Appendix
Glossary
A-2
Safety Standards
A-5
Selected conversions
A-8
Ingress protection ratings
A-9
Safety distance
A-10
General terms
A-12
Product index
A-13
Websites and catalogs
A-14
A-1
A-1
Glossary of Common Safety Terms
A
Authorized Output: an output from a safety
controller’s positive-guided relays (used to
“authorize” or “enable” a machine’s start circuit
when safety system conditions exist). Also
known as “safety output.”
Automatic Reset: a safety controller reset
circuit that automatically resets the safety controller when safe system conditions (no system
faults) exist. A manual reset button is optional.
Auxiliary Output: a non-safety related contact
closure or semiconductor output primarily used
for signaling component or system status to a
PLC, audible alarm or visual indicator (such as
a stack light). Also called a “signaling contact”
or “auxiliary monitoring contact”.
ANSI (American National Standards Institute): an association of industry representatives who, working together, develop safety and
other technical standards.
Auxiliary monitoring contact: See “auxiliary
output”.
B
BG (Berufgenossenschaft): an independent
German insurance agency whose legislative
arm recommends industry safety practices.
One of many “notified bodies” authorized to
certify that safety products comply with all
relevant standards.
C
CE (Conformité Europeéne) mark: a symbol
(CE) applied to finished products and machinery indicating it meets all applicable European
Directives. For electrical and electronic “finished products”, such as a safety relay module,
these include the Low Voltage Directive and,
where relevant, the Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Directive.
Coded Magnet Sensor: a two-piece position
sensor consisting of an array of reed switches
and a multiple magnet array-actuating element.
Such devices will only deliver an output
signal when the reed switch element is in the
presence of a matched, multiple-magnetic field
array. Coded-magnet sensors cannot be actuated using a simple magnet. Hence they are
far more difficult to defeat/bypass than a simple
magnetic switch or proximity sensor.
Control Reliability: A term applied to safety
devices or systems which are designed
constructed and installed such that the failure
of a single component within the device or system does not prevent normal machine stopping
action from taking place… but does prevent a
successive machine cycle from being initiated.
CSA (Canadian Standards Association): an
independent Canadian testing and standards-
A-2
making organization similar to Underwriters
Laboratories (UL) in the U.S. “CSA-certified”
products meet relevant CSA electrical and
safety standards.
D
Declaration of Conformity: a manufacturer’s
self-certified document, signed by a highlypositioned technical manager, which lists all the
Standards and Directives to which a product
conforms. A Declaration of Conformity is
mandatory for all CE-marked products, and for
machine components which, if they fail, could
lead to a dangerous or hazardous situation on
a machine.
Defined Area: a predetermined area scanned
by a light beam within which the presence of an
opaque object of specified minimum size will
result in the generation of a control signal.
Direct Action Contacts: See “positive break”
contacts.
Diverse Redundancy: the use of different
components and/or different microprocessor instruction sets written by different programmers
in the design and construction of redundant
components/circuits. Its purpose is to increase
system reliability by minimizing the possibility
of common-mode failure (the failure of like
components used in redundant circuits).
Dual Channel Safety System: a safety control
system characterized by two inputs; each
connected to one of two independent safety
circuits. Dual-channel systems are typically capable of detecting interconnection wiring faults
such as open circuits, short-circuits and ground
faults. As such they provide a higher level of
safety than single-channel systems.
E
Electronic Safety Sensor: A safety switch
that uses non-contact communication between
the safety sensor and the actuator. Provides
a large switching distance, a high degree of
fail-safety, and tamper resistance. Contains
a microprocessor to provide continual internal
function tests and monitor safety outputs, and
allows intelligent diagnostic as well as fast
failure detection.
Emergency Stop (E-Stop): A manual device
allowing an operator to safely stop a machine in
an emergency situation.
European Machinery Directive (EMD)
2006/42/EC: a set of machine safety design
requirements which must be satisfied to meet
the Essential Health and Safety standards established by the European Economic Community.
This Directive, and other relevant European
Directives (such as the Low Voltage Directive,
EMC Directive, et al) must be satisfied for the
machine to bear the CE mark.
F
Fail-to-Danger: a component or system failure
which allows a machine to continue operating,
exposing personnel to a hazardous or unsafe
condition.
Fail-to-Safe: a component failure causes the
device/system to attain rest in a safe condition.
Fault Detection: the monitoring of selected
safety system components whose failure would
compromise the functioning of the safety system. The detection of such failures is known as
“fault detection.” Examples are:
• a short-circuit in the safety circuit’s interconnection wiring
• an open-circuit in the safety circuit’s interconnection wiring
• a welded contact in the safety controller’s
positive- guided relays
• an open machine guard
Fault Exclusion: the ability to minimize known
possible component failures (“faults”) in a safety system by design criteria and/or component
selection. Simple examples of “excluded faults”
are:
• The use of an overrated contactor to preclude
the possibility of contact welding.
