Basic Analog Electronic Circuits - RIT
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Basic Analog Electronic Circuits ROCHESTER INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MICROELECTRONIC ENGINEERING Basic Analog Electronic Circuits Dr. Lynn Fuller Webpage: http://people.rit.edu/lffeee Microelectronic Engineering Rochester Institute of Technology 82 Lomb Memorial Drive Rochester, NY 14623-5604 Tel (585) 475-2035 Email: Lynn.Fuller@rit.edu MicroE webpage: http://www.microe.rit.edu Rochester Institute of Technology Microelectronic Engineering 2-19-2016 Basic_Analog_Circuits.ppt © February 19, 2016 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor Page 1 Basic Analog Electronic Circuits OUTLINE Introduction Op Amp Comparator Bistable Multivibrator RC Oscillator RC Integrator Peak Detector Switched Capacitor Amplifier Capacitors Design Examples References Homework Rochester Institute of Technology Microelectronic Engineering © February 19, 2016 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor Page 2 Basic Analog Electronic Circuits INTRODUCTION Analog electronic circuits are different from digital circuits in that the signals are expected to have any value rather than two discrete values. Primitive analog components include the diode, mosfet, BJT, resistor, capacitor, etc,. Analog circuit building blocks include single stage amplifiers, differential amplifiers, constant current sources, voltage references, etc. Basic analog electronic ciruits include the operational amplifier, inverting amplifier, non-inverting amplifier, integrator, bistable multivibrator, peak detector, comparator, RC oscillator, etc. Mixed-mode analog integrated circuits include D-to-A, A-to-D, etc. This document will introduce some Basic analog electronic circuits. Rochester Institute of Technology Microelectronic Engineering © February 19, 2016 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor Page 3 Basic Analog Electronic Circuits BASIC TWO STAGE OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER Rochester Institute of Technology Microelectronic Engineering © February 19, 2016 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor Page 4 Basic Analog Electronic Circuits BASIC TWO STAGE OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER Gain = 1.5K V/V Rochester Institute of Technology Microelectronic Engineering © February 19, 2016 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor Page 5 Basic Analog Electronic Circuits BASIC TWO STAGE OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER Rochester Institute of Technology Microelectronic Engineering © February 19, 2016 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor Page 6 Basic Analog Electronic Circuits BASIC TWO STAGE OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER Small Signal gain ~ 60 dB Frequency Response Rochester Institute of Technology Microelectronic Engineering © February 19, 2016 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor Page 7 Basic Analog Electronic Circuits OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER LAYOUT 100um Rochester Institute of Technology Microelectronic Engineering © February 19, 2016 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor Page 8 Basic Analog Electronic Circuits RIT OP AMP WITH OUTPUT STAGE 99 M6 M8 M5 W/L 100/2 W/L 100/2 W/L 100/2 M11 W/L 282/2 Vin+ +V 40/2 M1 5 6 W/L 686/2 9 2 12 +V M2 M16 Vin- 7 40/2 W/L 100/2 W/L 336/2 10 4 20/40 M7 90/2 M4 90/2 M10 M14 11 M18 14 13 M17 W/L 645/2 90/2 90/2 98 W/L Rochester Institute of Technology Microelectronic Engineering © February 19, 2016 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor RL M20 30/2 30/2 8 W/L 3800/2 W/L 100/2 M13 M9 M3 M19 M12 3 1 M15 Page 9 W/L 2600/2 Basic Analog Electronic Circuits RIT OP AMP WITH OUTPUT STAGE Rochester Institute of Technology Microelectronic Engineering © February 19, 2016 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor Page 10 Basic Analog Electronic Circuits RIT OP AMP WITH OUTPUT STAGE Rochester Institute of Technology Microelectronic Engineering © February 19, 2016 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor Page 11 Basic Analog Electronic Circuits OPERATIONAL AMPLIFERS The 741 Op Amp is a general purpose bipolar integrated circuit that has input bias current of 80nA, and input voltage of +/- 15 volts @ supply maximum of +/- 18 volts. The output voltage can not go all the way to the + and - supply voltage. At a minimum supply of +/- 5 volts the output voltage can go ~6 volts p-p. The newer Op Amps have rail-rail output swing and supply voltages as low as +/- 1.5 volts. The MOSFET input bias currents are ~ 1pA. The NJU7031 is an example of this type of Op Amp. Rochester Institute of Technology Microelectronic Engineering © February 19, 2016 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor Page 12 Basic Analog Electronic Circuits LOW VOLTAGE, RAIL-TO-RAIL OP AMP Rochester Institute of