol possibilities. 12:00 Lunch – Ballroom Session 2: Industry and Consumer Affairs I Chair: Michael Brophy 13:00 Mike Grenier (Canadian Wheat Board, Winnipeg MB): Fusarium and evolving international customer relationships. 13:20 Pat Rowan (BARI‐Canada, Inc. Winnipeg MB): Update on impacts of fusarium head blight to malting barley and brewing industries. 13:40 Joe Girdner (James Richardson International, Winnipeg MB): Update on impacts of fusarium head blight in the grain handling system. 14:00 Robin Morrall (University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon SK): Saskatchewan‐2010: The farmers' year from hell: Was seed the last straw? 14:30 Refreshment break Session 3: Industry and Consumer Affairs II Chair(s): Mike Grenier 15:00 David Prystupa (Spectrum Agricultural, Pinawa MB): Removal of Fusarium‐damaged kernels by an optical sorter. 15:20 Victor Limay‐Rios(University of Guelph ON): Use of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy for prediction of Fusarium‐damaged kernels in corn and winter wheat. 16
15:40 Lori Oatway (Field Crop Development Centre Alberta Agriculture, Lacombe AB): A novel approach to the development of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) to screen for deoxynivalenol in cereal grains. 16:00 Paul Martin (Unity Scientific LLC, Brookfield CT, USA): A method to separate Fusarium‐
damaged and DON‐infected grains. 16:30 Poster viewing (authors present) – Cocktail hour (Sponsored by BMBRI) 18:30 Dinner on your own Tuesday, November 29, 2011 7:00 ‐ 8:15 Continental breakfast (Sponsored by Western Grains Research Foundation) 7:00 ‐ 17:00 Registration desk open Session 4: Epidemiology and Management I Chair: Dilantha Fernando 8:15 Jasmine Hoover (International Bioresources Research Group for WGRF): Strategies for managing fusarium head blight in western Canada: a review of literature. 8:35 Susanne Vogelgsang (ART, Zurich, Switzerland): On‐farm experiments over 5 years in a grain maize/winter wheat rotation: effect of maize residue treatments. 8:55 Henry Olechowski (DOW AgroSciences): Knowledge gained after 10 years of running a fusarium head blight disease nursery in Ontario. 9:15 Emmanuelle Gourdain : (Arvalis, Boigneville, France): A model to predict the risk of infection by Gibberella zeae ascospores. 9:45 Refreshment break Session 5: Epidemiology and management II Chair: Faye Dokken‐Bouchard 10:15 Dilantha Fernando (University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB): What do we know of the Fusarium graminearum chemotypes, their epidemiology, genetics, and infection process in Canada? 10:35 Art Schaafsma (University of Guelph, Ridgetown ON): The use of the DONCast system in Europe and in south‐western Ontario, Canada. 10:55 Guy Ash (Weatherfarm, Winnipeg MB): Update on fusarium head blight forecasting. 11:15 Harold Brown (Bayer Crop Science): Update on fungicides registered for fusarium head blight suppression. 17
11:30 Neil Galbraith (Farmer, Minnedosa MB): My perspective on fusarium head blight, the impact it has on my farm and the management tools I have available. 11:45 Lunch – Ballroom (Sponsored by BASF) Session 6: Genomics and Genetics Chairs: François Eudes, Linda Harris 13:15 Christian Barreau (INRA‐MycSA, France): The induction of deoxynivalenol biosynthesis in Fusarium graminearum is subjected to a basal control exerted by various cellular regulators. 13:35 Rubella Goswami (North Dakota State University, Fargo ND, USA and DuPont Crop Protection): Association of Fusarium graminearum with legume root rots and fungal gene expression during disease development. 13:55 Nora A. Foroud (AAFC‐LRC, Lethbridge AB): Signalling mechanisms mediating resistance and susceptibility to fusarium head blight (FHB) in wheat. 14:15 Thérèse Ouellet (AAFC‐ECORC, Ottawa ON): Wheat genes induced by DON: fusarium head blight susceptibility factors. 14:30 Khaled Al‐Taweel (University of Manitoba): Transcriptome profiling of differentially expressed genes of wheat after infection with different Fusarium graminearum chemotypes. 14:45 Refreshment break Session 7: Pathogen Dynamics Chair: Tom Gräfenhan 15:15 Tom Gräfenhan (Canadian Grain Commission, Winnipeg MB) & Keith Seifert (AAFC‐ECORC, Ottawa ON): Genetic diversity of Fusarium on grains: Changing species concepts and their impact on molecular diagnostics. 15:35 Ingerd Skow Hofgaard (Bioforsk, Ås, Norway): Recent changes in the prevalence of Fusarium and mycotoxins in Norwegian Cereals. 15:55 Tigst Demeke (Canadian Grain Commission, Winnipeg MB): Development and utilization of TaqMan real‐time PCR assay for assessment of Fusarium graminearum in wheat and barley. 16:15 Tapani Yli‐Mattila (University of Turku, Finland): Molecular identification, detection and quantification of toxigenic Fusarium species in cereals. 16:35 Theo van der Lee (Plant Research International, Wageningen, The Netherlands): Identification of Fusarium pathogens of wheat using TaqMan real‐time PCR and Luminex. 18:30 Dinner/Banquet Wednesday, November 30, 2011 18
Wednesday, November 30, 2011 7:00 ‐ 8:15 Hearty breakfast provided 7:00 ‐ 10:00 Take down posters 7:00 ‐ 12:00 Registration desk open Session 8: Resistance Breeding I Chairs: Aaron Beattie, Jennifer Mitchell Fetch 8:15 Bill Legge (AAFC‐BRC, Brandon MB): Update on improving fusarium head blight resistance in barley for western Canada. 8:35 Gopal Subramaniam (AAFC‐ECORC, Ottawa ON): Novel strategies to combat fusarium head blight. 8:55 Lily Tamburic‐Ilincic (University of Guelph, Ridgetown ON): Progress in breeding fusarium head blight‐resistant winter wheat. 9:15 Aaron Beattie (University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon SK): Real‐time quantitative PCR in oat fusarium head blight resistance breeding. 9:35 Steve Haber (AAFC‐CRC, Winnipeg MB): On the ‘Express Route’ to fusarium head blight resistance in durum wheat. 10:00 Refreshment break Session 9: Resistance Breeding II Chair(s): Aaron Beattie, Jennifer Mitchell Fetch 10:30 Richard Cuthbert (AAFC‐SPARC, Swift Current SK): Are QTLs for fusarium head blight response additive? 10:45 Pavel Horcicka (SELGEN, Sibrina, Czech Republic): Molecular markers in fusarium head blight resistance wheat breeding programmes in Czech Republic. 11:00 Andre Comeau (AAFC‐CRDSGC, Quebec QC): One quick solution to fusarium head blight problems: the systemic approach. 11:15 George Fedak (AAFC‐ECORC, Ottawa ON): Application of molecular‐assisted markers for development of white seeded wheat resistant to fusarium head blight. 11:30 Ákos Mesterházy (Cereal Research Non‐Profit Co., Szeged, Hungary): Breeding wheat with resistance to fusarium head blight: concepts, methods, and results. 12:00 Lunch for CWS Registrants and change over to 1st Canadian Wheat Symposium 19
Plenary Session Chaired by Jeannie Gilbert 20
Unified efforts for solving Fusarium head blight: progress made, continued challenges M. MCMULLEN Dept. of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA. The severe Fusarium head blight (FHB) epidemic in the spring cereal regions of the US and Canada in 1993 was a watershed, resulting in unified efforts to find solutions for this disease. Efforts initially were regional, followed by more concerted national efforts to solve FHB. In 1996, at the regional FHB Forum held in Winnipeg, discussions focused on mycotoxin accumulation and detection, disease management, pathogen biology and epidemiology, and genetics and breeding. Today, we begin the 7th Canadian Workshop on FHB, with many of the same topics of discussion. Although major topics for research on FHB have not changed over the years, the multiple shared activities and information exchange have led to tremendous advances in knowledge in each topic area. Some successes include: identification of sources of resistance and incorporation into breeding lines; development and use of novel strategies in genetics to aid breeding programs; increased understanding of pathogen distribution and genetics; increased understanding of mycotoxin effects; testing and registration of effective fungicides; improvement of fungicide application technology; development and deployment of FHB/DON forecasting models; and demonstration of value of integrated FHB management strategies. Some challenges definitely remain: need for continued improvement of resistance in adapted cereal varieties with high yield and quality; finding additional protection products that aid in FHB management; increasing use of disease forecasting models; improving outreach in today’s technological world; and maintaining funding to sustain these efforts and others that may be on the brink of finding the breakthrough solution for FHB. 21
A whole plant/whole fungus look at the Fusarium graminearum‐wheat interaction F. TRAIL Departments of Plant Biology and Plant Pathology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824. Fusarium graminearum completes its life cycle on grain crops, and overwinters in the field on crop residues. We are investigating this important pathogen as a whole organism, taking into consideration all life cycle stages both on the host and in the soil. This approach has revealed a surprisingly intimate host‐pathogen relationship in which the fungus relies on the host year‐round, and has exposed adaptations of the fungus to agricultural practices. The genome sequence of F. graminearum is now available and whole‐genome expression has been completed for many stages of the life cycle. We have used these tools to understand the life cycle, including development and dispersal of ascospores, overwinter survival in crop residues and biosynthesis of mycotoxins. Studies of genomics, transcriptomics, gene function, physiology and histology have all contributed to the increasingly detailed picture of the fungal life cycle. Our research is aimed at using this knowledge to reduce the costs of the disease. 22
Mycotoxins Session 1 Chaired by Barb Blackwell and Sheryl Tittlemier 23
Effects of chronic dietary mycotoxin exposure on the cancer‐
prone transgenic p53 heterozygous mouse G. BONDY, R. MEHTA, D. CALDWELL, I. CURRAN, S. AZIZ, A. NUNNIKHOVEN, C. QIAO, M. SAVARD, G. LOMBAERT, S. KOTELLO, N. ZITOMER AND R. RILEY (G.B., R.M., D.C., I.C., S.A., A.N., I.C.) Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON; (C.Q.)Bureau of Food Surveillance and Science Integration, Food Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON; (M.S.) Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, Ottawa, ON; (G.L., S.K.) Food Laboratory, Manitoba Region Health Programs and Laboratories, Health Canada, Winnipeg, MB; (N.Z., R.R.) Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, USDA‐ARS, Athens, GA.Mice heterozygous for the wild‐type Trp53 allele and a null allele are prone to cancer and were developed as an alternative rodent carcinogenesis model. A series of 26‐week toxicity studies was undertaken to characterize the responses of transgenic p53+/‐ (TG) and wild‐type (WT) mice to fungal toxins which have not previously been tested in this model. Responses of WT and TG mice to dietary DON (0, 1, 5, 10 ppm) were consistent with those previously seen in a 2‐year mouse study, including feed refusal, lack of weight gain, altered plasma immunoglobulins, and lack of tumourigenicity. Exposure to dietary FB1 (0, 5, 50, 150 ppm) was carcinogenic in WT and TG mice at the highest dose. Disruption of sphingolipid metabolism by FB1 resulted in increased sphinganine, sphinganine‐1‐phosphate and deoxysphinganine in liver and kidneys from WT and TG mice. While some changes due to FB1 were more pronounced in TG mice, outcomes were predominantly similar in both strains. WT and TG mice were resistant to AFB1 in diet at levels up to 1 ppm, likely due to metabolism of the carcinogenic metabolite of AFB1. Exposure to OTA (0, 0.5, 2, 10 ppm) resulted in renal lesions but not tumours in WT and TG mice. Body and organ weight changes were more pronounced in TG mice, indicating that p53 heterozygosity influenced the severity of responses to OTA. These studies will contribute to decisions on the future applicability of alternative cancer bioassays, and expand the relatively limited number of chronic toxicity studies conducted on mycotoxins. 24
Current perspectives on Fusarium mycotoxins: fumonisin and deoxynivalenol K. A. VOSS, R. T. RILEY, J. B. GELINEAU‐VAN WAES AND J. J. PESTKA (K.A.V., R.T.R.,) Toxicology & Mycotoxin Research Unit, ARS‐USDA, Athens, GA, USA; (J.B.G.‐v.W.) Department of Pharmacology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA; and (J.J.P.) Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA. The trichothecene deoxynivalenol (DON) and the fumonisins (FBs) are among the structurally diverse mycotoxins produced by Fusarium species. DON is a contaminant of wheat, barley and maize, FBs occur mainly in maize, and both are found in grain‐based foodstuffs. Both cause diseases in farm animals and elicit various toxicities in laboratory animals; however, their impact on human health is unknown. To better understand the latter, mechanistic studies in animals with emphasis on effects considered to be potentially most relevant to humans are essential. These include growth suppression (DON) and neural tube defects (FBs). DON elicits a complex sequence of cytokine mediated signaling events in mice that involve upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines and suppressors of cytokine signaling, and reductions in plasma insulin‐like growth factor 1 and insulin‐like growth factor acid‐labile subunit. The net effect of these interrelated and other associated events is to perturb growth hormone signaling and impair growth. Fumonisin B1 (FB1) induces neural tube defects in the LM/Bc and CD1 mouse strains. Evidence suggests that the well characterized inhibition of ceramide and sphingolipid biosynthesis by FB1 leads to the loss of complex sphingolipids that are critical for the uptake and utilization of folate. This in turn increases the risk of neural tube defects. Other findings suggest that aberrant signaling by cytokines or sphingoid base 1‐phosphates are also likely to be involved. These findings provide plausible mechanisms for DON and FB‐mediated toxicities and a basis for further experiments to determine their relevance to humans.
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An overview of CFIA's mycotoxin monitoring program in livestock feeds A. ZEIBDAWI, M. STEELE AND A. SAVOIE Animal Feed Division, Canadian Food Inspection Agency. 59 Camelot Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1A 0Y9. The CFIA is responsible for the regulation of livestock feed, which includes feed safety. Because of the impact on human and animal health, the CFIA has mycotoxin monitoring programs for feed that have been in place for many years under the National Feed Inspection Program. These programs include both random and targeted monitoring for the presence of a number of different mycotoxins that are of concern. Action levels for mycotoxins in livestock feed are used to assess feed compliance, including feed safety. A summary of the data for seven different types of mycotoxins (Deoxynivalenol, HT‐2 toxin, Diacetoxyscirpenol, T‐2 toxin, Zearalenone, Ochratoxin A, and Fumonosins) for feed samples collected from feed mills, farms, and retail stores in Canada from 1990 to 2010, will be presented. The data will be shown in relation to action levels (ALs) for individual mycotoxins and livestock species. The number of samples above and below the ALs will be discussed in relation to livestock species consuming the feed, the feed type tested, sampling area and fiscal year. 26
Towards understanding the toxicity of deoxynivalenol (DON) and its implications P. HAZENDONK, N. A. FOROUD, F. EUDES AND R. S. SHANK (P.H., R.S.S) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB.; (N.A.F; F.E.) Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture Agri‐Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB. The trichothecene family of fungal metabolites is known to severely affect protein biosynthesis and is thereby toxic to most organisms. Beyond this not much is known other than the toxicity is most likely due to disruption in the ribosome and that some very specific structural motifs of the toxin must be preserved to maintain toxicity. What therefore leads to the differences in the degree of toxicity observed among host‐organisms and among different trichothecenes? An understanding of this may lead to ways to remediate the impacts of these toxins either by detoxifying them or developing resistance to them. The work presented here starts at the very rudiments in the understanding of these structures at a level beyond basic identification and stereochemistry. DON and T‐2 toxin structures and dynamics are being investigated in the solution‐ and solid‐state, including the role of hydrogen bonding and water binding. Insights gained will aid in the development of a working model for toxin binding at the ribosome, and will direct future lines of inquiry. 27
Distribution of moniliformin and Fusarium avenaceum in Canadian durum wheat S. A. TITTLEMIER, T. GRÄFENHAN, S. K. PATRICK, M. M. ROSCOE, B. TRELKA AND R. M. CLEAR Grain Research Laboratory, Canadian Grain Commission, Winnipeg, Manitoba. In western Canada, Fusarium head blight on wheat is mainly caused by Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium avenaceum. F. avenaceum is often considered the least important of the Fusarium species in western Canada. Research and monitoring tends to focus on F. graminearum and its relatively well‐known secondary metabolites such as deoxynivalenol. As well as producing Fusarium‐damaged kernels (FDK), F. avenaceum also produces the mycotoxin moniliformin (MON). MON is considered to be an “emerging” mycotoxin in the sense that it is not as well‐studied as other Fusarium mycotoxins. MON is a small, polar molecule and has been reported to elicit toxicological effects in vitro, in livestock, and in humans. In this study, 54 Canada western amber durum (CWAD) samples submitted by producers from Alberta and Saskatchewan via the 2010 Harvest Sample program were analyzed for MON. Samples were analyzed using liquid extraction, strong anion exchange solid phase extraction for clean‐up, and high performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection for analysis. The frequency of Fusaria on FDK in the 54 CWAD samples was studied using traditional agar plating techniques. MON was observed in 74% of the samples analyzed. Concentrations of MON measured ranged from <0.03 to 6.36 ppm. The detection and concentration of MON was correlated to the frequency of FDK and % of FDK infected by F. avenaceum, suggesting that grading tolerances for FDK can manage the levels of MON in CWAD. MON and F. avenaceum were most frequently observed in samples obtained from southern Saskatchewan. 28
Fusarium graminearum species complex populations from South America: toxigenic profiles and biocontrol possibilities SOFIA NOEMI CHULZE Department of Microbiology and Immunology. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Rutas 8 and 36 Km 601(5800) Rio Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a re‐emergent disease for wheat worldwide. The main pathogens associated with FHB are included in the Fusarium graminearum species complex which encompasses at least 13 phylogenetic species. The disease results in important yield losses and also possible contamination with mycotoxins, of particular concern B type trichothecenes such as deoxynivalenol and nivalenol which render harvested grains and its by‐products unsuitable for human and animal consumption. The studies on Fusarium graminearum species complex associated with FHB in Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay showed that F. graminearum sensu stricto (lineage 7) was the main species isolated in Argentina and Uruguay. Most of the strains have a DON/15 Acetyl‐DON genotype/chemotype, but a few strains showed the DON/NIV genotype and produced DON when analyzed chemically. Ninety three percent of the strains isolated from wheat in Brazil were Fusarium graminearum sensu stricto (lineage 7) and 7% were F. meridionale (linage 2). F.graminearum sensu stricto produced DON/15 acetyl DON while F. meridionale isolates were NIV producers. The data provide evidence of the dominance of F. graminearum sensu stricto causing FHB in South America. Some potential biocontrol agents to control FHB and deoxynivalenol accumulation have been selected and their effectiveness both under in vitro and greenhouse trials has been demonstrated.
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Industry and Consumer Affairs I Session 2 Chaired by Michael Brophy 30
Fusarium in the context of international customer relationships M. GRENIER AND L. KLUSA Canadian Wheat Board, Winnipeg MB. Customers from around the world value the high quality and consistency of western Canadian red spring wheat. However, the increasing incidence of fusarium head blight (FHB) in wheat crops, along with tightening standards for mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON), is causing customers to look ever more closely at their contract specifications for import shipments. Despite changes with grading tolerances for western Canadian wheat classes, year‐to‐year variation in observed FHB epidemics can be problematic given increased monitoring and concern by customers. The CWB has implemented testing and monitoring for FHB and DON as part of our quality control system in order to ensure we continue to satisfy customers and meet their expectations. We will review and discuss some of the challenges and issues involved in providing assurance to customers regarding export shipments of Canadian wheat. 31
Update on impacts of fusarium head blight to malting barley and brewing industries PAT ROWAN BARI‐Canada, Inc. Winnipeg MB. Barley acres have been declining, reducing the supply of malting barley available for selection. fusarium head blight (FHB) and deoxynivalenol (DON) levels are critical quality factors in assessing barley for malt selection. Decreasing acres and production means malting barley is becoming a niche crop and it is becoming more difficult for brewers to access supplies. The presentation will review some of the flexibility required in how we assess FHB in barley, and how we are developing ways to handle FHB in the malt house. 32
Update on impacts of fusarium head blight in the grain handling system JOE GIRDNER James Richardson International, Winnipeg MB.
