IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON
Going for Gold: An Investigation into
Financial Models of Open Access
Publishing in Biology and the Life
Sciences
Lucy van Dorp
Date of Submission 14/09/12
Word Count =9,668
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for an MSc in Science Communication at
Imperial College London.
Table of Contents
Introduction
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Emergence and Growth of Open Access
Background to the Open Access Debate
The Current Environment
Costs of Journal Publishing
Business Models Employed by Open Access Journals
2 - 10
4
5
6
7
9
Methodology
10 - 12
Results and Discussion
12 - 25
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The Growth of Open Access and the Author Pays Model
Use of the APC Business Model by Scientific Discipline
APC Charges
The Effect of Impact Factor and Citations
The Key Players
Comments from the Industry
13
14
16
17
19
23
Critique of Results and Technique
25 - 27
Conclusion
27 - 28
Acknowledgements
29
Bibliography
30 - 35
Appendices
36 - 77
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Appendices Table of Contents
Appendix 1
Appendix 2
Appendix 3
Appendix 4
Appendix 5
Appendix 6
Appendix 7
Appendix 8
Appendix 9
Appendix 10
Appendix 11
Appendix 12
36
37
38
39
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
74
76
1
Introduction
Open information sharing and collaboration amongst the academic community have been
identified as an institutional norm critical to scientific progress (Merton & Storer, 1973, p.464).
Communicating research results through journals has, on the whole, proved remarkably
effective. The information landscapes within which scholarly publication operates are,
however, undergoing what Willinsky (2005, p.2) describes as a “seismic shift”. The internet has
brought profound change across all sectors of society and the economy (Finch Group, 2012, p.4)
and barriers to access, particularly when the research is publicly funded, are increasingly
unacceptable in an online world.
Open Access (OA) journals make their quality-controlled content freely available to all, using a
funding model that does not charge readers or their institutions for access (Correia & Teixeira,
2005, p.18). OA scientific research has great cultural and academic value and serves the
interests of many groups. For academic authors, OA allows their work to be presented on a
global scale, rather than being restricted to the audience of a subscription journal. It gives their
work increased visibility and in many cases increased impact, with numerous studies
investigating the link between OA and increased citation rates (Craig et al, 2007, p.240). For
readers, OA provides barrier-free access to research independent of library access privileges.
This benefits not only researchers but students, teachers and members of the general public,
putting the rich and poor on “an equal footing” (Suber, 2012). Access to peer-reviewed
research, which is mostly unavailable through public libraries, allows members of the public to
reach research which they have often collectively funded through taxation. For libraries and
librarians, OA scholarly literature vastly reduces cost and volume of output. At a time where
subscription costs of scholarly journals have been increasing at a rate faster than the rate of
inflation (Dingley, 2005, p.2), and the volume of texts are at an all-time high, subscription free ejournals take a lot of the strain off struggling libraries. For the OA journal or publisher, their
research articles are more discoverable and more easily retrieved. With increased visibility
comes increased readership and the ability to attract more submissions, advertising and
citations. Finally, for funding agencies, including the government, OA increases the return on
investments in research (Suber, 2012).
There are 2 key routes through which open access to research outputs can be provided:

“Gold” OA, whereby peer-reviewed papers are published in an OA journal, which does
not charge subscription fees. The costs of publishing are met in other ways, including
2
through pay-to-publish models, whereby a fee is charged to the authors1, their funder or
institution (RCUK, 2008, p.14). Gold open access has increased at a rate of 30% per year
over the past decade (Laakso, 2011, p.6).

“Green” OA, whereby research is published in a subscription journal, and the authors
self-archive their peer-reviewed paper in a digital, online repository, usually after an
embargo period (RCUK, 2008, p.14).
This study focuses exclusively on “Gold” OA and does not explicitly touch on “Green” selfarchiving of scientific results. It considers the commercial models employed by “gold” open
access, peer-reviewed journals to remove access barriers whilst remaining financially viable.
As Suber (2012) eloquently puts in his widely cited OA web pages: “the question is not whether
scholarly literature can be made costless, but whether there are better ways to pay the bills than
by charging readers and creating access barriers”.
Using the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) as an entry point, this study considers the
numbers of OA journals in the life and biological sciences along with the proportion using an
author-pays model. It considers how impact factor is related to business model, in particular
author fees2, using data from the 2011 Journal Citation Reports (JCR, 2011) and SCImago
Journal and Country Rank (SCImago); data for year 2011; retrieved in 2012. The most
prominent publishing organisations are considered in depth looking explicitly at the income
sources making up revenue. The study concludes with comments from three industry
specialists on their views on the future of academic publishing, the place of subscription-based
journals and what their own organisation is doing to allow sustainable, barrier-free literature
dissemination.
A similar approach to this study has been used in previous research, including Regazzi (2004),
Morris (2006), Dallmeier-Tiessen (2010), Solomon & Bjork (2011) and Bjork & Solomon (2012).
This dissertation supplements existing research because:

It is specific to the biological and life sciences allowing more detailed analysis to be done
within the timescale of the investigation
The publication fee charged to authors is known as an article processing charge or APC. It will also be
referred to as an author fee or the author-pays model.
2 Author fees are listed in both GBP and USD and when necessary calculated using an exchange rate of £1
= $1.6117
1
3

Data is current, collected and analysed correct as of August 31st 2012. Given the rate at
which the OA movement is gaining pace, this is one of the most current analyses.

It considers in detail how impact factor dictates article processing charge in “gold” OA
journals.

The study includes correspondence with industry specialists, allowing their voice to be
used in conjunction with data analysis in forming conclusions
Emergence and Growth of Open Access
The development of effective communication channels between researchers globally is critical
in allowing growth of our own understanding of the world (Finch Group, 2012, p.14). With the
advent of the internet and electronic publishing, new methods of scholarly communication have
emerged (Craig et al, 2007, p.240). Publishing companies no longer need to physically publish
and distribute copies of their journals to subscribers and electronic publishing is now the
dominant distribution channel (Bjork & Solomon, 2012, p. 1). Indeed, OA is a model for
publishing scholarly peer reviewed journals that is only possible because of the Internet
(Laakso, 2011, p.1). That said there is a general feeling amongst the academic community that
the huge potential of the World Wide Web has not been realised. Despite the reduction in costs
since the print production era, business models favoured by scientific publishing continue to be
subscription-based (Bjork, 2011, p.98).
The development of the open access movement can be traced back to the 1990s, when the
earliest e-print repositories and OA journals began to appear (Finch Group, 2012, p.30). In the
latter part of this decade, OA journals were predominately those created by individual scientists
and were not considered by the majority of academics as a serious alternative to subscription
publishing. OA only began to take off in a serious way in 2000, with the launch of what are still
the two biggest OA publishers; Biomed Central and the Public Library of Science (Finch Group,
2012, p.31). These were the first publishers to use article processing charges (APCs) as the
central means of funding professional publishing of OA journals. Since then, the importance of
the APC business model has increased and quality OA journals are growing fast (Curry, 2012).
In the first decade of the new Millennium 200-300 new OA journals were launched, mostly by
large publishers in the life sciences and medicine (Dallmeier-Tiessen, 2010, p.2). The number of
e-journal downloads at UK universities is growing at over 20% a year (CIBER Group, 2011,
p.25) and this expansion has been met with a rise in international collaboration amongst
researchers (Finch Group, 2012, p.22).
4
Background to the OA Debate
The OA debate reflects how traditional methods of scholarly communication are becoming
increasingly redundant, with the general feeling amongst academics that “far too much of our
research is locked behind paywalls that restrict access and stall progress” (Curry, 2012).
The OA issue was brought to a head in January of this year (2012) when the mathematician
Timothy Gowers published a post on his personal blog calling for a boycott of Elsevier. In this
post he states his “conscious decision not to publish in Elsevier journals” in protest of high prices
and bundling3. He called for other academics to take action not necessarily to make Elsevier
“change its ways” but instead to act as a “power gesture” in the fight for open science. Gowers’s
blogpost resulted in the establishment of “The Cost of Knowledge” in which academics publicly
register their protest against Elsevier. Amongst the 12663 signatories (correct as of 10/09/12)
comments include:
“Restrictive access to knowledge is one of the most harmful bottlenecks to human progress.”
A Clayton, Litroost - Biology
“Science should not be subject to business models, a knowledge-based society (not just a knowledgebased economy) requires popular access with minimal barriers.”
Paul Anderson, Berkeley City College – Mathematics
“The current model is obsolete. It is not necessary to use paper anymore. It is not necessary to bundle
several electronic articles into a journal issue. The peer review method to assure quality cannot cope
with the exponential growth of articles. A revolution is necessary”.
Vinicius Arcaro, University of Campinas - Engineering and Technology
A movement that was initially about scholarly publication monopoly and high fees, has grown to
encompass open science in a way which realises the full potential of the web, without the
restriction of financial barriers.
Those opposed to the movement stress the importance of publishers and learned societies in
the scholarly publication process. They state that the high fees challenged by the “Cost of
Knowledge” campaign are necessary to fund valuable services supplied by publishers. These
services do not come without costs, so to call for free and open knowledge is unrealistic.
At the time of writing, the public debate is at an all-time high (Imperial SciComm Open Access
Debate, 2012). Although this dissertation cannot avoid engaging in elements of the debate it
3
Bundling is the process whereby libraries are not given a choice of which journals they want to subscribe to
but are instead offered a large collection of journals to which they must subscribe or receive nothing at all.
5
does not set out explicitly to do so. Instead it takes the viewpoint that a shift to OA is inevitable
and positive, allowing more people to have ready access to more research. It questions how to
realise the many benefits OA has to offer in an economically sustainable way.
The Current Environment
4 different models can be seen at work in the current environment. Michael Jubb, talking at the
Imperial Open Access Debate (2012) acknowledged that for a transition to OA to be successful
all of these models are needed:

Subscription based journals
The predominate model, employed by a wide range of commercial and not-for-profit
publishers. In this model, journals are paid for by readers, libraries and similar
institutions with payment often through annual subscription (Wellcome Trust, 2004,
p.5). When licensed access is not available, individual items can be accessed through the
pay-per-view (PVV) option, with the cost for a single article typically ranging from £15£20 (Finch Group, 2012, p.40).

Open access journals – “Gold” open access
This model tends to rely on subscription revenues provided by or on behalf of readers,
mostly through the charge of a fee to authors. This is often referred to as the authorpays model though also includes funder-pays and institution-pays models. Under this
mechanism, access for readers is free of charge immediately on publication, so there is
no restriction on readership.

Hybrid Journals
As well as fully OA journals, nearly all large scholarly publishers now offer what is
known as the hybrid model for at least some of their journals (Finch Group, 2012, p.22).
In this model, traditional subscription journals offer authors the opportunity for open
access to their articles on payment of a fee.

Repositories – “Green” open access
The repository system works to provide access to some versions of papers either before
they are submitted for publication in a journal or at some point after they have been
published, usually subject to an embargo period. They do not conduct peer review,
generally hosting articles that have been peer reviewed elsewhere (Suber, 2012). Most
6
UK universities have established repositories, but the rates of article deposition tend to
be low.
OA and hybrid journals are now a significant part of the research publishing landscape (Finch
Group, 2012, p.92) with at least 120,000 articles published annually (Dallmeier-Tiessen, 2010,
p.2). That said the distribution of journals per publisher is skewed. The majority of the world’s
scientific research, estimated at about 1.5m new articles a year, is published in journals owned
by few, large publishing companies (Jha, 2012). In contrast, the vast majority of publishers
(90%) have just a single journal (Dallmeier-Tiessen, 2010, p.32). There is very little in the way
of middle ground. It follows that the largest publishers tend to be run commercially and those
with few to a single journal tend to be run on a not-for-profit basis.
Costs of Journal Publishing
The production and dissemination of articles is not free. The Finch Group (2012, p.50) describe
cost as a “fundamental constrain on the publishing sector’s ability to access research”. Publishers
of scholarly journals have traditionally met costs largely through subscription fees charged to
readers (RCUK, 2008, p.8). The report into “Costs and business models in scientific research
publishing” commissioned by the Wellcome Trust (2004) acknowledges the existence of two
types of costs at any point in time; fixed costs and variable costs (p.10). Fixed costs are those
costs which do not change as output changes, whilst variable costs are those directly related to
scholarly output. Tenopir & King refer to fixed costs as “first copy costs” (2000, p.247).

For paper subscription journals
Fixed costs:
Costs involved in article selection and review, the manuscript
management systems, preparation of page illustrations, copy editing and
rewriting. There will also be fixed costs unrelated to articles such as the
provision of editorial content, news content and front covers.
Variable costs: Include the cost of paper, managing subscriptions, licensing, distribution
(postage and packaging, shipping costs etc.), sales and some marketing.
There will also be overhead costs that occur irrespective of whether the
article is published, for example management and the costs of
companywide activities.
7

For electronic subscription journals
Fixed costs:
Largely the same for both a subscription and author pays model
(Wellcome Trust, 2004, p.2).
Variable costs: Largely the same except there is no cost of paper or of conventional
distribution. Instead, the cost of maintaining an appropriate electronic
system replaces distribution costs.
Electronic journals are generally slightly cheaper than paper journals but this varies dependent
on the type of journal. (Wellcome Trust, 2004, p.2). Amongst all journals there can be a great
difference in quality, in the number of pages per volume and even in the amount of text per page
(The Cost of Knowledge Campaign, 2012, p.2). The actual costs of any particular activity will
thus vary on a journal by journal basis with first-copy costs ranging from £150/$250£1240/$2000 (Wellcome Trust, 2004, p.11). In the case of peer review, for example, highquality journals tend to undertake more peer-review than low quality journals leading to
estimates of the costs of peer review per paper ranging from £12/$20 (Tenopir & King, 2000, p.
400) to £124/$200 per paper published (Rowland, 2002, p.255). A similar example is costs
incurred through article rejection. Internationally renowned journals will have a greater
number of articles submitted, and thus a greater rate of rejecting unacceptable articles. David
Hoole, Director, Brand Marketing and Institutional Relations at Nature Publishing Group, states
that most of their costs, at least 5%, are spent in rejections (Imperial Open Access Debate,
2012). This cost remains the same whether the journal is published OA or under the
subscription model. That said a publisher such as Nature, which has journals with a very large
circulation, will have high variable costs but a large customer base from which to draw revenue.
OA literature is not free to produce or publish (Suber, 2012) but advocates argue it is far less
expensive than even electronic subscription based journals. OA eliminates subscription
management so no costs are incurred in soliciting, renewing subscribers, negotiating prices and
collection fees. The elimination of access barriers mean the costs of direct rights management
(DRM) are removed as there is no need to distinguish authorised from unauthorised users, or in
authenticating and blocking access. The legal expenses of OA journals are also much reduced
and marketing largely relies on search engines, bloggers and online discussions. That said, for
those OA journals employing an author-pays model, there may be small additional fixed costs to
cover the administration of the author charging system (Wellcome Trust, 2004, p.2).
8
Business Models employed by Gold Open Access Journals
The momentum of the OA movement has created a period of major change in business models.
The OA directory of business models and revenue sources (2011) lists 16 categories of model
used as part of the OA business model. Of these the main income sources used in “gold” OA
business models come from: article processing charges, membership fees, advertising,
sponsorship and hard copy costs.