• Design of a machine guard such that the safety interlock switch actuator cannot be damaged.
• Selection of a suitable safety interlock switch.
• Use of positive-break safety interlock switches
together with a self-monitoring safety relay
module, such that the possibility of a contact
weld resulting in the loss of the safety function
is eliminated.
Feedback Loop: an auxiliary input on a safety
controller designed to monitor and detect a
contact weld in the primary machine-controlled
device (e.g. motor contactor, relay, et al) having
positive-guided contacts.
Force Guided Contacts: See “Positive Guided
Contacts”.
Fixed Barrier Guard: See “Hard Guarding”.
G
Guard: a barrier that prevents entry of an
individual’s hands or other body parts into a
hazardous area.
H
Hard Guarding: the use of screens, fences,
or other mechanical barriers to prevent access
of personnel to hazardous areas of a machine.
“Hard guards” generally allow the operator to
view the point-of-operation.
Hazardous Area: an area of a machine or
process which presents a potential hazard to
personnel.
I
Interlock: an arrangement in which the operation of one device automatically brings about or
prevents the operation of another device.
Interlocked Barrier Guard: a fixed or movable
guard which, when opened, stops machine
operation.
L
Limit Switch: switch operated by the motion of
a machine part or presence of an object. They
are used for control of a machine, as safety
interlocks, or to count objects passing a point.
M
Machine Primary Control Element (MPCE):
an electrically powered component which directly controls a machine’s operation. MPCE’s
are the last control component to operate when
a machine’s motion is initiated or stopped.
Machine Secondary Control Element
(MSCE): a machine control element (other than
an MPCE) capable of removing power from the
hazardous area(s) of a machine.
Manual Start-Up Test: a term applied to safety
controllers designed such that at least one of
the system’s interlocked machine guards must
be manually opened and closed (after applying
power) before machine operation is authorized.
Manually Monitored Reset: a safety controller
reset circuit requiring the presence of a discrete
“trailing-edge” signal (24V to 0V) to activate the
controller’s authorized outputs. A reset button
is mandatory.
Muting: the ability to program a monitoring
and/or control device to ignore selected system
conditions.
N
Negative Mode Mounting: the mounting of a
single piece safety interlock switch (e.g. a limit
switch) such that the force applied to open the
normally closed (NC) safety contact is provided
by an internal spring. In this mounting mode
the NC contacts may not open when the safety
guard is “open”. Here welded/stuck contacts,
or failure of a contact-opening spring, may
result in exposing the machine operator to a
hazardous/unsafe area. When mounted in the
“negative-mode”, single-piece safety interlock
switches can be easily circumvented/ defeated
by the operator…simply by taping down the
switch actuator when the safety guard is open.
Non-Separating Guard: sensing devices such
as light curtains, scanners, or pressure mats
that detect the presence of operators, but do
not provide a physical barrier between the
operator and hazard.
O
OSHA (Occupational Safety Health Administration): a U.S. Department of Labor Federal
agency responsible for monitoring and regu-
lating workplace safety. OSHA enforcement
may reference their own regulations, as well
as those of other industry standards-making
groups (e.g. ANSI, NFPA, UL, et al).
P
PELV Circuits: Protected Extra Low Voltage.
A method to avoid shock hazards. Circuits
should be designed to guarantee a low risk of
accidental contact with a higher voltage, and
may be grounded.
Performance Level: outlined in EN ISO
13849-1, a required level of safety for SRPCS.
Designated PLa through PLe.
PLC or Programmable Logic Controller:
a digital computer used for automation of electromechanical processes, such as control of
machinery on factory assembly lines, amusement rides, or light fixtures.
Point of Operation: the area(s) of a machine
where material or the work piece is positioned
and a process is performed.
Point of Operation Guarding: a device or
guard installed at the interface between the
operator and the point of operation which is
intended to protect personnel from hazardous
areas.
Position Switch: see “Limit Switch”
Positive Break Contacts: normally-closed
(NC) contacts which, upon actuation, are forced
to open by a non-resilient mechanical drive
mechanism. Also called “positive-opening” or
“direct-action” contacts.
Positive Guided Contacts: Normally-open
(NO) and normally-closed (NC) contacts which
operate interdependently such that the NO and
NC contacts can never be closed at the same
time. They are designed such that if one of the
contacts welds/sticks closed, the other contacts
cannot change state. The interdependent operation between NO and NC contacts permits
self-checking/monitoring of the functioning of
relays and contactors featuring positive-guided
contacts. Hence they are desirable in machine
safety circuits where “fail-to-safe” or “control
reliability” is desired. Also called “force-guided
contacts”.