Variability in fusarium head blight (FHB) levels across growing regions has a huge impact on grain quality delivered into grain elevator handling systems in both western and eastern Canada. This presentation will discuss the unpredictable relationship between visible FHB grade standards and deoxynivalenol (DON) mycotoxin levels and the impact on pulling grain off farm for delivery to commercial markets, meeting all specifications. We will look at issues relating to production, domestic milling customers, feed markets and also moving grain into export position. 33
Saskatchewan‐2010: The farmers' year from hell: Was seed the last straw? R. A. A. MORRALL, B. CARRIERE, B. ERNST, D. SCHMELING AND F. L. DOKKEN‐BOUCHARD Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon SK, S7N 5E2; (B.C.) Discovery Seed Labs Ltd., 450 Melville Street, Saskatoon SK, S7J 4M2; (B.E.) Prairie Diagnostic Seed Lab, 1105 Railway Avenue, Weyburn SK, S7H 3H5; (D.S.) Lendon Seed Lab, 147 Hodsman Road, Regina SK, S4N 5W5; and (F.L.D‐B.) Saskatchewan Ministry of Agriculture, 3085 Albert Street, Regina SK, S4S 0B1. In 2010 wet weather from April to September in Saskatchewan was unprecedented with dire consequences for farmers. For most field crops the quality of harvested seed was low. Levels of Fusarium infection in cereal seed received at three commercial seed testing labs (as received, not selected for fusarium damaged kernels) were very high. The mean provincial % infection with F. graminearum (5%) and with all species of Fusarium combined (20%) reported in the Canadian Plant Disease Survey , Vol. 91 were five times the corresponding previous 5‐year averages. Many samples submitted by seed growers, including from breeder seed plots, were highly infected. The usual species were found: F. avenaceum, F. poae, F. sporotrichioides, F. graminearum , F. equiseti , F. culmorum and F. acuminatum in approximately descending order of importance. Mapping of infection levels by Saskatchewan crop districts (CD) and rural municipalities (RM) showed wide variations across the province and high levels in west‐central CDs that have traditionally been areas of high quality cereal production. The results confirm that F. graminearum is widely distributed in the province, albeit at low levels in RMs near the west central border with Alberta. However, climate change leading to a succession of wet years could increase its incidence to a level at which an embargo on infected grain moving in Alberta would be counterproductive. 34
Industry and Consumer Affairs II Session 3 Chaired by Mike Grenier
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FDK removal with an optical sorter D. A. PRYSTUPA Spectrum Agricultural, Box 883, 402 Ara Mooradian Way, Pinawa MB R0E 1L0. A pilot scale optical sorting machine for removing FDK from wheat is described. A rotating cylinder with an internal vacuum picks up kernels. Kernels are strobed with two wavelengths and the scattered radiation is analysed to diagnose FDK, which are removed by an electromechanical lever. A system of any size can be built by grouping basic units with a capacity of 0.2 tonnes per hour together. Operating costs are expected to be under $5 per tonne. 36
Use of near infrared spectroscopy for prediction of Fusarium‐ damaged kernels in corn and winter wheat V. LIMAY‐RIOS, W. LY, L. TAMBURIC‐ILINCIC AND A. SCHAAFSMA University of Guelph, Ridgetown Campus, Ridgetown ON. In this study, the suitability of NIR technology for estimating the percentage by weight of Fusarium damaged kernels (FDK) was assessed in corn and winter wheat (WW) using human based visual inspection as reference values. A SpectraStar 2500 NIR reflectance monochromator with an InGaAs diode detector was used to analyze grain samples with a wavelength range of 680‐2500nm. Partial least squares regression was used for data transformation and multivariate calibration procedure. The accuracy of the prediction model was evaluated on the validation subset using multiple correlation coefficients (MCC), R2 and parameter root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP). In WW, 105 and 70 genetically diverse grain samples, ranging from 0 to 99.5 FDK from F. graminearum‐inoculated performance trials, were used for calibration and validation respectively. MCCval and R2val were 0.99 and 0.91, respectively. The RMSEPval value (3.09) was similar to the standard error of the difference between blind duplicates calculated by different evaluators (3.31%). In corn, F. graminearum‐inoculated ears from a susceptible hybrid showing clear infection symptoms were collected. Decay kernels from the top and sound kernels from the bottom of the ear were separated. FDK was obtained by combining them to yield‐
range from 0.5 to 10%; 100 and 21 grain samples were used for calibration and validation, respectively. MCCval, R2val and RMSEPval values were 0.95, 0.83 and 1.95, respectively. The results suggest that NIR spectroscopy could be used in plant breeding or hybrid screening programs to objectively estimate FDK in whole WW and corn grains. 37
A novel approach to the development of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) to screen for deoxynivalenol in cereal grains L. OATWAY, J. HELM AND Z. HARTMAN Field Crop Development Centre, Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development, 5030 ‐ 50th Street, Lacombe AB, T4L 1W8. With ongoing Fusarium infection, deoxynivalenol (DON) will continue to be a critical issue for the agriculture industry. DON determination has become a bottleneck in the selection for fusarium head blight resistance breeding and quality control in the agriculture industry. Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) is able to screen large numbers of samples quickly and cost effectively and it is used throughout the industry for quality determination. In 2005, the Field Crop Development Centre (FCDC) started a project to determine if NIRS could predict deoxynivalenol (DON) concentrations in cereal grain. Visible Fusarium damage, including pink discoloration and shriveled kernels, can be easily detected by NIR; however, it cannot be assumed that the visible characteristics are correlated to DON content. The goal of the project was to develop NIR calibrations that would truly predict the concentration of the toxin without the negative influence of any physical characteristics. The FCDC has developed two separate equations for DON. The first is a calibration with a detection limit of <2ppm and low error that is required for the feed and food industries. The second equation was developed to screen samples for the breeding programs that have higher concentrations of up to 75ppm of toxin due to artificial inoculation. The screening calibration contains samples with a much higher DON concentration, but the resulting equation lacks the precision needed by the industry. Information on the calibration work will be presented as well as the performance of these equations over the last two seasons. 38
A method to separate Fusarium‐damaged and DON‐
infected grains PAUL L. MARTIN AND J. PHILIP CALVI Unity Scientific LLC, 117 Old State Road, Brookfield, CT 06804 USA
The mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) is often found in wheat, barley and other grains that have been infected with Fusarium. For both economic and health reasons, it is desirable to be able to reduce the amount of DON concentration to below the levels allowed for human and or animal consumption. It has been determined that grain kernels infected with Fusarium tend to have lower protein content than healthy kernels. BoMill AB of Sweden has developed two products which rely on NIR technique to measure the protein content of the grain on a single seed basis. This technique measures each individual seed, and they can then be segregated seed by seed. The laboratory IQ Lab Sorter can scan samples at the rate of 1,000 seeds per minute. It can be used by seed breeders to help them select which samples will be used in future crops. It also could be used for testing samples of incoming lots prior to accepting them for storage. The BoMill TRIQ‐30 on‐line system is built using the same patented technique. It has the capability of single seed measurement at the rate of three metric tons per hour. Studies have shown that the DON concentration can generally be reduced by greater than 90% after separation through the TRIQ‐30. Adoption of this on‐line sensing process equipment will result in improved economy to the agribusiness community and improved safety to the world population.
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Epidemiology and Management I Session 4 Chaired by Dilantha Fernando 40
Strategies for managing fusarium head blight in western Canada: a review of literature JASMINE HOOVER International Bioresources Research Group, #127B‐116 Research Drive, Innovation Place, Saskatoon SK, S7N 3R3,Canada. This presentation will cover highlights from a literature review of recent research related to modern agronomic management of Fusarium Head Blight in wheat, barley, and oats. The literature review has a special focus on agronomic management practices suited to Western Canada. These practices are broken down into fungicide control research, biocontrol research, crop residue research, and other emerging strategies (cultivar use, fertilizer research, organic farming practices, climate change, integrated management, and risk forecasting). The literature review also includes valuable resources for producers and researchers including: a list of major research groups/conferences focused on Fusarium Head Blight, a list of useful websites, and references of the modern research reviewed. 41
On‐farm experiments over five years in a grain maize/winter wheat rotation: Effect of maize residue treatments on Fusarium graminearum infection and deoxynivalenol contamination in wheat S. VOGELGSANG, A. HECKER, T. MUSA, B. DORN AND H‐R. FORRER Agroscope Reckenholz‐Tänikon Research Station ART, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland. During five years, different maize residue treatments were applied on 14 zero tillage on‐farm sites in Switzerland to evaluate their effect on the incidence of fusarium head blight (FHB) and contamination with the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) in winter wheat grains and wheat straw following grain maize. A significant correlation between symptoms in the field, Fusarium graminearum (Schwabe) incidence and DON content in wheat grains and straw was observed. The average DON content in both wheat grains and wheat straw was approximately 5000 µg kg‐
1
and thus several times higher than the European maximum limit of 1250 µg kg‐1 for unprocessed small‐grain cereals. Of all grain samples, 74% were above the maximum limit. The average reduction of DON in grains through maize residue treatments compared with a control treatment ranged between 21 and 38%. Among various other factors, the year and the wheat variety were the most important FHB influencing factors. Overall, the variety Levis showed a fivefold higher average DON content compared with the variety Titlis. From different categories of maize residue particles, intact pieces of 5 to 15 cm length were strongly correlated with F. graminearum incidence and DON content in grains. The recommendation from a preliminary version of the forecasting system FusaProg to apply or to omit a fungicide treatment was correct in 76% of all cases. Since the DON content in wheat grains frequently exceeded the European maximum limit, crop rotation needs to be modified to reduce the contamination risk in a zero tillage system. 42
Evaluation of two methods used to inoculate fusarium head blight misting nurseries H. OLECHOWSKI , M. ETIENNE AND M. GEHA (H.O., M.E.) Nairn Cereal Lab, Dow AgroSciences, 11087 Petty St .Nairn ON, Canada, N0M 1A0; (M.G.) DOW AgroSciences, 9330 Zionsville Rd. Indianapolis, IN, United States, 46268. Fusarium head blight (FHB) is an important disease of common wheat. One means of assessment for FHB is through the use of inoculated misting nurseries. The Nairn Lab grows one of the three official Performance and one of four official Registration locations using inoculated nursery locations for FHB winter cereal assessment in Ontario by the Ontario Cereal Crop Committee. The standard method for Performance and Registration assessment is a time sensitive (‐2 days prior to, 100 % anthesis, +2 days post) 3‐application process with a suspension consisting of 4 isolates of Fusarium graminearum at 50,000 conidia/ml. At Nairn, we also screen a number of breeding lines from our own program, but, based on the numbers, find it difficult to assess and spray using the same time‐sensitive manner. Within our own material a series of sprays start at the earliest onset of 50% anthesis through to 2 days post anthesis for the latest line‐‐some lines receiving up to twice the number of sprays compared to the official method. The objective of the study was to determine if a series of 14 lines consisting of 2‐SWW, 5‐HRW and 7‐SRW reacted similarly under both the time‐sensitive and bulk method of inoculation for FHB. The results over four years suggest that the 14 lines showed similar incidence, severity and FHB ratings whether using the time‐sensitive or bulk method of inoculation. The varieties Ava, AC Morley and FT Wonder had lower FHB than the other 11 varieties in the analysis.
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A model to predict the risk of infection by Gibberella zeae ascospores E. GOURDAIN AND V. ROSSI Service Qualités‐Valorisations, ARVALIS‐Institut du végétal, 91720 Boigneville, France; and (V. R.) Istituto di Entomologia e Patologia vegetale, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy. Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) is caused by a species complex of Fusarium and Microdochium. This disease, common in wheat, can induce losses of yield but also degrade safety quality of grains. Indeed, the most common species of Fusarium in France is Fusarium graminearum (teleomorph=Gibberella zeae) and it can produce toxins, in particular deoxynivalenol (DON) regulated by the European Commission for cereals intended for human consumption. In France, the presence of DON in wheat is clearly linked to crop debris remaining on soil at flowering stage. Crop debris is usually colonized by F. graminearum which can produce sexual fruiting bodies named perithecia. Those perithecia release ascospores under specific environmental conditions which are assumed to be the major part of inoculum for wheat infection. The objective of this work was to develop a model to predict ascospore risk. The model was developed following a mechanistic approach where the sexual stage of G. zeae was divided in 5 stages: perithecia formation and maturation, ascospore maturation, discharge and germination. For each stage, a specific equation was developed using weather variables (rain, relative humidity, temperature) from literature as independent variables. The final model combines each stage and provides a daily relative risk for ascospores. Specific experiments are on‐going to further validate the model and develop a decision‐making support system to help farmers decide whether or not to spray against FHB at wheat flowering stage. 44
Epidemiology and Management II Session 5 Chaired by Faye Dokken‐Bouchard 45
What do we know of the Fusarium graminearum chemotypes, their epidemiology, genetics, and infection process in Canada? W. G. D. FERNANDO, C. AMARASINGHE, B. DEMOZ, S. SURUJDEO‐MAHARAJ, V. GAUTHIER, T. GUERRIERI, K. AL‐TAWEEL, A. BRÛLÉ‐BABEL, L. TAMBURIC‐ILLINCIC AND J. GILBERT (W.G.D.F., C.A., B.D., S.S‐M, V.G., T.G., K.A‐T, A.B‐B) Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2 Canada; (L.T‐I.)Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Ridgetown Campus, University of Guelph, Ridgetown ON; and (J.G.) Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐
Food Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba. A major challenge for the Canadian wheat industry is yield and quality losses caused by Fusarium graminearum infection. The fungus produces mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON) and its acetylated derivatives, 3‐ADON and 15‐ADON, which render grain unmarketable. In recent years, a population shift from 15‐ADON to the more aggressive 3‐ADON has been observed in the prairies, particularly in Manitoba. We studied the spread of 3‐ADON isolates into the west, and into both spring and winter wheat. We investigated the potential for differences between the two chemotypes in terms of disease progression, effect on yield, Fusarium‐damaged kernels (FDK) and DON levels. We also examined the effect of commercially registered fungicides on the two chemotypes, and the outcome of competition between 3‐
ADON and 15‐ADON isolates in infecting different genotypes carrying different levels of resistance to infection. We observed genetic differences in the TRI13 gene sequence between the 3‐ADON isolates examined from Canada and China. Many‐fold higher induction of defense‐
related genes was observed in Sumai‐3 when inoculated with 3‐ADON isolates, revealing the interaction between host and pathogen chemotype. The observations of higher percentages of 3‐ADON isolates pose problems to the food and feed industry, to the growers and to the wheat industry which exports most of the grain to other countries. Results obtained from each study on the epidemiology, genetics and infection process and their interactions with fungicides and genotypes will be presented. A need for a consorted effort to minimize the impact of 3‐ADON isolates on our wheat crop will be proposed. 46
The use of the DONcast system in Europe and in south‐
western Ontario, Canada A. SCHAAFSMA, V. LIMAY‐RIOS, R. BURLAKOTI, A. THAKRAL, S. VERVAET, L. TAMBURIC‐ILINCIC AND D. HOOKER (A.S., V.L‐M., L.T‐I., D.H.) Ridgetown Campus, University of Guelph, Ridgetown ON, Canada; (R.B, A.T., S.V.) Weather Innovations Incorporated, Chatham Ontario, Canada. Several models have been developed to forecast mycotoxin occurrence in the food/feed chain. Of these, DONcast® was one of the most widely adopted commercially. DONcast® is a weather‐
based forecasting tool, using site specific weather, agronomic, and variety data to predict an estimated level of DON at harvest, commercialized only in 2002 because of the lack of public support for both continued development of DONcast® and infrastructure costs. A decade later this tool continues to evolve and improve, used globally to predict DON and informing management decisions during crop production, crop marketing by producers, grain buyers and regulators of risk. Ironically, the latter could benefit through informed cost‐effective surveillance and regulation, yet use it the least. DONcast® is now informed by thousands of unique site‐specific points, each including DON content, agronomic information, and local weather data from North and South America and Europe, with a shift in approach from classical empirical modeling to multivariate statistics and machine learning, while ensuring model performance through several key performance metrics and rigorous validation, which will be described in light of the recent European experience. 47
WeatherFarm’s Fusarium Head Blight Decision Support Tool G. ASH AND M. GRENIER WeatherFarm, Canadian Wheat Board, 423 Main Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3C 2P5. WeatherFarm’s web site and mobile solution offers a rich array of real‐time weather, historical data and decision support tools to help farmers with on farm management decisions. Over the past 3 years, the WeatherFarm network has grown to over 850 local and 150 government weather stations across Western Canada. Weather observations from this extensive network is integrated into a number of tools, such as, mobile weather alerts that can be customized for any weather station and decision support tools like the field‐level fusarium head blight (FHB) model based on research from Dr. Erick DeWolf and the US National Scab Forecasting Program. The FHB model has a number of customizable settings, such as the assessment date, which provides the ability to hindcast FHB conditions in the previous weeks. A user can choose between classes of wheat – spring or winter. Farmers can further customize the model based on the FHB rating for the variety or varieties they are growing on their farm. The FHB map illustrates the current FHB risk based on the user’s unique settings. Weather station level detail is available by clicking on each station on the map. A table of data is displayed, which includes variables of temperature, relative humidity, precipitation and FHB risk level. Graphing of each weather parameter and the FHB risk level is also available by clicking on each column of data. FHB model validation and testing continues at a number of field trial sites in Manitoba and Saskatchewan. 48
Update on fungicides registered for FHB suppression H. BROWN Bayer CropScience, 430B Dovercourt Dr., Winnipeg, MB. Folicur was the first product registered for suppression of FHB. Recently, there have been several advancements in new fungicide registrations with activity on FHB. In this presentation these new products will be reviewed focussing on products from Bayer CropScience. Proper application techniques such as the importance of timing and spray quality to provide optimum activity will also be reviewed. 49
Management for FHB on my farm N. GALBRAITH Box 1587, Minnedosa MB, R0J 1E0. I will give a brief history of FHB on my farm in western Manitoba and how that situation has changed in the past few years. This will include how my attitude towards preventing FHB has changed. The remainder of my talk will be devoted to how I manage for this disease including crop rotation, variety, seed treatment, seeding date, field topography, airseeder used, seed rate, seed depth, fertility, fungicide use and timing, combine settings, and of course weather. 50
Genomics and Genetics Session 6 Chaired by Linda Harris and François Eudes 51
The induction of deoxynivalenol biosynthesis in Fusarium graminearum is subjected to a basal control exerted by various cellular regulators C. BARREAU, J. MERHEJ AND F. FORGET‐RICHARD INRA, UR 1264 MycSA, 71 avenue Edouard Bourlaud, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex. In the last decade, the surveys performed in France allowed to draw a clear picture of the potential risk for the different mycotoxins in cereals. Deoxynivalenol, a type B trichothecene, mainly produced by F. graminearum, is the main problem on small grain cereals. This motivated the research initiated in our laboratory to better understand how biosynthesis of deoxynivalenol is genetically regulated in F. graminearum and how the interaction with the host plant components interferes with accumulation of the toxin. Regulation of secondary metabolites biosynthesis in most fungal genera has been recently shown to be controlled by various regulatory systems in response to the external environment. My presentation will cover the recent advances concerning the regulation of trichothecene biosynthesis in Fusarium and highlight the potential implication of various general regulatory circuits in this control. Particularly, we previously showed that pH is a determinant for induction of deoxynivalenol biosynthesis in F. graminearum and demonstrated that FgPac1, the general regulator of pH homeostasis, is a strong repressor of Tri gene expression. More recently we demonstrated the implication of two other general regulators, FgVe1 and FgLae1, in regulation of trichothecene biosynthesis. A few years ago, we showed that oxidative stress was an enhancing factor for deoxynivalenol accumulation, meanwhile plant antioxidants such as cinnamic acid derived phenolic acids were potent inhibitors of Tri gene expression in vitro. Implication of FgAP1, the F. graminearum homolog of the general regulator AP1 in yeast (Yap1) and in other fungi, in these regulations is presently under investigation in our laboratory. 52
Association of Fusarium graminearum with legume root rots and fungal gene expression during disease development R. S. GOSWAMI North Dakota State University, Fargo ND, USA and Dupont Crop Protection, 1090 Elkton Road, Newark DE, USA. Root rots have been a growing concern in the production of legumes such as dry beans and peas which are commonly grown in rotation with cereals. Surveys conducted across the state of North Dakota, the largest producer of these crops in the US, demonstrated that Fusarium species were the primary pathogens associated with this disease in the region. Fusarium graminearum and other toxigenic species commonly associated with Fusarium head blight, were not only isolated from the roots consistently over a period of three years, but were also capable of causing severe root rot symptoms on these crops. This finding suggests that the role of these legumes as a disease break in recommended crop rotations could potentially be threatened. It also emphasizes the need to modify current management strategies, and develop a better understanding of the interaction between these pathogens and the leguminous hosts. Therefore, alongside evaluation of disease management options, a comparative assessment of fungal gene expression during infection of legumes and cereals is being conducted. The overall findings from these studies will be presented.