Article Processing Charges
Income source generated through the charge of a processing or author fee (APC). It may
be requested at various stages of the publishing process for example on submission or
on acceptance. Costs to an author will vary according to the journal in which an article
is submitted, whilst many institutions now offer funding schemes to assist author’s with
payment. The total system costs tend to be lower in an author-pays system because
licensing and other activities aimed at restricting access to articles are unnecessary
(Wellcome Trust, 2004, p.4).

Membership Fees
Journal receives income via a membership option. When institutional membership is
employed, institutions subsidize the OA journal, in whole or part. This may involve
financial aid or providing the use of facilities, equipment or personnel. Institutions
involved in such schemes range from universities and research labs to learned societies,
museums and government agencies.

Advertising
A journal or its publisher can sell advertising space to companies willing to advertise in
the journal. Income from advertising on the journal’s website or article pages generates
income to support the journal. Advertising requires marketing staff.

Sponsorship
A business model in which a corporate sponsor(s) subsidize an OA journal’s operating
expenses in exchange for recognition. For the journal, sponsorship has greater funding
potential than advertising and is less labour intensive than managing on going ad sales.
9

Hard Copy Costs
Journals can generate income through hard copy sales, either of individual volumes or
journal archives. This model is becoming increasingly redundant with the growth of
online e-journals.
Methodology
The study makes use of quantitative and qualitative methodologies in order to obtain a
comprehensive picture of the state of “gold” OA publishing in the biological and life sciences.
Quantitative analysis made use of “The Directory of Open Access Journals” (DOAJ) online
database, which is widely accepted as the most comprehensive database of OA journals
(Solomon & Bjork, 2011, p.100). The database was set up in 2003, by the Lund University
Libraries, with the support of the Open Society Institute. At the time of writing the directory
lists 76844 OA journals of which 4585 are in the biological and life sciences.
In the DOAJ OA journals are categorized by discipline and within the Biology and Life Sciences
category, were stratified into seven discipline categories (Figure 1).
Biology
(369)
Anatomy
(11)
Botany (83)
Life Sciences
(99)
Biochemistry
(49)
Biotechnology
(50)
Cytology
(12)
Genetics
(55)
Microbiolog
y (59)
Physiology
(38)
Zoology
(101)
Figure 1 Stratification of Disciplines in Biology and the Life Sciences as categorized by the DOAJ 31/08/12
4
5
Correct as of 11/09/12
Correct as of 31/08/12
10
All listed journals were included in analysis except for those journals which have stopped
publishing articles, stopped publishing OA or stopped publishing in their previous form.
The data taken immediately from the DOAJ included:
-
Title – title of the journal as recorded in the DOAJ
-
URL – as recorded in the DOAJ
-
Publisher – company publishing the journal (recorded in order to identify the presence
of OA publisher monopolies in the biology and life sciences)
-
Start date – year of publication of the earliest available OA online content
-
Country – country in which the journal publishing company is based
-
Language – language of the journal, multiple entries exist in the DOAJ
-
Subject Discipline – as listed in DOAJ, initially provided by the journal publishers before
being assigned subject headings matching the Library of Congress Subject Headings
-
Publication fee – yes or no
The DOAJ metadata at the time of sampling journals confirmed only if a listed journal charged a
publication fee. It did not give information on the cost of this fee. To confirm if the selected
journal charged APCs, the website of each journal was searched; a time consuming process. Not
every journal made the information explicitly available, with some requiring individual email
requests and another subset giving information dependent entirely on the page length, use of
colour illustrations and country of publication. For the sake of the investigation the APC’s
recorded during data collection are specific to a 6 page research article published in black and
white from a UK author/institution. Using a standard article as a baseline allows the APC’s to be
compared on a journal by journal basis.
Craig et al (2007, p.240) describes a citation as “the listing of a previously published article in the
reference section of a current work” taken to imply the relevance of the cited article to the
current work. Citation based analyses are often taken as a proxy for scientific impact, or the
perceived importance of a journal in its field. Stated simply, success in a scientific field depends
largely on getting articles published in high-impact journals (Naughton, 2012). Being readily
available, citation based data can be used to give an idea of what high impact OA journals are
using as a business model. Furthermore, for those OA journals who charge APC’s, the effect of
impact factor on setting the level of author fee can be examined.
In this study, DOAJ data was supplemented by impact factors as listed in the Journal of Citation
Reports for 2011 (JCR, 2011) and citation per document data (Cites per Doc. (2y)) as listed in
11
SCImago Journal and Country Rank (SCImago); data for year 2011; retrieved in 2012. The
impact factor is calculated by considering all citations in 1 year to a journal's content published
in the prior 2 years, divided by the number of substantive, scholarly items published in that
journal in those same 2 years (Garfield, 2006, p.90). Cites per Doc. (2y) measures the scientific
impact of an average article published in the journal and is computed using the same formula as
that for journal impact (SCImago). Both measures were used in this investigation.
Qualitative methods focused on interviews which aimed to elicit opinions and information
direct from those working for an OA journal listed in the DOAJ. Emails were sent out to 57
organisations (Appendix 1) which were selected based on their proximity to London, the
prestige of the journal and the business model employed. On receipt of a positive response, a
series of face to face consultations were undertaken with a variety of people involved in
scholarly communication. The questions asked (Appendix 2) aimed to source information on
journal impact factor, APC’s and the waivers available for those in less developed countries or
involved in membership schemes. It also questioned the relative importance of institutional
support, sponsorship and advertising in maintaining an economically successful business
model. Furthermore, on discussion with interviewees it became apparent that the questions
should also seek personal opinions. These included opinions on the place of subscription,
where they see the future of academic publishing, and whether the charging of author fees is
really a move forward or just the introduction of a new kind of barrier. These interviews were
then loosely transcribed and the participants thanked.
Results6
The quantitative data analysis was successful with information gathered from all 458 OA
journals listed under biology and life sciences in the DOAJ. Of these the vast proportion were
published in English (99.78%) with only 11 journals being published in other languages, most
commonly Spanish and Portuguese. The country of publication was primarily the United States
(15.50%) followed by the United Kingdom (12.45%). 29.04% of the OA journals studied were
formed in the years of 2000-2004 with the next largest formation in the years of 2009-2011
(28.17%). Of the 458 OA journals studied, 213 charge APC’s (46.50%) with the rest employing a
different business model.
Only 15.50% of the journals studied had an impact factor whilst 20.09% had a SCImago cites per
doc (2y) ranking. 62 OA journals (13.54%) had both an impact factor and data for cites per doc
6
Raw data is available as Appendix 3 though best viewed electronically
12
(2y). The top 8 publishing companies most frequently hosting open access journals in the
biological and life sciences were identified. Of these Biomed Central, Hindawi Corporation
Publishing and Bentham Open dominated with percentage occurrences of 8.95%, 6.55% and
3.71% respectively.
The qualitative data was limited with only 5 of the 57 companies contacted replying to
enquiries and leading to only 3 interviews, less than 1%. Of these individuals, 2 were from
Oxford University Press, whilst the other was a publisher of a leading medical OA publishing
company who wished to remain anonymous.
The Growth of OA and the Author Pays Model
Data collected on the start date, that is the year of publication of the earliest available OA online
content, was processed in order to map the emergence and growth of OA journals in biology and
the life sciences (Appendix 4). Data was divided into 9 categories of start date under the same
groupings employed by Dallmeier & Tiessen (2010, p.23). The data reveals a trend of
increasing establishment of OA journals at least until 2004. Between the years of 2005-2011,
the number established range from 125-133 new OA journals formed. The jump in number
from 35 OA journals (between 1995-1999) to 133 journals in the years spanning 2000-2004,
reveals the way in which the OA movement has exploded since the turn of the Millennium. The
data was plotted on a cumulative basis so as to illustrate the way in which the open access
movement is gathering momentum (Figure 2).
As well as journal start date by subject discipline, the employment of an APC business model
was considered. Many journals do not give business details on their websites, but author fees;
which by their nature must be publicly available; are provided. The data revealed that up until
1999, APC’s were used in a relatively constant proportion of “gold” OA journals. From 2000
however, APC’s become more significant as an income source, comprising 39% of new OA
journals in 2000-2004, 54% of new OA journals in 2005-2008 and 59% of the most recently
established journals (2009-2011).
13
The Cumulative Growth of OA Journals in the Life and
Biological Sciences Showing the Emergence of Author Fee's
as a Dominant Business Model
500
450
400
350
300
Cumulative
250
Number
200
No. OA Journals
150
No. charging APC
100
50
0
Years
Figure 2: Cumulative Bar Chart illustrating the Growth of OA and the use of APC's
The graphical representation of these results (Figure 2) clearly illustrate the explosion in
growth not only of OA journals, but in the use of APC’s as a business model in biology and the
life sciences. The results concur with Solomon & Bjork’s data (2011, p.99) that APC’s are
becoming the central revenue mechanism for funding publishing operations. Indeed
considering all OA journals studied, APC’s were used as a business model in 46.5% of cases.
This is a great deal higher than the results documented by (Solomon & Bjork, 2011, p.100) who
found that approximately a fifth of all OA journals in the DOAJ charge APCs. This illustrates that
the APC business model is particularly popular in biology and the life sciences.
Use of the APC Business Model by Scientific Discipline
As well as considering how the use of the APC business model has grown over time, and
acknowledging its dominance within biology and the life sciences, use of this model was
assessed on a discipline by discipline basis (Appendix 5). This analysis shows that the authorpays model is predominantly seen in OA genetics journals (78.18%). APC’s were the least
popular income source in zoology (25.74%) botany (27.71%) and physiology (28.95%) (Figure
3).
14
% Using Model
Bar Chart Showing % of OA Journals in the Biological and Life
Sciences Charging an Author Fee Versus those using a
Different Financial Model
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
OA Journals using a
Different Financial
model
OA Journals Charging
an Author Fee
Scientific Discipline as Categorized by the Directory of Open Access Journals
Figure 3: % of OA journals in the biological and life sciences charging an author fee versus those using a different
financial model
With this in mind, it seems that the use of APC’s is most popular in the lab-based sciences, with
journals publishing more environmental or ecological based articles, having to use different
business models. Some of the largest OA biology and life science publishing companies are
found in the fields of genetics, microbiology and biochemistry. High uptake of the APC model
thus seems discipline specific.
Crudely speaking, there is more money and therefore larger uptake in the biomedical fields. It is
these companies which are more likely to rely on APC’s as a dominant business model, whereas
other small or single journal publishers are more likely to base their business model more on
sponsorship and subscriptions. One possible explanation for why uptake of the author-pays
business model is low in botany and zoology is that many of the journals listed in the DOAJ
under these disciplines are from small, location based publishers, for example the Oklahoma
Native Plant Society, Sociedad Mexicana de Micología and The Seabird Group. These small
publishing associations simply don’t have the reach or impact to charge author fees and instead
adopt different business models.
Figure 3 shows graphically, the degree of variation in the charging of author fees. This
variation can be explained by some of the conflict surrounding the author-pays system. A major
15
problem with the APC model as a way of supporting “gold” OA is that it transfers the costs of
academic publishing from the reader to the author, discriminating against those without access
to the funding. Academics in developing countries in particular are at risk under the APC model
because of the often very limited access to funds (Bynner & Goldstein, 2012). Furthermore,
academics acknowledge that even in a developed country, charges to authors can act as a
disincentive to publication (Wellcome Trust, 2004, p.19). One suggestion to minimize the
disincentive effect is to consider a two part tariff made up of a submission fee and a publication
fee, effectively splitting the cost.
There are further concerns over the APC business model because it creates a situation in which
publisher income is linearly dependent on the number of papers they publish. This creates
concern that OA publishers will tend to accept sub-standard articles. This has already been seen
in the case of a low quality, hoax computer generated paper accepted under the Bentham
Science Publishers OA model (Gilbert, 2009).
That said, Professor Stephen Curry talking at the Imperial Open Access Debate (2012)
acknowledges that author fees are useful in that they increase awareness. By moving charges to
authors, scientists begin to realise the costs involved in paying for and generating scientific
information. Furthermore, the negative costs of the APC tend to be offset by the advantages
offered by OA, namely accessibility, rapid publication and the likelihood of more citations
(Solomon & Bjork, 2011, p.98).
APC Charges
APC’s were primarily recorded from individual journal websites on the basis of publishing a 6
page research article in black and white from a non-member, UK author/institution. Of the
46.5% of OA journals employing an author fee business model, there was some variation in the
costs (standard deviation of 431.88). The average author fee across journal in biology and life
science charging an APC was £642/$1035. The highest author fees were charged by the
American Society for Microbiology’s “MBio” journal, with fees of £1900/$3000. Other high
charging journals included “PLoS Pathogens” (£1320/$2250) and Biomed Central’s “Mobile
DNA”, “Cilia”, “Epigenetics” and “Chromatin” which all charged a fee of £1435/$2240.
In order to see how the APC charges were distributed across the journals studied, a frequency
histogram was produced (Figure 4, Appendix 6).
16
Frequency Distribution of Article Processing Charges in OA
Journals in Biology and the Life Sciences
35
30
Frequency
25
20
15
10
5
0
Article Processing Charge (APC) (£)
Figure 4: Frequency Distribution of APC's in OA Journals in Biology and the Life Sciences
Figure 4 shows that the APC’s charged are not normally distributed. Rather than the most
frequent charges being concentrated about the mean, instead the value of APC tends to be most
frequent at either ends of the spectrum (that is £0-£400 and £1100-£1300). The most common
value of APC is in the region of £400/$645 (33 journals) and includes: “The American Journal of
Plant Physiology”, “Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences : Botany” and “Current
Research in Bacteriology”.
The Effect of Impact Factor and Citations
It is generally accepted that academic authors seek to publish their articles in outlets which are
widely read, well respected and have high impact factors (RCUK, 2008, p.2). Demand for
scientific output, primarily from the scholarly research community, is driven by the standard of
work sought, rather than price (RCUK, 2008, 0.18). As Walker (2002, p.279) puts it:
“authors…seek impact rather than royalties”.
As a proxy for quality and as a general rule, those OA journals with higher impact factors will
receive more submissions, require more in the way of staff, and have greater costs associated
with production and dissemination. In order to begin to justify the costs of author fees a
relationship between impact factor and value of APC was considered (Appendix 7).
17
Of the OA journals studied, 15.50% were awarded an impact factor. This is surprisingly little
given 46.5% of journals charged an author fee. This shows that an impact factor is not a
necessary requirement of author fee and suggests authors are willing to pay APC’s even if the
journal has not been awarded an impact factor. One possible explanation for the lack of impact
factor data is that the Thomas Reuters (JCR 2011) impact scores are calculated using a formula
which requires 2 years of data. Those journals which first started publishing OA content
recently, may still be awaiting a confirmed impact factor value.
The average impact factor of a DOAJ listed OA journal in biology and/or the life sciences is
2.593, with those with the highest impact factors including “PLoS Pathogens” (9.127), “PLoS
Genetics” (8.694) and “Nucleic Acids Research” (8.026), all charging an author fee of £1420.
Despite charging the highest author fee of £1900, “MBio” had an impact factor of 5.311. There is
a more consistent trend amongst the lower impact factor journals, which tend to charge low
author fees (Figure 5).
Graph to Show the Relationship Between Impact Factor and
Author Fee in Open Access Journals in the Biological and Life
Sciences
2000
y = 152.39x + 366.17
1800
1600
1400
1200
Author Fee
1000
(GBP)
800
600
400
200
0
0.000
2.000
4.000
6.000
8.000
10.000
Impact Factor
Figure 5: Relationship between impact factor and author fee in open access journals in the biological and life sciences
Figure 5 shows a clear positive correlation between impact factor and author fee with a
correlation coefficient of +0.606. For those OA journals that have an impact factor, there is a
clear trend, with the greater the impact factor, the greater the value of the author fee charged.
18
The number of citations per document (2y) was also recorded from the SCImago database for
the OA journals studied (Appendix 8). This was done to supplement data from the JCR (2011)
as a greater number of the journals studied had citations per document (2y) data (20.09%) than
impact factor (15.50%). The average cites per doc value (2y) was 1.332. Those OA journals
with the highest cites per doc (2y) were “Nucleic Acids Research” (4.471), “Frontiers in Zoology”
(4.460) and “PLoS Genetics” (4.131). Their author fees were £1420/$2290, £1350/$2175 and
£1420/$2290 respectively.
Graph to Show the Relationship Between Citations per
Document (2y) and Author Fee in Open Access Journals in
the Biological and Life Sciences
1600
y = 213.55x + 504.23
1400
1200
1000
Author Fee
800
(GBP)
600
400
200
0
0.000
1.000
2.000
3.000
4.000
5.000
Cites per doc (2y)
Figure 6: Citations per document (2y) and author fee in open access journals in the biological and life sciences