Technology Microelectronic Engineering © February 19, 2016 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor Page 13 Basic Analog Electronic Circuits SOME BASIC ANALOG ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS These circuits should be familiar: R1 R1 - Vin R2 Vo Vin + R2 Vo + Vo= Vin (1 + R2/R1) Vo= - Vin R2/R1 Non-Inverting Amplifier Inverting Amplifier C - Vin R Vo Vin + Vo= Vin Unity Gain Buffer Rochester Institute of Technology Microelectronic Engineering © February 19, 2016 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor - Vo + Vo= -1/RC Vin dt Integrator Page 14 Basic Analog Electronic Circuits SOME BASIC ANALOG ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS R1 V1 - V2 R1 R3 Vo + Vo= ( -R3/R1) (V1 + V2) Rf Rin Inverting Summer V2 Vo + V1 Vo= Rf/Rin (V1-V2) Rin Rf Difference Amplifier Rochester Institute of Technology Microelectronic Engineering © February 19, 2016 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor Page 15 Basic Analog Electronic Circuits COMPARATOR +V + Vin Vref Vo Theoretical +V Vo -V Vref -V +V -V Rochester Institute of Technology Microelectronic Engineering Measured © February 19, 2016 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor Page 16 Vin Basic Analog Electronic Circuits BISTABLE CIRCUIT WITH HYSTERESIS R1 R2 Vo +V +V + - Vin Theoretical Vo VTH Vin -V VTL -V Measured Rochester Institute of Technology Microelectronic Engineering Sedra and Smith pg 1187 © February 19, 2016 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor Page 17 Basic Analog Electronic Circuits RC INTEGRATOR Vin Vin +Va Vout R C t1 Vout +Va Smaller RC t -Va t -Va Vout = (-Va) + [2Va(1-e-t/RC)] for 0<t<t1 If R=1MEG and C=10pF find RC=10us so t1 might be ~20us Rochester Institute of Technology Microelectronic Engineering © February 19, 2016 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor Page 18 Basic Analog Electronic Circuits OSCILLATOR (MULTIVIBRATOR) R1 R2 VT Vo +V +V + - Vo -V C t1 t -V 1+Vt/V Period = T = 2RC ln 1-Vt/V R Bistable Circuit with Hysteresis and RC Integrator Rochester Institute of Technology Microelectronic Engineering © February 19, 2016 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor Page 19 Basic Analog Electronic Circuits PEAK DETECTOR - Variable Vin + Vo C Diode reverse leakage current ~100nA Rochester Institute of Technology Microelectronic Engineering © February 19, 2016 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor Page 20 Basic Analog Electronic Circuits CAPACITORS Capacitor - a two terminal device whose current is proportional to the time rate of change of the applied voltage; I I = C dV/dt + V - C a capacitor C is constructed of any two conductors separated by an insulator. The capacitance of such a structure is: C = eo er Area/d d where eo is the permitivitty of free space er is the relative permitivitty Area Area is the overlap area of the two conductor separated by distance d eo = 8.85E-14 F/cm er air = 1 Rochester Institute of Technology Microelectronic Engineering er SiO2 = 3.9 © February 19, 2016 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor Page 21 Basic Analog Electronic Circuits DIELECTRIC CONSTANT OF SELECTED MATERIALS Vacuum 1 Air 1.00059 Methanol 30 Photoresist 3 Acetone 20 Plexiglass 3.4 Barium strontium titanate 500 Polyimide 2.8 Benzene Conjugated Polymers 2.284 6 to 100,000 Rubber 3 Silicon 11.7 Silicon dioxide 3.9 Ethanol 24.3 Silicon Nitride 7.5 Glycerin 42.5 Teflon 2.1 Glass 5-10 Water 80-88 Rochester Institute of Technology Microelectronic Engineering http://www.asiinstruments.com/technical/Dielectric%20Constants.htm © February 19, 2016 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor Page 22 Basic Analog Electronic Circuits CALCULATIONS Rochester Institute of Technology Microelectronic Engineering © February 19, 2016 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor Page 23 Basic Analog Electronic Circuits DESIGN EXAMPLE Square Wave Generator RC Integrator & Capacitor Sensor Peak Detector Comparator Rochester Institute of Technology Microelectronic Engineering © February 19, 2016 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor Page 24 Basic Analog Electronic Circuits DESIGN EXAMPLE – CAPACITOR SENSOR R1 R2 +V + -V + R C C Vref C Vo + -V R Square Wave Generator RC Integrator & Capacitor Sensor Buffer Peak Detector Comparator Display Rochester Institute of Technology Microelectronic Engineering © February 19, 2016 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor Page 25 Basic Analog Electronic Circuits EXAMPLE LABORATORY RESULTS Smaller Capacitance Larger Capacitance Display Square Wave Generator Output Rochester Institute of Technology Microelectronic Engineering Buffer Output © February 19, 2016 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor Page 26 Basic Analog Electronic Circuits CAPACITOR MICROPHONE PLUS AMPLIFIER i R 3.3V i V C + NJU703 Vo -3.3 Vo = - i R i = d (CV)/dt , V is constant