PV Solar Energy Electric Generation
Commercial and Residential Applications
MSc. MSEE Ing. Dhionny Strauss
Caracas, February 2011
Agenda
• PV Applications – Example Revision
• Equipment
PV Solar Cells, PV Modules Specifications
Specifications
Mechanical support and installation
Electrical Wiring
DC/AC Inverter System
• Design of PV Systems
MSc. MSEE Ing. D.Strauss
• Statistics, Technology and PV Systems
• Conclusions
PV Solar Energy Electric Generation,
Commercial and Residential Applications
2 / 62
February 2011
Agenda
•
PV Applications – Example Revision
• Equipment
PV Solar Cells, PV Modules Specifications
Mechanical support and installation
Electrical Wiring
DC/AC Inverter System
• Design of PV Systems
MSc. MSEE Ing. D.Strauss
• Statistics, Technology and PV Systems
• Conclusions
PV Solar Energy Electric Generation,
Commercial and Residential Applications
3 / 62
February 2011
PV Applications
1. Grid Connected
- Commercial Buildings: 1-100 kW
- PV Power Plants – Industrial: 100-500 kW and >500 kW
2. Grid Connected with Batteries Backup
3. Off Grid
MSc. MSEE Ing. D.Strauss
- Architectural, Solar Home Systems:
1-60 kW, n>60kW-100kW
- Water Pumping
- Telecom
- Space
Source: Solar Dish. Schlaich, Bergermann and Partner. [29]
Power Tower Solar. SL LLC Consulting Group. [30]
PV Solar Energy Electric Generation,
Commercial and Residential Applications
4 / 62
February 2011
PV Applications
4. Facts from the Sun
Mass: About 2x1030 kg. 330,000 times Earth.
Diameter: 1392x106 km. 109 times Earth.
Mean Distance from Earth: 149.6x106 km.
Surface Area: 6.09×1012 km².
Volume: 1.41x1018 km3.
Density: 1.40 kg/m3.
Surface Temperature: 5778 ̊K.
Corona Temperature: 5x106 ̊K / Center: 1.57x107 ̊K.
MSc. MSEE Ing. D.Strauss
-
The effective temperature, or black body temperature, of the Sun (5777 K) is the
temperature a black body of the same size must have to yield the same total
emissive power.
PV Solar Energy Electric Generation,
Commercial and Residential Applications
5 / 62
February 2011
PV Applications
5. Facts from the Solar Energy
-
MSc. MSEE Ing. D.Strauss
-
Insolation: Is a measure of solar radiation energy received on a given surface area in
a given time.
It can be expressed in Watts per Square Meter (W/m2)
Kilowatt-hours per Square Meters per Day. (kW.h)/(m2.day) or (hours/day).
Over the course of a year the average solar radiation arriving at the top of the Earth's
atmosphere is roughly 1,366 (W/m2). The radiant power is distributed across the
entire electromagnetic spectrum, although most of the power is in the visible light
portion of the spectrum.
The Sun's rays are attenuated as they pass though the atmosphere, thus reducing the
insolation at the Earth's surface to approximately 1,000 watts per square meter for a
surface perpendicular to the Sun's rays at sea level on a clear day.
PV Solar Energy Electric Generation,
Commercial and Residential Applications
6 / 62
February 2011
PV Applications
Solar Potentiality and Power
Availability
The map shows the average
solar radiation per day average
for purpose of standard
calculations of the potentiality
of installations of Photovoltaic
arrays in the area.
Sao Paulo, Brasil : 4.5 - 403W/m2
Montevideo, Uruguay : 3.3 – 295W/m2
Buenos Aires, Argentina : 3.8 – 340.31W/m2
Asuncion, Paraguay : 3.0 – 268.66W/m2
Santiago de Chile, Chile : 3.0 – 268.66W/m2
Santa Cruz, Bolivia : 4.0 – 358.22W/m2
Lima, Peru : 3.0 – 268.66W/m2
Quito, Ecuador : 4.0 – 358.22W/m2
Bogota, Colombia: 4.2 – 376.13W/m2
PV Solar Energy Electric Generation,
Commercial and Residential Applications
7 / 62
MSc. MSEE Ing. D.Strauss
-
February 2011
PV Applications
Solar Potentiality and power
availability
Area: 916,445 km2
Caracas : 4.5 – 403W/m2
Valencia : 4.5 – 403W/m2
Maracaibo : 5 – 447.7W/m2
All Approximated Graphical
Data of Insolation
Caracas
PV Solar Energy Electric Generation,
Commercial and Residential Applications
8 / 62
Valencia
Maracaibo
February 2011
MSc. MSEE Ing. D.Strauss
Otras Ciudades
Maracay : 4.0 – 358.22W/m2
Puerto La Cruz : 4.0 – 358.22W/m2
San Cristobal : 4.5 – 403W/m2
Porlamar : 5 – 447.7W/m2
PV Applications
Finsterwalde Solar Park, Branderburg, Germany
Nov. 2010 – Biggest PV Solar Park in the World
81MWp PV, 324000*250W Ap. – Q Cells PV Panels.
Maverick Gardens, MA, USA – 2005
37kWp PV, 112*330W RWE Schott PV Panels
14 Inverters 2500 W SMA Sunny-boy with NI
Data Acquisition System.
Staples Center Sports Stadium, Los
Angeles, California USA
345kWp PV, 1727*200W.
