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Telecommunications Cabling Guidelines for Wireless Access Points
TABLE OF CONTENTS
5
1
INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................... 1
6
2
PURPOSE AND SCOPE .................................................................................................. 1
7
3
REFERENCES.................................................................................................................. 1
8
9
10
4
11
12
13
14
15
5
TELECOMMUNICATIONS OUTLET LOCATIONS........................................................... 2
5.1
Cell size.........................................................................................................................2
5.1.1 General......................................................................................................................2
5.1.2 Typical uniform cell size ............................................................................................4
5.2
Shared media access considerations............................................................................4
16
6
REMOTE POWER OVER TELECOMMUNICATIONS CABLING..................................... 5
17
7
COEXISTENCE ................................................................................................................ 5
18
8
EXTERNAL ANTENNAS................................................................................................... 5
19
9
HORIZONTAL CABLING .................................................................................................. 6
20
10
ADMINISTRATION AND LABELING ................................................................................ 6
21
22
11
SEPARATION OF POWER BRANCH CIRCUITS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS
CABLING ..........................................................................................................................6
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
MOUNTING AND INSTALLATION GUIDELINES............................................................. 6
12
12.1 Shared tenant considerations........................................................................................6
12.2 Design considerations ...................................................................................................6
12.3 Wireless access point mounting options .......................................................................6
12.3.1 Wall-mount above drop ceiling ..................................................................................6
12.3.2 Wall-mount below drop ceiling ..................................................................................7
12.3.3 In-the-grid ceiling mount............................................................................................7
12.4 Power options................................................................................................................7
31
32
33
34
35
PERFORMANCE AND TESTING GUIDELINES .............................................................. 8
13
13.1 Balanced twisted pair cabling........................................................................................8
13.1.1 Channel testing guidelines ........................................................................................8
13.1.2 Permanent link testing guidelines..............................................................................8
13.2 Optical fiber cabling.....................................................................................................10
36
Annex A (informative) Other wireless access point cabling options ........................................... 11
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DEFINITIONS, ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................... 2
Definitions......................................................................................................................2
Acronyms and abbreviations .........................................................................................2
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4.2
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1
LIST OF FIGURES
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Figure 1 – Cell sizing (WAP placed anywhere inside the cell)......................................................3
Figure 2 – Typical uniform cell size...............................................................................................4
Figure 3 – Additional TO and wireless access point in cell...........................................................5
Figure 4 – Typical wall-mount above drop ceiling .........................................................................6
Figure 5 – Typical wall-mount below drop ceiling .........................................................................7
Figure 6 – Typical in-the-grid ceiling mount ..................................................................................7
Figure 7 – Typical WAP with remote power from a switch............................................................7
Figure 8 – Typical WAP with remote power from a mid-span power device.................................8
Figure 9 – Typical WAP with local antenna in a wall mount installation using local power...........8
Figure 10 – Integrated wireless access point/TO........................................................................11
12
13
LIST OF TABLES
14
Table 1 – 80 m permanent link insertion loss field test values …………………………………….10
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FOREWORD
18
(This foreword is not part of the TSB)
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
TIA standards documents are developed within the Technical Committees of the TIA and the
standards coordinating committees of the TIA standards board. Members of the committees
serve voluntarily and without commission. The companies that they represent are not necessarily members of the TIA. The standards developed within the TIA represent a consensus of the
broad expertise on the subject. This expertise comes from within the TIA as well as those outside of the TIA that have an expressed interest. The viewpoint expressed at the time that this
standard was approved was from the contributors’ experience and the state of the art at that
time. Users are encouraged to verify that they have the latest revision of the standard.
27
This TSB has been prepared and approved by the TR-42 Engineering Committee.
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PN-3-0205 (Draft 3.1) TSB-162
1
INTRODUCTION
2
3
4
5
6
7
A growing number of enterprises employ equipment at the “edge” of the network that relies on
physical connections to the cabling infrastructure at the work area, while also having the ability
to maintain mobile network access at other locations. The current suite of TR-42 infrastructure
and cabling standards do not specifically cover cabling to wireless access points. Supplementary information is needed on the number of outlets and outlet placement for wireless access
points that may receive both data and power through the telecommunications cabling.