Positive Linkage: a term applied to roller
lever, rocking lever and other switch actuating
members designed such that the integrity of the
linkage between the actuator and the shaft is
heightened (beyond a set screw on a smooth
shaft) by its mechanical design. Examples
of positive-linkages are pinned, square and
serrated shafts.
Positive Mode Mounting: the mounting of a
single piece safety interlock switch (e.g. a limit
switch) such that the non-resilient mechanical
mechanism which forces the normally-closed
(NC) contacts to open is directly driven by the
interlocked machine safety guard. In this mode
(as opposed to “negative-mode mounting”) the
safety guard physically forces the NC contacts
to open when the guard is opened.
Positive Opening Contacts: See “PositiveBreak Contacts”.
Pulse Echo: A non-contact technology patented by Schmersal for electronic safety sensors.
It uses electromagnetic pulses to communicate
between the sensor and actuator target. When
approaching the sensor, the actuator oscillates
at a predetermined resonant frequency which
is detected by the sensor. While doing this, the
sensor evaluates the coding of the actuator as
well as its distance to determine a closed guard
and enable safety outputs.
Push/Pull Operation: a term applied to emergency rope-pull switches designed to actuate
when the rope/trip-wire is pulled and when it is
pushed (goes slack). Such rope-pull switches
provide a higher level of safety than units which
only actuate when the trip- wire/rope is pulled.
R
Redundancy: the duplication of control circuits
and/or components such that if one component/
circuit should fail the other (redundant) component/circuit will ensure safe operation.
Risk Assessment: a systematic means of
quantifying the relative level of danger different
types of machine hazards present to the machine operator and/or maintenance personnel.
This assessment is usually done in the early
stages of the machine’s design to permit such
hazards to be designed-out or alternatively determine the scope of the safety system needed
to protect personnel from possible injury.
RFID (Radio Frequency Identification):
A non-contact technology for electronic safety
sensors that uses radio waves to communicate
between the sensor and actuator target. When
approaching the sensor, the actuator broadcasts its identification number over the frequency detected by the sensor. The proximity of the
actuator determines that the guard is closed
and safety outputs are enabled.
S
Safeguarding: protecting personnel from
hazards using guards, barriers, safety devices
and/or safe working procedures.
Safety Controller: an electronic and/or
electromechanical device designed expressly
for monitoring the integrity of a machine’s
safety system. Such controllers are designed
using positive-guided (force-guided) relays.
Depending upon the model, safety controllers
are capable of detecting the following types of
potential safety system faults:
• Machine guard(s) open
• Guard monitoring switch/sensor failure
• Interconnection wiring “open circuit”
• Interconnection wiring “short circuit”
• Interconnection wiring “short-to-ground”
A-3
• Welded contact in controlled output device
• Failure of one of the safety controller’s positive- guided relays
• Fault in the safety controller’s monitoring
circuit
• Insufficient safety controller operating
voltage Upon detection of a system fault, the
safety controller will initiate a “machine stop”
command and/or prevent the restarting of the
machine until the fault has been corrected.
The “stop” command may be immediate or
time-delayed depending upon the model safety
controller selected.
Safety Distance: for the proper placement of
non-separating guards, a calculation of factors
such as approach speed and system reaction
time, to insure that the machine stops before
the hazard is reached.
Safety Enable: see “Authorized Output.”
Safety Interlock Switch: a switch designed
expressly to safely monitor the position of a
machine barrier guard. Such switches typically
feature positive-break contacts and are designed to be more tamper-resistant than conventional position/presence-sensing switches.
Safety Output: see “Authorized Output.”
Safety Relay: an electromechanical relay designed with positive-guided contacts.
Self Checking: the performing of periodic
self diagnostics on the safety control circuit to
ensure that critical individual components are
functioning properly.
Self Monitoring: see “Self-Checking”.
Separating guard: a panel, fence, window,
or door that physically separates the operator
form the hazard.
Serial Diagnostics: A system for series-wired
electronic safety sensors that transmits the
operational status of each participant in the
chain to a central processor that is connected
to conventional and commercially available
PLC systems. It provides fast and accurate
error messages with detailed information about
the failure.
Single Channel Safety System: a safety
control system characterized by one safety
interlock switch whose normally closed contact
is the sole input to a safety controller or a motor
contactor. Such systems are unable to detect a
short circuit failure in the interconnection wiring
and are only recommended for addressing
Safety Categories B, 1 and 2 (see “Risk Assessment”).
Solenoid Latching Safety Interlock Switch:
a two-piece safety interlock (actuating key and
switch mechanism) whose design prevents the
removal of the actuating key until released by
an integral latching solenoid. Solenoid latching
is typically controlled by a time-delay, motion
A-4
detector, position sensor or other control
components.
Stop Category “0”: immediate removal of
power from the controlled devices.
Stop Category “1”: removal of power after a
time delay, up to 30 seconds. This is commonly used with drive systems where immediate
removal of power may result in a longer stop
time.
