DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY PHY102 Electromagnetism, thermal and quantum physics Spring 20 Credits Staff contact Prof Dan Tovey ­ Quantum Physics ­ d.r.tovey@shef.ac.uk Prof J Cockburn­ Properties of Matter ­ j.cockburn@shef.ac.uk Prof M Fox ­ Magnetism ­ mark.fox@shef.ac.uk Dr C Booth ­ Electrostatics ­ c.booth@shef.ac.uk Outline Description This module covers the basic physics in year 1 regarding electromagnetism, heat and quanta. Key topics include thermal expansion of matter, heat transfer mechanisms, kinetic theory of gases, heat engines, zero­th and first law of thermodynamics, the photoelectric effect, blackbody radiation, the Bohr model, wave­particle duality and de Broglie waves, particle in a box, the wave function, the uncertainty principle, electrostatics, Gauss’ and Coulomb’s laws, electrostatic potential, capacitance, resistance, Kirchhoff’s laws, time­dependent RC circuits, magnetic fields, Lorentz force, magnetic forces on currents, the Hall effect, the Biot­Savart law, Ampere’s law, magnetic materials. Core for Programmes PHYU01, PHYU02, PHYU04, PHYU05, PHYU06, PHYU10, PHYU11, PHYU12, PHYU14, PHYU16, PHYU18, PHYU19, PHYU22, PHYU23, PHYU24, PHYU25, PHYU30, CHMU08 Restrictions None Prerequisites A­level Mathematics or equivalent. A­level Physics or equivalent. Co requisites None Approx Time allocation (hours) Lectures ­ 44, Online problem classes ­10, Tutorials ­ 10, Examination ­ 4 Independent ­ 132 Electricity and electrostatics ­ 12 lectures Properties of Matter and Thermal Physics ­ 12 lectures Quantum Physics ­ 10 lectures Magnetism ­ 10 lectures Assessment (%) Written examination ­ 80%, Tutorial homework­ 10%, Problems solving work ­ 10% Aims Thermal Physics 1. ​
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Temperature and the zeroth law of thermodynamic, Temperature scales 2. ​
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Thermal properties. Thermal expansion of solids and liquids. Specific heat and latent heat. Heat transfer mechanisms – convection, conduction and radiation 3. ​
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Stress and strain 4. Kinetic theory of an ideal gas. Gas laws. Boltzmann distribution of molecular speeds 5. ​
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The first law of thermodynamics. Internal energy, work and heat 6. ​
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Heat engines, Efficiency of heat engines, refrigerators and heat pumps Electricity and electrostatics 1. Electrostatics: Electric charge. Conductors, insulators and induction. Coulomb's Law. The principle of superposition 2. Electric Fields: Field lines, Electric fields and conductors, Electric dipoles in an electric field 3. Gauss's Law: Electric flux. Gauss's Law, the relationship between flux and enclosed charge. Electric fields and conductors revisited PHY102 2015­2016 1 DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY 4.
Electrostatic Potential: Potential energy of a charge and electrostatic potential. Potential of point and spherical distributions. Deriving electric fields from potentials. The potential energy of systems of charges and charge distributions 5. Capacitors and Dielectrics: Capacitors and capacitance. Combinations of capacitors in series and parallel. The energy stored in a capacitor. Dielectric materials 6. Resistance and Resistivity: Current and resistance. Current in a wire. Resistivity. Ohm's Law. The Drude Model of conduction 7. Electric Circuits: Electromotive force. Kirchhoffs rules. Combinations of resistors. Time dependence in RC circuits Quantum Physics 1. ​
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The nature of light: evidence for quantisation: detailed treatment of the Photoelectric Effect and Compton Scattering. 2. ​
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EM radiation from atoms: failure of classical physics to explain blackbody spectrum, introduction to the concept of density of states, detailed classical model of blackbody spectrum, modified by quantisation of oscillator energy to give observed Planck distribution. 3. ​
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Introduction to line spectra, leading to Rutherford­Bohr model of hydrogen atom. Description of Rutherford Scattering experiment. Agreement with Rydberg­Ritz formula, shortcomings of Bohr Model. 4. ​
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Quantum nature of matter: de Broglie relation, wave particle duality, concept of electron standing waves in infinite square wells and electronic orbitals: consistency of the latter with quantization of orbital angular momentum in the Bohr model. 5. ​
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Introduction the Quantum Theory: more detailed treatment of “particle in a box” , interpretation of the wave function as a probability density, normalisation. 6. ​
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Introduction to the Time Independent Schrodinger Equation, and its solution in simple cases. Idea of wave function penetration into classically forbidden regions. 7. ​
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Introduction to Uncertainty Principle. Validity of momentum/time uncertainty principle demonstrated in Youngs slits and Heisenberg microscope thought experiments. Consistency with the idea of particles represented as a travelling wave group, including introduction to the concept of group velocity. Introduction to energy/time uncertainty, spectral broadening as an example. Magnetism 1. ​
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Introduction: Fields, Magnetic Field, Electromagnetic Field. 2. ​
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Magnetic forces on moving charges. 3. ​
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Magnetic flux. Gauss’s law. 4. ​
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Motion of charged particles in a magnetic field. 5. ​