C = Co + Cm sin (2pft) i = V Cm 2 p f cos (2pft) Rochester Institute of Technology Microelectronic Engineering © February 19, 2016 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor Page 27 Basic Analog Electronic Circuits PHOTODIODE I TO V LINEAR AMPLIFIER R2 20K R1 10K 3.3V I 3.3V p n IR LED Gnd + R4 100K R3 10K 3.3V NJU703 NJU703 -3.3 + -3.3 Gnd Rochester Institute of Technology Microelectronic Engineering © February 19, 2016 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor Page 28 Vout 0 to 1V Basic Analog Electronic Circuits PHOTO DIODE I TO V LOG AMPLIFIER 1N4448 R1 20K 3.3V I n 3.3V IR LED Linear amplifier uses 100K ohm in place of the 1N4448 p Vout 0 to 1V NJU703 + -3.3 Vout vs. Diode Current 3.5 Gnd 3.0 Output Voltage (V) Gnd Linear Amplifier Log Amplifier 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 Photodiode Rochester Institute of Technology Microelectronic Engineering 0.0 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 Diode Current (uA) © February 19, 2016 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor Page 29 1000 10000 Basic Analog Electronic Circuits PHOTO DIODE I TO V INTEGRATING AMPLIFIER Reset Internal 100 pF C + Ri Rf + Analog Vout Integrator and amplifier allow for measurement at low light levels Rochester Institute of Technology Microelectronic Engineering © February 19, 2016 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor Page 30 Basic Analog Electronic Circuits DIODE AS A TEMPERATURE SENSOR P+ N+ Poly Heater, Buried pn Diode, N+ Poly to Aluminum Thermocouple Compare with theoretical -2.2mV/°C Rochester Institute of Technology Microelectronic Engineering © February 19, 2016 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor Page 31 Basic Analog Electronic Circuits SIGNAL CONDITIONING FOR TEMPERATURE SENSOR R1 20K p 3.3V I n + 0.2 < Vout < 0.7V Gnd Rochester Institute of Technology Microelectronic Engineering © February 19, 2016 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor Page 32 Basic Analog Electronic Circuits OP AMP CONSTANT CURRENT SOURCE Grounded Load Floating Load + Vo Rx/R1=R3/R2 Rx R1 Vs I = Vs/R Load R Vo + R3 R2 Load Vs I = Vs/R2 Rochester Institute of Technology Microelectronic Engineering © February 19, 2016 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor Page 33 Basic Analog Electronic Circuits RESISTIVE PRESSURE SENSOR +5 Volts R1 Vo2 5 Volts R3 R3=427 R1=427 R4 R2 Vo1=2.5v Vo2=2.5v R2=427 Vo1 R4=427 Gnd Resistors on a Diaphragm Gnd No Pressure Vo2-Vo1 = 0 Rochester Institute of Technology Microelectronic Engineering © February 19, 2016 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor Page 34 Basic Analog Electronic Circuits INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER 5 Volts V1 Vo1 + - R4 R2 R1=427.6 Vo1=2.4965v R2=426.4 R3=426.4 Gnd With Pressure Rochester= Institute of Technology Vo2-Vo1 0.007v Microelectronic Engineering =7 mV + R1 R3 Vo2=2.5035v R4=427.6 R3 R2 V2 + - R4 Vo2 Gnd R4 R2 1+ Vo = (V2-V1) 2 R3 R1 © February 19, 2016 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor Page 35 Vo Basic Analog Electronic Circuits POWER OUTPUT STAGE +V +V - Vin Vo + Rload -V -V Rochester Institute of Technology Microelectronic Engineering © February 19, 2016 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor Page 36 Basic Analog Electronic Circuits REFERENCES 1. Switched Capacitor Circuits, Phillip E. Allen and Edgar Sanchez-Sinencio, Van Nostrand Reinhold Publishers, 1984. 2. “Active Filter Design Using Operational Transconductance Amplifiers: A Tutorial,” Randall L. Geiger and Edgar Sanchez-Sinencio, IEEE Circuits and Devices Magazine, March 1985, pg. 20-32. 3. Microelectronic Circuits, 5th Edition, Sedra and Smith Rochester Institute of Technology Microelectronic Engineering © February 19, 2016 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor Page 37 Basic Analog Electronic Circuits HOMEWORK – BASIC ANALOG CIRCUITS 1. Create one good homework problem and the solution related to the material covered in this document. (for next years students) 2. Design a bistable multivibrator with Vth of +/- 7.5 volts and frequency of 5 Khz. 3. Design a temperature sensor circuit that will shut down a heater if the temperature exceeds 90°C 4. Design a peak detector that will respond to changes in input in less than one second. 5. Derive the equation for the oscillator on page 15 (multivibrator). 6. Derive the voltage gain equation for the difference amplifier. Rochester Institute of Technology Microelectronic Engineering © February 19, 2016 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor Page 38 Basic Analog Electronic Circuits DERIVE GAIN EQUATION FOR DIFFERENCE AMP Rf Rin I I = (V2-Vx)/Rin Vx = V1 I V2 Vx + V1 Vo Vo = -I Rf + Vx Vo= Rf/Rin (V1-V2) Rin Rf Difference Amplifier Rochester Institute of Technology Microelectronic Engineering © February 19, 2016 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor Page 39 Rf Rf + Rin