8
9
10
This TSB uses the topology and architecture of a Multi-User Telecommunications Outlet Assembly (MUTOA) as described in ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.1. The same concepts and requirements
are used to develop the cabling guidelines for wireless access points.
11
12
13
14
15
This TSB provides a design and installation guideline for pre-cabling in a grid approach that allows the user flexibility when deploying wireless access points. The pre-cabled grid makes the
building ready for a wireless infrastructure to be installed at any time. Additionally, wireless access point locations can be “fine tuned” by moving the wireless access point within each cell of
the pre-cabled grid as necessary.
16
17
18
19
This TSB is primarily focused on new buildings that are in the planning stage where pre-cabling
in a grid approach is recommended. This approach can also be used in existing buildings where
applicable. Site surveys are also advantageous for existing buildings and as the buildings are
built. Alternative cabling methods that may be suitable are also described in Annex A.
20
For code compliance, refer to the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ).
21
2
22
23
24
25
26
This TSB provides guidelines on the topology, design, installation, and testing of telecommunications cabling infrastructure, in compliance with ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.1 and TIA-569-B, for
supporting wireless local area networks (WLAN) in customer owned premises. This TSB includes the cabling between LAN equipment and wireless access points including pathways and
spaces to support the cabling and wireless access points.
27
3
28
29
30
31
32
The following standards contain provisions which are referenced in this TSB. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties are
encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards
indicated below. ANSI and TIA maintain registers of currently valid national standards published
by them.
33
34
a) ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.1, Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard –
Part 1: General Requirements.
35
36
b) ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.2, Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard –
Part 2: Balanced Twisted-Pair Cabling Components
37
38
c) TIA-569-B, Commercial Building Standard for Telecommunications Pathways and
Spaces.
39
40
d) ANSI/TIA/EIA-606-A, Administration Standard for Commercial Telecommunications Infrastructure.
41
42
e) ANSI/TIA/EIA-862, Building Automation Systems Cabling Standard for Commercial
Buildings.
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REFERENCES
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PURPOSE AND SCOPE
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PN-3-0205 (Draft 3.1) TSB-162
1
2
f)
IEEE 802.3af, Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) Power via Media Dependent Interface
(MDI).
3
4
DEFINITIONS, ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
4
4.1
Definitions
5
6
wireless access point: A device that is a transmitter and receiver to facilitate wireless communications.
7
cell: The area in which the wireless access point can be located.
8
grid: A collection of adjacent cells.
9
10
coverage area: The area in which the wireless access point provides a signal that is strong
enough to support communications.
11
4.2
12
WAP
Wireless Access Point
13
TO
Telecommunications Outlet
14
TR
Telecommunications Room
15
AHJ
Authority Having Jurisdiction
16
5
TELECOMMUNICATIONS OUTLET LOCATIONS
17
5.1
Cell size
18
5.1.1
General
19
The wireless coverage area radius is impacted by a number of factors including:
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Acronyms and abbreviations
ƒ
Building materials (concrete, sheetrock, wood, steel, etc.)
21
ƒ
Building configuration (closed, semi-closed, or open space)
22
ƒ
Building furnishings (cabinets, partitions, furniture, etc.)
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20
23
24
These factors are taken into account by equipment and WLAN system vendors when using the
site survey approach. These areas are outside the pre-cabled grid approach of this TSB
25
26
27
28
29
The purpose of this section is to serve as a design guide to be applied by the customer to size
appropriately the cells needed for wireless coverage. This design guide can also help in special
situations such as in hospital rooms, class rooms, conference rooms, etc., where the wireless
coverage needs to be contained to a specific coverage area. Cell size is a design decision to be
made by the customer to meet specific needs.
30
31
32
33
To appropriately design coverage, it is recommended that a cell be in the shape of a square.