SRPCS (Safety Related Parts of Control
Systems): systems or subsystems which
perform a safety function.
T
Tamper Resistant: a term applied to safety
interlock switches referring to their relative
ability to be defeated or bypassed using simple,
readily available means such as a screwdriver,
paper clip, piece of tape or wire, etc. Switches
and sensors designed expressly for use as
machine guard safety interlocks are designed
to be more “tamper-resistant” than conventional
switches/ sensors (e.g. proximity switches, reed
switches, conventional limit switches).
Time Delayed Authorized Outputs: a safety
controller’s authorized outputs whose activation
is delayed (up to 30 seconds) to satisfy Stop
Category 1 requirements.
Trailing Edge Reset: (See “Manually Monitored Reset.”)
Two Hand Control: a machine control system
which requires “simultaneous” use of both of
the operator’s hands to initiate a machine cycle.
U
UL (Underwriters Laboratories): an independent testing and standards-making
organization. UL tests products for compliance
to relevant electrical and safety standards/
requirements.
Machinery Safety Standards
EUROPEAN STANDARDS
Selected European Standards
EN692 Mechanical Presses
The European safety requirements for man
and machine are established in the European
Machinery Directive (EMD). According to the
EMD, machinery must be designed and built to
meet the Directive’s requirements as defined
by existing and emerging European standards.
These “European Norms”, prepared by representatives of the European Economic Community (EEC) member states and produced by
the European standards committees CEN and
CENELEC, provide a harmonized baseline for
the design and construction of safe machinery.
Type “A” Standards:
EN693 Hydraulic Presses
EN ISO 12100,
Safety Machinery – Basic Concepts, General
Principles of Design, Parts 1 & 2.
EN746 Thermoprocessing Machines
Type “B1” Standards:
EN ISO 13849-1
Safety of Machinery – Safety-Related Parts of
Control Systems – Part 1: General Principles
for Design
EN1114-1 Rubber & Plastics Machines
As of January 1, 1997, machinery sold into or
within the EEC must comply with the requirements of the European Machinery Directive.
Equipment which complies may be affixed with
the CE mark (for “Conformité Europeene”). The
CE mark on a machine signifies that it conforms
to the essential health and safety requirements
defined by the relevant European Norms.
These “Norms” form a hierarchical structure
which include:
Type A Standards: Fundamental Safety Standards which contain basic concepts, principles
of design, and general aspects applicable to all
machinery.
Type B Standards: Group Safety Standards,
each of which focuses on a specific subject
applicable to a range of machinery types. “B1
Standards” cover a specific safety aspect defined in the Fundamental Standards. “B2 Standards” cover the requirements of specific safety
related devices such as two-hand controls,
interlocking devices, movable guards, etc.
Type C Standards: Specific Machine Safety
Standards, each of which define protective
measures required for hazardous areas of a
specific machine or group of machines.
Type A and Type B Standards are intended to
assist in the machinery design process, and
eliminate the need to repeat these general
requirements in the machine- specific (Type C)
Standards.
Many product standards are still in the planning
stage and the number of Type C Standards is
continuously increasing. Some are still in draft
form (designated as “prEN” standards). Others
exist as finished (“EN”) standards.
Where no machine-specific standard exists,
the requirements of the Machinery Directive
can be satisfied by observing existing European Standards and relevant national standards/
specifications. Draft standards (prEN) published by the European Union are also accepted
and used as a basis for evaluating products
for compliance to the Directives. It is important
to note that such draft standards may change
before being finalized and adopted as EN
standards.
EN ISO 13857
Safety of Machinery – Safety Distances to
Prevent Danger Zones from Being Reached by
Upper and Lower Limbs.
EN349
Safety of Machinery – Minimum Gaps to Avoid
Crushing of Parts of the Human Body.
EN ISO 13855
Safety of Machinery – The Positioning of
Protective Equipment in Respect of Approach
Speeds of the Human Body.
EN931 Footwear Manufacturing Machines
EN1672 Food Processing Machines
SOURCE FOR STANDARDS
EN & IEC Standards are available from:
Global Engineering Documents
15 Inverness Way East
Englewood, CO 80112
Telephone: (800) 854-7179
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
11 West 42nd Street
New York, NY 10036
Telephone: (212) 642-4900
EN ISO 12100
Safety of Machinery – Principles of Risk Assessment.
Type “B2” Standards:
EN ISO 13850
Safety of Machinery – Emergency Stop
Devices, Functional Aspects – Principles for
Design.
EN 574
Safety of Machinery – Two-Hand Control
Devices, Functional Aspects – Principles for
Design.
EN1088
Safety of Machinery – Interlocking Devices
Associated with Guards – Principles for Design
& Selection.
EN 953
Safety of Machinery – General Requirements
for the Design and Construction of Guards.
EN1760-1
Safety of Machinery – Pressure Sensitive Safety Devices – Mats & Floors.