Figure 6 again shows a positive correlation with the greater the value of the cites per doc (2y)
the greater the value of the author fee. In this instance the correlation coefficient is +0.521.
This is slightly less positive than that associated with author fee versus impact factor, but is still
indicative of a strong relationship.
The Key Players
The publishing market is dominated by five or six major commercial companies (RCUK, 2008,
p.48). In order to assess on a more detailed level the business model’s employed by OA
publishers in biology and the life sciences, it was necessary to identify some of these “key
players”. The number of OA journals hosted by a specific publishing company was recorded and
19
their percentage occurrence as a proportion of number of journals studied was calculated
(Appendix 9, Figure 7).
Pie Chart to Showing the 8 Dominate Publishing Companies
Publishing Open Access Journals in Biology and the Life
Sciences
2% 3%
4%
BioMed Central
5%
Bentham Open
5%
38%
Hindawi
Oxford Uni.Press
Dove Medical Press
Plos
27%
Internet Scientific Publications
MedKnow
16%
Figure 7: The distribution of big name publishing companies with open access journals in biology and the life sciences
Figure 7 clearly shows the dominance of Biomed Central (38%) as a top 8 publisher of OA
biology and life science journals. It dominates the market hosting 41 journals, with 22 of these
in the disciplines of genetics and microbiology. The second largest proportion of journals was
published by Hindawi Publishing Corporation (27%). Hindawi was the only publisher to
publish OA journals in every discipline studied. The largest number of Hindawi journals was
found in biochemistry, followed by genetics. The third largest publishing company was Bentham
Open, holding 16% of the biology and life science journals published by these 8 publishers. In
this instance the largest proportion of Bentham Open journals were found in microbiology,
physiology and zoology. The remaining 5 publishers; MedKnow, Internet Scientific Publications,
PLoS, Dove Medical Press and Oxford University Press made up 19% of the journals published
by these 8 companies.
Not all “gold” OA journals charge an author fee, and there are a variety of business models that
can be used to cover costs. In reality, most publishers use a range of income sources. Biomed
Central, Hindawi Publishing Corporation and Bentham Open were the dominant publishing
companies found in analysis. Each of the journals they published was considered for its
20
employment of different business models. The three largest publishing companies in this study
were considered as they had the greatest availability of commercial information on their
websites, thus allowing rudimentary analysis to take place. The number of OA journals using
different income sources was recorded and expressed as a percentage of the total number of
journals hosted by that publisher (Figure 8).
Publisher
Biomed
Central
No.
Journals
Income Sources (%)
APC
Membership
Fee
Advertisement Sponsorship Subscription
Hard
Other
copy
41
97.56
100
100
0
7.32
100
0
30
100
100
66.4
0
90
0
0
17
100
100
100
0
0
100
0
Hindawi
Publishing
Corporation
Bentham
Open
Figure 8: Table to show the % income sources making up journals run by the 3 largest OA publishing companies in
Biology and the life sciences
Starting with Biomed Central (BMC), of the 41 biology and life science OA journals published,
97.56% use APC’s as an income source, whilst all receive income from membership fees. BMC
offer 5 different types of membership options with subscribers receiving discount on BMC
subscription products and pricing plans. The aim of membership is to “remove the burden of
article processing fees from the author” with schemes including those which split the cost of
APC’s between author and institution and those which offer a 15% discount on all APC’s. There
is also the opportunity for funders and institutions to set up central funds for researchers
wishing to publish open access. Furthermore BMC’s Open Access Waiver Fund enables authors
from low-income countries to publish their research in our journals without paying article
processing charges. BMC receive no income from sponsorship of individual journals, however
sponsorship can be provided to support this fund. Advertising is also a dominant source of
income with every journal studied offering the opportunity to advertise. Digital advertising
includes banners on journal websites, adverts on specific articles, or email advertising on the
BMC newsletter. Advertising banners provide income in the range of $29 – $105 (£18 - £65) per
1,000 impressions, whilst email campaigns provide revenue ranging from $300 (£185) per
1000 recipients for update emails to $1100 (£682) for email opt-in selection boxes.
21
Subscription provides income in 7.32% of journals whilst all receive some revenue from hard
copy costs, where readers or authors can pay for hard copy, quality, bound reprints.
96.67% of Hindawi publishing corporation’s biology and life science journals are at least
partially funded by an author-pays model. Hindawi began life as a commercial publisher using a
subscription based model in 1997. In 2003 the Egypt based company began to experiment with
OA publishing and by 2006 had converted entirely to an OA business model. Hindawi require
APC’s for all accepted peer-reviewed manuscripts in every journal listed. Membership schemes
are also a major source of income, with fees applicable for membership to every journal studied
as part of this investigation. Membership is available on a personal or institutional basis.
Personal open access membership is available at a cost of £1860/$3000 and covers the cost of
all APC’s of all manuscripts that are submitted to any Hindawi journal. The Institutional Open
Access Membership is based on a flat rate payment which covers the costs of all accepted
articles that have at least one author from the member institution. The institutional
membership cost is calculated based on the total number of submissions from the previous
year. 90% of the journals studied featured a subscription option with subscription costs
ranging from $195 – $495 (£120 - £307). Subscribers receive the print edition of the open
access journal. Institutional memberships now comprise 1%–2% of Hindawi’s total revenue.
Hard copy income is available on published print special editions. As no special editions were
up and coming in the journals studied at the time of data collection, income from this source
was taken to be 0%. Hindawi journals receive some income from minor advertising but this is
not a primary income source, being used in 66.4% of the journals considered.
Of the biology and life science journals studied, Bentham Open operates under an author-pays
model. 100% of BEntham Open journals charge an APC and this is in the region of £250/$400
to £500/US$800. Bentham Open offers a ‘Complimentary Membership’ scheme for all of its
studied journals but this is exclusively to International R & D organizations, institutes and
universities. There are no personal membership options. Membership provides authors from
member institutions with a 30% discount on the open access publication fee for submission of
articles to Bentham open journals. Advertising rates range from £495/$800 for 3 months on a
specific OA journal home page to £3100/$5000 for 3 months on the most prominent position on
the site. Some income is also sourced from printed reprint orders of which the cost varies on an
individual basis.
Although the data obtained here is not necessarily representative of OA publishing as a whole, it
does give an idea of what the big names are doing. Although article processing charges have a
vital role in funding the big name journals, membership schemes and advertising seem to play a
22
significant part. Subscription based income had surprisingly low uptake, and this indicates the
way in which the scholarly publishing community is moving away from a reader pays model.
Comments from the Industry
A series of consultations were untaken with persons involved in scholarly communication.
Unfortunately interview uptake was low, and thus the interview evidence is less enlightening
than had initially been hoped. The interviewees were made up of Rhodri Jackson, Senior
Publisher for Law Journals and Oxford Open at Oxford University Press (OUP), Roger Harris
editor-in-chief of the hybrid journal “The Journal of Plankton Research” (OUP) and a publisher
at a well-known OA medical journal (wished to remain anonymous)7. Summaries of the
interviews are available as transcripts in Appendices 10, 11 and 12.
Two of the interviewees were from OUP. This is an interesting publisher to consider as
alongside its subscription based, and open model, it also offers a hybrid option. Hybrid journals
operate a system whereby paying an author fee is optional in order to make the article freely
available, it is not a condition of being published. Dallmeier-Tiessen describe the hybrid model
as an: “essential part of the OA landscape” (2010, p.33) and within the “Oxford Open Initiative”,
OUP offers 10 fully OA journals and 110 hybrid journals out of its 300 journals8. Where content
is not made available OA through the hybrid model, a current subscription to the journal is
required.
The “Journal of Plankton Research” (JPR) is one such hybrid journal, and it’s Editor in Chief ,
Roger Harris, expressing his own views, is a supporter of OA: “personally…I would like JPR to
move more in this direction”. This is counter to the limited success of optional OA at JPR with a
“surprisingly low” uptake of the open model. Harris estimates that: “less than 5% of authors
chose the paid-for option at present and there is no clear upward trend”. This is common
amongst hybrid OA journals and actually quite high given Dallmeier-Tiessen’s results which
found uptake in major publishers was between 1-2% (2010, p.34). With this in mind, Harris
agrees that author fee charges are somewhat of a financial barrier to publishing, particularly
for: “individual scientists, those working in small institutions and in developing countries”. JPR,
and all OUP hybrid journals, charge a standard author fee of £1700/$3000 required by the
author at the time of article being published online. In the fully OA journals, APC’s are much
lower for example £860/$1450 for “Genome Biology and Evolution”.
Interviewees were given the option of anonymity. Where anonymity was selected the interviewee will
be referred to as “Anon.”.
8 As listed at http://www.oxfordjournals.org/. Correct as of 13/09/2012.
7
23
In a subsequent interview, Rhodri Jackson, manager of OUP’s Open Access Programme, points
out that although the “majority of revenue comes from author fees” OUP offers waiver schemes
for authors who cannot pay, and discounts for authors in developing countries. For what it
describes as “List A” developing countries such as Afghanistan, Cambodia, Malawi and Zambia
all open access charges are waived, and for “List B” developing countries, including Bolivia,
Maldives, Ecuador and Yemen, the open access charge is waived to £850/$1500.
OUP’s fully open access journals make use of different revenue streams. “Nucleic Acids
Research” (NAR) is interesting being the first OUP subscription journal to convert to OA in 2005
and having been hugely successful, receiving an impact factor of 8.026 (JCR, 2011). NAR
receives the bulk of its revenue from article processing charges, currently £140/$2770 and
minor advertising. In addition, NAR is the only of OUP’s OA journals to have an institutional
membership scheme, charging institutional subscribers £2396/$4793 for online open access.
Some OUP OA journals also receive sponsorship, these including “Bioscience Horizons” and
“DNA Research”. “The Journal of Experimental Botany” offers an alternative model to those
applied in other OUP journals. There are no author fees with OA being provided free of charge to
all authors of primary papers. Revenue is instead sourced entirely through subscriptions and
two grants from the UK Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC). Commenting on the future
of OA in OUP journals, Rhodri Jackson acknowledges a “mixed model” will continue to dominate.
She goes on to say that: “in some areas, gold OA will be the best option; in others it will be the
subscription model, with provision for green OA after specified periods”.
The anonymous interviewer, Anon., is a publisher for a science and medicine based OA
publishing company currently publishing 124 OA titles. Anon. acknowledges that impact factor
is very significant to the scholarly community, particularly with “authors in developing
countries…(who are) often mandated by their institutions to publish in journals with high impact
factors”. Of the journals that charge author fees, price values are set by bands, related to the
presence or absence of an impact factor. Charges are predominately in the region of
£1080/$1695 to £1395/$2200, although Anon. is keen to point out that: “50% of our papers are
either published without charge or are heavily discounted”. Anon. acknowledges that waivers
and discounts are important in preventing author fees becoming a new barrier to access, but
also mean that: “OA publishing will probably never be as lucrative as subscription publishing”. As
an alternative way of presenting author fees, Anon. suggests the cost of publishing should be
including “along with the research grant application”. In this way the costs are completely
transparent. When asked what costs OA entails for Anon. as a publisher, staff was cited as the
biggest expense. Typesetting, office rental and managing external contractors were also
24
significant, along with website development. Anon. points out that their website has: “5 million
downloads per year so keeping this system up and running optimally is not cheap”.
The interview sessions also sought to get an impression of the opinions of those working in the
publishing industry. Of these responses, there was a general consensus amongst those
interviewed. All agreed that academics view the impact factor of a journal over OA with Anon.
acknowledging that “impact factors do bring in a number of papers” and Roger Harris saying this
is driven by “many factors, academic/scientific employment applications, promotion, perceived
status etc.” going as far as to say impact factor as a measure has a “distorting” effect on scientific
publishing. Furthermore there was agreement that precautions are required to avoid author
fees becoming a new kind of access barrier to publishing. Many cited their own waiver and
institutional membership schemes, for example Roger Harris: “OUP seem good (to me) in
providing help to Developing Countries”. Finally, all interviewees acknowledged that the future
of academic publishing will “certainly be to Open Access” (Roger Harris) although most pointed
out the subscription model will continue to exist for some time to come, and that 100% OA is
“probably not” achievable (Anon.).
Critique of Results and Technique
Although informative in the main, the results from this study cannot be considered without due
critique. One of the key problems underlying this study is the use of the DOAJ. Although it is the
most comprehensive directory of its kind, the DOAJ is not without problems. One problem is
that the directory relies on journals registering their existence as an open access provider. It is
highly unlikely that every journal registers in this way, and furthermore there is likely to be
some delay between a journal registering with the database, and its entry being available online.
In her article “When is a Journal not a Journal?” Morris (2006, p.26) questions whether journals
listed in the DOAJ are all fully operational. She goes on to point out that 26 of the OA journals
launched in 2004 or earlier “had never really got started, publishing five articles or fewer” (p.75).
Morris concludes that the DOAJ listing overestimates the number of active OA journals by over
14% (p.76). With this in mind, it is possible that some defunct journals were included in this
study.
One further difficulty was that many of the journals listed in the DOAJ are either produced in, or
published in another language. This was a limitation of the approach, but was a necessary evil
given the study sought to focus on the international scene rather than focusing purely on the UK
or America. That said, some difficulties were experienced in translating author submission
information and this was a very labour intensive process.
25
Another problem in this study is the use of impact factor as a proxy for scientific quality. IT is
debateable if impact factor is a reliable measure and scientific quality is a difficult concept to
quantify. Talking at the Imperial Open Access Debate (2012) Professor Stephen Curry
acknowledges that impact factor is the wrong measure. He says: “we need better measures of
individual articles and individual works rather than saying: here’s a Nature paper, isn’t it
fabulous!” In this instance, impact factor was used because citation statistics are the measure
generally accepted across journal based analysis and as yet it is the only way to rank output.
Impact factor also presents further problems in that it takes 2 years to accurately calculate. A
lot of OA journals studied appear to have no impact factor. Rather than a reflection on their
quality, this could be because they are new publications and thus waiting assignment. This
possibility was not accounted for in analysis of results.
Another difficulty with this kind of study is the way in which large scale publishing companies
skew results. Companies such as Bentham Open and Biomed Central dominate the market to
the extent that results are distorted by their author fees (Dallmeier-Tiessen, 2010, p.22).
Although effort was made to account for the dominance of publishing corporations in different
disciplines, this was not in depth enough to prevent data distortion. Furthermore, there was an
tendency for the investigator to focus on these larger organisations purely because they provide
more details on their websites on the business models they employ. That said, data collected
from journal websites is unlikely to be wholly reliable as there might, of course, be other
financial aspects to journal incomes which are not made publicly available.
The data analysis of APC’s is also not entirely useful. Although the value of APC’s is helpful for
comparing on a journal by journal basis, the data is restricted to what is charged. What would
be more interesting, and informative, would be to know what percentage of a journals income
sources is made up by article processing charges. It makes it difficult to compare journals, for
example as a frequency distribution, when one knows only what they are charging, not what
proportion of expenses that charge is expected to pay for.
Industry comments ultimately provided quite a minor role in this study. With only three
willingly participants, the interview sessions were simply not comprehensive enough to get an
accurate picture of the publisher’s voice. Understandably, companies were hesitant to reveal
details about the commercial models they employed and the responses were on the whole
superficial, directing the investigation towards the publisher’s website. Time restraints meant it
was difficult to chase every person approached and the timing of this study, over the summer
holidays, meant that often the relevant spokesperson was away or very busy. In a future study
the use of an emailed questionnaire would be a possible alternative to this approach. Such a
26
method would be less time consuming for the participant and may be more likely to elicit
responses.
Finally, this study focused exclusively on DOAJ journals categorised in biology and the life
sciences. It did not consider any other disciplines due to time restraints. A fuller study would
be able to take the work done here further by also considering how OA business models are
applied to journals in: “General Science”, “Physics and Astronomy”, “Chemistry”, “Health
Sciences” and “Earth and Environmental Sciences”, as listed by the DOAJ.
Conclusion
This study has studied in detail how “gold” OA is being employed by journals in biology and the
life sciences. It considers the value of APC’s, the employment of other business models, and the
dominance of publishing corporations.
In summary the results found are as follows:

As OA continues to grow the use of the author pays business model continues to grow.
The author pays model is used by almost half of the biology and life science OA journals
listed in the DOAJ.

High uptake of an author pays model is discipline specific with greater uptake in the
biomedical fields. Uptake in zoology and botany is low due to many single journal
publishers.

The average APC charged was £642 although the charges were not normally distributed.
The most common APC’s were in the region of £400.

Both impact factor and cites per doc (2y) show positive correlation when plotted against
author fees.

The dominant publishing organisation is Biomed Central, and it, amongst other
dominant publishers, relies on APC’s, membership fees and advertising as income
sources.

The general consensus, in the industry, is that the future of academic publishing is OA
though 100% OA may be unachievable.
27
It is clear from this study that the research communications landscape is changing with
publishers and publishing models coming in their many different guises. The move to OA is not
an easy one, and needs to be well managed in order to prevent the re-establishment of access
barriers; either through scholarly attitude to impact factor or insufficient waiver and discount
schemes to meet the costs of author fees. Although a popular income source, particularly
amongst the big publishers, author fees are not the only way to achieve commercially viable
access. In order to increase OA and increase uptake in hybrid journals further investigation is
needed into other, less discriminatory, funding models, including membership schemes,
sponsorship and advertisement. There is no set way of achieving barrier-free access to
scientific output and business models amongst OA journals will continue to evolve.
28
Acknowledgements
With thanks to the DOAJ for making their data available for this study; the publishers who
responded to my inquiries about OA articles and the individuals involved in interviews: Rhodri
Jackson, Senior Publisher, Law Journals and Oxford Open; Roger Harris, Editor-in-Chief of the
Journal of Plankton Research; and a medical publisher who wished to remain anonymous.
Acknowledgement most also go to the dissertation supervisor, Dr Nicholas Russell.
29
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35
Appendices
Appendix 1
Initial letter to publishers asking for a spokesperson to be interviewed
Appendix 2
Interview questions asked as part of quantitative data collection
Appendix 3
Complete Raw Data (best viewed electronically)
Appendix 4
Cumulative growth of open access and rise of APC business model
Appendix 5
% of OA journals in the biological and life sciences charging an author fee versus
those using a different financial model
Appendix 6
Frequency distribution of APC’s charged by OA journals in biology and the life
sciences
Appendix 7
The relationship between impact factor and author fee in open access journals in
the biological and life sciences
Appendix 8
The relationship between citations per document (2y) and author fee in open
Appendix 9
The 8 commonest publishing companies publishing open access journals in
biology and the life sciences
Appendix 10
Interview summary transcript, Rhodri Jackson, Senior Publisher for Law
Journals and Oxford Open at Oxford University Press
Appendix 11
Interview summary transcript, Roger Harris, Editor in Chief at The Journal of
Plankton Research, Oxford University Press
Appendix 12
Interview summary transcript of a publisher who wishes to remain anonymous
representing a well know open access medical journal
36
Appendix 1
Email to publishers asking for a spokesperson to be interviewed
To whom it may concern,
I am a Masters Student at Imperial college studying Science Communication. The final part of my
masters involves writing a dissertation. My dissertation topic is on commercial models
employed to provide open access to scientific research. As a platform for discussing the topic, I
intend to interview a few different organisations, to consider how different publishing
frameworks are received by the science and publishing community. As part of this I would like
to consider the role of open access journals.
Would you be willing or have a willing person whom I could speak to in a short half hour
interview? And do you have any further information on the framework you use that you would
be willing to send on to me? Individual interviewers and their organisations will not be
identified in the report unless they wish to be.
I am happy to conduct the interview face to face, by phone or by email, whatever suits best.
I look forward to hearing from you.
Yours Faithfully,
Lucy van Dorp
37
Appendix 2
Interview questions asked as part of quantitative data collection
Please outline your position and relation to open access journals.
Do you think there is still a place for subscription based journals?
Do the scholarly community value high impact factor of a journal over open access?
What is the impact factor of your journal? How do you go about measuring it?
How do you meet the costs of publication? Advertising, sponsorship support,
institutional/individual membership schemes, etc.
What are your author fees? What percentage of your total costs are met by author fees?
For open access journals which do not charge author fees, how do you think their costs are met?
To what extent do you agree with the viewpoint that we are replacing financial barriers to
reading with financial barriers to publishing?
What mechanism do you have in place to enable research institutions as well as individuals to
meet the costs of article processing charges?
Why do you think the uptake of the open access model in hybrid journals/repositories is low?
What are you doing to increase uptake?
Where do you see the future of academic publishing?
Are you happy to be named/journal to be named as part of this study?
38
Appendix 3
Anatomy Research International
Hindawi Publishing
Corporation
E
G
Y
English
Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy
Anatomical Society of
Bangladesh
B
A
N
English
Frontiers Media
S
U
I
Frontiers in Neuroanatomy
Frontiers Media
S
U
I
English
International Journal of
Anatomical Variations
International Journal
of Anatomical
Variations
T
U
R
English
International Journal of
Morphology
Sociedad Chilena de
Anatomía
C
H
I
English/Span
ish
Open Anatomy Journal
Bentham open
U
S
A
English
Revista Argentina de Anatomia
Online
Asociacion Argentina
de Anatomia
A
R
G
Spanish
Revista Chilena de Anatomía
Sociedad Chilena de
Anatomía
C
H
I
English/Span
ish
Revista Română de Anatomie
Funcţională şi Clinică, Macro şi
Microscopică şi Antropologie
Romanian Society of
Anatomy
R
O
M
Romanian/E
nglish
Морфологія
Dnepropetrovsk State
Medical Academy
U
K
R
Ukranian/Ru
ssian
Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series
Botanica
Polish Academy of
Sciences Publishing
P
O
L
English
Acta Biológica Paranaense
Universidade Federal
do Paraná
B
R
A
Portuguese,
English,
French,
Spanish
Acta Botanica Barcinonensia
Universitat de
Barcelona
E
S
P
Catalan
Acta Botanica Brasilica
Sociedade Botânica do
Brasil
B
R
A
English,
Spanish,
Portuguese
Botany
Anatomy
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
Language
English
2
0
1
1
2
0
0
9
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
3
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
0
1
9
9
7
2
0
0
9
2
0
0
7
2
0
0
3
1
9
7
2
2
0
0
8
1
9
8
7
315
500
Cites per doc
(2y)
Publishing Co.
Author fees
for
research
article
£
US$
Impact factor
Name of OA Journal
Start Year
T
y
p
e
Country
Raw Data
A
P
C
?
?
?
Y
?
?
N
2.
3
3
9
1
.
0
7
6
Y
800
125
0
3.
0
6
8
?
Y
750
119
0
?
?
N
0.
2
4
4
0
.
1
4
2
N
?
?
Y
500
800
?
?
Y
50
75
?
?
Y
190
300
?
?
N
?
?
N
0.
5
6
5
0
.
1
9
7
Y
750
120
0
?
?
N
?
?
N
0.
4
6
2
0
.
2
2
4
N
39
Acta Botanica Croatica
University of Zagreb
C
R
O
Acta Botanica Malacitana
University of Malaga
E
S
P
Acta Botánica Mexicana
Instituto de Ecología
A.C.
M
E
X
Spanish
Acta Botánica Venezuélica
Fundación Instituto
Botánico de
Venezuela
V
E
N
English,
Spanish,
Portuguese
Acta Palaeobotanica
Polish Academy of
Sciences
P
O
L
English
Acta Societatis Botanicorum
Poloniae
Polish Botanical
Society
P
O
L
English
Adansonia. Sér. 3
Museum Nationale
d'Histoire Naturelle
Paris
F
R
A
English,
French
Advances in Agriculture &
Botanics
Bioflux
R
O
M
English
American Journal of Plant
Physiology
Science publications
U
S
A
English
Anales del Jardín Botánico de
Madrid
Consejo Superior de
Investigaciones
Científicas
E
S
P
Spanish,
English
Annali di Botanica
University La
Sapienza of Rome
IT
A
English
AoB Plants
Oxford University
Press
U
K
English
Bangladesh Journal of Plant
Taxonomy
Bangladesh
Association of Plant
Taxonomists
B
A
N
English
Bioscience Horizons
Oxford University
Press
U
K
English
BMC Plant Biology
Biomed Central
U
K
English
Boletín de la Sociedad Argentina
de Botánica
Sociedad Argentina de
Botánica
A
R
G
Spanish,
English
Boletín de la Sociedad Botánica de
México
Sociedad Botánica de
México
M
E
X
Spanish,
English
English
Spanish,
English,
French
2
0
0
2
1
9
7
5
1
9
8
8
2
0
0
1
2
0
0
4
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
9
2
0
0
6
1
9
9
7
1
9
9
5
2
0
0
9
2
0
0
5
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
1
2
0
0
5
2
0
0
0
0.
7
0
2
0
.
3
6
8
N
?
?
N
0.
2
0
4
0
.
0
4
2
0
.
0
9
8
?
?
?
0.
3
6
0
0
.
1
8
6
0
.
1
7
5
0.
3
2
5
Y
150
240
115
180
N
N
Y
N
?
?
Y
125
200
?
1
.
1
3
3
Y
390
625
0.
8
8
6
?
N
?
?
N
?
?
N
0.
6
7
4
0
.
2
5
8
N
?
?
N
3.
4
5
0
2
.
2
9
3
Y
123
0
191
5
?
?
Y
750
120
0
0.
3
5
3
?
N
40
Bonplandia
Instituto de Botanica
del Nordeste
A
R
G
Spanish,
English,
Portuguese
Botanica Serbica
University of Belgrade
S
R
B
English
Botanical Bulletin of Academia
Sinica
Academia Sinica
C
H
N
English
Botanical Studies
Academia Sinica
C
H
N
English
Brazilian Journal of Plant
Physiology
Sociedade Brasileira
de Fisiologia Vegetal
B
R
A
English,
Portuguese
Bulgarian Journal of Plant
physiology
Bulgarian Academy of
Sciences
B
U
L
English
Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology
Editorial Office of
Chinese Journal of
Plant Ecology
C
H
N
Chinese
Chloris Chilensis
Sebastián Teillier
C
H
I
Spanish
Current Botany
ScholarJournals
I
N
D
English
Darwiniana : Revista del Instituto
de Botanica Darwinion
Instituto de Botánica
Darwinion
A
R
G
Spanish/Engl
ish
Dendrobiology
Polska Akademia
Nauk
P
O
L
English
Egyptian Academic Journal of
Biological Sciences : Botany
Ain Shams University
E
G
Y
English
Ernstia
Universidad Central
de Venezuela
V
E
N
Spanish,
Portuguese
Ethnobotany Research and
Applications
University of Hawaii
U
S
A
English
Fitopatologia Brasileira
Sociedade Brasileira
de Fitopatologia
B
R
A
English,
Spanish,
Portuguese
Flora Montiberica
Flora Montiberica.org
E
S
P
Spanish,
English
University of Tartu
E
S
T
Folia Cryptogamica Estonica
English
2
0
0
3
2
0
0
9
1
9
9
0
2
0
0
6
2
0
0
2
1
9
9
5
1
9
5
8
1
9
9
8
2
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
2
0
1
0
2
0
0
6
2
0
0
3
2
0
0
7
1
9
9
5
1
9
7
2
?
?
N
?
?
N
?
?
N
1.
1
0
3
0
.
4
7
0
0
.
2
0
3
?
N
N
?
?
N
?
?
Y
?
?
N
?
?
Y
?
0.
6
4
9
0
.
0
2
3
0
.
1
3
8
230
360
160
250
390
625
N
N
?
?
Y
?
?
N
?
1
.
0
0
0
N
?
?
N
?
?
N
?
0
.
2
1
2
N
41
Gayana. Botanica
Universidad de
Concepción
C
H
I
English,
Spanish
Geneconserve
Nagib M. A. Nassar
B
R
A
English
General and Applied Plant
Physiology
Bulgarian Academy of
Sciences
B
U
L
English
IMA Fungus
International
Mycological
Association
N
E
D
English
International Journal of Botany
Asian Network for
Scientific Information
P
A
K
English
International Journal of Plant
Biology
PAGEPress
Publications
IT
A
English
International Journal of Plant
Genomics
Hindawi Publishing
Corporation
E
G
Y
English
International Journal of Wine
Research
Dove Medical Press
U
K
English
Joannea Botanik
Landesmuseum
Joanneum
A
U
T
German
Journal of Botany
Hindawi Publishing
Corporation
E
G
Y
English
Journal of Phytology
SILAE
IT
A
English
Journal of Plant Development
University of Iasi
R
O
M
English
Journal of Pollination Ecology
Enviroquest Ltd.
C
A
N
English
Journal of Threatened Taxa
Wildlife Information
Liaison Development
Society
I
N
D
English
Kurtziana
Museo Botánico
A
R
G
Spanish
Lindbergia
Nordic Bryological
Society
S
W
E
English
Micología Aplicada Internacional
Micología Aplicada
Internacional
U
S
A
English
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
2
2
0
0
5
2
0
1
0
2
0
0
5
2
0
1
0
2
0
0
7
2
0
0
9
1
9
9
9
2
0
0
9
2
0
0
9
2
0
0
4
2
0
1
0
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
0
1
0.
5
1
7
0
.
1
0
0
N
?
?
N
?
?
N
?
?
N
?
0
.
3
8
2
Y
390
625
?
?
Y
380
600
?
?
N
?
?
Y
108
0
169
5
?
?
N
?
?
Y
315
500
?
?
N
?
?
N
?
?
N
?
?
N
?
?
N
?
?
N
?
?
N
42
North American Fungi
Pacific Northwest
Fungi Project
U
S
A
Notulae Botanicae Horti
Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca
University of
Agricultural Sciences
and Veterinary
Medicine
R
O
M
English
Nuytsia
Western Australian
Herbarium
A
U
S
English
Oklahoma Native Plant Record
Oklahoma Native
Plant Society
U
S
A
English
Open Mycology Journal
Bentham open
U
S
A
English
Open Plant Science Journal
Bentham open
U
S
A
English
Pacific Northwest Fungi
Pacific Northwest
Fungi Project
U
S
A
English
Pakistan Journal of Botany
University of Karachi
P
A
K
English
PhytoKeys
Pensoft Publishers
B
U
L
English
Plant Biotechnology
Japanese Society for
Plant Cell and
Molecular Biology
JA
P
English
Plant Methods
Biomed Central
U
K
English
Plant Omics
Southern Cross
Publishing
A
U
S
English
Plant Root
Japanese Society for
Root Research
JA
P
English
Plant Science Feed
LifeSciFeed Ventures
I
N
D
English
Planta Daninha
Sociedade Brasileira
da Ciência das Plantas
Daninhas
B
R
A
English,
Spanish,
Portuguese
Polibotánica
Escuela Nacional de
Ciencias Biológicas
M
E
X
English,
Spanish,
Portuguese
ACG Publications
T
U
R
Records of Natural Products
English
English
2
0
0
8
1
9
6
5
2
0
0
4
2
0
0
1
2
0
0
7
2
0
0
7
2
0
0
6
2
0
0
4
2
0
1
0
2
0
0
1
2
0
0
5
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
7
2
0
1
1
1
9
9
4
1
9
9
6
2
0
0
7
?
0.
6
5
2
?
0
?
0
.
2
4
5
0
.
0
6
1
N
N
N
?
?
N
?
?
Y
500
800
?
?
Y
500
800
?
?
N
0.
9
0
7
0
.
4
0
4
Y
220
350
?
?
Y
70
110
0.
9
4
4
0
.
6
0
0
1
.
6
7
5
Y
80
125
Y
109
5
171
0
330
520
12
20
2.
8
3
0
1.
7
3
4
?
Y
?
0
.
5
5
6
N
?
?
Y
?
0
.
2
8
1
N
?
?
N
1.
5
0
8
0
.
8
5
5
N
43
Cytology
Revista Brasileira de Botânica
Sociedade Botânica de
São Paulo
B
R
A
Portuguese,
English
Revista Brasileira de Fisiologia
Vegetal
Sociedade Brasileira
de Fisiologia Vegetal
B
R
A
English,
Spanish,
Portuguese