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Signalling mechanisms mediating resistance and susceptibility to fusarium head blight in wheat N.A. FOROUD, T. OUELLET, B. E. ELLIS, M. JORDAN, A. LAROCHE AND F. EUDES (N.A.F., A.L., F.E.) Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre; (T.O.) Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre; (B.E.) Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia; (M.J.) Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, Cereal Research Centre. Using functional genomics approaches, the effect of FHB‐elicitors on the defence response of three wheat genotypes ('Superb', DH1, and DH2) were evaluated. DH1 and DH2 have Type I and Type II resistance, respectively, and both share 'Superb' pedigree. Distinct differences were observed between the resistant genotypes and 'Superb', as well as between DH1 and DH2. It is proposed here that Type I resistance in DH1 involves a combination of structural features that slow fungal penetration and the activation of a systemic response in uninfected tissues adjacent to the site of infection to prevent and minimize secondary infection; whereas, Type II resistance is more likely a form of local resistance. Follow up experiments of the functional genomics studies, where wheat heads were primed with FHB elicitors and subsequently inoculated with a virulent F. graminearum strain and evaluated for changes in disease outcomes, support the hypothesis that Type I resistance involve the activation of a systemic response in DH1. Furthermore, an analysis of the role of plant hormone signalling suggest that, while jasmonate signalling appears to be consistently involved in FHB resistance, the impact of other plant hormones on disease outcomes is genotype‐dependent. Together the data to be presented, suggests that different molecular mechanisms exist not only between FHB susceptible and resistant responses, but also between different forms of genetic resistance. These results may explain, in part, the challenges that have been encountered in developing a clear understanding of the genetics in FHB‐resistance. 54
Wheat genes induced by DON are associated with susceptibility to fusarium head blight (FHB) T. OUELLET, M. BALCERZAK, T. MARTIN AND S. GULDEN Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave, Room 2039, Ottawa ON, Canada, K1A 0C6. Trichothecene mycotoxins, including deoxynivalenol (DON), synthesized by F. graminearum are thought to be virulence factors in the infection of plants by F. graminearum since they are necessary for the spread of the disease in wheat spikes. However, the effect of DON on the wheat defense response to F. graminearum infection is largely unknown. RNA profiling has been performed using the Affymetrix GeneChip Wheat Genome Array (representing approximately 54,000 expressed sequences), comparing the response of the susceptible wheat cultivar Roblin when inoculated with either a wild type F. graminearum (DON+) strain or a knockout (DON‐) strain. Several wheat genes that were specifically induced in infection with the DON+ F. graminearum strain were identified, and their differential expression profile confirmed using a quantitative PCR assay. Additional experiments showed that many of those genes were induced directly by a treatment with DON, including 2 transcription factor genes, an AAA‐type ATPase and a gene with unknown function. Meta‐analysis of the DON‐associated genes across our expression profiles database for F. graminearum‐infected wheat genotypes has shown a correlation between expression level of many of those genes and susceptibility of the genotypes to FHB. Silencing of those genes in the susceptible wheat Roblin using a transient assay (VIGS) is in progress. Preliminary results have indicated that a subset of the DON‐associated genes is part of a common regulated pathway. Greenhouse experiments are in progress to determine if the silenced genes are directly contributing to susceptibility to FHB in wheat. 55
Transcriptome profiling of differentially expressed genes of wheat after infection with different chemotypes of Fusarium graminearum K. AL‐TAWEEL, A. BRÛLÉ‐BABEL AND W. G. D. FERNANDO Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2 Canada. Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a fungal disease that affects wheat, barley and corn. Fusarium graminearum is the most important species causing the disease in North America. Recently, F. graminearum populations with a 3 deoxynivalenol (3ADON) chemotype have displaced those with a 15 deoxynivalenol (15ADON) chemotype in North America. Moreover, 3ADON isolates have been found to produce significantly higher levels of DON than those with a 15ADON chemotype. Identification of host genes involved in defense responses is one of most critical steps leading to the elucidation of disease resistance mechanisms in plants. To get a clear insight to the host genes involved in defense response under FHB disease and to analyze the expression profiles of these genes in both 3 and 15ADON‐infected plants of Sumai 3 (FHB‐resistant), suppressive subtractive hybridization (SSH) method and quantitative real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR) were carried out. Twenty up‐ or down‐regulated genes were identified. Of the genes that had matches to known genes present in the NCBI database, several had roles related to plant defense and stress tolerance. Nine putative defense‐related genes were confirmed by qRT‐PCR, of which UDP‐glucosyltransferase was predominant. UDP‐glucosyltransferase is implicated in the detoxification of DON. The highest induction was reported at 72‐h post inoculation. Many‐
fold higher induction of the putative genes in the 3ADON‐infected genotypes “Sumai3” compared with a control, indicates a putative role in the resistance response to Fusarium graminearum. Additionally, the expression profile of plants infected by 3ADON & 15 ADON isolates varied among sampling times post inoculation. 56
Pathogen Dynamics Session 7 Chaired by Tom Gräfenhan 57
Genetic diversity of Fusarium on grains: Changing species concepts and their impact on molecular diagnostics T. GRÄFENHAN, K.A. SEIFERT, AND R.M. CLEAR (T.G., R.M.C.) Grain Research Laboratory, Canadian Grain Commission, Winnipeg Manitoba, R3C 3G8; (K.A.S.) Biodiversity (Mycology & Botany), Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture & Agri‐Food Canada, Ottawa Ontario, K1A 0C6. For decades, the occurrence of Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) on cereals in Canada has made headlines. In eastern Canada, the symptoms of FHB are caused mainly by F. graminearum, while other Fusarium species play only a secondary role. On the Prairies, two additional species, F. culmorum and F. avenaceum, can produce fusarium‐damaged kernels (FDK) on various classes of wheat. Across the country, other mycotoxin producing species of Fusarium, e.g. F. acuminatum, F. equiseti, F. poae, and F. sporotrichioides are sometimes reported in association with cereal grains but their occurrence may depend more on environmental factors and agricultural practices. Methods for improved species recognition are developing at a breath‐taking pace, and the number of accepted Fusarium species keeps increasing, worldwide and in Canada. On other continents, morphologically similar but more toxigenic species have been described using molecular phylogenetics based on DNA sequences of multiple genetic markers. Significant sequence diversity and potential phylogenetic species are known not just in F. graminearum, but also in F. acuminatum, F. avenaceum, F. equiseti, and F. poae. Of the Canadian grain species, F. culmorum and F. crookwellense appear to show minimal genetic variation probably representing single phylogenetic species. Our interest in particular traits of these fungi, such as pathogenicity or mycotoxin profiles, is spurred by tighter regulations for grain safety and quality. Traditional species identification using classical morphological species may not be accepted as sufficiently rapid, reliable or robust in the legal and regulatory arena. Bio‐molecular diagnostics, the subject of other presentations in this session, are critical for dealing with the increasing diversity of species. The reliability of these diagnostic assays depends on extensive sampling of sequence divergence within each target species, and closely related species. We will emphasize the importance of comprehensive phylogenetic sampling as a critical component of the development of molecular diagnostic tools.
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Recent changes in the prevalence of Fusarium and mycotoxins in Norwegian cereals I. S. HOFGAARD AND G. BRODAL Bioforsk, Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research, Plant Health and Plant Protection Division, Høgskoleveien 7, 1432 Ås, Norway. During the 1980, 1990s and at the beginning of the 21st century, F. avenaceum, F. tricinctum, F. culmorum and F. poae, were reported as the most prevalent Fusarium species in Norwegian cereals. Fusarium avenaceum is still regarded as one of the most prevalent Fusarium species. Fusarium langsethiae, previously known as “powdery” F. poae, is also commonly detected in Norwegian oats. On the contrary, this fungal species and its related mycotoxins is rarely detected in spring wheat. Recent studies indicate a shift in the relative prevalence of Fusarium species towards more F. graminearum, versus F. culmorum. Fusarium graminearum is now regarded as the main DON producer in Norwegian cereals. In 2010 and 2011, high inoculum‐
levels of F. graminearum have been registered in crop debris collected from fields of spring wheat and oats. In Norway, a significant increase in Fusarium and Microdochium spp. infection of cereal seeds has been recorded in recent years. This increase in levels of seed infection corresponds with increased rainfall in July, the period around cereal flowering. Forecasting models to predict development of mycotoxins due to weather and cultivation practice in a specific field have been developed by Bioforsk in collaboration with the Norwegian Agricultural Extension Service, and is publicly available in VIPS (http://www.vips‐landbruk.no/). Bioforsk studies the effect of field factors such as cultivar, tillage, preceding crop, soil humidity, and pesticide treatment on development of Fusarium and mycotoxins in cereals. Close collaboration with the Norwegian Extension Service secures rapid knowledge transfer to farmers. 59
Development and utilization of TaqMan real‐time PCR assay T. DEMEKE, T. GRÄFENHAN, AND R.M. CLEAR Canadian Grain Commission, Grain Research Laboratory, Winnipeg MB, R3C 3G8. Fusarium graminearum (clade 7) is the predominant species linked to fusarium head blight (FHB) in North America and Europe; it is the only phylogenetic lineage recovered from fusarium‐
damaged kernels (FDK) in Canada so far. In the species complex of F. graminearum, phylogenetic lineages can be readily distinguished using DNA sequences of the mating type protein (MAT). Therefore, MAT sequences of several phylogenetic lineages and other closely related species were used for designing PCR primers and a TaqMan probe specific to F. graminearum (clade 7). With these, a real‐time PCR (RT‐PCR) assay was developed and optimized to determine the fungal mass of F. graminearum. The relationship among Fusarium DNA, FDK and deoxynivalenol (DON) was assessed for two western Canadian wheat classes (CWRS and CWRW). For barley, the relationship between Fusarium DNA and DON was assessed. DON was present in both the FDK as well as seeds lacking visible symptoms of Fusarium damage. There was a positive correlation between fungal mass determined by RT‐PCR and DON level determined by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry for wheat and barley samples. PCR assay can be an important tool for prediction of DON levels in barley as there are no reliable symptoms for visual assessment. The development of modern diagnostic tools can be considered the first step in utilizing RT‐PCR assays and other bio‐molecular techniques for routine monitoring of fungal contamination or shifts in species frequencies. Much work needs to be performed also on developing adequate material sampling and DNA extraction protocols in order to minimize the effects of heterogeneity in whole grain. An example of a lab procedure for simultaneous mycotoxin extraction and DNA isolation will be given.
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Molecular identification, detection and quantification of toxigenic Fusarium species in cereals T. YLI‐MATTILA Molecular Plant Biology, Dept of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, Univ. of Turku, FIN‐20014 Turku, Finland . Fusarium graminearum sensu stricto is the only member of the F. graminearum species complex (FGSC) that causes FHB in northern Europe and the predominant cause in northern Asia. Species of FGSC produce type B trichothecenes, such as deoxynivalenol (DON). 3ADON‐producing strains dominate in most northern areas, while 15ADON‐producing strains dominate in southern Russia, central Europe and most of North America. F. ussurianum together with F. asiaticum and F. vorosii form a newly discovered Asian clade within the FGSC based on multilocus genotyping and phylogenetics. F. culmorum isolates in northern Europe belong to the 3ADON chemotype, while nivalenol‐producing isolates of F. graminearum sensu stricto and F. culmorum are also present in Central Europe. DON production and pathogenicity are often higher in 3ADON isolates from North America and Europe when compared with 15ADON‐producing isolates. We also characterized a collection of Fusarium isolates from Siberia and the Russian Far East that produce high levels of the type A trichothecene T‐2 toxin and that are morphologically similar to F. langsethiae and to nivalenol‐producing isolates of F. poae. Nucleotide polymorphisms within the ribosomal IGS region were used to design PCR primers that differentiate these isolates from F. sporotrichioides and F. langsethiae. Multilocus molecular phylogenetics revealed that the novel isolates together with a Norwegian isolate comprise a genealogically exclusive, phylogenetically distinct species, which we formally described as F. sibiricum. We also discovered a correlation between DON and F. graminearum DNA in oats, barley and wheat and between T‐2/HT‐2 toxins and F. langsethiae/F. sporotrichioides DNA in oats. 61
Identification of Fusarium pathogens of wheat using TaqMan real‐time PCR and Luminex T. VAN DER LEE Plant Research International, Wageningen‐UR, The Netherlands. Cereal production is threatened by Fusarium head blight (FHB) caused by a complex of Fusarium species. In the last decade we have developed both qualitative and quantitative molecular assays to detect and distinguish the different Fusarium species. For the qualitative detection we now use a Luminex assay based on Target Specific Primer Extension (TSPE) after the generic amplification of 6 different loci. This procedure was developed by Ward et al. (2006) for DNA from pure cultures and was used successfully on contaminated grain samples with mixtures of Fusarium species. For the quantitative analysis TaqMan real‐time PCR technology is used. The initial set, developed by Waalwijk et al. 2004 has been extended and now includes additional species (F. langsethiae and F. sporotrichioides) and distinguishes the three different chemotypes (3‐ADON, 15‐ADON and nivalenol). We have optimized and automated the DNA extraction and the PCR processing pipeline for the fast and efficient screening of wheat samples. In addition we modified the TaqMan assays for the open array platform that allows the simultaneous execution of 91216 assays (48*64*3). The results discussed will emphasize the role of sampling, grinding and the use of an internal standard as well as the need for large numbers of samples to address quantitative population questions. In a national survey in the Netherlands we identified the F. graminearum species complex as the dominant causal agent of FHB on wheat, followed by F. avenaceum. Fusarium langsethiae was present in less than 10% of the samples, always in low amounts. 62
Resistance Breeding I Session 8 Chaired by Jennifer Mitchell Fetch and Aaron Beattie
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Update on improving fusarium head blight resistance in barley for western Canada W. G. LEGGE AND J. R. TUCKER Brandon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, 2701 Grand Valley Road, Brandon MB, R7A 5Y3, Canada. Fusarium head blight (FHB) caused by Fusarium graminearum continues as the most important disease of barley in Canada. Good progress is being made by western Canadian barley breeding programs in developing FHB resistant cultivars and germplasm with low deoxynivalenol (DON) accumulation, but no new cultivars with improved FHB resistance were released over the past two years. Combining lower DON accumulation with agronomic performance, resistance to other diseases and acceptable quality traits in a competitive package has been challenging. TR10214, a promising two‐row malting line from Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada (AAFC), Brandon Research Centre, Brandon, Manitoba, was advanced to a second year in the 2011 Western Cooperative Two‐Row Barley Registration Test. It is higher yielding than ‘AC Metcalfe’ (dominant two‐row malting cultivar), has a promising malting quality profile and good disease resistance, with consistently lower DON accumulation than ‘AC Metcalfe’ but not as low as the feed cultivar ‘CDC Mindon’, the DON target for two‐row barley. In 2009, the FHB project in western Canada replaced the visual method of selection of advanced breeding lines with preliminary selection for DON concentration using near infrared reflectance (NIR) spectrometry followed by confirmation of promising lines using standard methods like the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). There was fair agreement among methods with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.61 to 0.84 over 2009 and 2010. Although higher correlation between NIR and standard methods for DON concentration would be desirable, it was higher than visual selection and adequate for breeding purposes. 64
Novel strategies to combat fusarium head blight G. SUBRAMANIAM, C. NASMITH, T. OUELLET, L. WANG AND H. ROCHELEAU Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Ari‐Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa Ontario, K1A 0C6. As part of our continuing efforts to mitigate diseases caused by F. graminearum, we are exploring several novel approaches. One approach is to increase the capacity of the plant’s innate immunity system to effectively thwart‐off infection. This phenomenon called “priming” is facilitated by pre‐treating the wheat heads with a non‐pathogenic strain of F.graminearum. This pre‐treatment is very effective against subsequent challenge with more virulent strains of the pathogen. In this effort, we have constructed several mutant strains of F.graminearum that are non‐pathogenic, but are still able to infect wheat heads. Since these strains lack necessary components for virulence, the basal defence response is not suppressed and the plant is able to effectively cope with any subsequent infections. Methodologies and results will be discussed. 65
Progress in breeding FHB‐resistant winter wheat L. TAMBURIC‐ILINCIC University of Guelph, Ridgetown Campus, Ridgetown ON, N0P 2C0. Fusarium head blight (FHB) is an important wheat disease. FHB resistance and reduced deoxynivalenol (DON) content in grain continue to be important goals for breeders worldwide. In our breeding program, we have: combined “exotic” sources of resistance with sources of local origin, used conventional breeding and marker‐assisted selection resulting in germplasm with a high level of FHB resistance and moderately resistant winter wheat cultivars adapted to Ontario. The most resistant germplasm from our program (‘RCATL33’, ‘RCU06F110202D/4” and ‘RCUOGDHACF110902D’) was tested in the USA and Germany over multiple years and had stable performance across all environments. Marker‐based introgression of the 3B QTL for FHB resistance into high yielding susceptible winter wheat combined with phenotypic selection is the recommended method for development of lines moderately resistant to FHB in the shortest period of time. All wheat grown in Ontario is entered in the Performance Trial and tested every year for FHB resistance and DON level in three nurseries inoculated with F. graminearum. Using all available data, each variety is assigned to a category that describes the level of FHB resistance (highly susceptible‐HS, susceptible‐S, moderately susceptible‐MS, and moderately resistant‐MR) based on an index that combines both FHB symptoms and DON level. This information is available to the industry through the website www.gocereals.ca which is maintained by the Ontario Cereal Crop Committee. Seed companies have access to recently released winter wheat cultivars from the Ridgetown Campus. In conclusion, private and public breeding programs in Ontario collectively have made significant progress in winter wheat development with respect to FHB resistance. 66
Real‐time quantitative PCR in oat FHB resistance breeding A. D. BEATTIE, X. M. ZHANG, W. YAJIMA, F. L. DOKKEN‐BOUCHARD, A. TEKAUZ, J. W. MITCHELL FETCH, R. A. MARTIN, W. YAN, G. J. SCOLES AND B. G. ROSSNAGEL (A.D.B., X.M.Z., G.J.S., B.G.R.) Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5A8; (W.Y.)Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Walster Hall 306, Fargo, ND, USA 58102; (F.L.D.‐B.) Plant Disease Crops Branch, Saskatchewan Ministry of Agriculture, 3085 Albert Street, Regina, SK, Canada, S4S 0B1; (A.T., J.W.M.F.,) Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, 195 Dafoe Road, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, R3T 2M9; (R.A.M.) Crops and Livestock Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, 440 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada, C1A 4N6; (W.Y.) Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1A 0C6. Significant contamination of oat fields with mycotoxins resulting from fusarium head blight (FHB) could result in substantial economic losses to oat growers. With the absence of significant or obvious disease symptoms on oat panicles, and the absence of visual disease rating scales as used in wheat and barley, diagnosis of oat FHB typically requires the use of relatively expensive toxin analysis or time‐consuming culturing of fungi on appropriate growth media for pathogen detection, identification, and quantification. To address these issues, a collaborative project was established to identify tolerance to FHB in existing oat germplasm and to understand the prevalence of FHB in commercial oat fields. A PCR‐based assay to detect and quantify the presence of DNA specific to Fusarium species responsible for FHB on oat has been developed. Oat lines are being tested for differences in susceptibility to F. graminearum and F. poae using the PCR‐based assays, as well as, for mycotoxin levels in order to identify possible sources of resistance or tolerance. Here we report the standardization of a TaqMan‐based real‐time PCR (RT‐PCR) assay to identify and quantify F. graminearum or F. poae on oat grain. Subsequent mycotoxin analysis revealed a strong positive correlation between DON concentration and F. graminearum DNA abundance from an oat field nursery (r = 0.65) and a controlled environment growth chamber (r = 0.75). Furthermore, there are differences between oat lines tested, in terms of Fusarium DNA and mycotoxin abundance, indicating variability in susceptibility to FHB. Results of a three year (2009‐2011) survey of Saskatchewan oat fields to determine prevalence and severity of Fusarium species using the RT‐PCR assays are also presented. 67
On the 'Express Route' to fusarium head blight resistance in durum wheat S. HABER, J. GILBERT AND A. SINGH (S.H., J.G.) Cereal Research Centre, 195 Dafoe Road, Winnipeg MB, R3T 2M9; and (A.S.) Semi‐
Arid Prairie Agricultural Research Centre, Swift Current SK, S9H 3X2. Fusarium head blight (FHB) in durum wheat challenges us to develop resistant cultivars from germplasm that contributes no well‐characterized genetic resistance. Rather than attempt to exploit exotic sources, we sought to improve the expression of resistance in generations of sub‐
lines (plants grown from seed of a single head) that descended from breeding lines DT802 and 809, as well as recently‐registered DT801. We subjected succeeding generations to systemic stresses that included virus infection, heat and cold. In each cycle, we selected and advanced plants that differed visibly from their progenitors in a range of traits including FHB resistance, which we evaluated for the first time in a 2009 field nursery where a few sub‐lines resisted disease more effectively than relevant checks. Following cycles of further selection indoors in winter, we advanced families of sub‐lines to the 2010 FHB nursery and observed a wide range of responses. Sub‐lines which performed well, and that were also members of families whose FHB index scores substantially bettered those of relevant checks, were subjected indoors to cycles of further selection, then entered in the 2011 field nursery. While the DT801, 802 and 809 original progenitors scored 20, 22 and 25, respectively, the best sub‐lines scored between 1.0 and 3.0. This compares with FHB index scores between 15 and 25 for the checks of the durum class, and 0.5 to 1.0 for the most resistant hexaploid checks. Durum germplasm may already contain genetic information which, suitably expressed, enables improved FHB resistance that is heritable and stable.