EN1760-2
Safety of Machinery – Pressure Sensitive Safety Devices – Edges & Bars.
prEN61496
Safety of Machinery – Electrosensitive Protective Equipment.
Type “C” Standards:
EN415 Packaging Machines
A-5
US STANDARDS
Selected US Standards and Guidelines
In the United States, the protection of workers
is the primary concern of OSHA, the Occupational Health and Safety Administration, a
division of the Department of Labor. OSHA’s
role is to assure safe and healthful working
conditions for working men and women; by
authorizing enforcement of the standards developed under the Occupational Safety & Health
Act; by assisting and encouraging the States
in their efforts to assure safe and healthful
working conditions; by providing for research,
information, education, and training in the field
of occupational safety and health. OSHA is
the primary regulatory agency for safety and
health, setting national standards and providing
for the enforcement thereof. OSHA also relies
on consensus standards. These are guidelines
and standards created by standards-making
organizations, trade associations, and third party testing facilities. In the machinery industry,
these include: American National Standards
Institute (ANSI), Robotics Industry of America
(RIA), Instrument Society of America (ISA),
National Fire Prevention Association (NFPA),
Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. (UL),
OSHA 29 CFR 1910.212
General Requirements for (Guarding of) All
Machines
State OSH Standards
Section 18 of the Occupational Safety and
Health Act of 1970 (the OSH Act) encourages
states to develop and operate their own safety
and health programs in the workplace. OSHA
approves and monitors State Plans.
The following states have adopted safety and
health standards:
Alaska
Arizona
California
Hawaii
Indiana
Iowa
Kentucky
Maryland
Michigan
Minnesota
Nevada
New Mexico
North Carolina
Oregon
South Carolina
Tennessee
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
Wyoming
OSHA 29 CFR 1910.217
(Guarding of) Mechanical Power Presses
ISA S84.01
Safety Instrumented Systems
ANSI B11.1
Machine Tools – Mechanical Power Presses
– Safety Requirements for Construction, Care,
and Use of
ANSI B11.2
Hydraulic Power Presses – Safety Requirements for Construction, Care, and Use of
ANSI B11.3
Power Press Brakes – Safety Requirements for
Construction, Care, and Use of
ANSI B11.4
Shears – Safety Requirements for Construction, Care, and Use of
ANSI B11.5
Machine Tools – Iron Workers – Safety Requirements for Construction, Care, and Use of
ANSI B11.6
Lathes – Safety Requirements for Construction,
Care, and Use of
ANSI B11.7
Cold Headers & Cold Formers – Safety Requirements for Construction, Care, and Use of
ANSI B11.8
Drilling, Milling , and Boring Machines – Safety
Requirements for Construction, Care, and Use
of
ANSI B11.9
Grinding Machines – Safety Requirements for
Construction, Care, and Use of
ANSI B11.10
Metal Sawing Machines – Safety Requirements
for Construction, Care, and Use of
ANSI B11.11
Gear Cutting Machines – Safety Requirements
for Construction, Care, and Use of
ANSI B11.13
Machine Tools – Single- and Multiple-Spindle
Automatic Bar and Chucking Machines – Safety Requirements for Construction, Care, and
Use of
ANSI B11.14
Coil Slitting Machines/Systems – Safety Requirements for Construction, Care, and Use of
ANSI B11.15
Pipe, Tube, and Shape Bending Machines –
Safety Requirements for Construction, Care,
and Use of
A-6
ANSI B11.16
Metal Powder Compacting Presses – Safety
Requirements for Construction, Care, and Use
of
ANSI B11.17
Horizontal Extrusion Presses – Safety Requirements for Construction, Care, and Use of
ANSI B11.18
Machinery and Machine Systems for the
Processing of Coiled Strip, Sheet, and Plate –
Safety Requirements for
ANSI B11.19
Performance Criteria for the Design, Construction, Care, and Operation of Safeguarding
when Referenced by Other B11 Machine Tool
Safety Standards
ANSI B11.20
Machine Tools – Manufacturing Systems/Cells
– Safety Requirements for Construction, Care,
and Use of
ANSI B183
Roll Forming and Roll Bending Machines –
Safety Requirements for Construction, Care,
and Use of
ANSI/RIA 15.06
Safety Requirements for Industrial Robots and
Robot Systems
NFPA 79
Electrical Standard for Industrial Machinery
1994 Edition
SOURCE FOR STANDARDS
ANSI & NFPA Standards are available from:
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
11 West 42nd Street
New York, NY 10036
Telephone: (212) 642-4900
OSHA Regulations are available from:
Superintendent of Documents
Government Printing Office
Washington, DC 20402-9371
Telephone: (202) 783-3238
CANADIAN STANDARDS:
In Canada, each province has its own regulatory body for occupational health and safety,
such as the Ministry of Labour in Ontario. There
are fourteen jurisdictions – one federal, ten
provincial, and three territorial – each governing
the way industrial safety is implemented and
enforced in their specific province or territory.