PV Solar Energy Electric Generation,
Commercial and Residential Applications
9 / 62
February 2011
MSc. MSEE Ing. D.Strauss
Strasskirchen Solar Park, Strasskirchen, Germany
May 2010 – Sixth Largest PV Solar Park
54MWp PV, 230000*200W Ap. - Q Cells PV Panels.
PV Applications
Project Masdar City, Abu Dhabi Reign, United Arab Emirates
Total area: 6km2. 40-60 MWp Initially, later. First St. 2015.
130MWp+Wind+Hydrogen. 100% Sustainable. Conergy Solar.
Culture House Library - Building Integrated
Photovoltaics and Heating, Milbertshofen,
Germany – 2005
4.7kWp PV, 68 Glass Panels, Glass Arnold and
SCHOTTsolar Panels.
PV Solar Energy Electric Generation,
Commercial and Residential Applications
Project Babcock Ranch City, Charlotte County, FL
75 MWp Initially PV + Other Tech. First City with 100%
Electricity Supplied by Solar Energy. Kitson & Partners.
10 / 62
February 2011
MSc. MSEE Ing. D.Strauss
Lieberose Solar Park, Lieberose, Germany
October 2009. Thin Layer Technology.
53 MWp PV, 700000*75W Ap. - First Solar.
PV Applications
Heliotrope Haus, Freiburg, Germany – 1994
With Sun Tracking System
6.6 kWp PV, 60x110W Siemens M 110 L PV
Panels.
Erlasee Power Plant, Arstein, Germany – 2007
With Double Axis Sun Tracking System MOVER XL
12 MWp PV, 1408 Modules SOLON AG
Granja Solar Movible.
Nurnberg Stadium, Germany – 2006
140kWp PV, 758x185 W Siemens PV Panels.
PV Solar Energy Electric Generation,
Commercial and Residential Applications
11 / 62
February 2011
MSc. MSEE Ing. D.Strauss
Project Desertec – Solar Photovoltaics &
Concentration in Middle East and North Africa
Total Area: 17000km2 , Supply 15% Europe
Energy Needs by 2050 – App. 100 GW.
PV Applications
Solar Euro Dish, Stirling Motor – Stuttgart,
Germany – 2005
8.5m diameter, 10kW each.
Schlaich, Bergermann and Partner.
PV Solar Energy Electric Generation,
Commercial and Residential Applications
Solar Parabolic Trough. Solar Concentration.
Solar Millenium AG. Guadix, Granada, Spain – 2009
Andasol 1, Andasol 2 y Andasol 3. 50MWe each.
MSc. MSEE Ing. D.Strauss
BASF Haus. Casa de la Eficiencia Energetica.
CasaE , Tortuguitas, Argentina – 2010 Eficiencia
Energetica, Aislacion y Pinturas Ecosustentables.
Total Area: 200m2. 80% Ahorro Energetico.
Solar Power Tower P20. 1255 Mirrors. (120m2) 1291
ft2. 531 ft height tower. Sevilla, Spain – 2009
20 MW. Abengoa Solar.
12 / 62
February 2011
Agenda
•
PV Applications – Example Revision
• Equipment
PV Solar Cells, PV Modules Specifications
Mechanical support and installation
Electrical Wiring
DC/AC Inverter System
• Design of PV Systems
MSc. MSEE Ing. D.Strauss
• Statistics, Technology and PV Systems
• Conclusions
PV Solar Energy Electric Generation,
Commercial and Residential Applications
13 / 62
February 2011
PV Cell Types
• PV Cells are the basic component of PV Solar Modules.
• PV Cells operate through the Photoelectric Effect, liberating electrons/hole
pairs in the course of the photon/semiconductor materials interaction.
Photoelectric Effect Schematic
Sun
Light
RS
A
5
1
Id
3
Light
Bulb
Photovoltaic
Effect Cell
PV Cell
_
n
PV Cell Function
Scheme on a
Silicium Solar Cell
p
+
Electrical
Distribution
Cables
Iph
4
2
1. Negative Electrode
2. Positive Electrode
3. n-Silicon
4. p-Silicon
5. Barrier layer
Iph
RP
V
B
Iph: Photocurrent/Short current.
Id: Diode current
IL: Load current
RP: Parallel resistance / internal flux
RS: Series resistance / electrode
RL: Load resistance – Light bulb
PV cells are manufactured from different materials
PV Solar Energy Electric Generation,
Commercial and Residential Applications
14 / 62
February 2011
RL
IL
MSc. MSEE Ing. D.Strauss
Electrical
Load DC
Electrical Schematic
PV Cell Types
Materials for PV Solar Cells
Manufacturing
Photoelectric Effect Schematic
26
c-Si
24
Conversion efficiency (%)
CdTe
a-Si
crystalline
c-Si. Crystalline Silicon PV Cells
• Mono-crystalline
• Poly-crystalline
amorphous
22
20
18
a-Si. Amorphous Silicon PV Cells
GaAs
InP
16
14
12
GaAs. Gallium Arsenide PV Cells
Cu2S
10
8
CdTe. Cadmium Telluride
6
4
2
InP. Indium Phosphide
0
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
MSc. MSEE Ing. D.Strauss
0.8
Forbidden bandgap of semiconductor, Eg (eV)
Theoretical Maximum Levels of Efficiency
of Various Solar Cells Builds
PV Solar Energy Electric Generation,
Commercial and Residential Applications
15 / 62
February 2011
PV Modules
• PV Cells Allows the use of PV Solar cells to generate
DC Power from the Sun.