The TO will be placed at the center of this square, and will have a patch cord extending from it
to the wireless access point. The maximum length of this patch cord is the radius of the circle
that defines the square cell. See figure 1.
34
Note – Refer to ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.1 clause 6.4.1.5 for optical fiber cabling.
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PN-3-0205 (Draft 3.1) TSB-162
WAP
TO
Lmax
(max. patch
cord length)
R
TO
X
Hmax
(max. horizontal link length)
TR
TO
TO
T
Max. 6 m (20 ft)
equipment cord
F
1
Active equipment
Figure 1 – Cell sizing (WAP placed anywhere inside the cell)
3
4
To allow placement of the wireless access point anywhere within the cell, the maximum length
of the patch cord is given by:
where
Lmax
R
X
R
6
7
8
9
Lmax = R = 0.707 X
(1)
is the maximum patch cord length between TO and WAP;
is the radius of the circle circumscribing the cell;
is the size of the square cell.
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10
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12
13
14
Once the maximum length of the patch cord between the TO and the access point is known
(Lmax), the next step is to determine the maximum horizontal length from TR to TO (Hmax). A
maximum of 6 meters (20 feet) should account for the connection from the Active Equipment to
the TR patch panel. It should be noted that the maximum length of the horizontal channel per
ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.1 is 100 meters.
15
16
The total length of the horizontal channel, adjusted to allow for the use of stranded patch cord,
is:
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Hmax + 1.2 Lmax + 6 = 102 meters
(2)
where
Hmax
is the maximum horizontal link length.
The maximum length of the horizontal link from the TR to the TO (Hmax) will depend on the size
of the cell to be deployed. Solving for Hmax :
Hmax = 96 – Lmax meters
(3)
where Hmax does not exceed 90 meters.
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PN-3-0205 (Draft 3.1) TSB-162
1
2
3
Note – When installing wireless access points with patch cord length of 4 m (13 ft) or
less (i.e. integrated wireless access point/TO) the length of horizontal cable may be increased to 90 m (295 ft).
4
5.1.2
5
6
7
8
9
In many cases a fixed cell size will be distributed uniformly throughout the building. Based on
the typical coverage area of currently available wireless access points and on the typical bay
size for commercial buildings in North America, a pre-cabled grid with 18.3 m (60 ft) cells should
be deployed. This results in a cell radius (R) and maximum patch cord length (Lmax) of 13 m (42
ft) and a maximum horizontal link length (Hmax) of 80 m (262 ft). See figure 2.
Note – Refer to ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.1 clause 6.4.1.5 for optical fiber cabling.
WAP
R = 13 m
(42 ft)
X = 18.3 m (60 ft)
TO
Hmax = 80 m (262 ft)
TR
TO
Max. 6 m (20 ft)
equipment cord
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TO
R
A
F
TO
Lmax = 13 m
(42 ft)
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Typical uniform cell size
11
12
Active equipment
Figure 2 – Typical uniform cell size
13
5.2
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Wireless is a shared media and performance degrades as the number of users increases. It is
recommended that the designer consider coverage, bandwidth, types of applications, and quality of service when deciding the number of users and the number of required wireless access
points. Depending on quality of service this may need to be adjusted. If additional users are anticipated in certain areas of the building, the cell size in this area may be reduced. Alternately,
additional telecommunications outlets as necessary should be installed in affected cells of a uniform grid. Figure 3 illustrates the case with two telecommunications outlets.
21
Shared media access considerations
Note - TO’s can be placed next to each other if desired
4
PN-3-0205 (Draft 3.1) TSB-162
WAP
WAP
TO
TO
TO
TR
TO
T
TO
1
Figure 3 – Additional TO and wireless access point in cell
F
2
Active equipment
6
REMOTE POWER OVER TELECOMMUNICATIONS CABLING
4
5
6
The wireless access point can be powered either by a local power supply or remotely from a
power supply, located in the telecommunication room. Remote powering negates the need for a
power outlet within the vicinity of the wireless access point.