Federal legislation covers employees of the
federal government and Crown agencies and
corporations across Canada. In each province
or territory, there is an act (typically called the
Occupational Health and Safety Act, or something similar) which applies to most workplaces
in that region.
Duties of Employers and Other Persons
The various Occupation Health and Safety Acts
impose duties on those who have any degree
of control over the workplace, the materials and
equipment in the workplace, and the direction
of the work force. There is a general duty on
employers to take all reasonable precautions
to protect the health and safety of workers. In
addition, the Act and regulations set out many
specific responsibilities of the employer. For example, there are duties that specifically relate to
toxic substances, hazardous machinery, worker
education, and personal protective equipment.
There is a duty on all officers and directors of
corporations to ensure that their corporations
comply with the Act and regulations. The duties
of workers are generally to work safely, in
accordance with the Act and regulations.
Canadian Regulatory Agencies
Please find the regulatory agency in each
province and territory as below:
Alberta
Workplace Health and Safety, Alberta Employment and Immigration
British Columbia
WorkSafeBC
Manitoba
SAFE Manitoba
Relevant Canadian Standards
CAN/CSA-Z142-10
Code for Power Press Operation: Health, Safety, and Guarding Requirements
CAN/CSA-Z432-04
Safeguarding of Machinery
CAN/CSA-Z434-03
Industrial Robots and Robot Systems – General Safety Requirements
New Brunswick
WorkSafeNB
CAN/CSA-Z460-05
Control of Hazardous Energy – Lockout and
Other Methods
Newfoundland and Labrador
Occupational Health and Safety Branch, Department of Government Services
CAN/CSA-Z615-87 (R2006)
Code for Hot Forging Producers, Health and
Safety Requirements
Northwest Territories and Nunavut
Workers’ Compensation Board of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut
CAN/CSA-Z462
Workplace Electrical Safety
Nova Scotia
Occupational Health & Safety Division, Nova
Scotia Labour and Workforce Development
Ontario
Occupational Health and Safety Branch, Ministry of Labour
Prince Edward Island
Occupational Health and Safety Division, Workers’ Compensation Board
Quebec
Commission de la santé et de la sécurité du
travail du Québec (Occupational Health and
Safety Commission of Quebec)
Saskatchewan
Occupational Health and Safety Division,
Saskatchewan Ministry of Advanced Education,
Employment and Labour
Yukon
Yukon Workers’ Compensation Health and
Safety Board
Resources:
CAN/CSA-Z1002
Injury Risk Assessment and Management
CAN/CSA-Z1006
Work in Confined Spaces
CAN/CSA-Z1004
General Workplace Ergonomics
CAN/CSA Z1000-06
Occupational Health and Safety Management
CAN/CSA-Z1600
Emergency Management and Business Continuity Programs
CSA Standards are available from:
CSA Head Office – Mississauga
5060 Spectrum Way, Suite 100
Mississauga, Ontario L4W 5N6 CANADA
SOURCE FOR STANDARDS
CSA Head Office - Mississauga5060 Spectrum
Way, Suite 100Mississauga, OntarioL4W 5N6
CANADA
There is also a national Canadian Standards
Association that sets safety standards which
are voluntary and represent best practices.
CSA standards may be enforced by law when
referenced in provincial, territorial or federal
legislation or regulations. These standards are
designed to be complem-entary to the actions
of government in tackling the issue of worker
safety and can provide tools to help organizations comply with regulations and demonstrate
due diligence.
A-7
Selected Conversion Factors
TO CONVERT
Parameter
To
Multiply by
Parameter
From
To
Multiply by
Temperature °C
°F
(°C 9/5) + 32
Force
centigrams
grams
0.01
°F
°C
(°F–32) 5/9
dynes
grams
0.00102
°C
°K
°C + 273.18
dynes
newtons
1.0 10-5
dynes
kg
1.02 10-6
Distance
Energy
A-8
From
TO CONVERT
cm
inches
0.3937
dynes
pounds
2.248 10-6
mm
inches
0.03937
grams
kilograms
1.0 10-3
cm
feet
0.03281
grams
milligrams
1.0 103
inches
mm
25.4
grams
oz (avdp)
3.527 10-2
feet
cm
30.48
grams
oz (troy)
3.215 10-2
meters
feet
3.281
grams
pounds
2.205 10-3
meters
inches
39.37
kilograms
dynes
9.80665 105
btu
gram calories 2.52 10
btu
hp-hours
btu
kilograms
grams
1.0 103
2
kilograms
newtons
9.807
3.927 10
-4
kilograms
pounds
2.2046
joules
1.055 10
3
kilograms
oz (avdp)
3.5274 101
btu
kW-hours
2.928 10-4
newtons
dynes
4.448 105
btu
ergs
1.055 1010
newtons
pounds
0.2248
ergs
btu
9.486 10-11
pounds
dynes
1.0 105
ergs
joules
1.0 10-7
ergs
watt-hours
foot pounds
btu
pounds
grams
4.5359 102
2.773 10
-11
pounds
newtons
4.448
1.286 10
-3
pounds
kilograms
4.536 10-1
foot pounds
gm-calories 3.241 10
-1
pounds
oz (avdp)
1.6 101
foot pounds
hp-hours
pounds
oz (troy)
1.458 101
5.05 10
-7
NEMA, UL, CSA & IEC INGRESS PROTECTION RATINGS
As shown in Table 1, the NEMA, UL and CSA ratings
most commonly used in North America are based on
similar application descriptions and expected performance. However, while UL and CSA require testing in the
laboratories (and periodic manufacturer site inspections
to ensure continued adherence to prescribed standards),
NEMA leaves compliance and certification up to the
manufacturer.