PV Cells Micro Strings
Cell connection in SeriesParallel
Finger
electrodes
Bus electrode
for current
collection
n-Si
Back
electrode
Si-H-Junction
Cell Schematic
PV Solar Energy Electric Generation,
Commercial and Residential Applications
_
Cathode
Anode
+
MSc. MSEE Ing. D.Strauss
p-Si
PV Solar Panels Electrical
Connection Example
16 / 62
February 2011
PV Applications
Block Diagram Components
1. PV Panels.
2. String Forming Through Wiring.
3. Inverse Current Blocking Diode.
4. String Interconnection Box.
5. Electrical Protection.
String 1
String 2
String 3
PV Application Block Diagram
String 1
String Philosophy:
String 3
AC Wiring
4. Single PV Module - Inverter
Single PV String – Inverter
PV Solar Energy Electric Generation,
Commercial and Residential Applications
17 / 62
February 2011
MSc. MSEE Ing. D.Strauss
String 2
DC Wiring
1. Central PV- Inveter
2. Single PV String – Inverter
3. Multi PV String - Inverter
PV Modules Specifications
• Electrical Specifications
Voltage, Current, Power Normal Operation and Short Circuit.
• Mechanical Specifications
Support, Weight and Size.
• Operating Conditions
Temperature and Safety Conditions.
• Warranty and Certifications
MSc. MSEE Ing. D.Strauss
Guaranteed time of Operation.
PV Solar Energy Electric Generation,
Commercial and Residential Applications
18 / 62
February 2011
PV Modules Specifications
Technical Drawing
Aleo Solar – Modulo S_16
175 – 180 – 185 W
175W, 180W, 185W Rated 23.6 V
DC ,VOC:
30 V
Front View
DC
Source: Aleo Solar Bosch
PV Solar Energy Electric Generation,
Commercial and Residential Applications
19 / 62
February 2011
MSc. MSEE Ing. D.Strauss
• Example: Aleo Solar – Solar Modules Polycrystalline
Silicium Model S_16 – Range 175, 180, 185 Watts
PV Modules Specifications
• Electrical Specifications
Model
Aleo Solar Model S_16
S.16.185
Rated Power (Pmax)
185 W
Rated Voltage(Vpm)
24 V
Power (Pmax)
132 W
Maximum Power
Current (Ipm)
7,70 A
Voltage (Vpm)
21,3 V
Open Circuit Voltage
(Voc)
30,4V
Current (Ipm)
6,17 A
Short Circuit Current
(Isc)
8,20 A
Open Circuit
Voltage (Voc)
27,8 V
Temperature
Coefficient: (Pmax)
-0,46 %/ K
Short Circuit
Current (Isc)
6,60 A
Temperature
Coefficient: (Voc)
-0,34 %/ K
Efficiency (η)
11,9 %
PV Solar Energy Electric Generation,
Commercial and Residential Applications
Temperature
Coefficient: (Isc)
+0,04 %/ K
20 / 62
February 2011
MSc. MSEE Ing. D.Strauss
Electric Data by 1000W/m2, 25° C: AM 1.5
Standard Test Conditions
PV Modules Specifications
• Mechanical Specifications
50Cells, Polycrystalline
Si
Dimensions (Large x
Width x Height)
1660mmx830mmx50mm
Junction Box Internal
Bypass Diodes
3 Bypass Diodes
Cable Length (+Male/Female)
1200 mm (+), 800 mm(-)
Glass Cover
Solar Glass TSG
Cell Size
156mmx156mm
Module Area
1,328 m2
Connectors
MC3 Class
Weight
17 kg
Static Wind Load Max.
5400 Pa
Frame Material
Al Alloy
Snow Load Max.
5400 Pa
MSc. MSEE Ing. D.Strauss
Solar Cells Number and
Type
PV Solar Energy Electric Generation,
Commercial and Residential Applications
21 / 62
February 2011
PV Modules Specifications
MSc. MSEE Ing. D.Strauss
• IV Curve of Solar Module.
PV Solar Energy Electric Generation,
Commercial and Residential Applications
22 / 62
February 2011
Agenda
•
PV Applications – Example Revision
• Equipment
PV Solar Cells, PV Modules Specifications
Mechanical support and installation
Electrical Wiring
DC/AC Inverter System
• Design of PV Systems
MSc. MSEE Ing. D.Strauss
• Statistics, Technology and PV Systems
• Conclusions
PV Solar Energy Electric Generation,
Commercial and Residential Applications
23 / 62
February 2011
Mechanical Support and Installation
• Four types of PV installations:
Ground Mount
Flat Roof
Roof Mounted - Tiles
Integrated Roof
Faςade – Architecture
Sun Tracking
MSc. MSEE Ing. D.Strauss
•
•
•
•
•
•
PV Solar Energy Electric Generation,
Commercial and Residential Applications
24 / 62
February 2011
Mechanical Support and Installation
Ground Mount
• The installation of PV Panels directly
on
ground,
requires
concrete
footings, aluminum profiles as well as
2” Schedule 40 Steel Galvanized pipe
for ground PV panels support.
• Mechanical Interconnection
elements from Aluminum.
PV Solar Energy Electric Generation,
Commercial and Residential Applications
25 / 62
MSc. MSEE Ing. D.Strauss
• Installation of PV panels on ground
directly also requires of adequate
terrain
flatness.