Revista Brasileira de Plantas
Medicinais
UNESP
B
R
A
Portuguese,
English
Revista Fitotecnia Mexicana
Sociedad Mexicana de
Fitogenética
M
E
X
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English
Revista Mexicana de Micología
Sociedad Mexicana de
Micología
M
E
X
Spanish,
English
Rodriguésia
Instituto de Pesquisas
Jardim Botânico do
Rio de Janeiro
B
R
A
Spanish,
Portuguese,
English
Silva Fennica
Finnish Society of
Forest Science
FI
N
Studies in Mycology
Centraalbureau voor
Schimmelcultures
N
E
D
English
Summa Phytopathologica
Grupo Paulista de
Fitopatologia
B
R
A
Spanish,
Portuguese,
English
Turkish Journal of Botany
Scientific and
Technical Research
Council of Turkey
T
U
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English
Vulpia
North Carolina State
University
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Biocell
Universidad Nacional
de Cuyo
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G
English
Cell Division
Biomed Central
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K
English
Cilia
Biomed Central
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English
CytoJournal
Medknow
Publications
U
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English
Endocytobiosis and Cell Research
Thuringian State and
University Library
G
E
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Blackwell
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Hereditas
English
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Journal of Applied Biomedicine
University of South
Bohemia
C
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Journal of Cell and Molecular
Biology
Halic University
T
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Journal of Cytology
Medknow
Publications
I
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Oxidative Medicine and Cellular
Longevity
Hindawi Publishing
Corporation
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Y
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World Journal of Stem Cells
Baishideng Publishing
Group Co. Limited
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English
Algorithms for Molecular Biology
Biomed Central
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English
American Journal of Stem Cells
e-Century Publishing
Corporation
U
S
A
English
Analele Ştiinţifice Ale
Universităţii Alexandru Ioan Cuza
din Iași,Sectiunea II A : Genetica si
Biologie Moleculara
Alexandru Ioan Cuza
University of Iasi
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O
M
English,
French
The Application of Clinical
Genetics
Dove Medical Press
N
Z
L
English
Versita
M
K
D
Biomed Central
U
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BMC Genomics
Biomed Central
U
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English
BMC Medical Genetics
Biomed Central
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English
BMC Medical Genomics
Biomed Central
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English
Brazilian Journal of Genetics
Sociedade Brasileira
de Genética
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R
A
English
Case Reports in Genetics
Hindawi Publishing
Corporation
E
G
Y
English
Genetics
Balkan Journal of Medical
Genetics
BMC Genetics
English
English
English
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Comparative and Functional
Genomics
Hindawi Publishing
Corporation
U
S
A
English
Current Research in Bacteriology
Asian Network for
Scientific Information
P
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English
DNA Research
Oxford University
Press
U
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English
Endocytobiosis and Cell Research
Thuringian State and
University Library
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English
Epigenetics & Chromatin
Biomed Central
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English
Frontiers in Genetics
Frontiers Media
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U
I
English
G3 : Genes, Genomes, Genetics
Genetics Society of
America
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A
English
Genes
MDPI AG
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U
I
English
Genes & Genetic Systems
Genetics Society of
Japan
JA
P
English
Genetic Vaccines and Therapy
Biomed Central
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English
Genetics and Epigenetics
Libertas Academica
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de Genética
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R
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English
Genetics and Molecular Research
FUNPEC
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English
Genetics Research International
Hindawi Publishing
Corporation
E
G
Y
English
Genetics Selection Evolution
Biomed Central
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Genetika
Serbian Genetics
Society
S
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B
English
Genome Biology and Evolution
Oxford University
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U
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English
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Genomics and Quantitative
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Knoblauch Publishing
U
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English
Genomics, Society and Policy
ESRC Genomic
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U
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English
Hereditas
Blackwell
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Human Genomics and Proteomics
SAGE Publications
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English
Indian Journal of Human Genetics
Medknow
Publications
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International Journal of
Evolutionary Biology
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International Journal of Genetics
Bioinfo Publications
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International Journal of Human
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Kamla-Raj
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International Journal of Molecular
Epidemiology and Genetics
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English
International Journal of Plant
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Hindawi Publishing
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The Internet Journal of Genomics
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Internet Scientific
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Investigative Genetics
Biomed Central
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Journal of Genetic Genealogy
Journal of Genetic
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Indian Academy of
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BioMed Central
U
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Molecular Cytogenetics
BioMed Central
U
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English
Open Genomics Journal
Bentham open
U
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English
Open Journal of Genetics
Scientific Research
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U
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English
PLoS Genetics
Public Library of
Science (PLoS)
U
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English
Silence
Biomed Central
U
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English
Standards in Genomic Sciences
Genomic Standards
Consortium
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English
Stem Cell Discovery
Scientific Research
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Stem Cell Studies
PAGEPress
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Türk Biyokimya Dergisi
Turkish Biochemical
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Acta Protozoologica
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American Journal of Immunology
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Annals of Clinical Microbiology
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Biomed Central
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English
Archaea
Hindawi Publishing
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English
BMC Microbiology
Biomed Central
U
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Brazilian Journal of Microbiology
Sociedade Brasileira
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Portuguese,
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British Microbiology Research
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International
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English
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Mobile DNA
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Cell Journal
Royan Institute
(ACECR
IR
N
Persian,
English
Current Issues in Molecular
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Horizon Scientific
Press
U
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English
Egyptian Academic Journal of
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Ain Shams University
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G
Y
English
Frontiers in Microbiology
Frontiers Media
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English
Herpesviridae
Biomed Central
U
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English
Immunome Research
Nikolai Petrovsky
Publishing
U
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Indian Journal of Medical
Microbiology
Medknow
Publications
I
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Indian Journal of Pathology and
Microbiology
Medknow
Publications
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English
International Journal of
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Hindawi Publishing
Corporation
E
G
Y
English
International Journal of
Microbiology Research
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English
International Microbiology
Viguera Editores
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The Internet Journal of
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Internet Scientific
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U
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English
Iranian Journal of Microbiology
Tehran University of
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IR
N
English,
Persian
ISRN Microbiology
International
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English
Japanese Journal of Medical
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Japanese Journal of
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JA
P
English,
Japanese
Journal of Culture Collections
National Bank for
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English
Journal of Microbiology & Biology
Education
American Society for
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U
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English
English
English
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Association of Health
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T
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Journal of Microbiology,
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Slovak University of
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Library Publishing
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Co-Action Publishing
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Hindawi Publishing
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Y
English
Jundishapur Journal of
Microbiology
Ahvaz Jundishapur
University of Medical
Sciences
IR
N
English
Kasmera
Universidad del Zulia
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Spanish,
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Malaysian Journal of Microbiology
Malaysian Society for
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M
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English
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American Society for
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U
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Microbial Cell Factories
BioMed Central
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Microbial Ecology in Health and
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BioMed Central
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Microbiology Insights
Libertas Academica
N
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PAGEPress
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New Zealand Journal of Medical
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New Zealand Institute
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Open Microbiology Journal
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English
Open Virology Journal
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Biomed central
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English,
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Sociedad Chilena de
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English,
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PLoS Pathogens
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Industrielle Sanitaire et
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Libertas Academica
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Spanish,
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Revista de Microbiologia
Sociedade Brasileira
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Saline Systems
Biomed Central
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Hindawi Publishing
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VacciMonitor
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Virology Journal
Biomed Central
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Dove Medical Press
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51
Physiology
Viruses
MDPI AG
S
U
I
Advances in Physiology Education
American
Physiological Society
U
S
A
English
Animal Reproduction
Brazilian College of
Animal Reproduction
B
R
A
English
ASN Neuro
Portland Press Ltd
U
K
English
BMC Physiology
BioMed Central
U
K
English
Cough
BioMed Central
U
K
English
Egyptian Academic Journal of
Biological Sciences : Physiology &
Molecular Biology
Ain Shams University
E
G
Y
English
Fiziologia
Romanian Society of
Physiological Sciences
R
O
M
English,
Romania
Frontiers in Neuroinformatics
Frontiers Media
S
U
I
English
Frontiers in Neurorobotics
Frontiers Media
S
U
I
English
Frontiers in Physiology
Frontiers Media
S
U
I
English
Indian Pacing and
Electrophysiology Journal