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Magnetic forces on conductors and conducting loops. 6. ​
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Magnetic moment. Magnetic Torque. Application in loops and coils. 7. ​
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Magnetic dipole in non­uniform magnetic field. 8. ​
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The Hall effect. 9. ​
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Magnetic field of a moving charge. Biort­Savart law. Applications. Magnetic field of two wires. Force between two parallel conductors. 10. ​
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Magnetic field of a circular current loop. 11. ​
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Ampere’s Law. Examples: field inside a long cylindrical conductor and toroidal solenoid. Materials: Short introduction to spin. Magnetization. Paramagnetic materials. Diamagnetic materials. Ferromagnets. Hysteresis. Outcomes By the end of the unit, a candidate will be able to demonstrate the ability to solve problems in physics that is covered by the module aims. Teaching Methods 44 Lectures are supported by weekly 1­hour tutorial sessions and independent study on assessed homework exercises and assessed online exercises. Recommended Books Properties of Matter and Thermal Physics “University Physics with Modern Physics” 11th edition, by Young and Freedman (ISBN 0­8053­8684­X) PHY102 2015­2016 2 DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY published by Pearson Addison­Wesley. Quantum Physics Departmental Physics text book. Magnetism Young and Freedman 12th Edition, Chapters 27 and 28 Syllabus Electromagnetism I 1. Electrostatics: Electric charge. Conductors, insulators and induction. Coulomb's Law. The principle of superposition. 2. Electric Fields: Field lines. Electric fields and conductors. Electric dipoles in an electric field. 3. Gauss's Law: Electric flux. Gauss's Law, the relationship between flux and enclosed charge. Electric fields and conductors revisited. 4. Electrostatic Potential: Potential energy of a charge and electrostatic potential. Potential of point and spherical distributions. Deriving electric fields from potentials. The potential energy of systems of charges and charge distributions. 5. Capacitors and Dielectrics: Capacitors and capacitance. Combinations of capacitors in series and parallel. The energy stored in a capacitor. Dielectric materials. 6. Resistance and Resistivity: Current and resistance. Current in a wire. Resistivity. Ohm's Law. The Drude Model of conduction. 7. Electric Circuits: Electromotive force. Kirchhoff’s rules. Combinations of resistors. Time dependence in RC circuits. Properties of Matter and Thermal Physics Temperature, heat, work & internal energy, laws of thermodynamics, kinetic theory, heat engines, entropy, stress and strain. 1. Temperature and the zeroth law of thermodynamic. Temperature scales. 2. Thermal expansion of solids and liquids. Specific heat and latent heat, Heat transfer mechanisms – convection, conduction and radiation, Stress and strain. 3. Kinetic theory of an ideal gas. Gas laws. Boltzmann distribution of molecular speeds. 4. The first law of thermodynamics. Internal energy, work and heat. 5. Heat engines. Efficiency of heat engines, refrigerators and heat pumps. 6. Carnot engines. Entropy, The second law of thermodynamics. Quantum Physics 1. The nature of light: evidence for quantisation: detailed treatment of the Photolectric Effect and Compton Scattering. 2. EM radiation from atoms: failure of classical physics to explain blackbody spectrum, introduction to the concept of density of states, detailed classical model of blackbody spectrum, modified by quantisation of oscillator energy to give observed Planck distribution. 3. Introduction to line spectra, leading to Rutherford­Bohr model of hydrogen atom. Description of Rutherford Scattering experiment. Agreement with Rydberg­Ritz formula, shortcomings of Bohr Model. 4. Quantum nature of matter: de Broglie relation, wave particle duality, concept of electron PHY102 2015­2016 3 DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY 5.
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standing waves in infinite square wells and electronic orbitals: consistency of the latter with quantization of orbital angular momentum in the Bohr model. Introduction the Quantum Theory: more detailed treatment of “particle in a box” , interpretation of the wave function as a probability density, normalisation of wave function. Introduction to the Time Independent Schrodinger Equation, and its solution in simple cases. Idea of wave function penetration into classically forbidden regions. Introduction to Uncertainty Principle. Validity of momentum/time uncertainty principle demonstrated in Young’s slits and Heisenberg microscope thought experiments. Consistency with the idea of particles represented as a travelling wave group, including introduction to the concept of group velocity. Introduction to energy/time uncertainty, spectral broadening as an example. Magnetism Magnetic Field. Magnetic Forces. Source of Magnetic Field. 1. Introduction: Fields, Magnetic Field, Electromagnetic Field. 2. Magnetic forces on moving charges. 3. Magnetic flux. Gauss’s law. 4. Motion of charged particles in a magnetic field. 5. Magnetic forces on conductors and conducting loops. 6. Magnetic moment. Magnetic Torque. Application in loops and coils. 7. Magnetic dipole in non­uniform magnetic field. 8. The Hall effect. 9. Magnetic field of a moving charge. Biot­Savart law. Applications. Magnetic field of two wires. Force between two parallel conductors. 10. Magnetic field of a circular current loop. 11. Ampere’s Law. Examples: field inside a long cylindrical conductor and toroidal solenoid. Materials: Short introduction to spin. Magnetization. Paramagnetic materials. Diamagnetic materials. Ferromagnets. Hysteresis. Academic Notes PHY102 2015­2016 4