Tilt of PV panels remain fixed.
February 2011
Mechanical Support and Installation
Flat Roof
• Profile construction ensures a maximum
yield at an angle of 30o to the sun.
• The Flat Roof installation can be
screwed directly to the building structure
or secured using weights elements.
Standard Roof
PV Solar Energy Electric Generation,
Commercial and Residential Applications
26 / 62
MSc. MSEE Ing. D.Strauss
• Allows to attach PV panels to a variety
of roof types easily and securely and
adapt them to specific conditions. A wide
variety of roof anchor points for standard
and special shapes roofs such as slate,
plain tile, waving design and various other
tile shapes.
February 2011
Mechanical Support and Installation
Integrated Roof
• Complete integration of PV Panels as a
part of the roof surface.
• Integrated PV Panels Roof is a
structurally
tested
solution
with
guaranteed weather tightness due to a
new drainage system which includes:
drainage channels, drainage plates and
EPDM gaskets.
PV Solar Energy Electric Generation,
Commercial and Residential Applications
27 / 62
MSc. MSEE Ing. D.Strauss
• Promotes reduction of cost in new
buildings with the use of the PV module
Roofing and no additional surface.
February 2011
Mechanical Support and Installation
Faςade – External Architecture
• Is simple, stylish method of fixation for
modern,
distinctive
buildings.
• Retaining clips, drilling templates and
assembly groups facilitate installation.
MSc. MSEE Ing. D.Strauss
• The structurally PV system is attached
to the building envelope by a continuous
base profile for the assembly system and
module clips that interlock and actuate
with
the
profile
and
panels.
Source: Schott Solar. ASI Solar Glass. [27]
PV Solar Energy Electric Generation,
Commercial and Residential Applications
28 / 62
February 2011
Mechanical Support and Installation
Sun Tracking
MSc. MSEE Ing. D.Strauss
- The Sun Tracking installation is a
device that orient the payload of the
Photovoltaic Solar Panel towards the
sun.
- In the Photovoltaic Standard modules
trackers are used to minimize the angle
of incidence between the incoming sun
light and the photovoltaic panel. This
increases the amount of energy
produced from a fixed panel upto 30%.
- Single axis: Horizontal - HSAT, Vertical VSAT, Tilted-TSAT and Polar Axis Tracker.
PASAT.
- Dual axis trackers.
Source: Schott Solar. ASI Solar Glass. [27]
PV Solar Energy Electric Generation,
Commercial and Residential Applications
29 / 62
February 2011
Mechanical Support and Installation
Difference in irradiance on horizontal and tracked area for cloudless day.
PV Solar Energy Electric Generation,
Commercial and Residential Applications
30 / 62
February 2011
MSc. MSEE Ing. D.Strauss
Sun Tracking
Agenda
•
PV Applications – Example Revision
• Equipment
PV Solar Cells, PV Modules Specifications
Mechanical support and installation
Electrical Wiring
DC/AC Inverter System
• Design of PV Systems
MSc. MSEE Ing. D.Strauss
• Statistics, Technology and PV Systems
• Conclusions
PV Solar Energy Electric Generation,
Commercial and Residential Applications
31 / 62
February 2011
Electrical Wiring
• Correct
string
and
cable
interconnection allows to capture and
add the current and voltage generated
from the PV panels.
Cabling
Connectors
T-Splitters
• Cabling, Plug-in connectors, splitters
and boxes should be high temperature
rated: 256oF/125oC, weather-proof,
hydrolysis resistant, flame resistant,
free from halogens and UV resistant.
Diodes
Junction
Boxes
PV Solar Energy Electric Generation,
Commercial and Residential Applications
32 / 62
Y-Splitters
Tools & Crimping
Accessories
February 2011
MSc. MSEE Ing. D.Strauss
• Standard string voltage Vdc is
Vdc=2xVac approximately.
For Vdc=460 V ≡ Vac= 230 V.
For Vdc=230 V ≡ Vac= 115 V.
Agenda
•
PV Applications – Example Revision
• Equipment
PV Solar Cells, PV Modules Specifications
Mechanical support and installation
Electrical Wiring
DC/AC Inverter System
• Design of PV Systems
MSc. MSEE Ing. D.Strauss
• Statistics, Technology and PV Systems
• Conclusions
PV Solar Energy Electric Generation,
Commercial and Residential Applications
33 / 62
February 2011
DC/AC Inverter Specifications
• Direct Current to Alternative Current Inverters allow the conversion of the
generated DC Power from the PV panels system into an AC Power.
• Compatible with the electric grid at the residential, commercial or industrial level
of 120 / 200 V AC - 60 Hz; 1-Phase or 3-Phase and correspondent power level.
DC/AC PV Module Inverter
System Block Diagram
DC/AC PV Module Inverter System Circuit
PV Solar Energy Electric Generation,
Commercial and Residential Applications
34 / 62
February 2011
MSc. MSEE Ing. D.Strauss
• The DC/AC Inverter is formed by an Boost DC/DC Converter and a DC/AC array
of two/three legs of IGBTs. Newest designs don’t require transformer.
DC/AC Inverter Specifications
• DC/AC Transformerless Inverters
for
Residential/Architectural
applications in the market offers a
broad range of power levels
starting in 1.5, 2, 2.3, 3 up to 5
kVA
for
small/medium
size
applications.
Correspondently
groups of Inverters reach 10, 15,
20,
25,
30
kVA
systems.