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Resistance Breeding II Session 8 Chaired by Jennifer Mitchell Fetch and Aaron Beattie
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Are QTLs for fusarium head blight response additive? R. M. DEPAUW, D. A. SOMERS, R. CUTHBERT, B. D. MCCALLUM, R. KNOX, H. VOLDENG, D. G. HUMPHREYS, S. FOX, A. K. SINGH, C. A. MCCARTNEY AND G. FEDAK (R.M.D., R.C., R.K., A.K.S.) Semiarid Prairie Agricultural Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐
Food Canada, P.O. Box 1030, Swift Current SK, Canada, S9H 3X2 ; (D.A.S.) Vineland Research and Innovation Centre, 4890 Victoria Avenue North, Box 4000, Vineland Station ON, L0R 2E0; (B.D.M., D.G.H., S.F., C.A.M.) Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, 195 Dafoe Rd., Winnipeg MB, Canada, R3T, 2M9; (H.V., G.F.) Eastern Cereals and Oilseeds Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, Ottawa ON, Canada, K1A 0C6. Because fusarium head blight (FHB) causes significant crop losses and produces mycotoxins which are a health risk to humans and animals, control of FHB is a high priority. Numerous quantitative trait loci (QTL) have been identified that reduce FHB symptoms. Stacking FHB QTLs, using marker‐assisted selection (MAS) and doubled haploids, has been proposed as a strategy to deploy genetic resistance to FHB. Other pests requiring control in the Fusarium ecosystem include leaf rust and orange wheat blossom midge. FHB QTLs on chromosomes 2D, 3BS, 4B, 5AS, 6B, incorporation of Lr21 to confer leaf rust resistance, and Sm1 to confer resistance to midge, were backcrossed, assisted by whole genome selection, into three Canada Western Red Spring cultivars and one Canada Western Hard White Spring cultivar. In step two, BC2F2 plants were mated biparentally, and DH populations generated which were genotyped and phenotyped for FHB QTLs, Lr21 and Sm1. Step three entailed production of a three‐way cross which stacked the five FHB QTLs, Lr21, and Sm1. MAS for the seven genomic regions was exercised in the F1, F3 and F5 generations. Phenotypic selection, within those segregating lines that had all seven genomic regions, for response to FHB, rusts, and agronomic characteristics was practised in the F2 and F4 generations. Forty five F4:F6 derived lines and nine controls were grown in replicated tests in fFHB nurseries at Carman, Portage La Prairie, and Ottawa. Performance of F6 lines with five QTL’s for FHB, Lr21, and Sm1 compared to controls will be presented. 70
Molecular markers in FHB resistance wheat breeding programmes in the Czech Republic P. HORCICKA, O.VESKRNA, I.BIZOVA, T. SEDLACEK, J.CHRPOVA AND V.SIP (P.H., I.B.) SELGEN a.s. Jankovcova 18, Praha, Czech Republic; (O.V., T.S.) Research Centre SELTON, Stupice 24, Czech Republic; (J.C., V.Š) 3 Research Institute of Crop Science, Drnovska 507,Czech Republic. Selection through molecular marker‐assisted selection (MAS) might be an efficient breeding tool especially for programmes with strategic importance, where common testing procedures are either not effective, or both costly and difficult. The Czech breeding company Selgen has focused on FHB resistance breeding for the last couple of decades. Nobeoka Bozu was widely used in the last century and recently Sumai 3‐based markers have been used but further study is required. Some varieties selected in the classical breeding programme are considered to be moderately resistant (MR). 71
One quick solution to FHB problems: the systemic approach A. COMEAU, F. LANGEVIN, H. VOLDENG, S. HABER, J. GILBERT, H. RANDHAWA, Y. DION, S. RIOUX, F. EUDES, B. BLACKWELL AND R. A. MARTIN (A.C., F.L.) CRDSGC, Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, Québec City, QC, Canada G1V 2J3; (H.V., B.B.) ECORC, Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0C6; (S.H., J.G.) CRC, Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3T 2M9; (H.R., F.E.) Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1J 4B1; (Y.D., S.R.) CÉROM, Saint‐Mathieu‐de‐
Beloeil, QC, Canada J3G (R.A.M.) Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada C1A 4N6. The systemic approach deals with all of the complex traits simultaneously. Well‐known breeders like Raoul Robinson stated long ago that this was the thing to do, but the practice of this basic and major principle necessitates teamwork with people that possess knowledge and experience in many scientific domains. We co‐developed new and multi‐disciplinary approaches and many micro‐methods that lead to faster progress through more efficient use of genetic diversity coupled with severe selection combining biotic and abiotic stresses. This helped develop rapidly germplasm that already embodied all desired resistance and agronomic traits, even before reaching the yield testing steps. Lines combining high FHB resistance to most of the other desired traits are now available in the hundreds. Features commonly included are resistance to leaf and stem rust, leaf spots, mildew, barley yellow dwarf, root rot, and other diseases. Methods to assess bread‐making quality and other end‐user traits in F3–F4 are now part of the approach. The initial goal was to deliver germplasm to breeders. Most of the new germplasm has an unusual package of good traits, with FHB resistance levels very close to that of Sumai 3. A non‐negligible number of « systemic » lines can be described as quasi‐cultivars. One such line was moved by ECORC towards registration as a feed wheat. Collaboration remains essential to help the evolution of methods towards faster and better successes. It is hoped that the excellent rate of delivery on promises will entice more wheat workers to participate in systemic‐approach networking. 72
Application of MAS for development of white seeded wheat resistant to Fusarium head blight W. CAO, G. FEDAK, D. SOMERS, H. VOLDENG, A. XUE, J. GILBERT AND X. WANG (W.C., G.F., H.V., A.X., X.W.) Eastern Cereals and Oilseeds Research Centre, AAFC, Central Experimental Farm 960 Carling Ave. Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6; (D.S.) Vineland Research and Innovation Centre, 4890 Victoria Ave. PO Box 4000, Vineland ON, L0R 2E0; (J.G.) Cereal Research Centre, 195 Dafoe Road, Winnipeg MB, R3T 2M9. Fusarium head blight (FHB) is an important disease of wheat, and Sumai 3 has been used as a source of resistance to FHB in almost all wheat breeding programs. We are attempting to develop a white‐seeded wheat with a high level of FHB resistance using marker assisted selection (MAS). Snowbird, an FHB‐susceptible hard white‐seeded wheat was crossed to Sumai 3 as a female parent. Fifteen hundred white seeds were selected from 20,000 F2 plants and advanced to F5 by SSD. Selection for QTL on chromosomes 3B, 5A and 6B reduced the population to 250 lines. Further selection for agronomics and FHB resistance reduced the population to 15 lines. After three years of field testing in replicated trials, it was found that the DON content of the 15 lines (each having 2 or 3 of the FHB QTL) ranged from 1.5 to 9.4 ppm compared to the checks Snowbird 19.2 ppm, AC Vista 18.8, Snowstar 19.0, AC Barrie 4.4 and Sumai 3 at 2.2 ppm. The selected lines were earlier than Sumai 3, higher yielding and higher in quality according to the Glutomatic test. Three of the best lines are now being used in a spring wheat breeding program.
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Breeding wheat with resistance to FHB: concepts, methods and results Á. MESTERHÁZY, B. TOTH, S. LEHOCZKI‐KRSJAK, A. SZABÓ‐HEVÉR, M. VARGA, M. LEMMENS, L. CSEUZ AND P. HERTELENDY (A.M., B.T., S.L‐K., A.S‐H., L.C.) Cereal Research non‐profit Co., Szeged, Hungary; (P.H.) MgSzH Variety Office, Budapest, Hungary. The FHB resistance is race non‐specific and species non‐specific. FDK is the better trait for selection. About 50 % of the plus variants for FHB severity were discarded because of higher FDK indices. DON measurement was used for the end product. Spray inoculation was used as this measures the overall resistance to FHB. No marker assisted selection is applied, only the final line is checked. For crosses, other traits including yield, quality, resistance to other diseases, etc. were also considered. All generations were controlled by artificial inoculation from F3. FHB severity and FDK were checked for each entry. For the explicit lines also DON tests were made. In the first version of the breeding the local or native resistance sources were sought and used, in the other the exotic resistance sources were used. From the first version lines had maximally moderate FHB resistance, but lines in adapted form. From the second highly resistant lines were obtained with poor plant habits. We have now highly resistant genotypes in well adapted forms being suitable for cultivar breeding. The best lines are now in the registration process (09/09, 48/11). Large differences in resistance were found among local lines and variety candidates. We recommend therefore the introduction of artificial inoculation methods into the variety registration protocol. By this simple means, food safety could be improved by at least 50 %. Acknowledgements. The authors thank National GAK‐NKTH 00313/2006, OTKA K84122, Bolyai Res. Scholarship, Deak Zrt., and the EU FP7 MycoRed 222690 projects for support. 74
Abstracts for Posters 75
MYCOTOXINS 1‐M 2‐M 3‐M 4‐M 5‐M 6‐M 7‐M B. A. BLACKWELL et al. Trichothecenes and other secondary metabolites from Fusarium graminearum‐ is it just about DON? D. GABA et al. Determination of 9 Fusarium toxins by gas chromatography with mass selective detection. R. ISLAM et al. Novel microbial biodetoxification of eleven type‐A and type‐B trichothecenes mycotoxins. R. KOFFMAN et al. Survey iof deoxynivalenol in processed oats for dietary exposure estimates. T. SUMIKOVA et al. Occurrence of Fusarium head blight pathogens on wheat in the Czech Republic.. L. TAMBURIC‐ILINCIC et al. Fusarium species and mycotoxins associated with oat IAvena sativa L.) in southwestern Ontario, Canada. L. TAMBURIC‐ILINCIC et al. Trichothecene mycotoxins and Fusarium graminearum chemotypes detected from winter wheat commercial fields across southwestern Ontario, Canada. Page 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 INDUSTRY AND CONSUMER AFFAIRS 8‐ICF TEKAUZ et al. Relationships among components of FHB in Manitoba winter wheat sampled mid‐season and at maturity. 84 EPIDEMIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT 9‐EM 10‐EM 11‐EM 12‐EM 13‐EM 14‐EM 15‐EM C. AMARASINGHE et al. Effects of fungicide application on Fusarium head blight in spring wheat inoculated with 3‐ADON and 15‐ADON chemotypes of Fusarium graminearum. M. R. FERNANDEZ et al. Effectiveness of fungicide applications at various growth stages on head/kernel diseases, and productivity of durum wheat in southern Saskatchewan. V. LIMARY‐RIOS et al. Impact of weather variables and hybrid on deoxynivalenol accumulation in corn in Ontario, Canada. JV. LIMAY‐RIOS et al. Natural incidence of fumonisin and deoxynivalenol in transgenic grain corn related to western bean cutworm damage in Ontario, Canada. S. LEHOCZKI‐KRSJAK et al. Active ingredient content and ear coverage after spraying wheat with different nozzle types. V. VUJANOVIC. Efficacy of Sphaerodes mycoparasitica in controlling FHB and mycotoxin accumulation in cereal grains. XUE, A.G. et al. Concentration and cultivar effects on efficacy of CLO‐
1 biofungicide in controlling Fusarium head blight of wheat. 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 76
GENOMICS AND GENETICS 16‐GG 17‐GG 18‐GG 19G 20G 21G 22GG 23GG A. COMEAU et al. Development of Fusarium head blight‐resistant wheat: a systemic approach deserves more attention. S. GLEDDIE et al. Yeast genome deletion screening identifies new cellular targets of the Fusarium graminearum fungal toxin deoxynivalenol. L. J. HARRIS et al. Mapping gibberella ear rot resistance in maize using a large B73 x CO441 F6 recombinant inbred population. R. ISLAM et al. Sequencing and characterization of a novel trichothecene mycotoxin detoxifying bacterial genome. C. McCARTNEY et al. Mapping of the Wuhan‐1 chromosome 2DL FHB QTL in a uniform genetic background. A. MESTERHAZY et al. Molecular mapping of Fusarium resistance in the Japanese wheat cultivar Nobeoka Bozu. C. RAMPITSCH et al. Identifying targets of NADPH oxidase‐mediated redox signalling in Fusarium graminearum using and LC_MS approach. J. SINGH et al. Rapid screening of Arabidopsis mutants to identify transporter genes for resistance to Fusarium graminearum. Page 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 PATHOGEN DYNAMICS 24PD 25PD 26D J. GILBERT et al. Ratio of 3‐ADON and 15‐ADON isolates of Fusarium 100 graminearum recovered from wheat plants inoculated and incubated at various temperatures and from field nurseries. 101 A MUCKLE et al. Effect of Fusarium graminearum chemotypes isolated from Canada on symptoms, damages kernels and mycotoxins in winter wheat grain. 102 A. TEKAUZ et al. Pathogen variability and FHB development in Manitoba cereal crops, 2001‐2010. RESISTANCE BREEDING 27RB 28RB 29RB 30RB S. HABER et al. How to make fusarium head blight‐ susceptible spring wheat resistant: the example of ‘Roblin’. K. KUMAR et al. Detection of resistance in barley to Fusarium graminearum through an in vitro seed germination assay. A. SINGH et al. Validation of molecular markers linked to Sumai 3 resistance to DON and FDK in Canadian spring wheat populations. J. R. TUCKER et al. Development of two‐row malting barley with improved fusarium head blight resistance at Agriculture and Agri‐
Food Canada’s Brandon Research Centre. 103 104 105 106 77
Mycotoxins 1‐M Trichothecenes and other secondary metabolites from Fusarium graminearum – is it just about DON? B. A. BLACKWELL, C. SEGUIN AND D. OVERY (B.A.B., C.S.) Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agrifood Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa Ontario, K1A 0C6; (D.O.) Department of Chemistry, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown PEI. Fusarium graminearum, the causative agent of FHB, results in grain contamination with deoxynivalenol (DON). DON has been shown to be phytotoxic, thus acting as a virulence factor in the spread of the disease as well as potent inhibitor of eukaryotic protein synthesis. Of the three F. graminearum chemotypes found in North America, those isolates producing 15‐ADON have traditionally been the primary cause of DON contamination in western Canadian grain. F. g. DAOM 233423 is a 15‐ADON chemotype that is both virulent and a good producer of 15‐ADON. It is also genetically well characterized and has been the source for gene knockouts in biosynthetic and virulence studies. In the process of isolating 15‐ADON from large scale liquid cultures, other secondary metabolites were isolated and characterized. The extract from a 10L culture was fractionated by preparative HPLC into the pre‐15‐ADON (more polar components), 15‐ADON and the post‐15‐ADON (less polar components). The pre‐ and post‐ were further fractionated into 20 fractions which were combined based on their HPLC/UV profile and characterized by UPLC/MS. The polar metabolite fraction was dominated by a compound that is indistinguishable from DON by HPLC. This compound was determined to be 3‐deacetyl‐ 7,8 dihydroxy‐calonectrin, a plausible oxidative precursor to 15‐ADON. Other metabolites included cyclonerodiol, butenolide and sambucinol. Metabolites identified in the less polar fraction included culmorin, culmorone and sambucoin and 15‐acetyl‐4,7‐dideoxynivalenol was found in the semi‐pure 15‐ADON fraction. Since the role of these metabolites and whether they occur in planta is unknown, methods are under development for field detection. 78
2‐M Determination of 9 Fusarium toxins by gas chromatography with mass selective detection D. GABA, J. HERMAN AND S. TITTLEMIER Canadian Grain Commission, 1404‐303 Main St. Winnipeg, MB. This is a method for the determination of DON, nivalenol, fusarenone‐X, 3ADON, 15ADON, DAS, HT‐2 and T‐2 in wheat, barley, corn and oats. The sample is extracted by shaking with an acetonitrile/water mixture. An aliqout is cleaned up through a simple home made cleanup column of silica gel/alumina. The dried down extract is derivatized using a TMSI + TMCS mix, and determination is by gas chromatography with mass selective detection. This method has a limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 0.05 ppm. Validation data that was run on 7 replicates at 3 concentrations over 3 separate days showed an average recovery of DON in wheat to be 88.5%. Every run includes an update to a 5 point calibration table, a reagent blank, a normal wheat sample, a spiked wheat sample, a certified reference material (CRM) sample and an in‐house check sample. Control charts monitor recoveries of the mycotoxins as well as the CRM. Over the years we have participated in 3 FAPAS proficiency tests for DON in wheat flour, 3 FAPAS proficiency tests for HT‐2 and T‐2 in oats and 28 Neogen check sample programs for DON in wheat and have obtained acceptable z‐scores in all of them. 79
3‐M Novel microbial biodetoxification of eleven type‐A and type‐B trichothecene mycotoxins R. ISLAM, T. ZHOU, C. YOUNG AND P. PAULS (R.I., P.P.) Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1; (T.Z., C.Y.) Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, Guelph Ontario, Canada. Cereals are frequently contaminated with multiple type‐A and/or type‐B trichothecene mycotoxins, that are produced by toxigenic Fusarium species during host plant infection. Interactions between the co‐occurring mycotoxins have synergistic effects on toxicity and result in serious adverse effects on animal and human health. To address this problem, we isolated a novel bacterial strain ADS47 from agricultural soil capable of de‐epoxydizing (i.e. detoxifying) eleven different type‐A and type‐B trichothecene mycotoxins that had been detected in cereal foods and feeds. Microbial biotransformation of mycotoxins was examined by culturing the strain ADS47 in four broth media (nutrient broth, mineral salts broth, luria bertani and brain heart infusion) supplemented with 100 ppm of various mycotoxins. After three days of incubation, biotransformation of the mycotoxins was determined by liquid chromatography‐
ultraviolet‐mass spectrometry. Strain ADS47 showed de‐epoxydation of five type‐A and six type‐
B trichothecene mycotoxins under aerobic/anaerobic conditions and in a wide range of temperatures (10‐40°C). All of the five type‐A trichotehcene mycotoxins: HT‐2 toxin, T‐2 toxin, T2‐triol, diacetoxyscirpenol and neosolaniol were de‐deoxidized and/or de‐acetylated. The tested six type‐B trichothecene mycotoxins: deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, verrucarol, fusarenonX, 3‐acetyl‐deoxynivalenol and 15‐acetyl‐deoxynivalenol were also completely biotransformed to de‐epoxy and/or unknown products. Media compositions had considerable effects on microbial trichothecene de‐epoxydation. We speculate that strain ADS47 could directly be used for detoxifying trichothecene mycotoxin‐contaminated grains and grain‐derived products (e.g. silage for animal feeding). The study may contribute to improve the quality, safety and trade of grain‐derived food and feed. 80
4‐M Survey of deoxynivalenol in processed oats for dietary exposure estimates R. KOFFMAN, S. SIMON, S. KOTELLO, G. A. LOMBAERT, AND C. HILTS (R.K., S.S., S.K., G.A.L.) Food Laboratory, Regions and Programs Branch, Health Canada, Winnipeg MB; (C.H.) Health Products and Food Branch, Food Directorate, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Canada, Ottawa ON. Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a toxic secondary metabolite of various Fusarium moulds that routinely infect Canadian cereal crops. Acute or chronic ingestion of DON by humans can elicit a variety of toxic effects, therefore posing a potential health hazard to consumers. Since limited data was available on the occurrence of DON in processed oat products available on the Canadian retail market, a targeted survey was conducted to provide data to help inform the dietary exposure assessment for DON. An existing method was optimized to decrease the limit of detection and then validated for the new sample matrix. Samples were extracted by blending with water and polyethylene glycol and cleaned up via an immunoaffinity column specific for DON. Analysis was performed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet detection (UV) and photodiode array (PDA) confirmation. DON was detected in 49 out of 95 samples analysed (52%). The mean level of DON in positive samples was 18 ng/g, with concentrations ranging from 4 ng/g (LOD) to 96 ng/g. Health Canada’s maximum limits for DON of 2000 ng/g and 1000 ng/g in uncleaned soft wheat for non‐staple foods and non‐staple baby foods, respectively, are currently under review. Scientists at Health Canada are in the process of finalizing the health risk assessment of DON in cereal grains and related products. As a result of this evaluation, appropriate risk management measures will be considered by Health Canada, which may include the revision and/or adoption of new maximum levels for deoxynivalenol in cereal grains and cereal products 81