While the European IEC (IP) ratings summarized in
Table 2 are based on similar test methods, their
performance has some slight and subtle differences in
interpretation. For example, selected IP ratings permit
limited ingress of water, while UL/CSA ratings do not.
For your reference and convenience we have
attempted to provide an approximate cross-reference
between North American enclosure ratings (NEMA, UL
and CSA) and selected IEC (IP) enclosure ratings (Table
3). Please recognize that these are nearest-equivalents
only and should not be considered as direct comparisons.
NEMA, UL, CSA and IEC have each established
ratings systems intended to identify an enclosure’s
ability to repel elements from the outside environment.
These rating systems address the enclosure’s ability to
protect against a variety of environmental conditions.
These include:
• Incidental contact
• Rain, sleet and snow
• Windblown dust
• Hosedown and splashing liquids
• Falling dirt
• Oil or coolant spraying/splashing
• Corrosive agents
• Occasional temporary submersion
• Occasional prolonged submersion
While these ratings are intended to help you make a
more informed product selection, there are some
differences between each organization’s system.
TABLE 1:
IEC (IP) Enclosure Ratings
TABLE 2:
NEMA, UL & CSA vs. IEC (IP) Ingress Protection Ratings*
IP
Tests
IP
Tests
0
No protection
0
No protection
1
Protected against solid
objects up to 50mm,
e.g. accidental touch by
hands
1
Protected against vertically
falling drops of water, e.g.
condensation
2
Protected against solid
objects up to 12mm,
e.g. fingers
2
Protected against direct
sprays of water up to 15°
from vertical
2
3
Protected against solid
objects over 2.5mm, e.g.
tools and wires
3
Protected against sprays to
60° from vertical
3
4
Protected against solid
objects over 1mm
4
Protected against water
sprayed from all directions
(limited ingress permitted)
3R
5
Protected against dust
(limited ingress, no
harmful deposit)
5
Protected against low
pressure jets of water from
all directions (limited ingress
permitted)
Totally protected against
dust
6
Protected against strong jets
of water
4X
7
Protected against the effects
of immersion between 1 cm
and 1 m
6
8
Protected against the effects
of immersion beyond 1 m
6
NEMA,
UL,
CSA
Rating IP23
1
3S
IP
2
13
3
Characteristic letters
1st characteristic numeral
(Protection against solid objects)
2nd characteristic numeral
(Protection against liquids)
IP32
IP64
IP65
IP66
IP67
IP68
IP69K**
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
6P
12
Example:
IP30
4
9K** Protection against high
pressure high temperature
washdown applications
IEC Rating
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
* These are nearest equivalents only, and should not be used to
make direct conversions from IEC to NEMA classifications.
** Designed to meet DIN 40050, Part 9 (1983) Protection Type Test.
An enclosure with this designation is protected against the penetration
of solid objects greater than 12mm and against spraying water.
A-9
Safety distance for light curtains
Safety distances for light curtains
Between the interruption of a light beam and
the standstill of the machine, a certain time expires. The safety light grid or light curtain must
be sized and installed such that a stop would
be signalled and the hazard ceased prior to a
person or a body part accessing the hazard.
The standard EN 999 provides the user with
detailed information about the calculation of
the minimum safety distances. These include
the following important influencing factors:
For the calculation of the minimum safety
distance S to the hazardous area, EN 999
presents the following general formula:
S=KxT+C
Normal approach
for light curtains:
(Resolution: max. 40 mm)
The minimum safety distance S is calculated
in the following way:
Where:
S the safety distance to the dangerous area
(mm)
S = 2000 T + 8 (D-14)
(D = Resolution)
K the approach speed of the body or the body
part (mm/s)
• run-out time of the entire
system, taking the different reaction times of
the individual systems into account (e.g. machine, safety monitoring module, AOPD etc.)