PV Solar Energy Electric Generation,
Commercial and Residential Applications
Indoor
Wall Mounted
Outdoor
Wall Mounted
Sunny Boy Line
1.5-5
kVA
DC/AC
Inverter
Architectural
PV System Applications
35 / 62
Cabinet Self Supporting
DC/AC Inverter – 60 kW
Commercial / Industrial
PV Modules Applications
Indoor
February 2011
MSc. MSEE Ing. D.Strauss
• For medium size Commercial and
small/medium size Industrial PV
solar module park applications,
DC/AC Transformerless Inverters
has ranges of 60kW, 80kW, 100kW,
160kW, 200kW, 240kW, 300kW,
350kW, 400kW, 420kW upto
1.7MW.
DC/AC Inverter Specifications
• For
medium
size
Commercial
and
small/medium size Industrial PV solar module
park applications, DC/AC Transformerless
Inverters has ranges of 60kW, 80kW, 100kW,
160kW, 200kW, 240kW, 300kW, 350kW, 400kW,
420kW upto 1.7MW.
• PLC Controller with Field Bus. Maximum
Power Point tracking for optimum utilization of
PV panels.
• Integrated control panel with display for
operation states and actual values. Cabinets for
floor mounting, forced ventilation fan.
Cabinet Self Supporting
DC/AC Inverter – 60 kW,
80kW, 100 kW
Commercial / Industrial
PV System Applications Indoor
Cabinet Self Supporting
DC/AC Inverter – 350
kW, 420kW
Commercial / Industrial
PV System Applications Indoor
Source: SMA Inverters.
PV Solar Energy Electric Generation,
Commercial and Residential Applications
36 / 62
February 2011
MSc. MSEE Ing. D.Strauss
• Power conditioning unit with 3-phase output
for grid parallel operation: IGBT Inverter,
DC/AC distribution panels and Isolating
transformer.
PV Strings Wiring Schematics
String Philosophy
DC Wiring
1. Central PV- Inverter
2. Single PV String – Inverter
3. Multi PV String - Inverter
SMU
Multi PV String – Inverter
PV Solar Energy Electric Generation,
Commercial and Residential Applications
Central PV String – Inverter
37 / 62
February 2011
MSc. MSEE Ing. D.Strauss
Single PV String – Inverter
Agenda
•
PV Applications – Example Revision
• Equipment
PV Solar Cells, PV Modules Specifications
Mechanical support and installation
Electrical Wiring
DC/AC Inverter System
• Design of PV Systems
MSc. MSEE Ing. D.Strauss
• Statistics, Technology and PV Systems
• Conclusions
PV Solar Energy Electric Generation,
Commercial and Residential Applications
38 / 62
February 2011
PV Projects Design Flow-Chart
A2
A1
Calculate the Electrical Load
and the Load Profile.
Estimate the size of the PV system
including the number of panels and
Watts/module required.
Localize Geographically the
point of installation including
Latitude and Longitude.
Calculate the Available Solar
Radiation Average as well as
the Real Value Through
different year season, month
and days.
A1
PV Solar Energy Electric Generation,
Commercial and Residential Applications
Select the adequate PV module
technology and string array to use.
Select the DC/AC Inverter system
and electrical protection required.
Design
required
civil
and
mechanical details for the electromechanical installation.
Select
the
mounting
system
adapted to the PV system type
application.
Drawing and Plans for the PV
Panels
Installation,
Electric
Distribution, Grid Interconnection,
Communication
and
Electrical
Protections.
Select the string cable, junction
boxes, connectors and design the
electric wiring system.
Validation of the Calculation
through Spreadsheets, Equipment
Specifications and Drawings.
A2
End
39 / 62
February 2011
MSc. MSEE Ing. D.Strauss
Start
PV Project Calculations
1. Electrical Load and Load Profile.
Example:
• The estimation of the load (W) and their correspondent timing per day (hour); the load profile of the installation
is a key aspect. It defines the minimum size of the total PV panels required to feed the demand.
Device
Lights Ct. 1
Lights Ct. 2
Stereo
Equipment
Water
Pump
PC
Computer
Bathroom
Fan
Microwave
Oven
Power
Consumption in
Watts
Description
Power
Consumption
in Watts
(Average)
Power
Consumption
in Watts
(Peak)
Run time
(hours per Day
or hours per
week)
Energy per
Day
( Watts-hour)
Energy per Week
( Watts-hour)
4 x 23Watts compact
fluorescent bulbs
6 x13Watts compact
fluorescent bulbs
110 Watts + 15
Watts Speakers
92 Watts
92 Watts
5 hours at night
460 Wh
3220 Wh
78 Watts
78 Watts
2 hours daytime
156 Wh
1092 Wh
125 Watts
125 Watts
8 hours per week
-
1000 Wh
55 Watts – 3.75A
start current
55 Watts
350 Watts
2 hours daytime
110 Wh
770 Wh
250 Watts with
monitor and printer
250 Watts
250 Watts
1.5 hours daytime
375 Wh
2625 Wh
40 Watts
40 Watts
40 Watts
1 hour per day
40 Wh
280 Wh
550 Watts – 1000
Watts Peak
550 Watts
1000 Watts
0.5 hours per day
275 Wh
1925 Wh
PV Solar Energy Electric Generation,
Commercial and Residential Applications
40 / 62
February 2011
MSc. MSEE Ing. D.Strauss
An office needs to feed its AC loads 110 V – 60 Hz. The load in Watts and their usage is described in the Load Table
below. From the Energy Consumption per week, the Energy Consumption per day is calculated. Average total: 1558
Watts-hour.