5‐M Occurrence of fusarium head blight pathogens on wheat in the Czech Republic J. CHRPOVA, T. SUMIKOVA AND L. GABRIELOVA Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507, 16106 Prague 6, Czech Republic. Fusarium head blight is a serious disease of wheat in the Czech Republic, requiring systematic monitoring. A seven‐year (2004‐2010) study was carried out to detect disease severity according to a scale of 0‐9 (0‐no symptoms, 9‐highly susceptible), DON content and factors affecting its content in the grain. Deoxynivalenol (DON) content in wheat grain samples randomly collected in various localities of the Czech Republic was assessed by ELISA. The highest contribution (>50%) of the total variation in DON content was for year and growing region, and it was acknowledged that susceptible cultivars grown after a preceding maize crop are at special risk. A complete mycological survey, including intra and inter‐species variability of Fusarium species isolated from infected wheat ears and chemotype determination, was carried out over two years (2004 and 2005). In both years F. graminearum dominated (50.1%), followed by F. poae (16.8%), F. culmorum (12%), F. avenaceum (12%) and minor representation (<5%) of other Fusarium species (F. equiseti, F. acuminatum, F. sporotrichioides, F. tricinctum and Microdochium nivale). Chemotypes of F. graminearum and F.culmorum isolates were determined using PCR assays for Tri7 and Tri13 genes. Three isolates belonged to the NIV chemotype. 82
6‐M Fusarium species and mycotoxins associated with oat (Avena sativa L.) in southwestern Ontario, Canada L. TAMBURIC‐ILINCIC, A. SCHAAFSMA, A. LOGRIECO, M. SULYOK, R. KRSKA AND A. MORETTI (L.T‐I., A.S.) University of Guelph, Ridgetown Campus, Ridgetown ON; (A.L., A.M.) National Research Council, CNR‐ISPA, Bari, Italy; (M.S., R.K.) IFA‐Tulln, Vienna, Austria. The objective of this study was to determine the Fusarium spp. and mycotoxins from oat (Avena sativa L.) fields grown in the same area as wheat and corn in Ontario. Combine‐harvested grain from a total of seventy oat samples collected from the Ontario Oat Performance trial (OOPT) and from commercial oat fields during three years (2006‐2008) was analyzed. Twelve Fusarium species were identified: Fusarium sporotrichioides, F. poae, F. graminearum, F. equiseti, F. chlamydosporum, F. compactum, F. scirpi, F. culmorum, F. acuminatum, F. oxysporum, F. avenaceum and F. solani. Percentage of Fusarium‐infected kernels ranged from 0‐98%, with an average of 13.1%. An advanced liquid chromatography‐combined mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) multi‐mycotoxin method was used to analyze mycotoxins in the same seventy samples of oat. In addition to DON, HT‐2 and T‐2 toxins identified in the OOPT trials previously using GS‐MS method, a range of other mycotoxins produced by Fusarium spp. was identified in this study using LC/MS/MS. This method has the ability to detect a broad range of mycotoxins, even when very small amounts are present in the sample. Further investigation about the significance of detected mycotoxins in Canadian oat is needed. The relatively low level of F. graminearum‐infected oat kernels indicated that oat is in general less affected with this species than wheat and corn in Ontario. However, other Fusarium spp., capable of producing different mycotoxins, were identified in this study supporting the importance of monitoring Fusarium spp. and concentrations of mycotoxins in oat in Ontario. 83
7‐M Trichothecene mycotoxins and Fusarium graminearum chemotypes detected from winter wheat commercial fields across southwestern Ontario, Canada L. TAMBURIC‐ILINCIC, A. MUCKLE, V. LIMAY‐RIOS AND A. SCHAAFSMA University of Guelph, Ridgetown Campus, Ridgetown ON. Three Fusarium graminearum (FG) chemotypes include NIV, 15‐ADON and 3‐ADON, and they produce the mycotoxins nivalenol (NIV), deoxynivalenol (DON) and 15‐acetyl DON, and DON and 3‐acetyl DON, respectively. DON is the most important mycotoxin produced by FG in North America; 15‐ADON and 3‐ADON analogs are also produced. In the present study, we measured DON levels from commercial wheat fields in Ontario from 2004 to 2010 and 15‐ADON and 3‐
ADON analogs from selected fields in 2007 and 2010. In addition, NIV, T2 and HT2 toxins were measured in 2009 and 2010. FG chemotypes were identified by PCR from 46 commercial fields in 2010. The highest level of DON (9.7 ppm) was detected in 2004, with an average level of 4.9 ppm across 21 fields. No detectable levels of 15‐ADON and 3‐ADON were produced in wheat grain in 2007 or 2010. NIV was not detected in any sample and T2 and HT2 toxins were detected at just one location (Woodslee) in 2009 grain at levels of 0.07 and 0.06 ppm, respectively. In 2010, 97.5% (n=156) of FG isolates were still 15‐ADON and just 2.5% (n=4) were 3‐ADON. This is similar to results from south‐western Ontario in 2004 and in 2008 when 100% and 93% of 15‐
ADON chemotype were detected, respectively. NIV producers were not detected by PCR. In conclusion, fusarium head blight caused significant damage to winter wheat in Ontario in 2004 and 2008, with sporadic losses between those years. We recommend future monitoring of trichothecene mycotoxins and FG chemotypes in wheat growing areas of the province. 84
Industry and Consumer Affairs 8‐ICF Relationships among components of FHB in Manitoba winter wheat sampled mid‐season and at maturity A. TEKAUZ , M.STULTZER AND M.BEYENE Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, 195 Dafoe Road, Winnipeg MB, R3C 2M9. Winter wheat grown in Manitoba is routinely affected by fusarium head blight (FHB). Monitoring for the disease has taken place annually since 1998, typically in mid‐season, to signal FHB presence, estimate severity, and identify the causal Fusarium fungi. FHB can also be evaluated in harvested grain, as done routinely by the Canadian Grain Commission. To compare and evaluate earlier‐ and later‐derived data sets, in 2010, ten winter wheat crops sampled mid‐season were also sampled at maturity, just prior to commercial harvest. At maturity, Fusarium species were determined, along with levels of fusarium damaged kernels (FDK) and the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON). Correlations among measured components were evaluated to identify relationships. At mid‐season, mean disease severity (Fusarium Head Blight Index or FHB‐I) was 17.6% (range 2.8 to 44.5%), and F. graminearum the sole causal species detected. In mature kernels (seed), only F. graminearum was isolated, mean FDK levels were 10.4%, and mean DON 10.0 ppm. DON was highly and significantly correlated with mid‐season FHB‐I, and with FDK and F. graminearum levels in mature kernels. FDK was correlated with FHB‐I and F. graminearum, and FHB‐I with F. graminearum. These robust and significant relationships occurred in a year when the mean FHB severity, based on monitoring a total of 46 winter wheat crops, was considerably higher than normal. Such relationships may not hold when FHB is less severe, fewer crops are sampled, or when considering commercial seed lots in which a proportion of FDK, or otherwise lighter kernels, have been ‘lost’ during harvesting operations. 85
Epidemiology and Management 9‐EM Effects of fungicide application on fusarium head blight in spring wheat inoculated with 3‐ADON and 15‐ADON chemotypes of Fusarium graminearum C. AMARASINGHE, L. TAMBURIC‐ILINCIC, J. GILBERT, A. BRÛLÉ‐BABEL AND W. G. D. FERNANDO (C.A., A.B.‐B., W.G.D.F.) Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB, Canada, R3T 2L9; (J.G.) Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, Winnipeg Manitoba, Canada, R3T 2M9. Fusarium head blight (FHB) caused by Fusarium graminearum, is an important disease in wheat. The rapid chemotypic shift that is occurring in some parts of North America may influence FHB management strategies. The fungicides FOLICUR (tebuconazole), PROLINE (prothioconazole), PROSARO (tebuconazole + prothioconazole) and CARAMBA (metaconazole) are commonly used to control FHB in Canada. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the fungicides on FHB symptoms, Fusarium‐damaged kernels (FDK) and DON level after inoculation with 15‐ADON and 3‐ADON F. graminearum isolates in inoculated, misted wheat plots carried out in 2009 and 2010 at the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg. In both years, FHB index, FDK and DON were significantly reduced and yield increased by all fungicide treatments for cv. “Glenn” (moderately resistance). Similar results were observed for cv. “Roblin" (highly susceptible) except for FDK and DON in some treatments. Significant differences were observed between 3‐ADON and 15‐ADON chemotypes for all variables in both years except for yield and DON in 2010. The effect of cultivars on FHB variables was significant in both years confirming that host resistance plays an important role in host‐pathogen‐fungicide interaction. Overall, the strongest correlation was observed between the FHB index and FDK (R= 0.812) in 2009. These results indicate that fungicide efficacy in reducing FHB was greater in a moderately resistant cultivar than in the susceptible one emphasizing that integrating cultivar resistance with fungicide application can be an effective strategy to control FHB to a greater extent in spring wheat. 86
10‐EM Effectiveness of fungicide applications at various growth stages on head/kernel diseases, and productivity of durum wheat in southern Saskatchewan M. R. FERNANDEZ, W. E. MAY, S. CHALMERS, M. E. SAVARD AND A.K.SINGH (M.R.F., A.K.S.) Semiarid Prairie Agricultural Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, P.O. Box 1030, Swift Current SK, S9H 3X2; (W.E.M.) Indian Head Research Farm, Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, Indian Head SK, S0G 2K0; (S.C.) South East Research Farm, Box 129, Redvers SK, S0C 2H0; (M.E.S.) Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave., Neatby Bldg., Ottawa ON, K1A 0C6. A field trial was conducted in southern Saskatchewan (2004‐2006) to determine the effectiveness of single and double foliar fungicide applications (tebuconazole) at various growth stages on Fusarium head/kernel infection, deoxynivalenol (DON) concentration, dark kernel discolouration, and grain traits of durum wheat. In most cases, application at stem elongation was not effective in reducing Fusarium diseases, or improving grain characteristics. Application at flag leaf emergence was more effective, but for the most part, application at anthesis resulted in the most consistent reduction in Fusarium head/kernel infection, and improvement in test weight and kernel weight. Grain yield did not differ significantly among treatments. Double fungicide applications (stem elongation or flag leaf emergence, plus another application at anthesis) were not more effective in disease control than a single application at anthesis. In contrast to Fusarium diseases, fungicide application at stem elongation or flag leaf emergence in 2005‐06 resulted in increases in percentage dark kernel discolouration, and kernel weight. In one or more years, kernel weight was negatively associated with Fusarium disease variables, including DON concentration, but positively associated with dark kernel discolouration. We conclude that in the absence, or presence of low levels, of head/kernel Fusarium diseases, fungicide use would not be cost effective, and might result in an increase in grain downgrading due to dark discolouration. Fungicide use might be profitable under more suitable conditions for disease development and plant growth. 87
11‐EM Impact of weather variables and hybrid on deoxynivalenol accumulation in corn in Ontario, Canada V. LIMAY‐RIOS, R. R. BURLAKOTI, A. THAKRAL, S. VARVAET AND A. SCHAAFSMA (V.L‐R., A.S.) University of Guelph, Ridgetown Campus, Ridgetown Ontario, Canada; (R.R.B., A.T., S.V.) Weather INnovations Incorporated, Chatham Ontario, Canada. Corn grain samples from growers’ fields and experimental plots across Ontario were collected from 2006 to 2010. The amounts of DON contamination in the corn grain samples were analyzed and the impact of corn hybrids and weather variables on DON accumulation were assessed. Frequency of DON contamination was higher in grain sampled in 2006 compared to grain sampled during 2007‐2010. Sixty two percent of grain sampled in 2006 had DON concentration ≥ 1 mg/kg; 1 mg/kg whereas 16 to 47% of grain sampled during 2007 to 2010 had DON concentration ≥ 1 mg/kg; 1 mg/kg. Corn hybrids and weather variables had great impact on DON concentrations each year. Analysis of variance showed that locations (weather variables) accounted for 45 and 47% variation (P<0.001) in DON accumulation in 2009 and 2010. Corn hybrids also accounted for similar (39 to 40%) variation in DON accumulation in these years. The influence of locations (weather variables) was low in 2006 to 2008 since grain samples were collected from few locations. However, the effect of hybrids in 2006 was consistent with 2009 and 2010. Preliminary analysis has been performed to develop the pre‐harvest DON prediction tool in corn from the 2009 and 2010 datasets. Preliminary results from partial least squares analysis showed that rainfall around the silking period and temperature after silking is associated with DON accumulation in grain samples. Improvement in a pre‐harvest DON prediction model is expected with additional datasets that would be collected in 2011 across Ontario. 88
12‐EM Natural incidence of fumonisin and deoxynivalenol in transgenic grain corn related to western bean cutworm damage in Ontario, Canada J. L. SMITH, V. LIMAY‐RIOS AND A. SCHAAFSMA University of Guelph, Ridgetown Campus, Ridgetown ON. Since its commercialization in Canada in 1996, transgenic corn (Zea mays L.) expressing Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) Cry insecticidal proteins has provided superior control of European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and has reduced insect‐related mycotoxin contamination by Fusarium spp. Most recently the western bean cutworm (WBC), Striacosta albicosta (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a pest of corn that feeds on ears of corn causing direct yield losses and reduced grain quality, and also exposes ears to infection by Fusarium spp. has moved into the Great Lakes region. WBC moths were first captured in Ontario in 2008 and their numbers have since increased to economically damaging levels in some south‐
western Ontario locations. Field trials of Bt and non‐Bt corn were evaluated in 2010 and 2011 for WBC injury and harvested grain samples were tested for the mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and total fumonisins (FUM) using commercial ELISA kits. Higher mean DON levels (1.2 ± 0.4 ppm) were found in naturally WBC‐infested trials of Cry 1F expressing corn than in plots with very low levels of WBC incidence in 2010 (0.3 ± 0.2 ppm), especially in the absence of triazole fungicide application using drop nozzles to target corn silks (1.6 ± 0.8 ppm). No significant differences in DON or FUM were measured among artificially infested Bt and non‐Bt hybrids although lower FUM levels were measured in grain samples with significantly lower WBC damage in 2010 (p>0.05). Transgenic events that minimize feeding damage from WBC may also play a role in reducing mycotoxin contamination in grain corn. 89
13‐EM Active ingredient content and ear coverage after spraying wheat with different nozzle types S. LEHOCZKI‐KRSJAK, M. VARGA, A. SZABO‐HEVER AND A. MESTERHAZY Cereal Research Non ‐ Profit Limited Company, Szeged, Hungary. Ear coverage and active ingredient (a.i.) content (tebuconazole and prothioconazole) were quantified in wheat ears and leaves of three varieties with differing resistance following spraying with four different nozzle types. Vertically spraying (XR TeeJet) nozzle and three sideward spraying nozzles (Turbo FloodJet, Turbo TeeJet Duo and its modified construct) were used. Ear coverage was measured by water sensitive papers (wsp). Samples were collected 2 hours, and 2, 4 and 8 days after treatment, freeze dried, a.i. extracted and determined by LC‐ESI‐MS. Highest concentrations of tebuconazole and prothioconazole were found two hours after treatment which consistently decreased until the 8th day both in the ears and leaves. Higher levels of a.i. in the ears were found where the fungicide coverage was better. Most effective were Turbo TeeJet Duo nozzle (23.40% water sensitive paper coverage and 13.18 mg/kg TBZ) and its modified variant (23.70% coverage and 13.84 mg/kg TBZ). However with the vertically spraying XR TeeJet, a.i. level in the ears were the lowest (13.84% coverage and 8.22 mg/kg TBZ), while the protection of the leaves was the best (32.2 mg/kg TBZ). These differences were reflected also in the reduction of symptoms and DON contamination. This procedure is suitable to evaluate and compare different spraying technologies, even when no epidemics occur. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: This work was supported by the MYCORED FP7 project. 90
14‐EM Efficacy of Sphaerodes mycoparasitica in controlling FHB and mycotoxin accumulation in cereal grains V. VUJANOVIC Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon SK, S7N 5A8. Sphaerodes mycoparasitica Vujanovic is a new and efficient biocontrol agent of fusarium head blight (FHB). Sphaerodes mycoparasitica SMCD 2220's biotrophism, or specificity to Fusarium pathogens, ensures the eco‐friendly nature of the biocontrol product. Its impact is two‐fold: it helps the bioeconomy by preventing multi‐billion dollar losses from FHB damage to the cereal industry; and it helps the agro‐ecosystems by minimising the accumulation of mycotoxins. In this study, we described the morpho‐structural and behavioural features related to S. mycoparasitica’s efficiency, including its specificity— an evolutionary adaptation or ability to selectively control Fusarium species. The discovery required optimization of several modern approaches, including PCR, pyrosequencing, qRT‐PCR, DGGE, fluorescence and confocal microscopy, and proteomic tools. The phylogeny, interaction, co‐evolution, and attack mechanisms of S. mycoparasitica on F. graminearum including mycotoxigenic 3‐ and 15‐ acetyldeoxynivalenol chemotypes, F. culmorum, F. avenaceum, F. oxysporum, and F. equiseti have been elucidated. With the Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA) permission, the efficacy of S. mycoparasitica against FHB and mycotoxins was tested and proved on wheat and barley in phytotron, greenhouse, and field (AAFC‐Melfort and U of Saskatchewan‐Saskatoon) trials. Best efficacy was achieved using an *SMCD 2220 liquid formulation of 105 CFU/mL. The biofungicide’s application reduced FHB by an average >60% and DON>80%; and increased yield by >35% in cereal field tests compared to the untreated control. Results suggest that SMCD 2220 is a promising biocontrol agent for suppression of FHB and the associated mycotoxin deoxynivalenol in wheat and barley grain. *SMCD‐Saskatchewan Microbial Collection and Database 91
15‐EM Concentration and cultivar effects on efficacy of CLO‐1 biofungicide in controlling Fusarium head blight of wheat A.G. XUE, Y. CHEN, H.D. VOLDENG, G. FEDAK, M.E. SAVARD, T. LÄNGLE, J.X. ZHANG, G. HARMAN, AND G. GENGE (A.G.X., Y.C., H.D.V., G.F., M.E.S.) Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada (AAFC), 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada; (T.L., J.X.Z.) Pest Management Centre, AAFC, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada; (G.H.) Department of Plant Pathology, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University, Geneva, NY14456‐0462, USA; and (G.G.) ICUS Canada, Building 1A Unit 303, King’s Bridge Court, St. John’s, NL A1C 2R2, Canada Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by Gibberella zeae, is a devastating disease of wheat. Previous studies reported that a strain of Clonostachys rosea, ACM941 (ATCC #74447) was effective in reducing FHB severity and perithecial production by G. zeae. The objectives of this research were to examine the effect of concentration and cultivar resistance on the efficacy of CLO‐1, a formulated product of C. rosea strain ACM941, in controlling FHB and deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination in wheat. Seven concentrations of CLO‐1, ranging from 104 to 108 CFU/mL, were tested for the control of FHB and significant effects observed for concentrations at or above 8 x 106 cfu/mL in the greenhouse trials or 3 x 106 cfu/mL in field trials. In the greenhouse, CLO‐1 reduced the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) by 65‐83%, Fusarium damaged kernels (FDK) by 68‐92%, and deoxynivalenol (DON) by 51‐95%. Under the field conditions, the biofungicide reduced FHB index by 30‐46%, FDK by 31‐39%, and DON by 22‐33%. These effects were less but not significantly different from those of the registered fungicide Folicur® (tebuconazole) used in these trials. CLO‐1 and the fungicide were applied to five wheat cultivars with FHB resistance ranging from highly susceptible to moderate resistance in field trials in 2009 and 2010. The biofungicide was most effective on the moderately resistant cultivar AC Nass and least effective on the highly susceptible cultivar AC Foremost and Superb, suggesting that CLO‐1 may be used most effectively as a control measure in an integrated FHB management program.