7
8
9
10
11
12
Where balanced twisted pair cabling is used, it is recommended that power be delivered
through the horizontal cabling utilizing IEEE 802.3af compliant equipment at both ends. For access points that are not IEEE 802.3af compliant, power can be delivered using other methods
outside the scope of this document. See ANSI/TIA/EIA-862 for providing low voltage power over
twisted pair cabling. Remote power from the switch or from a mid-span power source is recommended since it eliminates the need to run power cables to each wireless access point
13
7
14
15
16
Coexistence of different RF applications is outside the scope this TSB. Users should consult
with equipment manufacturers and WLAN system providers for additional guidance on location
of access points to avoid interference from other wireless applications or devices.
17
8
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Most wireless access points have an attached or built-in antenna. This antenna can generally
be maneuvered (oriented) to provide directional coverage. Additionally, many wireless access
points have the option to attach remote antennas that are mounted externally to the device.
These remote antennas provide extended coverage for hard to reach areas. They can expand
coverage in one direction (also known as directional antennas), extend transmission range by
providing a higher gain, or be able to discern a better signal via built-in smart mechanisms. The
antennas are attached to the wireless access point via coaxial cabling. Impedance matching
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EXTERNAL ANTENNAS
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PN-3-0205 (Draft 3.1) TSB-162
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between the wireless access point radio transmitter and the coaxial cable used for the distributed antenna should be implemented.
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9
4
5
6
7
Horizontal cabling for wireless access points should be category 5e or higher as specified in
ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.2 or two-fiber multimode optical fiber cable, either 62.5/125 mm or 50/125
mm, as specified in ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.3. Figure 1 illustrates the grid topology of horizontal
cabling used to support wireless access points.
8
9
These guidelines for horizontal cabling may also be applied to backbone cabling that has a
maximum channel length of 100 meters.
HORIZONTAL CABLING
10
10
ADMINISTRATION AND LABELING
11
12
Administration and labeling for wireless access point cabling and associated pathways follows
ANSI/TIA-606-A.
13
14
11
15
16
17
Separation between power and network cabling is required due to personnel electrical and fire
safety and network performance considerations. Refer to TIA-569-B for separation of telecommunications cabling from power branch circuits.
18
12
MOUNTING AND INSTALLATION GUIDELINES
19
12.1
Shared tenant considerations
20
21
Multi-tenant or shared tenant situations are related to security and outside the scope of this
TSB.
22
12.2
23
24
Solid conductor patch cords are recommended since they have improved insertion loss and
should simplify installation rules (no need to compute reduced lengths for stranded patch cords).
25
12.3
26
12.3.1 Wall-mount above drop ceiling
27
28
AC power supply should not be installed above the ceiling, except in an approved ceiling access
enclosure.
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SEPARATION OF POWER BRANCH CIRCUITS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS
CABLING
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Design considerations
Wireless access point mounting options
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Figure 4 – Typical wall-mount above drop ceiling
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PN-3-0205 (Draft 3.1) TSB-162
1
12.3.2 Wall-mount below drop ceiling
2
3
4
The wall mount below the drop ceiling option has the advantage of easy installation as well as
eliminating the need for plenum rated components. Additionally, such an installation allows access to building occupants.
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6
Figure 5 – Typical wall-mount below drop ceiling
12.3.3 In-the-grid ceiling mount
8
9
The in-the-grid ceiling mount option provides the needed functionality in an aesthetically pleasing installation.
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Figure 6 – Typical in-the-grid ceiling mount
12
12.4
Power options
13
The different methods of powering wireless access points are illustrated in Figures 7, 8 and 9.
14
15
Figure 7 – Typical WAP with remote power from a switch
16
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Figure 8 – Typical WAP with remote power from a mid-span power device
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Figure 9 – Typical WAP with local antenna in a wall mount installation using local power
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PERFORMANCE AND TESTING GUIDELINES
6
13.1
Balanced twisted pair cabling
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In the event mid-span insertion devices are used, there may not be a contiguous DC path for
the permanent link or channel due to blocking capacitors or other designs. In this event the wire
map portion of field tests will likely fail, since existing test tools require a DC path for wire map
determination. In the event wire map fails, but all other field test requirements (specified in
ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.1 clause 11.2 for category 5e cabling or in ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.2-1 clause
7 for category 6 cabling) pass, the permanent link or channel should be considered to have fully
met the relevant overall test criteria.