PV Project Calculations
2. Point of Installation.
MSc. MSEE Ing. D.Strauss
• The point of installation refers to the geographical coordinates where the PV
system is going to be located. Weather conditions are also very important.
Statistical approach for Clear / Cloudy days.
• The Longitude and Latitude as obtained by GPS are required.
PV Solar Energy Electric Generation,
Commercial and Residential Applications
41 / 62
February 2011
PV Project Calculations
3. Available Solar Radiation Average and Calculated Table Values
α: Solar Altitude Angle
MSc. MSEE Ing. D.Strauss
aS: Solar Azimuth Angle
i: Incident angle
β: Angle of tilt
aW: Panel Azimuth Angle.
Source: Principles of Solar Engineering. [1]
PV Solar Energy Electric Generation,
Commercial and Residential Applications
42 / 62
February 2011
PV Project Calculations
3. Available Solar Radiation Average and Calculated Table Values
• The calculation of the available solar radiation allows to determine the Watts/m2
isolation in the installation point, at a Date and Time exactly in comparison with the
1000 W/m2 from PV panels Data-Sheet.
1. Calculate α: Solar Altitude Angle, aS: Solar Azimuth Angle, hS: Hour solar angle and i: Incident angle, lST: Standard Time
Meridian, lLOCAL: Local Longitude.
- Mean Extraterrestrial Irradiance AM1 I0=1367 Watts/m2
- Solar time = LST + ET + 4.(lST - lLOCAL); ET=9.87Sin(2B)-7.53Cos(B)-1.5Sin(B); B=(360(n-81)/364) degrees
n: day number in the year.
2. Solar Declination δS=23.45Sin(360(284+n)/365)
3. Solar Altitude α = Sin-1(Sin(L).Sin(δS)+Cos(L).Cos(δS).Cos(hS)); hS=(minutes from solar noon/(4min/deg))
4. Solar Azimuth Angle aS = Sin-1(Cos(δS).Sin(hS)/Cos(α))
5. Angle of incidence i =Cos-1(Cos(α).Cos(aS-aW).Sin(β)+Sin(α).Cos(β)); β: Angle of tilt, aW: Panel Azimuth Angle.
6. Extraterrestrial Solar Radiation I=I0[1+0.034Cos(360n/365.25)] = 1367[1+0.034Cos(360n/365.25)]
7. Beam normal solar radiation in the atmosphere – Ib,N= CnIe -k/Sin(α); Cn:Clearness number, k: Optical depth
8. Beam radiation in the collector – Ib,c=Ib,N.Cos(i)
9. Sky diffuse radiation in the collector – Id,c=Cib,N.Cos2(β/2)
10. Ground reflected radiation on the collector – Ir,c=ρ.Ib,N.(Sin(α)+C)Sin2(β/2)
11. Total insolation on the collector – IC=Ib,C+Id,C+Ir,C
PV Solar Energy Electric Generation,
Commercial and Residential Applications
43 / 62
February 2011
MSc. MSEE Ing. D.Strauss
Example:
Agenda
•
PV Applications – Example Revision
• Equipment
PV Solar Cells, PV Modules Specifications
Mechanical support and installation
Electrical Wiring
DC/AC Inverter System
• Design of PV Systems
MSc. MSEE Ing. D.Strauss
• Statistics, Technology and PV Systems
• Conclusions
PV Solar Energy Electric Generation,
Commercial and Residential Applications
44 / 62
February 2011
MSc. MSEE Ing. D.Strauss
PV – (MW) Installed
Statistics, Technology and PV Systems
Countries using PV
Source: Eco-Economy Indicators. [23]
PV Solar Energy Electric Generation,
Commercial and Residential Applications
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February 2011
Statistics, Technology and PV Systems
PV Capacity Installed (MW)
2007
2008
2009
Year Increase (%)
Australia
Canada
China
France
Germany
Greece
India
Israel
Italy
Japan
Poland
Russia
Spain
Switzerland
UK
USA
83
25.8
100
75.2
3862
9
112
2
120
1919
0.64
0.2
655
31.4
18
831
100
180
80
147
305
107
5722
20
9779
70
122.22
3
300
2100
1186
2633
50
295
25
3000
3386
12
1265
1650
30
MSc. MSEE Ing. D.Strauss
Country
Source: Eco-Economy Indicators. [23]
PV Solar Energy Electric Generation,
Commercial and Residential Applications
46 / 62
February 2011
Statistics, Technology and PV Systems
Installed Cost Trends over Time, by PV System Size
PV System ($/Watt) Vs. Year
14
100500kW
($/W)
>500kW
($/W)
1998
12
11.8
1999
11.8
9.2
11
2000
11
9
9
2001
10
10
10
7
2002
10
9.5
10
8
2003
9
8.4
8.5
8
7
2004
8.2
8
8
8
7.3
2005
8
7.6
7.8
7.5
6.3
2006
8.2
7.9
7.7
7.8
7
2007
8.3
8
8
7
7
12
PV ($/W)
10
8
6
0-5 kW
5-10 kW
4
10-100 kW
2
100-500 kW
>500 kW
0
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
Year
Source: Tracking the Sun. [17]
PV Solar Energy Electric Generation,
Commercial and Residential Applications
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February 2011
MSc. MSEE Ing. D.Strauss
Year
100-5kW 5-10kW
100kW
($/W) ($/W)
($/W)
Statistics, Technology and PV Systems
Module, Inverter and Other Cost ($/Watt) per
Power Range
Component Cost of PV Installations (%) per
Power Range
100%
100%
90%
90%
80%
80%
70%
70%
Other Materials
60%
Inverter
40%
Module
30%
Installation Labor
50%
20%
10%
10%
0%
0%
Module
Residential 3-5
Small
Large
kW
Commercial 10- commercial
50 kW
>100 kW
10-100kW
Range PV System Installed (kW)
Range PV System Installed (kW)
Source: Tracking the Sun. [17]
PV Solar Energy Electric Generation,
Commercial and Residential Applications
Inverter
30%
20%
<10kW
Overhead, Regulatory
Compliance, Other
40%
MSc. MSEE Ing. D.Strauss
Other
50%
Percentage (%)
PV ($/W)
60%
48 / 62
February 2011
Statistics, Technology and PV Systems
Production of PV Panels Worldwide in
(MW) Vs. Year
Module Cost per Watt
($/Watt) Vs. Year
3000
Production of PV Panels
Worldwide in (MW)
PV Module Cost
($/W)
PV (MW)
2000
1500
1000
500
0
1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008
Module Cost per
Watt ($/Watt)
1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008
Year
Year
• Module cost of 0.98 $/Watt, breaking the barrier of 1$/Watt was currently achieved
with CdTe PV Panels in FirstSolar Inc. last February 24th, 2009.