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Genomics and Genetics 16‐GG Development of fusarium head blight‐resistant wheat: a systemic approach deserves more attention A. COMEAU, F. LANGEVIN, H. RANDHAWA, Y. DION AND H. VOLDENG (A.C., F.L.) CRDSGC, Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, Québec City QC, Canada G1V 2J3; (H.R.) Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, Lethbridge AB, Canada T1J 4B1; (Y.D.) CÉROM, Saint‐
Mathieu‐de‐Beloeil QC, Canada J3G 2E0; and (H.V.) ECORC, Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, Ottawa ON, Canada K1A 0C6. Sumai 3 is a formidable check for FHB resistance. If success came from using resistant parents, breeding for FHB resistance would be an easy task. But in practice it is very difficult due to the quantitative nature of resistance. Thus the overall efficiency of chosen methods is likely the key factor to reach the goals. In the last decade, marker‐assisted selection (MAS) has received a lot of attention, but its major successes remain elusive. We compared germplasm created through the use of conventional selection, MAS, and systemic selection approaches. The reasoning behind the systemic approach is complex but rather well described in a recent book chapter (Comeau et al. 2010). One key aspect is that combining the virus BYDV to the Fusarium inoculation facilitates identification of FHB resistant germplasm with higher biomass and yield potential. In comparing results from various approaches, it is observed that the systemic parents were better ones, and that the systemic approach gave the best results. The use of markers had a positive effect on selection efficiency, and helped identify a small number of resistant lines, but the systemic approach was far superior if the number of resistant and moderately resistant is considered. The systemic approach is flexible to use tools like MAS and others whenever cost‐
effective. Sumai 3‐level resistant lines are created in high numbers, increasing the odds of recovery of yield and quality. A comparative assessment of methods shows the systemic approach deserves broader attention from all breeders involved in FHB resistance research.
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17‐GG Yeast genome deletion screening identifies new cellular targets of the Fusarium graminearum fungal toxin deoxynivalenol S. GLEDDIE, A. HERMANS, L. MITCHELL, K. BAETZ, W. BOSNICH AND L. HARRIS (S.G., A.H., W.B., L.H.) Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa ON, K1A 0C6; (L.M., K.B.) Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa ON, K1H 8M5. The plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum infects cereal crops worldwide causing significant yield and economic losses. This disease is characterized by the deposition of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) and related metabolites within the grain of infected crops (corn, wheat, barley, oats). Mycotoxins pose significant health risks for consumers of infected grains, and DON has been implicated in the pathogenicity of the fungus towards host cereal plants since Fusarium strains unable to synthesize DON are less virulent than wild‐type strains. The homology between yeast and higher eukaryotic organisms means that high‐throughput chemogenomic profiling in yeast has become a very powerful method to discover drug and toxin targets. DON is known to be a potent protein synthesis inhibitor of eukaryotic cells, however, other modes of action in plant cells are not well understood. Our screening of the yeast heterozygous deletion collection on sub‐lethal levels of DON has enabled us to identify some genes whose deletion in yeast led to increased resistance or increased sensitivity to DON. This screen has identified several genes expected to be associated with DON tolerance and sensitivity such as those involved in protein synthesis, folding, transport, turnover, as well as some novel targets. These hits or suppressors of toxicity have been validated in sensitive yeast growth assays. Our results lead us to believe that the method of yeast genome‐wide screening of chemical toxins may prove useful in developing fungal pathogen‐resistant crops. 94
18‐GG Mapping gibberella ear rot resistance in maize using a large B73 X CO441 F6 recombinant inbred population L.J. HARRIS, W. BOSNICH, A. JOHNSTON, T. WOLDEMARIAM, L. REID, D. SCHNEIDERMAN, M. MOHAMMADI, AND S. GLEDDIE Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave, Ottawa ON, K1A 0C6. Fusarium graminearum can attack developing maize ears through the silk channel or directly through wounds to cause gibberella ear rot. The ECORC/AAFC corn breeding program has released a number of Fusarium‐tolerant inbreds, including CO441, which exhibit improved silk and kernel resistance. To dissect the resistance mechanisms of CO441, we have acquired transcriptomic and proteomic data on the F. graminearum response of CO441 and the susceptible inbred B73. These studies have provided us with a list of potential biomarkers for resistance in CO441. To validate the association of these markers with resistance, we have constructed a robust maize B73 X CO441 F6 recombinant inbred line (RIL) population of 419 lines based on single seed descent. During the summers of 2010 and 2011, these RILs were assessed for tolerance to gibberella ear rot through both silk channel and kernel inoculations. In the future, we plan to use a genotyping by sequencing (GBS) platform to map the resistance in the RIL population through a collaborator. GBS is used to rapidly dissect complex traits in maize by enriching for low‐copy genomic regions and sequencing the resulting libraries using multi‐plexed (96‐plex) Illumina GA technology, scoring ~400,000 regions of the genome at a reasonable cost. As few large maize RIL populations are available, this RIL population of B73 crossed with northern‐adapted Fusarium‐tolerant maize is an invaluable resource. 95
19‐GG Sequencing and characterization of a novel trichothecene mycotoxin detoxifying bacterial genome R. ISLAM, T. ZHOU, D. LEPP, P. H. GOODWIN AND P. PAULS (R.I., P.P.) Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph ON, N1G 2W1; (T.Z., D.L.) Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, Guelph ON, N1G5C9; (P.H.G.) School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph ON, N1G 2W1. Trichocethene mycotoxins are Fusarium secondary metabolites that often contaminate cereal‐
derived food and feeds. In the present study, we sequenced and characterized the whole trichothecene‐detoxifying bacterial genome. Strain ADS47 contained a circular chromosome with the size of 4,878,242 bp that codes for 4610 predicted protein coding sequences (CDS). The average GC content and gene size was 52% and 893 bp, respectively. CDS regions covered 87.84% of the genome, with significantly higher GC content (53.18%) than the intergenic regions, which contained 43.79% GC and covered 12.15% of the genome. The intergenic regions contained many non‐coding sequences, namely 99 RNAs, 22 phage/propage‐like DNA, 5 transposons/repeated sequences and regulatory sequences. Rapid annotation subsystem technology (RAST) analysis assigned functions to 2821(62%) CDSs, while 1789 (38%) CDSs were hypothetical proteins. Genome wide nucleotide and protein sequence comparison analysis with the five closest bacterial species showed a high level of genome plasticity in strain ADS47. Comparative analysis by OrthoMCL identified 270 unique CDSs and four large regions likely acquired by horizontal transfer. Of 270 unique genes, 139 were hypothetical proteins and remaining 131 genes belong to various functional categories that include reductase, oxidoreductase, deacetylase, hydrolase, transferase, sulfatase, transporter, kinase, regulator, exported protein, integrase and phages/prophages. We identified eight unique reductases/oxidoreductases and a deacetylase gene in the ADS47 genome that may function as potential trichothecene de‐epoxydation and deacetylation genes, respectively. Further experimentation would determine the functionality of the selected genes. The trichothecene detoxifying genes may have potential applications for reducing mycotoxins in Fusarium‐infested cereals. 96
20‐GG Mapping of the Wuhan‐1 chromosome 2DL FHB QTL in a uniform genetic background C. McCARTNEY, D. SOMERS, A. BRÛLÉ‐BABEL, G. FEDAK, J. GILBERT AND W. CAO (C.M., J.G.) Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, Cereal Research Centre, 195 Dafoe Road, Winnipeg MB, Canada, R3T 2M9; (D.S.) Vineland Research and Innovation Centre, 4890 Victoria Ave. N., PO Box 4000, Vineland Station ON, Canada, L0R 2E0; (A.B‐B.) Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB, Canada, R3T 2N2; (G.F., W.C.) Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, 960 Carling Ave. Building 50, Ottawa ON, Canada, K1A 0C6. Fusarium head blight (FHB) resistance is a key breeding objective for wheat breeding programs globally. Breeding FHB resistance is difficult because of complex genetics and random variability in phenotyping, which results in experiment error. Marker‐assisted selection promises to improve selection efficiency but requires markers known to be tightly linked to the gene(s) of interest. The Wuhan‐1 FHB resistance QTL on chromosome 2DL was mapped in a uniform genetic background to improve the resolution of QTL location and identify additional SSRs that will be useful in Canadian germplasm. An F2 population was developed from a single BC2F1 plant (pedigree: CDC Alsask*3/HC374) that was fixed with FHB susceptibility alleles at 3BS (Fhb1), 6BS (Fhb2), 4B, and 5A. HC374 is a DH line from the cross Wuhan‐1/Nyubai, which carries the 2DL QTL. The F2 population was genotyped with the SSRs wmc144 and gwm608, which flank the 2D QTL. Fifty‐eight fixed recombinants were identified and subsequently genotyped and evaluated for FHB incidence, severity, and Fusarium‐damaged kernels (FDK) in five field FHB tests. A linkage map was developed consisting of 17 SSRs. QTL analyses identified the location of the QTL on the genetic map and confirmed the significance of the QTL based upon FHB incidence, FHB severity, FHB index, and FDK. In the original mapping population, the 2D QTL was detected by single‐floret injection only and not detected in FHB field tests or DON accumulation in harvested grain. These results indicate that a near‐isogenic background is critical for map‐based cloning efforts of FHB QTL. 97
21‐GG Molecular mapping of Fusarium resistance in the Japanese wheat cultivar Nobeoka Bozu A. SZABO‐HEVER, S. CHAO, Q. LU, H. SKINNES, SZ. L. KRSJAK AND A. MESTERHAZY (A.S‐H., Sz.L.K., A.M.) Cereal Research Non ‐ Profit Limited Company, Szeged, Hungary; (S.C.) ARS‐USDA, Biosciences Research Laboratory, Fargo ND, USA; (Q.L., H.S.) Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway; The molecular background of the FHB resistant Japanese Nobeoka Bozu wheat landrace was mapped in the Ringo Star//Mini Manó/Nobeoka Bozu/3/Avle (n=163) DH population. Phenotyping was made in both Hungary (2008, 2011) and Norway (2004) using spray inoculation. Genotyping was performed in Fargo (USDA‐ARS) with 96 SSR markers. The results show that the FHB and FDK resistance QTL region identified on chromosome 3BS (Xbarc75‐
Xcfd79) should include more than one moderately effective QTL in Nobeoka Bozu; the presence of a QTL cluster is assumed. At the centromere of the 3B (Xwmc78‐Xgwm77), an additional QTL was identified. The QTL on the 2B (Xgwm388‐Xbarc101) was linked to both plant height and Fusarium resistance. Correlation analysis showed significant association between the two traits which assumes morphological resistance. The FHB and FDK QTL on chromosome 5A (Xgwm129‐
Xbarc180) were also validated. However, on the 6B chromosome that carries an effective QTL in many FHB‐resistant Chinese sources, no such QTL was found in Nobeoka Bozu. In this region only awnedness (effect of B2 gene) and plant height showed significant association flanked by the markers Xgwm88 and Xgwm219. The resistance of Nobeoka Bozu and the Chinese landrace resistance sources show differences on chromosomes 3B and 6B. Acknowledgements: This research was supported by the Hungarian SBO, DEAK Zrt. and the Mycored FP7 project. 98
22‐GG Identifying targets of NADPH oxidase‐mediated redox signalling in Fusarium graminearum using an LC‐MS approach M. JOSHI, G. SUBRAMANIAM AND C. RAMPITSCH (M.J., C.R.) Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, Winnipeg MB; (R.S.) Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave. Building 50, Ottawa ON, Canada, K1A 0C6. Regulated production of reactive oxygen species by NADPH oxidases (NoxA, NoxB) in Fusarium graminearum is essential for the establishment of FHB in wheat: the knock‐out mutant FgrΔNoxAB is non‐pathogenic. Nox A and B produce O2– (and thence H2O2) during infection, creating a reducing environment in which cysteine‐cysteine disulphide bonds, or other Cys‐S‐R, tend to be reduced to native Cys‐SH. This can profoundly affect the activity of targeted proteins. An affinity‐enrichment strategy was used to purify affected proteins, i.e. those where targeted cysteine reduction occurs in WT but not in FgrΔNoxAB, under DON‐inducing conditions in vitro. By using LC‐MS the identification of the protein itself and of the modified Cys residue(s) is possible, as there is a mass change during reduction. Twenty nine proteins have been identified, all with peptides which were Cys‐S‐R in FgrΔNoxAB and Cys‐SH in WT. One of these proteins, FG10089 – homologous to a putative sporulation specific (SPS2) protein – has subsequently been knocked out of WT Fgr, and the mutant FgrΔ10089 presents the same phenotype as FgrΔNoxAB: non‐pathogenic on wheat, but with WT levels of DON. FG10089 is therefore a possible downstream target of NoxAB‐mediated redox signalling. Experiments are underway to convert the targeted Cys to Ser, a residue which is unavailable for redox modification. The phenotype of this mutant will reveal whether the Cys residue is involved in redox signalling. Other targeted proteins are also being confirmed with the aim of understanding the role of redox regulation in F. graminearum pathogenesis. 99
23‐GG Rapid screening of Arabidopsis mutants to identify transporter genes for resistance to Fusarium graminearum G. ALLARD, G. SUBRAMANIAN, T. OUELLET, L. HARRIS AND J. SINGH Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, Ottawa ON, K1A 0C6. We developed a high throughput Arabidopsis early seedling assay for screening resistance of Arabidopsis mutants to infection by Fusarium graminearum (Schreiber et al. 2011). As members of a superfamily, ABC (ATP‐Binding Cassette) transporters have been implicated in disease responses in plants and are potential candidate genes for disease resistance. To identify ABC transporters that may play a role in susceptibility to Fusarium infection, we use this assay to screen for gain or loss of resistance to F. graminearum in Arabidopsis lines knocked out for these proteins. Already, we have observed that the knock out line abcg30 (atpdr2) showed improved resistance to infection by F. graminearum when compared to the wild type. ABCG30 encodes a root specific ABC transporter protein that has been identified to effect the extrusion of chemical compounds and sugars (Badri et al. 2009). Root exudates of abcg30 plants have been associated with increased phenolic and decreased sugar levels compared to the wild type, resulting in alterations of the compositional profile of fungal communities in its rhizosphere (Badri et al. 2009). The potential of manipulating the function for this gene for Fusarium resistance in crop plants is discussed. 100
Pathogen Dynamics 24‐PD Ratio of 3‐ADON and 15‐ADON isolates of Fusarium graminearum recovered from wheat plants inoculated and incubated at various temperatures and from field nurseries J. GILBERT, R. CLEAR, S. PATRICK, K. SLUSARENKO AND C. WOLFE (J.G., K.S., C.W.) Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, 195 Dafoe Road, Winnipeg MB R3T 2M9 ; (R.C., S.P.) Canadian Grain Commission, Grain Research Laboratory, Winnipeg MB R3C 3G8. Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat, caused principally by Fusarium graminearum in Canada, causes accumulation of mycotoxins in the grain. The fungus produces deoxynivalenol (DON) and its acetylated forms 3‐ADON or 15‐ADON. More isolates of F. graminearum collected between 1998 and 2004 were of the 3‐ADON chemotype, whereas prior to 1998 the 15‐ADON chemotype was considered the only significant cause of FHB in North America. To monitor the ratio of 3‐
ADON to 15‐ADON chemotypes, strains of F. graminearum were isolated from FHB disease nurseries in 2008 and 2009. In 2008, the ratio of 3‐ADON to 15‐ADON was 79:21%. However, the following year the ratio changed dramatically to 55:45%. The 2009 summer was characterized by lower temperatures with mean daytime highs of 22.4° C compared to 25.5° C in 2008. To determine the effects of temperature on recovery of 3‐ADON and 15‐ADON chemotypes, plants were grown under controlled conditions at 20, 24 or 28° C. At anthesis plants were inoculated with a 1:1 ratio of F. graminearum isolates of 3‐ and 15‐ADON chemotype. Up to 40 isolates were taken from infected kernels of each of six varieties for which monospore cultures were established. DNA was extracted and isolates identified to chemotype using PCR. At 20° C the ratio of 3‐ADON to 15‐ADON isolates was 30:70%, at 24° C it was 53:47%, while at 28° C the pattern was 69:31%. These preliminary data indicate that in Manitoba 15‐ADON isolates may be favoured in cooler seasons and 3‐ADON chemotypes in warmer ones. 101