14
13.1.1 Channel testing guidelines
15
16
17
18
The horizontal cabling, including the patch cord connected TO the wireless access point and
patch cords for equipment and cross connect in the TR, should meet the channel performance
requirements in ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.1 clause 11.2 for category 5e cabling or in
ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.2-1 clause 7 for category 6 cabling.
19
13.1.2 Permanent link testing guidelines
20
21
22
With the exception of insertion loss the horizontal permanent link between the TR and TO
should meet the permanent link performance requirements in ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.1 clause
11.2 for category 5e cabling or in ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.2-1 clause 7 for category 6 cabling.
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PN-3-0205 (Draft 3.1) TSB-162
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4
When the cell radius exceeds 6 m the permanent link insertion loss requirements should be adjusted to account for the shorter allowable link length and to allow for increased insertion loss in
the long patch cord between the TO and wireless access point. The insertion loss should meet
the values determined using the following equations.
5
For category 5e permanent links:
6
InsertionL oss perm _ link = 3 ⋅ InsertionL ossconn +
7
InsertionLoss perm _ link ≤ 0.12 f +
9
10
11
12
13
⎛
0.05 ⎞
⎟⎟ dB
⎜⎜1.967 f + 0.023 ⋅ f +
f ⎠
⎝
f
is frequency in MHz;
Hmax is maximum horizontal link length (see 9.1);
InsertionLossconn is connector insertion loss per ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.1 clause 5.4.2;
InsertionLosscable,100m is cable insertion loss per ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.2 clause 4.3.4.7.
For category 6 permanent links:
15
InsertionLoss perm _ link ≤ 0.06 f +
⎛
0.2 ⎞
⎜⎜1.808 f + 0.017 ⋅ f +
⎟⎟ + 0.00015 ⋅ f 1.5 dB
f ⎠
⎝
(7)
A
Hmax
100
Hmax
⋅ InsertionL osscable,100 m + ILDperm _ link dB (6)
100
F
InsertionL oss perm _ link = 3 ⋅ InsertionL ossconn +
where
R
f
is frequency in MHz;
Hmax is maximum horizontal link length (see 5.1.1);
InsertionLossconn is connector insertion loss per ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.2-1 clause 7.1.2;
InsertionLosscable,100m is cable insertion loss per ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.2 clause 7.1.1;
ILDperm_link is permanent link insertion loss deviation per ANSI/TIA/EIA-586-B.2-1 clause
7.1.3.
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18
19
20
21
22
(5)
where
14
16
(4)
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8
Hmax
100
Hmax
⋅ InsertionL osscable,100 m dB
100
23
For field test purposes calculated values of less then 3 dB should revert to 3 dB.
24
25
Examples of the insertion loss test values at selected frequencies for the 80 m permanent link
used in the typical uniform cell size (see 5.1.2) are shown in table 1.
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1
Table 1 – 80 m permanent link insertion loss field test values
Frequency
(MHz)
T
1.0
4.0
8.0
10.0
16.0
20.0
25.0
31.25
62.5
100.0
200.0
250.0
Insertion loss (dB)
Category 5e
Category 6
3.0
3.0
3.5
3.1
5.0
4.4
5.6
5.0
7.1
6.3
8.0
7.1
8.9
7.9
10.0
8.9
14.5
12.9
18.8
16.6
24.5
27.8
2
13.2
3
Optical fiber links should be tested in accordance with ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.1 clause 11.3.
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Annex A (informative) Other wireless access point cabling options
4
5
The wireless access point and TO may be integrated into a single enclosure. Horizontal cabling
should not be connected directly to the wireless access point. Connection between the WAP
and the TO should be made using a short patch cord. See Figure 10.
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Figure 10 – Integrated wireless access point/TO
11