Source: Eco-Economy Indicators. [23]
PV Solar Energy Electric Generation,
Commercial and Residential Applications
49 / 62
February 2011
MSc. MSEE Ing. D.Strauss
2500
105
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Statistics, Technology and PV Systems
Comparison of Installed Cost for Crystalline and
Thin Film PV Systems
Evolution of c-Si PV Device Efficiency Vs. Year
30
8
7
PV ($/W)
6
Crystalline
5
Thin-Film
4
3
2
1
0
25
20
15
10
5
0
<10 kW
10-100 kW
>100 kW
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
Year
Range PV System Installed (kW)
Source: Tracking the Sun. [17]
Evolution of Crystal Silicon PV Cells. Duke.
PV Solar Energy Electric Generation,
Commercial and Residential Applications
50 / 62
February 2011
MSc. MSEE Ing. D.Strauss
9
% Efficiency Crystal line Silicon PV cells
10
Statistics, Technology and PV Systems
Payback Time
(5 sun-hours, 5% discount rate, varying system prices)
45
40
35
30
4 $/W
Years
25
6 $/W
20
8 $/W
10 $/W
15
10
5
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
MSc. MSEE Ing. D.Strauss
0
55
cents/kWh
Source: Financial Payback of Solar Photovoltaic Energy Systems. Solar Buzz.
PV Solar Energy Electric Generation,
Commercial and Residential Applications
51 / 62
February 2011
Statistics, Technology and PV Systems
• Worldwide, Solar energy is being more used in generation of electricity.
• Advancement in the component parts and its materials are key elements for
reduction of cost and increasing efficiency.
Evolution of a-Si PV Device Efficiency Vs. Year
Evolution of CdTe PV Device Efficiency Vs. Year
18
16
14
14
12
12
10
Efficiency (%)
8
6
4
8
6
4
2
2
0
1975
10
0
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
1975
Year
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Year
Source: Tracking the Sun. [17]
Evolution of Crystal Silicon PV Cells. Duke.
PV Solar Energy Electric Generation,
Commercial and Residential Applications
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February 2011
MSc. MSEE Ing. D.Strauss
% Efficiency Crystal line Silicon PV cells
16
Statistics, Technology and PV Systems
Key Technology Aspects
PV Cells & Modules
• Efficiency of Conversion: Photoelectric, Thermoelectric, Thermionic.
•
•
•
•
•
Raw Materials.
Materials interactions and Electrical interconnection.
Difference of Potential.
Conversion Phenomena.
Temperature Vs. Electrical Conversion.
Panels
• Installation location.
• Mechanics: Size and Weights.
• Methodologies of Electrical Interconnection and Philosophy of Electric
Energy use.
• Manufacturing facilities capacities.
Electrical System
• Inverter Technology and Schematics of Interconnection.
MSc. MSEE Ing. D.Strauss
• Cost of Installation.
• Cost of Operation, Maintenance.
• Cost of Electricity Generation, Return of Investment.
• Electric Utilities and Subventions.
Mechanical System
PV Solar Energy Electric Generation,
Commercial and Residential Applications
53 / 62
February 2011
Statistics, Technology and PV Systems
Solution
Inventive
Solution
Innovation
PV Solar Energy Electric Generation,
Commercial and Residential Applications
Photovoltaic Solar Kit
54 / 62
February 2011
MSc. MSEE Ing. D.Strauss
PV Solar
Energy
Problem
MSc. MSEE Ing. D.Strauss
Statistics, Technology and PV Systems
PV as Independent Structure.
Advanced Solar Photonics.
PV Solar Energy Electric Generation,
Commercial and Residential Applications
55 / 62
February 2011
MSc. MSEE Ing. D.Strauss
Statistics, Technology and PV Systems
PV Solar Generation and Signaling Systems Integrated into
the Vehicle Roads-Streets or Highways. Solar Roadways.