25‐PD Effect of Fusarium graminearum chemotypes isolated from Canada on symptom development, damaged kernels and mycotoxins in winter wheat grain A. MUCKLE, A. SCHAAFSMA, V. LIMAY‐RIOS AND L. TAMBURIC‐ILLINCIC Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph Ridgetown Campus, 120 Main St. E Ridgetown ON, N0P 2C0. Fusarium head blight (FHB) caused by Fusarium graminearum (Schwabe) is a serious wheat disease in Canada. The objective of this study was to investigate if there were differences in aggressiveness, level of Fusarium‐damaged kernels (FDKs), deoxynivalenol (DON), 15‐ADON and 3‐ADON production between Canadian 15‐ADON and 3‐ADON producing F. graminearum strains and their mixture in moderately susceptible winter wheat ‘Emmit’. In the fall of 2010, ‘Emmit’ was planted at Ridgetown, Ontario in a randomized complete block design with four replications. One 15‐ADON and one 3‐ADON producing isolate was chosen from each of Nova Scotia, Quebec, Ontario and Manitoba for a total of eight isolates. At 50% anthesis, plots were spray inoculated using each single isolate or a mixture of both isolates from each region for a total of twelve treatments, plus a control plot inoculated with water alone. To ensure spores were not transferred between experimental plots, guard plots were placed around each plot. We measured FHB symptoms, FDKs using a near infrared scanner and DON, 15‐ADON, 3‐ADON using GC‐MS. Inoculated treatments resulted in significantly (P=0.05) higher field symptoms, mycotoxins level and FDKs compared to controls. FHB index 21 days after inoculation along with DON levels were highest after inoculation with 3‐ADON F. graminearum isolates, followed by the mixture of isolates, 15‐ADON isolates and control, respectively. After inoculation with mixtures of isolates from all 4 regions, total DON ranged from 38.5 to 43.0 ppm. More 3‐ADON was produced in the same harvested grain, measured by GS‐MS, compared to 15‐ADON. 102
26‐PD Pathogen variability and FHB development in Manitoba cereal crops, 2001‐2010 A. TEKAUZ AND J. GILBERT Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, 195 Dafoe Road, Winnipeg MB, R3T 2M9. Monitoring of Manitoba cereal crops for the prevalence and severity of fusarium head blight (FHB), and the Fusarium species involved, has been ongoing for many years. The results have been published annually in the Canadian Plant Disease Survey (cps‐scp.ca/cpds). Based on the last 10‐year period, the disease was found in most farm fields each year, but at visual levels that varied considerably. The mean severity of FHB in spring and winter wheat was identical, a FHB‐
Index of 3.8 and 3.9% (range 0.3 ‐ 14.7%), respectively. In barley this was 1.9%, (0.4 ‐ 5.3%), while in oat, visual symptoms were minimal, resulting in a mean FHB‐Index of <0.1%. Fusarium graminearum was the dominant pathogen in both spring and winter wheat crops, comprising >90% of Fusarium based on isolations from putatively infected kernels selected from sampled spikes. In barley and oat crops, mean F. graminearum levels were substantially lower (~50%), with F. poae comprising a second sizeable component (~30%). Lesser, but appreciable levels of F. sporotrichioides (~10%) and F. avenaceum (~5%) also occurred. Levels of the four fungi sometimes varied markedly from year to year. These summary data have implications regarding possible grain yield losses, the perceived differences in performance of spring and winter wheat to FHB, the mycotoxins potentially present in harvested grain, and differences in the components of FHB to be found in crops grown in Manitoba compared to other Canadian regions. 103
Resistance Breeding 27‐RB How to make fusarium head blight‐susceptible spring wheat resistant: the example of ‘Roblin’ S. HABER AND J. GILBERT Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, 195 Dafoe Road, Winnipeg MB, R3T 2M9. Fusarium head blight (FHB)‐resistant ‘Sumai 3’ and its susceptible near isogenic lines do not differ in their general plant defence genes induced in response to inoculation by Fusarium graminearum. If differences in expression, rather than genetic differences, explain FHB resistance, the key to progress may be to change the expression of existing genes. Heritable traits can be evolved de novo in the descendants of germplasm subjected to systemic stresses. We took sub‐lines (plants grown from seed of a single head) of the susceptible cultivar ‘Roblin’, and subjected succeeding generations to systemic stresses including virus infection, heat and cold. In each cycle, we selected and advanced plants that differed visibly from their progenitors in a range of traits including FHB resistance, which we evaluated for the first time in the 2009 field nursery where two sub‐lines were more resistant than relevant checks. Following cycles of further selection indoors in winter, we advanced families of sub‐lines to the 2010 FHB nursery and observed a wide range of responses. Sub‐lines which performed well, and that were also members of families whose FHB index scores substantially bettered those of relevant checks, were subjected indoors to cycles of further selection, then entered in the 2011 field nursery. While the original Roblin progenitor scored 45, the best sub‐lines scored between 0.5 and 6.0 which compares favourably with FHB index scores of between 0.5 and 1.0 for the most resistant checks. ‘Roblin’ already contains genes which, suitably expressed, confer improved resistance that is both heritable and stable. 104
28‐RB Detection of resistance in barley to Fusarium graminearum through an in vitro seed germination assay K. KUMAR, K. STEENBERGEN, P. JUSKIW, K. XI, J. ZANTINGE AND M. HOLTZ Field Crop Development Centre, Alberta Agriculture Food, 6000 C & E Trail, Lacombe AB, T4L 1W1. Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe, has devastated the barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) industry in the eastern part of the Prairie and is moving north‐west in western Canada. However, F. graminearum is currently not a common pathogen in Alberta, and therefore barley lines cannot be screened for resistance in the field. The objective of the present study was to develop a screening assay for FHB resistance using barley seed in vitro. Seeds from each of fourteen different cultivars/genotypes were soaked in a 4.5x106 spore suspension for 15 minutes. The controls were mock‐inoculated with water. The seeds were placed on filter paper in petri dishes containing 0.5% water agar, and incubated for 6 days at 15°C with a 12 hr diurnal period. The percent germination, seedling weight, coleoptile area and DON content were then measured. The most consistent and significant susceptible reaction was found in susceptible cultivars ‘AC Lacombe’ and ‘Stander’. Cultivars/genotypes that proved to be more resistant in the first three measured parameters than their susceptible counterparts were ‘Chevron’, H93120, H94035132, H94051001, H96035004, H98011002, ‘AC Metcalfe’, ‘CDC Mindon’, and ‘Seebe’. The DON content was found to be higher in ‘Stander’ and moderately resistant genotype H96035004. In conclusion, this assay has proved to have a potential in terms of being practical and time‐saving for the early evaluation of barley cultivar reactions to FHB. Further experimentation is needed to improve accuracy for this assay to be utilized in breeding programs for FHB resistance. 105
29‐RB Validation of molecular markers linked to Sumai 3 resistance to DON and FDK in Canadian spring wheat populations A. SINGH, R. E. KNOX, R. M. DEPAUW, F. R. CLARKE, R. A. MARTIN, A. G. XUE, J. A. GILBERT, A. L. BRÛLÉ‐BABEL, H. CAMPBELL, A. K. SINGH AND R. D. CUTHBERT (A.S., R.E.K., R.M.D., F.R.C., H.C., A.K.S., R.D.C.) Semiarid Prairie Agricultural Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, Swift Current SK, S9H 3X2; (R.A.M.) Crops and Livestock Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, Charlottetown PEI, C1A 4N6; (A.G.X.) Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, Ottawa ON, K1A 0C6; (J.A.G.) Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, Winnipeg MB, R3T 2M9; (A.L.B‐B.) Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB, R3T 2N2; Fusarium head blight (FHB) resistance derived from Chinese spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar Sumai 3 has been used worldwide in wheat breeding programs. The objective of this study was to determine the loci transmitted from Sumai 3 that lower deoxynivalenol (DON) and Fusarium‐damaged kernels (FDK) in populations developed with parents derived from Sumai 3 (Alsen, ND744 and ND3085). Eighty doubled haploid lines were studied from each cross: Infinity/ND3085, Infinity/ND744 and Alsen/Helios. The progeny and parental genotypes were studied in a randomized complete block design (two replications) in 2007 and 2008 in FHB nurseries near Carman MB, Ottawa, ON and Charlottetown, PEI. Fusarium‐damaged kernels were measured in each replicate, while DON accumulation was measured on each line from a bulk subsample of the two replicates. Based on previous studies, microsatellite DNA markers associated with Sumai 3 FHB resistance loci were tested on the populations. A single factor analysis of variance was conducted to study marker‐trait association. Markers displaying significant marker‐trait association were examined for epistatic interactions. In all three populations, genomic regions on chromosomes 3BS and 5A were found to be major contributors of reduced FDK and DON. Additive effects were found between the 3BS and 5A loci indicating the interaction between these marker loci in lowering DON and FDK. Primary effects and interactions between loci varied with population and environment. Our results show that the Sumai 3 resistance to DON and FDK was transmitted at the 3BS and 5A loci to Alsen, ND744 and ND3085. 106
30‐RB Development of two‐row malting barley with improved fusarium head blight resistance at Agriculture and Agri‐
Food Canada’s Brandon Research Centre W. G. LEGGE, J. R. TUCKER, A. TEKAUZ, R. A. MARTIN, T. M. CHOO, B. BLACKWELL AND M. E. SAVARD (W.G.L., J.R.T.) Brandon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, 2701 Grand Valley Road, Brandon MB, R7A 5Y3; (A.T.) Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, 195 Dafoe Road, Winnipeg MB, R3T 2M9; (R.A.M.) Crops and Livestock Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, 440 University Avenue, Charlottetown PEI, C1A 4N6; (T.M.C., B.B., M.E.S.) Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa ON, K1A 0C6. Fusarium head blight (FHB) caused by Fusarium graminearum is the most destructive disease of barley in Canada. Developing FHB resistant cultivars with low deoxynivalenol (DON) accumulation has been an important objective of the two‐row malting barley breeding program at Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada's Brandon Research Centre for the past decade. Combining lower DON accumulation with agronomic performance, resistance to other diseases and malting quality traits in a competitive package has proven difficult. Using exotic parents, such as the two‐row Chinese accession ‘Harbin’, to enhance FHB resistance has been attempted, but with limited success. However, TR10214, a promising line tracing back to ‘Harbin’, was advanced to a second year in the 2011 Western Cooperative Two‐row Barley Registration Test. In 2010, it was 12% higher yielding than ‘AC Metcalfe’ (the dominant two‐row malting cultivar), had good disease resistance, and a promising malting quality profile. Over numerous site‐years, TR10214 had consistently lower DON accumulation than ‘AC Metcalfe’, but not as low as the feed cultivar ‘CDC Mindon’, the DON target for two‐row barley. If TR10214 continues to perform well, it could be registered in 2013. Three first‐year entries, TR11220, TR11221 and TR11223, with promising FHB resistance from crosses with the cultivars ‘Conlon’ and ‘Xena’ that have lower DON levels, will also be evaluated in the 2011 registration test. Overall, good progress is being made toward the release of a new cultivar combining low DON levels with good agronomic performance, disease resistance and malting quality.
107
Registrants Dale Alderson Eppie Austria Alliance Seed Corporation 2400‐333 Main Street Winnipeg Manitoba Canada R3C 4E2 dalderson@patersongrain.com University of Manitoba Rm 222 Agriculture Building 66 Dafoe Road Winnipeg Manitoba Canada R3T 2N2 austriae@cc.umanitoba.ca Khaled AlTaweel University of Manitoba Room 222 Agriculture Building Winnipeg Manitoba Canada R3T 2N2 khaledta72@hotmail.com Christian Azar Chami Amarsinghe La Coop fédérée 19235, rue Saint‐Louis Saint‐Hyacinthe Québec Canada J2T 5J4 Christian.azar@lacoop.coop University of Manitoba Rm 222, Agriculture Building 66 Dafoe Road Winnipeg Manitoba Canada R3T2N2 psorders@cc.umanitoba.ca Syngenta #8‐4003 Miller Avenue Saskatoon SK Canada S7K2K6 jim.bagshaw@syngenta.com Kurt Anaka Silvia Barcellos Rosa Syngenta Canada 27 Hacault Place Winnipeg Manitoba Canada R3X 2J2 kurt.anaka@syngenta.com University of Manitoba Rm 222, Agriculture Building 66 Dafoe Road Winnipeg Manitoba Canada R3T2N2 silbrosa@gmail.com Guy Ash CWB/WeatherFarm 423 Main Street Winnipeg Manitoba Canada R3C 2P5 guy_ash@cwb.ca Muhammad Asif University of Alberta 306‐3509 Sylvan Rd South Lethbridge AB Canada T1K3J8 masif1@ualberta.ca Jim Bagshaw Christian Barreau INRA UR 1264 MycSA 71, Avenue Edouard Bourleaux; BP81 Villenave d'Ornon Aquitaine France 33883 cbarreau@bordeaux.inra.fr 108
Aaron Beattie Irena Bizova Crop Development Centre 51 Campus Drive University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon SK Canada S7N 5A8 aaron.beattie@usask.ca SELGEN, Plant Breeding Company SELGEN, Plant Breeding Station Uhretice Uhretice Czech Republic Czech Republic 538 32 bizova@selgen.cz Faouzi Bekkaoui National Research Council Plant Biotechnology Institute 110 Gymnasium Place Saskatoon SK Canada S7N 0W9 faouzi.bekkaoui@nrc‐cnrc.gc.ca François Belzile Université Laval 1243 Pavillon Marchand 1030 Avenue de la Médecine Québec QC Canada G1V0A6 francois.belzile@fsaa.ulaval.ca Daryl Beswitherick Canadian Grain Commission 303 Main Street, Room 900 Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada R3C 3G8 daryl.beswitherick@grainscanada.gc.ca Meconnen Beyene AAFC 195 Dafoe Rd. Winnipeg Mb Canada R3T 2M9 meconnen.beyene@agr.gc.ca Vikram Bisht MAFRI, Manitoba Agriculture 65‐3rd Ave NE, PO Box 1149 Carman MB Canada R0G 0J0 vikram.bisht@gov.mb.ca Barbara A. Blackwell Easterne Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, AAFC 960 Carling Avenue Ottawa Ontario Canada K1A 0C6 barbara.blackwell@agr.gc.ca Dave Blatta Bayer CropScience 430‐B Dovercourt Drive Winnipeg Manitoba Canada R3Y 1N4 dave.blatta@bayer.com Mitch Bohrn Ag‐Quest P.O. box 144 Minto MB Canada R0K1M0 mitch.bohrn@agquest.com Genevieve Bondy Health Canada Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate PL2202D, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway Ottawa ON Canada K1A0K9 genevieve.bondy@hc‐sc.gc.ca Michael Brophy Brewing and Malting Barley Research Institute 612 ‐ One Lombard Place Winnipeg Manitoba Canada R3B0X3 mbrophy@bmbri.ca 109
Harold Brown Richard Cuthbert Bayer CropScience 266 Elm St Winnipeg MB Canada R3M 3P2 harold.brown@bayer.com Agriculture & Agri‐Food Canada P.O. Box 1030 Swift Current SK Canada S9H 3X2 richard.cuthbert@agr.gc.ca Anita Brule‐Babel Tigst Demeke University of Manitoba Rm 222, Agriculture Building 66 Dafoe Road Winnipeg Manitoba Canada R3T2N2 anita_brulebabel@umanitoba.ca Canadian Grain Commission 1404‐303 Main Street Winnipeg MB Canada R3P 1N1 tigst.demeke@grainscanada.gc.ca Mackenzie Bunney Bayer CropScience #200, 160 quarry Park Blvd. SE Calgary Alberta Canada T2C 3G3 mackenzie.bunney@bayer.com Semiarid Prairie Agricultural Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada P.O. Box 1030 Swift Current SK Canada S9H 3X2 ron.depauw@agr.gc.ca Rishi Burlakoti Holly Derksen Weather INnovations Incorporated P.O. Box 23005 Chatham Ontario Canada N7L 0B1 tbeaton@weatherinnovations.com MAFRI Box 1149 65‐3rd Ave NE Carman Manitoba Canada R0G 0J0 holly.derksen@gov.mb.ca Sofia Noemi Chulze Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto Ruta 8 and 36 Rio Cuarto Cordoba Argentina 5800 schulze@exa.unrc.edu.ar André Comeau CRDSGC, AAFC Quebec 2560 Hochelaga, Québec Qc Canada G1V2J3 andre.comeau@agr.gc.ca Ron DePauw Pam deRocquigny MB Agriculture, Food & Rural Initiatives (MAFRI) Box 1149 Carman MB Canada R0G 0J0 pamela.derocquigny@gov.mb.ca Yves Dion CEROM 740, chemin Trudeau Saint‐Mathieu‐de‐Beloeil Quebec Canada J3G 0E2 yves.dion@cerom.qc.ca 110