Indian Heart Rhythm
Society
I
N
D
English
International Journal of
Physiology, Pathophysiology and
Pharmacology
e-Century Publishing
Corporation
U
S
A
English
International Journal of
Tryptophan Research
Libertas Academica
N
Z
L
English
JLR Papers In Press
American Society for
Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology
U
S
A
English
Journal of Applied Biomedicine
University of South
Bohemia
C
Z
E
English
Journal of Bangladesh Society of
Physiologist
Bangladesh Society of
Physiologist (BSP)
B
A
N
English
English
2
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Journal of Circadian Rhythms
BioMed Central
U
K
Journal of Lipids
Hindawi Publishing
Corporation
E
G
Y
Journal of Molecular Signaling
BioMed Central
U
K
English
Journal of Physiology and
Pharmacology
Krakow Polish
Physiological Society
P
O
L
English
Journal of Physiology and
Pharmacology Advances
Global Researchers
Journals
IR
N
English
Journal of Smooth Muscle
Research
The Japanese Society
of Smooth Muscle
Research
JA
P
Lipids in Health and Disease
BioMed Central
U
K
English
National Journal of Physiology,
Pharmacy and Pharmacology
Association of
Physiologist,
Pharmacists and
Pharmacologists
I
N
D
English
Neural Development
BioMed Central
U
K
English
Neurobiology of Lipids
Neurobiology of
Lipids
IS
R
English
Nigerian Journal of Physiological
Sciences
Physiological Society
of Nigeria
N
IG
English
Nutrition & Metabolism
BioMed Central
U
K
English
Open Enzyme Inhibition Journal
Bentham open
U
S
A
English
Open Journal of Molecular and
Integrative Physiology
Scientific Research
Publishing
U
S
A
English
Open Pacing, Electrophysiology
and Therapy Journal
Bentham open
U
S
A
English
Open Physiology Journal
Bentham open
U
S
A
English
Physiological Research
Institute of
Physiology, Czech
Academy of Sciences
C
Z
E
English
English
English
English
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Zoology
PPAR Research
Hindawi Publishing
Corporation
E
G
Y
English
Proceedings of the Japan
Academy, Series B Physical and
Biological Sciences
Japan Academy
JA
P
English
Proteome Science
Biomed central
U
K
English
Reproductive Biology and
Endocrinology
Biomed central
U
K
English
Skeletal Muscle
Biomed central
U
K
English
Acta Biológica Paranaense
Universidade Federal
do Paraná
B
R
A
Portuguese,
English,
French,
Spanish
Acta Herpetologica
Firenze University
Press
IT
A
English,
Italian
Acta Zoologica Academiae
Scientiarum Hungaricae
Hungarian Academy
of Sciences
H
U
N
English
Acta Zoologica Mexicana
Instituto de Ecología
A.C.
M
E
X
Spanish,
Portuguese,
English
Acta Zoologica Sinica
Acta Zoologica Sinica
C
H
N
Chinese,
English
African Primates
IUCN/SSC Primate
Specialist Group
U
S
A
English
Alces : a Journal Devoted to the
Biology and Management of
Moose
Lakehead University
C
A
N
English
American Museum Novitates
American Museum of
Natural History
U
S
A
English
Animal Biodiversity and
Conservation
The Natural Science
Museum of Barcelona
E
S
P
English,
Spanish,
Catalan
Animals
MDPI AG
S
U
I
English
Arachnologische Mitteilungen
Arachnologische
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U
I
German,
English
Archivos de Zootecnia : Revista
Trimestral
Universidad de
Córdoba
E
S
P
Spanish,
English,
French,
Portuguese,
Italian
2
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54
Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina
Veterinária e Zootecnia
Universidade Federal
de Minas Gerais
B
R
A
English,
Portuguese
Arthropod Systematics &
Phylogeny
Museum für
Tierkunde, Dresden
G
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English
Arxius de Miscel-lània Zoològica
Museu de Ciències
Naturals de Barcelona
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P
English,
Spanish,
Catalan
Avian Conservation and Ecology
Resilience Alliance
C
A
N
English
Biawak
International Varanid
Interest Group
U
S
A
English
Boletín SAO
Sociedad Antioqueña
de Ornitología (SAO)
C
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Spanish,
English
Bonn Zoological Bulletin
Zoologisches
Forschungsmuseum
G
E
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English
Bonner Zoologische Beiträge
Zoologisches
Forschungsmuseum
G
E
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German,
English
Bulletin of the American Museum
of Natural History
American Museum of
Natural History
U
S
A
English
Chironomus Newsletter on
Chironomidae Research
Norwegian University
of Science and
Technology
N
O
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English
Chiroptera Neotropical
Chiroptera
Neotropical
B
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A
English,
Spanish,
Portuguese
Comunicaciones de la Sociedad
Malacológica del Uruguay
Sociedad
Malacológica del
Uruguay
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R
U
Spanish,
English,
Portuguese
Contributions to Zoology
Naturalis
N
E
D
English
Current Zoology
Current Zoology
C
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Chinese,
English
Ecotropicos
Universidad de Los
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Spanish,
English
Egyptian Academic Journal of
Biological Sciences : Entomology
Ain Shams University
E
G
Y
English
Egyptian Academic Journal of
Biological Sciences : Zoology
Ain Shams University
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Y
English
1
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Entomologische Abhandlungen
Museum für
Tierkunde, Dresden
G
E
R
English,
German
Entomotropica
Sociedad Venezolana
de Entomología
V
E
N
English,
Spanish,
Portuguese
European Mosquito Bulletin
European Mosquito
Control Association
U
K
English
Euscorpius
Marshall University
U
S
A
English
Fauna Norvegica
Norwegian University
of Science and
Technology
N
O
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English
Florida entomologist
Florida Entomological
Society
U
S
A
English
Frontiers in Zoology
BioMed Central
U
K
English
Gayana (Concepción)
Universidad de
Concepción
C
H
I
English,
Spanish,
French
Graellsia
Museo Nacional de
Ciencias Naturales
E
S
P
Spanish,
English
HUITZIL : Journal of Mexican
Ornithology
Sociedad para el
estudio y
conservacion de las av
M
E
X
Spanish,
English,
French
Hystrix : the Italian Journal of
Mammalogy
Associazione
Teriologica Italiana
IT
A
English,
Italian
Iheringia. Série Zoologia
Fundação
Zoobotânica do Rio
Grande do Sul
B
R
A
English,
Spanish,
Portuguese
Illiesia
Slovenian Museum of
Natural History
S
V
N
English
Insecta Mundi
Center for Systematic
Entomology
U
S
A
English
Insects
MDPI AG
S
U
I
English
International Journal of Biology
Canadian Center of
Science and Education
C
A
N
English
Libertas Academica
N
Z
L
International Journal of Insect
Science
English
2
0
0
3
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190
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111
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56
International Journal of
Zoological Research
Academic Journals
Inc.
P
A
K
English
International Journal of Zoology
Hindawi Publishing
Corporation
E
G
Y
English
Invertebrate Survival Journal
ISJ
IT
A
English
ISRN Zoology
International
Scholarly Research
Network
E
G
Y
English
IUCN Otter Specialist Group
Bulletin
IUCN Otter Specialist
Group
U
K
English
Journal of Insect Science
University of
Wisconsin
U
S
A
English
Journal of the Acarological Society
of Japan
The Acarological
Society of Japan
JA
P
Japanese,
English
Journal of the Entomological
Society of British Columbia
Entomological Society
of British Columbia
C
A
N
English
Journal of Threatened Taxa
Wildlife Information
Liaison Development
Society
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English
Journal of Venomous Animals and
Toxins
Centro de Estudos de
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Peçonhentos
B
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A
English
Journal of Venomous Animals and
Toxins including Tropical
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Centro de Estudos de
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Peçonhentos
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English
Kempffiana
Museo de Historia
Natural Noel Kempff
Mercado
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Spanish,
English
Koedoe : African Protected Area
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AOSIS OpenJournals
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A
English
Latin American Journal of
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ProCAT
C
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Spanish,
English
MalaCo
Association Caracol
F
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A
French,
English
Malacologica Bohemoslovaca
Slovak Academy of
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S
V
K
English,
Slovak, Czech
The Seabird Group
R
S
A
Marine Ornithology
English
2
0
0
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2
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2
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?
N
?
?
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4
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0
.
4
1
2
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?
?
?
315
500
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100
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Y
220
350
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0
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2
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0
Y
110
180
57
Mastozoología Neotropical
Sociedad Argentina
para el Estudio de los
Mamíferos
A
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G
Spanish,
Portuguese,
English
Mollusca
Museum für
Tierkunde, Dresden
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English,
German
Neotropical Ichthyology
Sociedade Brasileira
de Ictiologia
B
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A
English
North-Western Journal of Zoology
Univeristy of Oradea
Publishing House
R
O
M
English
Open Entomology Journal
Bentham open
U
S
A
English
Open Ornithology Journal
Bentham open
U
S
A
English
Open Zoology Journal
Bentham open
U
S
A
English
Opuscula Zoologica Instituti
Zoosystematici et Oecologici
Universitatis Budapestinensis
Eötvös Loránd
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English,
German
Ornitología Colombiana
Asociación
Colombiana de
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Spanish,
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Pachyderm : Journal of the
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USP
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English,
Spanish,
Portuguese
Phyllomedusa : Journal of
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University of São
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B
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English
Polish Journal of Entomology
Versita Open
P
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English
Polish Polar Research
Versita Open
P
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English
Psyche : A Journal of Entomology
Hindawi Publishing
Corporation
E
G
Y
English
The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology
National University of
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SI
N
English
Raptors Conservation
Siberian
Environmental Center
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Russian,
English
2
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2
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505
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505
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505
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0
.
2
9
2
N
?
?
N
0.
8
7
5
0
.
4
7
6
N
?
?
Y
505
800
?
?
N
?
?
N
58
Revista Brasileira de Zoologia
Sociedade Brasileira
de Zoologia
B
R
A
English,
Spanish,
Portuguese
Revista Catalana d'Ornitologia
Ornithological Catalan
Institute
E
S
P
Catalan,
Spanish,
English
Revista Colombiana de
Entomología
Sociedad Colombiana
de Entomología
C
O
L
Spanish,
English
Revista de la Sociedad
Entomológica Argentina
Sociedad
Entomológica
Argentina
A
R
G
Spanish,
English
Revue de Primatologie
Société Francophone
de Primatologie
F
R
A
French,
English
Ribarstvo : Croatian Journal of
Fisheries
University of Zagreb
& Croatian
Ichthyological Society
C
R
O
English,
Croatian
Ring
Versita Open
P
O
L
English
Ruthenica : Russian Malacological
Journal
Ruthenica Publ.
R
U
S
Russian,
English
Serie Zoologica : Publicaciones de
Biologia de la Universidad de
Navarra
Universidad de
Navarra
E
S
P
Spanish,
English
SHILAP Revista de
Lepidopterología
Sociedad HispanoLuso-Americana de
Lepidopterología
E
S
P
Spanish,
English,
Italian,
French
Slovak Raptor Journal
Versita Open
S
V
K
English
Turkish Journal of Zoology
Scientific and
Technical Research
Council of Turkey
T
U
R
English
Vestnik Zoologii
Versita
U
K
R
English
Wildlife Biology in Practice
Sociedade Portuguesa
de Vida Selvagem
P
O
R
English
ZooKeys
Pensoft Publishers
B
U
L
English
Zoologia (Curitiba)
Sociedade Brasileira
de Zoologia
B
R
A
English,
Portuguese
Zoological Research
Chinese Academy of
Sciences
C
H
N
Chinese,
English
1
9
8
2
2
0
0
2
2
0
0
3
2
0
0
3
2
0
0
9
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?
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?
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?
0.
8
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3
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.
3
7
2
75
120
60
95
N
Y
0.
5
8
7
?
N
?
?
N
59
Biochemistry
Zoologische Mededelingen
Naturalis
N
E
D
ZooNotes
Plovdiv University
B
U
L
Bulgarian,
English
Zoosystema
Museum Nationale
d'Histoire Naturelle
Paris
F
R
A
English,
French
Acta Biochimica Polonica
Acta Biochimica
Polonica
P
O
L
English
Acta Bioquímica Clínica
Latinoamericana
Federación
Bioquímica de la
Provincia de Buenos
Aires
A
R
G
Spanish,
Portuguese
Advances and Applications in
Bioinformatics and Chemistry
Dove Medical Press
U
K
English
Advances in Biological Chemistry
Scientific Research
Publishing
U
S
A
English
African Journal of Biochemistry
Research
Academic Journals
Inc.
American Journal of Biochemistry
and Biotechnology
Science publications
Biochemia Medica
Medicinska naklada,
Zagreb
C
R
O
English,
Croatian
Biochemistry Insights
Libertas Academica
N
Z
L
English
Biochemistry Research
International
Hindawi Publishing
Corporation
E
G
Y
English
Biokemistri
Nigerian Society for
Experimental Biology
N
IG
English
Bioquímica y Patología Clínica
Asociación
Bioquímica Argentina
A
R
G
Spanish
BMB Reports
Korean Society for
Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology
K
O
R
Korean,
English
BMC Biochemistry
BioMed Central
U
K
English
BMC Chemical Biology
BioMed Central
U
K
English
Ni
g
er
ia
U
S
A
English
English
English
2
0
0
6
2
0
0
9
2
0
0
4
1
9
7
7
2
0
0
4
2
0
0
8
2
0
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7
2
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6
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8
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9
2
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3
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5
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0
0
8
2
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0
.
0
6
3
N
?
?
N
0.
6
5
0
0
.
3
6
3
1
.
5
9
5
1.
4
9
1
N
Y
300
475
0.
0
7
5
?
N
?
0
.
1
8
8
Y
118
0
186
5
?
?
Y
250
400
?
?
Y
315
500
?
?
Y
285
450
1.
3
4
3
0
.
3
7
3
N
?
?
Y
111
0
169
9
?
0
?
Y
630
100
0
?
?
Y
10
15
?
?
N
1.
7
1
8
1
.
0
4
0
1
.
1
9
0
2
.
2
8
6
Y
350
550
Y
123
0
192
0
Y
123
0
192
0
1.
9
8
8
?
60
Bulgarian Journal of Plant
physiology
Bulgarian Academy of
Sciences
B
U
L
English
Chem-Bio Informatics Journal
Chem-Bio Informatics
Society
JA
P
English
Clinical Proteomics
BioMed Central
U
K
English
DNA Research
Oxford University
Press
U
K
English
Enzyme Research
Hindawi Publishing
Corporation
U
K
English
European Cells and Materials
(ECM)
European Cells &
Materials Ltd
S
U
I
EXCLI Journal
IfADo
G
E
R
English
General and Applied Plant
Physiology
Bulgarian Academy of
Sciences
B
U
L
English
Indian Journal of Biochemistry &
Biophysics
International Journal of
Biochemistry and Molecular
Biology
National Institute of
Science
Communication And
Information
Resources
e-Century Publishing
Corporation
English
I
N
D
English
U
S
A
English
English
International Journal of
Biochemistry Research & Review
SCIENCEDOMAIN
International
I
N
D
International Journal of Biological
Sciences
Ivyspring
International
Publisher
A
U
S
English
International Journal of Peptides
Hindawi Publishing
Corporation
E
G
Y
English
International Journal of
Proteomics
Hindawi Publishing
Corporation
E
G
Y
English
Internet Electronic Journal of
Molecular Design
BioChem Press
U
S
A
English
Journal of Amino Acids
Hindawi Publishing
Corporation
U
K
English
Journal of Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology
Springer
K
O
R
Korean,
English
1
9
9
5
2
0
0
1
2
0
1
1
1
9
9
4
2
0
1
0
2
0
0
1
2
0
0
2
2
0
0
5
2
0
0
7
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
0
5
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
0
2
2
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
?
?
N
?
?
Y
370
600
Y
107
5
167
5
Y
280
500
?
5.
1
6
4
?
?
1.
0
6
1
0
.
7
5
0
3
.
1
3
1
?
1
.
6
7
1
0
.
4
5
5
Y
Free
August
2012
N
N
?
?
N
1.
1
4
2
?
N
?
?
Y
620
980
?
?
Y
315
500
2.
6
9
9
1
.
6
6
7
Y
850
134
5
?
?
Y
?
?
Y
?
0
.
1
4
3
N
?
?
Y
?
?
Y
Free
August
2012
315
500
Free
August
2012
350
550
61
Journal of Lipids
Hindawi Publishing
Corporation
E
G
Y
Journal of Natural Products
Journal of Natural
Products
I
N
D
English
Journal of Nucleic Acids
Hindawi Publishing
Corporation
U
S
A
English
Journal of Nucleic Acids
Investigation
PAGEPress
Publications
IT
A
English
Journal of Tissue Engineering
SAGE Publications
U
S
A
English
Molecular Biology International
Hindawi Publishing
Corporation
E
G
Y
English
Molecular Medicine
The Feinstein
Institute for Medical
Research
U
S
A
English
New Zealand Journal of Medical
Laboratory Science
New Zealand Institute
of Medical Laboratory
Science
N
Z
L
English
Nuclear Receptor Signaling
Nuclear Receptor
Signaling Atlas
U
S
A
English
Nucleic Acids Research
Oxford University
Press
U
K
English
Nutrition & Metabolism
BioMed Central
U
K
English
Open Biochemistry Journal
Bentham open
U
S
A
English
Open Proteomics Journal
Bentham open
U
S
A
English
Proteomics Insights
Libertas Academica
N
Z
L
English
Química Viva
Universidad de
Buenos Aires
A
R
G
Spanish
Research Letters in Biochemistry
Hindawi Publishing
Corporation
E
G
Y
English
Türk Biyokimya Dergisi
Turkish Biochemical
Society
T
U
R
Turkish,
English
English
2
0
1
1
2
0
0
8
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
7
2
0
0
3
1
9
9
6
2
0
0
4
2
0
0
7
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
0
2
2
0
0
8
1
9
9
9
?
?
Y
315
500
3.
1
2
8
1
.
8
6
7
Y
35
55
?
?
Y
630
100
0
?
?
Y
320
505
?
1
.
8
4
0
Y
950
150
0
?
?
Y
505
800
3.
7
5
7
2
.
3
6
4
0
.
1
7
4
5
.
8
8
2
4
.
4
7
1
1
.
8
8
6
Y
142
0
277
0
Y
113
5
177
0
?
?
8.
0
2
6
2.
8
8
5
N
N
N
?
?
Y
505
800
?
0
.
1
2
5
Y
505
800
?
?
Y
111
0
169
9
?
?
N
?
?
Y
630
100
0
?
0
.
1
2
6
N
62
Baishideng Publishing
Group Co. Limited
C
H
N
AgBioforum
University of Missouri
U
S
A
English
AMB Express
Springer
G
E
R
English
American Journal of Biochemistry
and Biotechnology
Science Publications
U
S
A
English
Anadolu University Journal of
Science and Technology - C. Life
Sciences and Biotechnology
Anadolu University
T
U
R
Turkish,
English
Bioautomation
Academic Publishing
House
B
U
L
English
Bioprocess
Hans Publishers
U
S
A
Chinese
Biotechnologie, Agronomie,
Société et Environnement
University of Liege
B
E
L
English,
French
Biotechnology
Asian Network for
Scientific Information
P
A
K
English
Biotechnology and Molecular
Biology Reviews
Academic Journals
Ni
g
er
ia
English
Biotechnology for Biofuels
BioMed Central
U
K
English
Biotechnology Research
International
Hindawi Publishing
Corporation
E
G
Y
English
Biotecnología en el Sector
Agropecuario y Agroindustrial
Universidad del Cauca
C
O
L
Spanish,
English
BMC Biotechnology
BioMed Central
U
K
English
Brazilian Archives of Biology and
Technology
Tecpar
B
R
A
English,
Portuguese
British Biotechnology Journal
SCIENCEDOMAIN
International
I
N
D
English
Croatian Journal of Food
Technology, Biotecnology and
Nutrition
Croatian Society of
Food Technologists
C
R
O
English,
Croatian
Biotechnology
World Journal of Biological
Chemistry
English
2
0
1
0
1
9
9
8
2
0
1
1
2
0
0
5
2
0
1
1
2
0
0
4
2
0
1
1
1
9
9
7
2
0
0
2
2
0
0
6
2
0
0
8
2
0
1
1
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
0
9
?
?
Y
380
600
?
0
.
5
6
0
N
?
?
Y
118
0
184
0
?
?
Y
285
450
?
?
N
?
?
N
?
?
Y
?
?
N
?
?
Y
390
625
?
?
Y
350
550
6.
0
8
8
2
.
8
1
3
Y
135
0
210
5
?
?
Y
100
0
100
0
?
?
N
2.
3
4
9
1
.
3
3
2
0
.
2
5
0
123
0
192
0
315
500
0.
5
5
1
Y
Available
on
Submission
N
?
?
Y
?
?
N
63
Electronic Journal of
Biotechnology
Pontificia Universidad
Católica de Valparaíso
C
H
I
English
Eubios Journal of Asian and
International Bioethics
Asian Bioethics
Association
JA
P
English
Fluoride
The International
Society for Fluoride
Research
N
Z
L
English
Food Technology and
Biotechnology
University of Zagreb
C
R
O
English
Indian Journal of Biotechnology
NISCAIR
I
N
D
English
Innovative Romanian Food
Biotechnology
Galati University
Press
R
O
M
English
International Journal
Bioautomation
Academic Publishing
House
B
U
L
English
International Journal of Advanced
Biotechnology and Research
BioIT
InternationalsJournal
s
I
N
D
English
International Journal of BioScience and Bio-Technology
SERSC
K
O
R
English
International Journal of
BioEngineering and Technology
International Journal
of BioEngineering and
Technology
I
N
D
English
International Journal of Biological
Sciences
Ivyspring
International
Publisher
A
U
S
English
International Journal of
BioSciences and Technology
International Journal
of BioSciences and
Technology
I
N
D
English
International Journal of
Biotechnology Applications
Bioinfo Publications
I
N
D
English
The Internet Journal of Genomics
and Proteomics
Internet Scientific
Publications, LLC
U
S
A
English
Journal of Biochemical
Technology
Sevas Publication
I
N
D
English
Journal of Biomaterials and
Nanobiotechnology
Scientific Research
Publishing
U
S
A
English
Journal of Biomedicine and
Biotechnology
Hindawi Publishing
Corporation
E
G
Y
English
1
9
9
8
1
9
9
5
1
9
6
8
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
4
2
0
0
7
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
0
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
0
5
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
0
3
2
0
0
8
2
0
1
0
2
0
0
1
0.
9
6
8
0
.
4
5
2
Y
?
?
N
0.
8
2
4
0
.
4
6
1
0
.
6
8
3
1.
1
9
5
380
600
175
275
885
140
0
N
N
0.
5
5
0
?
N
?
?
N
?
?
N
?
?
Y
?
?
N
?
?
N
2.
6
9
9
1
.
6
6
7
Y
?
?
N
?
?
Y
520
825
?
?
Y
175
275
?
?
N
?
?
Y
315
500
2.
4
3
6
1
.
3
3
7
Y
950
150
0
64
Journal of Ecobiotechnology
Society for Scientific
Research
I
N
D
Journal of Microbiology,
Biotechnology and Food Sciences
Slovak University of
Agriculture
S
V
K
English
Journal of Nanobiotechnology
BioMed Central
U
K
English
Mljekarstvo
Croatian Dairy Union
C
R
O
English,
Croatian
Nanotechnology, Science and
Applications
Dove Medical Press
U
K
English
Open Biotechnology Journal
Bentham open
U
S
A
English
Open Food Science Journal
Bentham open
U
S
A
English
Plant Biotechnology
Japanese Society for
Plant Cell and
Molecular Biology
JA
P
English
Química Viva
Universidad de
Buenos Aires
A
R
G
Spanish
Research in Biotechnology
GKS Publishers
I
N
D
English
Revista Ceres
Universidade Federal
De Viçosa
B
R
A
Portuguese,
English,
Spanish
Revista Colombiana de
Biotecnología
Universidad Nacional
de Colombia, Instituto
de Biotecnología
C
O
L
English,
Spanish
Revista del Instituto Nacional de
Higiene Rafael Rangel
Instituto Nacional de
Higiene Rafael Rangel
V
E
N
Spanish
Scholars' Research Journal
Society Of United Life
Sciences, India
I
N
D
English
R
O
M
English
Scientific Bulletin Biotechnology :
Series F
Trends in Biomaterials & Artificial
Organs
Tropical Journal of
Pharmaceutical Research
Universitatea de
Ştiinţe Agronomice si
Medicina Veterinara
Bucuresti
Society for
Biomaterials and
Artificial Organs
University of Benin
English
I
N
D
English
N
IG
English
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
1
2
0
0
3
2
0
0
1
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
7
2
0
0
7
2
0
0
1
2
0
0
2
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
0
2
0
0
3
2
0
0
8
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
0
1
2
0
0
2
?
?
?
?
0
.
4
7
1
1
.
3
1
8
Y
125
200
125
0
195
0
N
Y
?
?
N
?
?
Y
118
0
186
5
?
0
.
2
1
4
Y
505
800
?
?
Y
505
800
0.
9
4
4
?
Y
100
0
158
0
?
?
N
?
?
Y
30
50
?
?
Y
50
75
?
?
N
?
?
N
?
0
.
0
2
6
N
?
?
N
138,
357
217
363
?
0.
8
2
0
0
.
2
5
0
0
.
5
7
6
Total
N
N
65
Appendix 4
Cumulative growth of open access and rise of APC business model in the
biological and life sciences
Start date
Until 1950
1950-1969
1970-1979
1980-1989
1990-1994
1995-1999
2000-2004
2005-2008
2009-2011
No. OA
Journals
4
7
6
11
7
35
133
126
129
No. charging
APC
3
3
1
2
2
6
52
68
76
Start date
Until 1950
1950-1969
1970-1979
1980-1989
1990-1994
1995-1999
2000-2004
2005-2008
2009-2011
Cumulative
No. OA
No. charging
Journals
APC
4
3
11
6
17
7
28
9
35
11
70
17
203
69
329
137
458
213
66
Appendix 5
% of OA journals in the biological and life sciences charging an author fee
versus those using a different financial model
Subject Area
Broad Area
Sub-area
Anatomy
Botany
Cytology
Biology
Genetics
Microbiology
Physiology
Zoology
Biochemistry
Life Sciences
Biotechnology
Totals
Charging Author Fee
Number
6
23
7
43
38
11
26
35
24
213
%
54.55
27.71
58.33
78.18
64.41
28.95
25.74
71.43
48.00
Using a different
model
Number
%
5
45.45
60
72.29
5
41.67
12
21.82
21
35.59
27
71.05
75
74.26
14
28.57
26
52.00
245
Total journals
listed
11
83
12
55
59
38
101
49
50
458
67
Appendix 6
Frequency distribution of APC’s charged by OA journals in biology and the
life sciences
APC (£)
0 - 99
100 - 199
200 - 299
300 - 399
400 - 499
500 - 599
600 - 699
700 - 799
800 - 899
900 - 999
1000 - 1099
1100 - 1199
1200 - 1299
1300 - 1399
1400 - 1499
1500 - 1599
1600 - 1699
1700 - 1799
1800 - 1899
1900 - 1999
≥2000
Frequency
0
21
17
17
33
11
13
13
11
6
9
20
14
16
5
6
0
0
0
1
0
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Appendix 7
The relationship between impact factor and author fee in open access
journals in the biological and life sciences
Impact Factor
2.339
3.068
0.565
0.204
0.360
3.450
0.907
0.944
2.830
1.734
0.630
3.000
0.788
2.841
1.400
2.480
4.070
2.330
3.690
1.282
5.164
4.460
3.021
1.390
1.860
1.184
2.885
4.618
0.788
0.306
8.694
3.044
3.138
0.988
5.311
3.552
Author Fees
(GBP)
800
750
750
150
115
1230
220
80
1095
330
110
1175
700
950
1075
1230
1230
1230
1230
950
315
1435
1250
280
1075
520
950
860
795
50
1420
1230
834
63
1900
1075
9.127
6.470
3.750
2.267
2.170
3.703
2.885
1.555
1.559
2.328
2.045
0.564
1.882
0.291
0.679
2.905
1.363
4.460
1.064
0.248
0.879
1.491
1.718
1.988
5.164
2.699
3.128
8.026
2.885
6.088
2.349
0.968
2.699
2.436
0.944
Average
1420
834
1105
60
1075
1295
1135
180
750
1075
1135
55
320
120
475
320
220
1350
55
75
60
300
350
1230
315
850
35
1420
1135
1350
1230
370
950
950
1000
2.593
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Appendix 8
The relationship between citations per document (2y) and author fee in
open access journals in the biological and life sciences
Cites per doc (2y)
1.076
0.197
0.042
0.186
1.133
2.293
0.382
0.404
0.600
1.675
0.415
1.744
0.361
0.308
1.122
0.796
1.406
2.320
1.353
2.149
0.630
3.131
3.227
0.619
1.427
2.143
0.308
1.167
0.257
1.255
1.500
4.131
0.706
0.706
1.964
1.645
0.677
0.661
1.918
0.357
1.429
4.346
3.584
1.381
3.111
0.533
Author fee (GBP)
800
750
150
110
390
1230
390
220
80
1095
110
1175
950
700
950
1075
1230
1230
1230
1230
950
315
1435
520
950
860
795
950
620
1075
500
1420
280
1075
1230
834
630
63
1075
700
1100
1420
834
1075
1250
1080
1.696
1.467
1.000
0.694
1.304
1.333
1.307
2.149
1.886
0.903
0.425
1.246
1.234
0.348
0.819
0.135
0.621
1.370
2.557
4.460
0.412
0.200
0.429
0.200
0.067
0.372
1.595
0.188
1.040
1.190
2.286
0.750
3.131
1.667
1.867
1.840
4.471
1.886
0.125
2.813
1.332
0.452
1.667
1.337
1.318
0.214
Average
1105
1230
800
620
1075
1075
1075
1295
1135
180
750
1075
1135
55
320
120
475
320
220
1350
1110
110
55
500
75
60
300
1180
350
1230
1230
1075
315
850
35
950
1420
1135
505
1350
1230
370
885
950
1250
505
1.332
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Appendix 9
The 8 commonest publishing companies publishing open access journals in
biology and the life sciences
Publishing Company
Category
BioMed
Central
Bentham
Open
Hindawi
Oxford
Uni.Press
Dove
Medical
Press
Plos
Internet
Scientific
Publications
MedKnow
Anatomy
Botany
Cytology
Genetics
Microbiology
Physiology
Zoology
Biochemistry
Biotechnology
Total =
% of OA
Journals
0
2
2
12
7
10
1
4
3
41
1
2
0
1
3
3
3
2
2
17
1
2
2
6
4
2
2
9
2
30
0
2
0
2
0
0
0
2
0
6
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
5
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
3
0
0
2
1
2
0
0
0
0
5
8.95
3.71
6.55
1.31
1.09
0.44
0.66
1.09
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Appendix 10