PV Solar Energy Electric Generation,
Commercial and Residential Applications
56 / 62
February 2011
Statistics, Technology and PV Systems
Solar
Power
with
Solar
Power
Concentration
or
CRS:
Central
Receiver
System.
Concentrating sun’s energy onto a common focal point to produce heat to run steam turbine
generator.
Solar One CRS
PV Solar Energy Electric Generation,
Commercial and Residential Applications
Solar Two CRS
57 / 62
Solar Tres CRS
February 2011
MSc. MSEE Ing. D.Strauss
• Solar One (1981) : 10MWe Direct Steam with Oil and Water, 1818 mirrors, each 40m2.
• Solar Two (1995) : 10MWe using Molten Salt (Sodium Nitrate and Potassium Nitrate) as heat
transfer element, 1926 mirrors each. Design upgraded and updated from Solar One.
• Solar Tres (Dec. 2008): 17MWe using Molten Salt as heat transfer, 2493 glass-metal heliostats.
Project located in Andalucia, Spain.
Statistics, Technology and PV Systems
MSc. MSEE Ing. D.Strauss
• THEMIS solar power tower located in Pyrenees- Eastern, South France.
New Concept: Small Scale Solar Power Tower 2MW – 24 hours solar electric.
201 Heliostats of 53.70 m² each. 100 m tower.
THEMIS Medium Scale Oriented Solar Central Receiver Power
Plant – 2MWe , located in Pyrenees-Eastern, South France
PV Solar Energy Electric Generation,
Commercial and Residential Applications
58 / 62
February 2011
Agenda
•
PV Applications – Example Revision
• Equipment
PV Solar Cells, PV Modules Specifications
Mechanical support and installation
Electrical Wiring
DC/AC Inverter System
• Design of PV Systems
MSc. MSEE Ing. D.Strauss
• Statistics, Technology and PV Systems
• Conclusions
PV Solar Energy Electric Generation,
Commercial and Residential Applications
59 / 62
February 2011
Conclusions
• PV Solar module systems allows the generation of electricity from the Sun
directly though the use of the Photovoltaic's conversion effect. It is a very
valuable way of energy generation.
• The Cost of primary energy source for PV Systems: Solar energy, is
available everywhere with zero initial cost. Therefore, electrical energy
production from solar energy is a fine option.
• As production of PV Solar modules increases doubling every two years,
prices per kW reached already competitive margins.
PV Solar Energy Electric Generation,
Commercial and Residential Applications
60 / 62
February 2011
MSc. MSEE Ing. D.Strauss
• PV Solar systems installed in Houses and Buildings as Architectural
solution or power system supply is expandable according to the installation
area available and solar irradiation.
References
[2] Hambley, Allan. Electrical Engineering Principles and Applications. Pearson-Prentice Hall. 2008.
[3] Fehr, Ralph. Industrial Power Distribution. Pearson-Prentice Hall. 2002.
[4] Power Electronics for Renewable Energy Systems. Engler, Alfred and Myrzik. ISET- EPE2005.
Dresden. 2005.
[5] Battleson, Kirk. Solar Power Tower Design Guide. Large Power System Division.
Sandia National Laboratories.1981.
[6] PV Solar Panels Catalog. SunElectronics International Inc. <http://sunelec.com> March 2009.
[7] Solar Energy Report Preview. <http://www.solarbuzz.com> March 2009.
[8] Power Generation Magazine. <http://www.powermag.com> June 2009.
[9] Smithsonian National Museum. <http://www.si.edu> June 2009.
[10] SECO. State Energy Conservation Office Texas. <http://www.seco.cpa.state.tx.us> June 2009.
[11] Solar Roadways. Product Description. <http://www.solarroadways.com> June 2009.
[12] THEMIS. Travaux de réhabilitation du champ d'héliostats PEGASE.
<http://www.promes.cnrs.fr/pegase/> June 2009.
[13] Strauss, Dhionny. Solar Central Receiver. Conceptual Design. Medium Scale Oriented Application.
2MW Electricity Plant. Project from Subject Solar Energie Fundamentals and Applications. USF.
December 2008.
[14] Advanced Solar Photonics. Product Catalog. <http://www.advancedsolarphotonics.com>. April 2009.
[15] Schott Solar. ASI Glass. Integrated Architecture Powered by the Sun.
<http://www.us.schott.com/architecture/english/products/bipv/technicaldata.html>. May 2009.
[16] Advanced Solar Photonics. The cSi-300 SunPanel.
[17] Tracking the Sun. The Installed Cost of Photovoltaics. Berkeley Lab. February 2009.
[18] Schlaich, Bergermann and Partner. Solar Architecture and Parabolic Dish Stirling. Stuttgart, Germany.
<http://www.sbp.de> May 2009.
PV Solar Energy Electric Generation,
Commercial and Residential Applications
61 / 62
February 2011
MSc. MSEE Ing. D.Strauss
[1] Meinel and Meinel. Applied Solar Energy. Addison-Wesley. First Edition.1976.
Thank you so Much for Your Attention!
Muchísimas Gracias por su Atención!
INFORMACION DE CONTACTO
MSc. MSEE Dhionny Strauss
MSc. MSEE Ing. D.Strauss
E-mail: parques.solares@gmail.com
strauss.dhionny@gmail.com
Caracas, Venezuela
PV Solar Energy Electric Generation,
Commercial and Residential Applications
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February 2011