Faye Dokken‐Bouchard Nora Foroud Saskatchewan Agriculture 125‐3085 Albert Street Regina SK Canada S4S 0B1 faye.dokkenbouchard@gov.sk.ca AAFC‐Lethbridge 5403 1st Ave S Lethbridge AB Canada T1J 4B1 nora.foroud@agr.gc.ca Claude Durand Glen Forster Syngenta Canada 105 Jefferson Street Morden MB Canada R6M 0B8 claude.durand@syngenta.com George Fedak Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, AAFC Bldg. 50 Central Experimental Farm 960 Carling Ave Ottawa Ontario Canada K1A 0C6 george.fedak@agr.gc.ca BASF 2307 Arens Rd E Regina Saskatchewan Canada S4V 1G3 glen.forster@basf.com Myriam R. Fernandez AAFC‐SPARC P.O. Box 1030 Swift Current SK Canada S9H 3X2 myriam.fernandez@agr.gc.ca Dilantha Fernando University of Manitoba Department of Plant Science Winnipeg Manitoba Canada R3T 2N2 D_Fernando@umanitoba.ca Pierre Fobert Stephen Fox Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada 195 Dafoe Road Winnipeg Manitoba Canada R3T 2M9 stephen.fox@agr.gc.ca Kirigwi Francis Syngenta Seeds Canada, Inc.enta 15910 Medway Road RR#1 Arva Ontario Canada N0M 1CO francis.kirigwi@syngenta.com Don Gaba Canadian Grain Commission 1404‐303 Main Street Winnipeg MB Canada R3C 3G8 don.gaba@grainscanada.gc.ca Neil Galbraith NRC Plant Biotechnology Institute 110 Gymnasium Place Saskatoon SK Canada S7N 0W9 pierre.fobert@nrc‐cnrc.gc.ca Galbraith Farms Box 1587 Minnedosa Manitoba Canada R0J1E0 neilgalb@gmail.com 111
Jiangfeng Geng Emmanuelle Gourdain University of Manitoba Rm 222, Agriculture Building 66 Dafoe Road Winnipeg Manitoba Canada R3T2N2 geng@cc.umanitoba.ca ARVALIS‐Institut du végétal Station experimentale Boigneville Région Ile‐de‐France France 91720 e.gourdain@arvalisinstitutduvegetal.fr Martine Giguère La Terre de chez nous 555, boul. Roland‐Therrien, bureau 100 Longueuil Québec Canada J4H 3Y9 mgiguere@laterre.ca Bayer CropScience Junction of Hwy 41 & 5, 5 km North on 41 Aberdeen Hwy Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada S7K 3J9 rhonda.king‐mitchell@bayer.com Jeannie Gilbert Tom Graefenhan Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada Cereal Research Centre 195 Dafoe Road Winnipeg MB Canada R3T 2M9 jeannie.gilbert@agr.gc.ca Joe Girdner Richardson International 2800 One Lombard Place Winnipeg Manitoba Canada R3B0X8 joe.girdner@richardson.ca Canadian Grains Commission 1404‐303 Main Street Winnipeg MB Canada R3C 3G8 tom.graefenhan@grainscanada.gc.ca Stephen Gleddie CANADIAN WHEAT BOARD 2411 Faithfull Avenue Saskatoon SK Canada S7K 4B5 valarmathi_gurusamy@cwb.ca Agriculture and AgriFood Canada Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Res Ctr 960 Carling Ave, Bldg 21, Ottawa ONT Canada K1A 0C6 steve.gleddie@agr.gc.ca Rubella Goswami North Dakota State University & DuPont Crop Protection DuPont Crop Protection, Stine Haskell Research Center 1090 Elkton Road Newark DE USA 19711 rubella.goswami@ndsu.edu Aakash Goyal Mike Grenier Canadian Wheat Board Box 816 Station Main Winnipeg Manitoba Canada R3C 2P5 mike_grenier@cwb.ca Valarmathi Gurusamy Steve Haber Cereal Research Centre AAFC 195 Dafoe Road Winnipeg MB Canada R3T 2M9 steve.haber@agr.gc.ca 112
Linda Harris Pavel Horcicka Agriculture & Agri‐Food Canada Bldg #21, Central Experimental Farm 960 Carling Ave. Ottawa ON Canada K1A 0C6 Linda.Harris@agr.gc.ca SELGEN Stupice Sibrina Sibrina Czech Republic 25084 horcicka@selgen.cz Paul Hazendonk Agriculture & Agri‐Food Canada 195 Dafoe Road Winnipeg Manitoba Canada R2M 5P3 gavin.humphreys@agr.gc.ca University of Lethbridge 4401 University Dr Lethbridge AB Canada T1K 3M4 paul.hazendonk@uleth.ca Brian Hellegards Richardson International 1228 Kelburn Rd Howden MB Canada R5A1K2 kelburn@richardson.ca Jason Herman Canadian Grain Commission 1404‐303 Main Street Winnipeg MB Canada R3C 3G8 jason.herman@grainscanada.gc.ca Dale Hicks Gavin Humphreys Rafiqul Islam University of Guelph 50 Stone Road W Guelph Ontario Canada N1G4S7 mislam@uoguelph.ca Peter Johnson Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs 581 Huron Street Stratford Ontario Canada N5A 5T8 peter.johnson@ontario.ca Mulualem Kassa Saskatchewan Winter Cereals Development Commission Box 884 Outlook Sk Canada S0L 2N0 dlhicks@sasktel.net AAFC, CRC 195 Dafoe Road Winnipeg Canada Canada R3T 2M9 mulualem.kassa@agr.gc.ca Jasmine Hoover CWB 423 Main Street Winnipeg MB Canada R3C 2P5 lawrence_klusa@cwb.ca International Bioresources Research Group 125 5th ave N appt 305 Saskatoon SK Canada S7K 6A5 jazzismine@gmail.com Lawrence Klusa 113
Ron Knox William Legge AAFC, SPARC Box 1030 Swift Current SK Canada S9H 3X2 ron.knox@agr.gc.ca Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada Brandon Research Centre P.O. Box 1000A, R.R. #3 Brandon Manitoba Canada R7A 5Y3 bill.legge@agr.gc.ca Robyn Koffman Health Canada 510 Lagimodiere Blvd Winnipeg Manitoba Canada R2J3Y1 robyn.koffman@hc‐sc.gc.ca krishan kumar Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development Crops Building, 6000 C & E Trail, Lacombe, AB, Lacombe AB Canada T4L 1W1 krishan.kumar@gov.ab.ca François Langevin Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada 2560 Hochelaga Blv Quebec Quebec Canada G1V 2J3 francois.langevin@agr.gc.ca Nathalie Lanoie Cerela inc 881, 4e rang St‐Hugues Quebec Canada J0H 1N0 nathalie.lanoie@cerela.ca Lorne Letkeman Syngenta Canada 491 Seneca Street Portage La Prairie Manitoba Canada R1N 3T1 lorne.letkeman@syngenta.com Victor Limay‐Rios University of Guelph, Ridgetown Campus Main Street East Ridgetown Campus, UoG Ridgetown Ontario Canada N0P 2C0 vlimayri@ridgetownc.uoguelph.ca Yang Lin University of Saskatchewan APT4, 1514 Main Street saskatoon SK Canada S7H0L7 yal379@mail.usask.ca Michele Loewen Roger Larios PBI‐NRC 110 Gymnasium Place Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada S7N 0W9 michele.loewen@nrc.ca University of Manitoba Rm 222 Agriculture Building 66 Dafoe Road Winnipeg Manitoba Canada R3T 2N2 rlarios@ms.umanitoba.ca Cereal Research Centre, AAFC 195 Dafoe Road Winnipeg Manitoba Canada R3T 2M9 ali.malihipour@agr.gc.ca Ali Malihipour 114
Richard Marsh Rod Merryweather Syngenta Canada #300, 6700 Macleod Trail South Calgary Alberta Canada T2H0L3 richard.marsh@syngenta.com Bayer CropScience #200, 160 Quarry Park Blvd. SE Calgary Alberta Canada T2C 3G3 rod.merryweather@bayer.com Richard Martin Akos Mesterhazy Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada 440 University Ave Charlottetown PE Canada C1A 4N6 martinra@agr.gc.ca Cereal Res. non‐profit Co. Alsokikotosor 9 Szeged Csongrad Hungary 6726 akos.mesterhazy@gabonakutato.hu Sunny Mathew Jennifer Mitchell Fetch P&H Milling Group 45 Church Street West Acton ON Canada L7J 1K9 smathew@phmilling.com AAFC 195 Dafoe Road Winnipeg MB Canada R3T 2M9 jennifer.mitchellfetch@agr.gc.ca Brent McCallum Robin Morrall Cereal Research Centre ‐ Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada 195 Dafoe Road Winnipeg MB Canada R3T 2M9 Brent.McCallum@agr.gc.ca Department of Biology University of Saskatchewan 112 Science Place Saskatoon SK Canada S7N 5E2 robin.morrall@usask.ca Curt McCartney Ashley Muckle Cereal Research Centre ‐AAFC 195 Dafoe Road Winnipeg MB Canada R3T 2M9 curt.mccartney@agr.gc.ca University of Guelph Ridgetown Campus 8975 middle line Blenheim Ontario Canada N0P1A0 amuckle@uoguelph.ca Marcia McMullen Doug Munro North Dakota State University Dept. of Plant Pathology, NDSU Dept. 7660 Box 6050 Fargo North Dakota USA 58108‐6050 marcia.mcmullen@ndsu.edu Canadian Wheat Board Box 816 Winnipeg Manitoba Canada R3C 2P5 doug_munro@cwb.ca 115
Alice Mwaniki Susan Patrick University of Manitoba Rm 222 Agriculture Building 66 Dafoe Road Winnipeg Manitoba Canada R3T 2N2 alicemwaniki@hotmail.com Canadian Grain Commission 1404‐303 Main Street Winnipeg MB Canada R3C 3G8 susan.patrick@grainscanada.gc.ca Andrew Nadler Weather INnovations Incorporated P.O. Box 23005 Chatham Ontario Canada N7L 0B1 anadler@weatherinnovations.com Spectrum Agricultural Inc. Box 883 402 Ara Mooradian Way Pinawa Manitoba Canada R0E 1L0 prystupa@spcsci.ca Gnanesh B Nanjappa Christof Rampitsch AAFC, CRC 195 Dafoe road Winnipeg Manitoba Canada R3T 3M2 nanjappag@agr.gc.ca AAFC 195 Dafoe Road Winnipeg MB Canada R3T 2M9 CHRIS.RAMPITSCH@AGR.GC.CA Lori Oatway Harpinder Randhawa Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development Field Crop Development Centre 5030 ‐ 50th Street Lacombe AB Canada T4L 1W8 lori.oatway@gov.ab.ca AAFC 5403‐1st Av. S Lethbridge Alberta Canada T1J 4B1 Harpinder.Randhawa@agr.gc.ca Henry Olechowski Syngenta Canada # 300, 6700 Macleod Trail South Calgary Alberta Canada T2H0L3 randy.retzlaff@syngenta.com Dow AgroSciences 11087 Petty St. RR ! Ailsa Craig Ailsa Craig Ontario Canada N0M 1A0 olechowski@dow.com Thérèse Ouelelt AAFC‐ECORC 960 Carling Ave, room 2091 Ottawa ON Canada K1A 0C6 therese.ouellet@agr.gc.ca David A. Prystupa Randy Retzlaff Brian Rossnagel Crop Dev Centre, Univ of Saskatchewan 51 Campus Drive Saskatoon SK Canada S7N 5A8 brian.rossnagel@usask.ca 116
Art Schaafsma Ingerd Skow Hofgaard University of Guelph, OAC, Ridgetown Campus 120 Main St.E. Ridgetown ON Canada N0P 2C0 aschaafs@ridgetownc.uoguelph.ca Bioforsk Høgskoleveien 7 Ås Akershus Norway 1430 ingerd.hofgaard@bioforsk.no Harry Schulz Cereal Research Station ‐ AAFC 195 Dafoe Road Winnipeg MB Canada R3T 2M9 kirsten.slusarenko@agr.gc.ca Prairie Fire Growth Ventures Inc. 435 Ellice Avenue Winnipeg Manitoba Canada R3B 1Y6 harry.schulz@prairie‐fire.ca Gayah Sieusahai Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development 17507 Fort Road Edmonton AB Canada T5Y 6H3 gayah.sieusahai@gov.ab.ca Arti Singh AAFC‐SPARC PO Box 1030 Swift Current SK Canada S9H3X2 Arti.Singh@agr.gc.ca Asheesh Singh AAFC‐SPARC PO Box 1030 Swift Current SK Canada S9H3X2 Asheesh.Singh@agr.gc.ca Jas Singh Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre 960 Carling Ave Ottawa Ontario Canada K1A 0C6 jas.singh@agr.gc.ca Kirsten Slusarenko Ellen Sparry C&M Seeds 6180 5th Line Minto Palmerston ON Canada N0G 2P0 esparry@redwheat.com Kristen Steenbergen Alberta Agriculture 5030 50th Street Lacombe Alberta Canada T4L1W8 kristen.steenbergen@gov.ab.ca Jeff Stewart AAFC 5403 ‐ 1 Ave S. Lethbridge Alberta Canada T1J 4B1 jeff.stewart@agr.gc.ca Marcos Stulzer Cereal Research Centre ‐ AAFC 195 Dafoe Rd. Winnipeg Mb Canada R3T 2M9 marcos.stulzer@agr.gc.ca 117
Gopal Subramaniam ECORC 960 carling avenue ottawa Ontario Canada K1A0C6 subramaniamra@agr.gc.ca Tatana Sumikova Crop Research Institute Drnovska 507 Prague Czech Republic Czech Republic 16106 sumikova@vurv.cz Lily Tamburic‐Ilincic University of Guelph, Ridgetown Campus 120 Main st. E. Ridgetown Ontario Canada N0P2C0 ltamburi@ridgetownc.uoguelph.ca Andrej Tekauz Cereal Research Centre ‐ AAFC 195 Dafoe Road Winnipeg MB Canada R3T2M9 andy.tekauz@agr.gc.ca Allen Terry Syngenta Canada #300, 6700 Macleod Trail South Calgary Alberta Canada T2H0L3 allen.terry@syngenta.com Julian Thomas Agriculture and AgriFood Canada 195 Dafoe Road Winnipeg Manitoba Canada R3T 2M9 thomasju@agr.gc.ca Wayne Thompson Western Grains Research Foundation 214‐111 Research Dr. Saskatoon SK Canada S7N3R2 pdmanager@westerngrains.com Sheryl Tittlemier Canadian Grain Commission 1404‐303 Main Street Winnipeg MB Canada R3C 3G8 sheryl.tittlemier@grainscanada.gc.ca Frances Trail Michigan State University Department of Plant Biology East Lansing Michigan USA 48824 trail@msu.edu Shaan Tsai CANTERRA SEEDS 201‐1475 Chevrier Blvd. 146 Valence Ave. Winnipeg MB Canada R3T 1Y7 s.tsai@canterra.com James Tucker Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada Box 1000A RR 3 2701 Grand Valley Rd Brandon Manitoba Canada R7A 5Y3 james.tucker@agr.gc.ca Gary Turnbull Dow AgroSciences 14 Sunbury Place Winnipeg Manitoba Canada R3T 5B1 gcturnbull@dow.com 118
Tim Unrau Cereal Research Centre ‐ AAFC 195 Dafoe Rd Winnipeg Manitoba Canada R3T 2M9 tim.unrau@agr.gc.ca Elisabeth Vachon Les Moulins de Soulanges inc. 485 rue Philippe St‐Polycarpe Québec Canada J0P 1X0 elisabeth@moulinsdesoulanges.com Theo van der Lee Wageningen‐UR Droevendaalse steeg 1 Wageningen Gelderland Netherlands 6700AB theo.vanderlee@wur.nl Susanne Vogelgsang Agroscope Reckenholz‐Taenikon Research Station ARtT Reckenholzstrasse 191 Zurich Zurich Switzerland 8046 susanne.vogelgsang@art.admin.ch Harvey Voldeng Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada ECORC, Central Experimental Farm, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa Ontario Canada K1A 0C6 voldenghd@agr.gc.ca Ken Voss USDA‐ARS Toxicology & Mycotoxin Research Unit 950 College Station Road Athens Georgia USA 30605 Ken.Voss@ars.usda.gov Vladimir Vujanovic University of Saskatchewan Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, , 51 Campus Drive Saskatoon SK Canada S7N 5A8 vladimir.vujanovic@usask.ca Alison Walden‐Coleman Grain Farmers of Ontario 100 Stone Rd. West Suite 201 Guelph Ontario Canada N1G 5L3 awcoleman@gfo.ca Xiben Wang Cereal Research Centre 195 Dafoe Road winnipeg Manitoba Canada R3T 2M9 xwang11@hotmail.com David Wall AAFC 195 Dafoe Road Winnipeg MB Canada R3T 2M9 david.wall@agr.gc.ca Courtney Wolfe Cereal Research Centre ‐ AAFC 195 Dafoe Road Winnipeg Manitoba Canada R3T 2M9 courtney.wolfe@agr.gc.ca Allen Xue AAFC‐ECORC 960 Carling Ave Ottawa ON Canada K1A 0C6 allen.xue@agr.gc.ca 119
Zesong Ye University of Manitoba Rm 222 Agriculture Building 66 Dafoe Road Winnipeg Manitoba Canada R3T 2N2 yez3@cc.umanitoba.ca Tapani Yli‐Mattila University of Turku Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry Turku Finland Finland 20014 tymat@utu.fi Abed Zeibdawi Canadian Food Inspection Agency 59 Camelot Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1A 0Y9 Ottawa Ontario Canada K1A 0Y9 abed.zeibdawi@inspection.gc.ca Xiangmin Zhang Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan 4C25, Agriculture Building, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, Canada Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada S7N 5A8 xiz098@mail.usask.ca Salah Zoghlami Fédération des producteurs de cultures commerciales du Québec Maison de l'UPA, 555, boul. Roland‐Therrie, Bureau 505 Longueuil Québec Canada J4H 4G4 szoghlami@fpccq.qc.ca 120
Author Index Allard, G.
Al-Taweel, K.
Amarasinghe, C.
Ash, G.
Aziz, S.
Baetz, K.
Balcerzak,
Beattie, A.D.
Beyene, M.
Bížová, I.
Blackwell, B.
Bondy, G.
Bosnich, W.
Brodal, G.
Brown, H.
Brŭlé-Babel, A.
Burlakoti, R.
Caldwell, D.
Calvi, J.P.
Campbell, H.
Cao, W. 72,
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Chalmers, S.
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Curran, I.
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Ellis, B.
Ernst, B.
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66
84
70
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48
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46, 87
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38
105
96
33
86
97
106
70, 81
28
105
27, 57, 59, 100
71, 92
73
23
69, 105
59
45
69, 105
92
33, 66
41
53
33
42
26, 53, 71
69, 72, 96
86
45, 55, 85
51
26, 53
41
69
78
81
49
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45
42
45, 67, 71, 72, 85,
96, 100, 102, 103, 105
Girdner, J.
32
Gleddie, S.
93
Goodwin, P.
95
Goswami, R.
52
Gourdain, E.
43
Gräfenhan, T.
27, 57, 59
Grenier, M.
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Guerrieri, T.
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Gulden, S.
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Haber, S.
67, 71, 103
Harris, L.
93, 94, 99
Hartman, Z.
37
Hazendonk, P.
26
Hecker, A.
41
Helm, J.
37
Herman, J.
78
Hermans, A.
93
Hertelendy, P.
73
Hofgaard, I.
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Holtz, M.
104
Hooker, D.
46
Hoover, J.
40
Horcicka, P.
70
Humphreys, D.
69
Islam, R.
79, 95
Johnston, A.
94
Jordan, M.
53
Joshi, M.
98
Juskiw, P.
104
Klusa, L.
30
Knox, R.E.
69, 105
Koffman, R.
80
Kotello, S.
23, 80
Kumar, K.
104
Langevin, F.
71, 92
Laroche, A.
53
Legge, W.
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Lehoczki-Krsjak, S.
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Lepp, D.
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Li, W.
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Limay-Rios, V.
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101
Lombaert, G.
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Ly, W.
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Martin, P.
38
Martin, R.A.
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Martin, T.
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May, W,
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McCallum, B.D.
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McCartney, C.
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Gilbert, J.
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Roscoe, M.
Rossi, V.
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Rowan, P.
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Schneiderman, D.
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35
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Sumikova, T.
81
Surujdeo-Maharaj, S.
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Szabo-Hever, A .
73,90,97
Tamburic-Ilincic, L.
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83, 85, 101
Tekauz, A.
66, 84, 102, 106
Thakral, A.
46, 87
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27,78
Toth, B.
73
Trail, F.
21
Trelka, B.
27
Tucker, J.R.
63,106
van der Lee, T.
61
Varga, V.
89
Vervaet, S.
46,87
Veškrna, O.
70
Vogelgsang, S.
41
Voldeng, H.
69, 71, 72, 92
Voss, K.
24
Vujanovic, V.
90
Waes, J.
24
Wang, X.
72
Woldemariam, T.
94
Wolfe, C.
100
Xi, K.
104
Xue, A.
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Yajima, W.
66
Yan, W.
66
Yli-Mattila, T.
60
Young, C.
79
Zantinge, J.
104
Zeibdawi, A.
25
Zhang, X.M.
66
Zhou, T.
79, 95
Zitomer, N.
23 122