Interview summary transcript, Rhodri Jackson, Senior Publisher for Law
Journals and Oxford Open at Oxford University Press
Please outline your position and relation to open access journals.
Rhodri Jackson, Senior Publisher, Law Journals and Oxford Open. I manage OUP's open access
program. Oxford University Press has been publishing OA content since 2004.
Do you think there is still a place for subscription based journals?
In a word, yes. Our mission is to facilitate the widest possible dissemination of high-quality
research. We embrace both green and gold open access (OA) publishing to support this mission.
For the foreseeable future, we expect a mixed business model publishing industry. In some
areas, gold OA will be the best option; in others it will be the subscription model, with provision
for green OA after specified periods.
Do the scholarly community value high impact factor of a journal over open access?
It depends what the 'scholarly community' is defined as. The views of the scholarly community
in law are radically different to those of the scholarly community in medicine, for example.
Impact Factor is much more important in some disciplines than others - as indeed is OA. I think
impact factor is often used as a byword for quality, and while there are some problems with
that, I'd say in answer to your question that to most authors the quality and prestige of the
journal in which they publish is still more important than the access control.
What is the impact factor of your journal? How do you go about measuring it?
Many of our 270+ journals have Impact Factors, and they're all assessed by Thomson Reuters
according to their publicly accessible criteria.
What are your article processing costs?
This varies on a journal by journal basis
What are your author fees?
These can all be found online and vary by journal. The standard charges for our hybrid journals
are £1700.
The charges for our fully open access journals are all lower and can all be found on their
relevant pages for example the Journal of Radiation Research (APC = £750), whilst DNA
research charges an APC of £280.
Some don't charge at all for example Bioscience Horizons.
OUP’s fully open access journals are AoB Plants, Bioscience Horizons, Database, DNA Research,
Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health, Genome Biology and Evolution, Journal of Legal
Analysis, Journal of Radiation Research, NAR and Progress of Theoretical and Experimental
Physics
How do you meet these costs? Advertising, sponsorship support, institutional/individual
membership schemes, etc.
We have 270 journals and the revenue streams across all of them are different. We only have
one institutional membership scheme currently for Nucleic Acids Research (NAC). Some of our
journals receive advertising, we also have subscription sales, of course, on all of our hybrid titles
and some of our fully open access journals (print only). Some OA journals are sponsored (e.g.
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Journal of Legal Analysis, Bioscience Horizons, DNA Research). For the fully OA journals, the
majority of the revenue comes from author fees.
What percentage of article processing charges are met by author fees?
Author fees makeup the vast majority of the income for OA titles such as Nucleic Acids Research.
NAR is exceptional in that it still has print subscriptions and has an institutional membership
scheme, unlike our other OA titles. Again though, all of this varies on a title by title basis.
For open access journals which do not charge author fees, how do you think their costs
are met?
Usually sponsorship with some very minor advertising income.
To what extent do you agree with the viewpoint that we are replacing financial barriers
to reading with financial barriers to publishing?
I think we need to be careful to manage any transition to OA in a way that ensures this is not the
case.
What mechanism do you have in place to enable research institutions as well as
individuals to meet the costs of article processing charges?
We do operate waiver schemes for authors who cannot pay, and discounted rates for authors
from developing countries.
Where do you see the future of academic publishing?
Certainly towards open access.
Are you happy to be named/journal to be named in my dissertation?
Yes that is fine
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Appendix 11
Interview summary transcript, Roger Harris, Editor in Chief at The Journal
of Plankton Research, Oxford University Press
Please outline your position and relation to open access journals.
I am Editor of the Journal of Plankton Research, published by Oxford University Press. My
responses are personal/editorial rather than necessarily representing the views of OUP.
Personally I support the concept of Open Access and would like JPR to move more in this
direction. However, the route is not clear or straightforward and as a relatively small journal we
are dependent on wider OUP policy in relation to Open Access.
Do you think there is still a place for subscription based journals?
Yes, and I think that they will persist for some years to come.
Do the scholarly community value high impact factor of a journal over open access?
Yes, this remains much more important than Open Access. Impact factor still is the main feature
by which scientists judge a journal and chose to publish in it. This is driven by many factors,
academic/scientific employment applications, promotion, “perceived status” etc. At present the
impact factor has an overriding (and one might say distorting) effect on scientific publishing.
What is the impact factor of your journal? How do you go about measuring it?
Currently the Journal Plankton Research impact factor for 2011 is 2.079. We use Journal
Citation Reports from ISI Web of Science.
What are your pre-publication costs?
I don’t have direct information on this aspect. Costs must include all Oxford University Press
work pre- (and post-) publication. Certainly, some editorial remuneration (small), the cost of
production and copy-editing, maintenance of a web-presence, printing and distribution of print
copies as well as marketing. Of course, with a large publisher these are distributed across a
large number of titles.
How do you meet these costs? Advertising, sponsorship support, institutional/individual
membership schemes, pay per view etc.
JPR is wholly-owned by OUP. There is no society/membership support. Costs will be covered by
institutional subscriptions (mainly through consortia “deals”) and a smaller number of
individual subscriptions.
Where open access is selected, what are your author fees?
We charge the same as other Oxford Open journals, that is £1700. The take-up of paid-for Open
Access in JPR is (surprisingly) low. I would estimate that <5% of authors chose this paid-for
option at present and there is no clear upward trend. We do provide some papers “free-online”,
for example a “Featured Article” in each issue.
What do the author fees pay for?
Essentially for their paper to be published freely (Open Access) on-line. Librarians have argued
to me that as Open Access increases then the subscription price should reduce (the implication
is that otherwise payment is being made twice – once by the author, and also through the
standard subscription/consortia model).
For open access journals which do not charge author fees, how do you think their costs
are met?
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Unclear to me.
To what extent do you agree with the viewpoint that we are replacing financial barriers
to reading with financial barriers to publishing?
I think that this is quite a valid view. Certainly, for individual scientists, those working in small
institutions and particular Developing Countries Open Access may raise financial problems in
publishing.
What mechanism do you have in place to enable research institutions as well as
individuals to meet the cost of journal subscriptions and/or author fees?
OUP seem good (to me) in providing help to Developing Countries with discounted charges
(both subscription and Open Access) for groups of countries:
List A developing country charge - £0 /$0 / €0
Afghanistan ; Bangladesh ; Benin ; Burkina Faso ; Burundi ; Cambodia ; Central African Republic
; Chad ; Comoros ; Congo, the Democratic Republic of The ; Eritrea ; Ethiopia ; Gambia ; Ghana ;
Guinea ; Guinea-Bissau ; Haiti ; Kenya ; Kyrgyzstan ; Lao People's Democratic Republic ; Liberia ;
Madagascar ; Malawi ; Mali ; Mauritania ; Mozambique ; Myanmar ; Nepal ; Niger ; Rwanda ;
Sierra Leone ; Solomon Islands ; Somalia ; Tanzania, United Republic of ; Togo ; Uganda ; Zambia
; Zimbabwe
List B developing country charge - £850 / $1500 / €1275
Armenia ; Bhutan ; Bolivia, Cameroon ; Cape Verde ; Congo ; Cote D'Ivoire ; Djibouti ; Ecuador ;
El Salvador ; Guatemala ; Guyana ; Honduras ; Kiribati ; Lesotho ; Maldives ; Marshall Islands ;
Micronesia, Federated States of ; Nicaragua ; Palestinian Territory, Occupied ; Papua New
Guinea ; Paraguay ; Samoa ; Sao Tome and Principe ; Senegal ; Timor-Leste ; Tonga ;
Turkmenistan ; Vanuatu ; Yemen
Where do you see the future of academic publishing?
Very difficult to predict the future. The move will certainly be to Open Access, but how the
“conventional” scientific publishers will adapt and over what time-scale is difficult to say. Many
of the on-line “open access start-up” journals that are appearing seem unlikely to survive. The
standards/systems of the reputable academic publishers will continue to be valued into the
future.
Are you happy to be named/journal to be named in my dissertation?
Happy to be named as Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Plankton Research. Views do not
necessarily reflect those of Oxford University Press.
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Appendix 12
Interview summary transcript of a publisher who wishes to remain
anonymous representing a well know open access medical journal
Please outline your position and relationship to open access science publishing.
My name is Tim Hill and I am the Publisher at Dove Medical Press. I manage the New Zealandbased editorial offices which are responsible for publishing all 124 of our Open Access journals.
Our journals are all science and/or medicine-based titles. All are peer-reviewed and each has its
own Editor-in-Chief. These are drawn from many of the leading academic and research
institutions around the globe.
Do you think there is still a place for subscription based journals?
Yes certainly at the very top end of journal publishing spectrum. Further down the food chain I
think that the outlook for subscription-based journals is a little bleak.
Do the scholarly community value high impact factor of a journal over open access?
Some do. It seems that there is a general lack of knowledge amongst authors about how Impact
Factors are calculated and in some cases the scores are 'gamed' by unscrupulous publishers
(both OA and subscription-based publishers). Authors in the developing countries seem to have
a great reliance on Impact Factors and, in some cases, are mandated by their institutions to
publish in journals with high impact factors.
How do you think impact factor influences your ability to finance open science?
The impact factors do bring in a number of papers though this is not always the case for
example in underdeveloped countries. While the number of papers increases for these journals
they tend to be the more difficult, time-intensive papers from authors who are less fluent in
English. There is not a great financial benefit for us as we manuscript edit everything that we
receive from authors. It costs us quite a lot more to manuscript edit papers where the English
language is poor.
What are your article processing costs? How do you meet these costs?
Running any business requires that costs are carefully managed. Some of my costs are:
Staff (my single biggest expense) all of whom are in New Zealand
External contractors - all my manuscript editing is done in Canada. I also have contract proofreaders here in NZ
Typesetting, data conversion, graphics (quite a number of submitted figures have to be redrawn
to meet PubMed quality standards)
Website development and IT - Our website has 5m downloads per year so keeping this system
up and running optimally is not cheap
Office rental etc
What are your author fees? How do you justify these costs?
We price by bands. That means that we charge more for our journals with impact factors than
we do for those, say, not on PubMed yet. A full list of author fees is available on the website.
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You might be interested to learn that more than 50% of our papers are either published without
charge or are heavily discounted.
It’s difficult to justify these costs. The simple fact is that if we charge too much we won't receive
papers and if we charge too little we go out of business. To have a long-term business model we
need to make a profit. I speak with 35 years of academic publishing when I say that OA
publishing will probably never be as lucrative as subscription publishing.
To what extent do you agree with the viewpoint that we are replacing financial barriers
to reading with financial barriers to publishing?
Sadly in this world someone always has to pay. My personal view is that it is more equitable to
include the cost of publishing along with the research grant application and make it completely
transparent. In that way the public and tax payers who generally pay for all research in one
form or another can access what they have paid for.
The subscription model takes what the tax payer has paid for and then charges the tax payer to
access it. That somehow just seems quite wrong to me as a tax payer.
What mechanism do you have in place to enable research institutions as well as
individual researchers to meet the costs of article processing charges?
We are always happy to discuss institutional pricing with our clients.
Where do you see the future of academic publishing?
Probably more Open Access, but the subscription model publishers will continue to put up a
smoke screen to try to protect their traditionally very lucrative business model. However,
eventually I am sure that people will see through the smoke screen and Open Access will be the
norm.
Is 100% open access science achievable?
Probably not, but it should grow to be very significant.
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