T the entire reaction time of the system(s)
(including the machine’s run-out time, the
reaction time of the safety guard and the
safety monitoring module etc.)
• capacity of the AOPD to detect body parts
(fingers, hand and entire human body)
C additional distance (mm) in front of the
safety guard
This formula applies to safety distances up to
500 mm.
The minimum safety distance Smin may not
be less than 100 mm.
If the calculation produces a distance larger
than 500 mm for S, the calculation can be
repeated with a lower approach speed:
S = 1600 T + 8 (D-14)
• set-up of the safety guard in normal condition
(vertical fitting), parallel condition (horizontal
fitting) or at an arbitrary angle in front of the
safety guard and
In this case, Smin may not be less than 500
mm.
If the dangerous area of the machine is accessible from the top because of its particular
construction, the height H of the topmost beam
of the light barrier must be at least 1800 mm
above the base G of the machine.
• the speed at which the protection field is
approached.
Light curtain
S
Approach
direction
H
Reference floor
A-10
Point of
operation
Normal approach
for light curtains:
(Resolution: from 40 mm
up to max. 70 mm)
The minimum safety distance S is calculated
in the following way:
Normal approach
for light grids:
(Resolution: > 70 mm)
Horizontal approach
for light curtains/grids
(Resolution: > 50 mm)
The minimum safety distance S is calculated
using the following formula:
The minimum safety distance S is calculated
using the following formula:
S = 1600 T + 850
S = 1600 T + 1200 – 0.4 H
S = 1600 T + 850
The height of the topmost light beam must be
at least 900 mm, the height of the lowermost
light beam maximum 300 mm above the
bottom (for the protection of children younger
than 14: 200 mm)
For safety guards with multiple beams, height
H (mm) above the reference floor of the individual beams must be applied in the following
way:
Here, Smin is 850 mm.
The lowest authorised height H depends on
the resolution D of the light curtain:
H = 15 (D-50)
Number
Height above the
of beams
reference floor
2
400, 900
3
300, 700, 1100
4
300, 600, 900,1200
For this type of safety guard, the maximum
height H is 1000 mm.
In the risk analysis, special attention must be
paid to the prevention of unintentional undetected access from underneath the protection
field.
When using light curtains or light grids, particular attention must be paid to the tampering
possibilities of the safety guard and to the
mechanical risks (e.g. crushing, shearing,
cutting, ejection).
Further calculation examples can be found in
DIN EN 999 as well as in the mounting instructions of the SLC/SLG safety light curtains and
grids.
Point of
operation
S
Point of
operation
S
Light
curtain/grid
Direction of
approach
300
Light
curtain/grid
H
700
1100
Direction of
approach
Reference floor
Reference floor
A-11
General Terms and Conditions of Sale
ORDERS & BLANKET ORDERS
All orders must include proper description, pricing, quantity and shipping requirements. Buyer must contact the Seller’s head-quarters for terms and
conditions associated with blanket orders.
PRICES
Unless otherwise stated, prices are firm for thirty days. Seller reserves the right to revise price if there is a change in quantity, size, finish, or method
and time shipment differing from those indicated herein. Prices and terms on this quotation and/or acknowl-edgement of order are not subject to
verbal changes or other agreements unless approved in writing by the Seller’s headquarters’ staff. Unless otherwise negotiated, prices for orders for
future delivery will be invoiced at the prevailing price at the time of shipment.
DELIVERY
All material is sold and priced F.O.B. Tarrytown, NY, USA. Unless otherwise specified by the Buyer, all shipments will be made via UPS Ground.
MINIMUM ORDER & PACKAGING CHARGES
Unless otherwise agreed upon, the minimum order billing is $100 per shipment exclusive of shipping, insurance or other misc-ellaneous charges.
PAYMENT TERMS
Payment terms are net 30 days. Seller reserves the right to hold shipments to firms with unpaid past due balances. Seller also reserves the right to
charge interest at the rate of 1.5% interest per month for accounts in arrears more than 30 days. This interest will never be greater than that allowed
by local law.
TITLE
Title to material, priced at Seller’s shipping point, shall pass to Buyer upon shipment. Any charges by carrier for switching, demurrage or other services shall be paid by the Buyer.
CHANGES & CANCELLATIONS
Should Buyer desire to cancel, revise or suspend this order for reasons beyond the Buyer’s control, Seller shall discuss the matter promptly with the
Buyer and do all possible to make a mutually satisfactory agreement. In cases where the material has been manufactured partially or completely for
Buyer’s requirements, Seller will advise Buyer of charges incurred to Buyer’s account.
CLAIMS FOR DEFECTIVE MATERIALS
All material is warranted to be free from defects in quality and workmanship, and to meet the specifications to which ordered. The Seller’s obligation
under this warranty is limited to repairing or replacing defective material, or crediting the Buyer with the price of the defective material. If Buyer believes the material to be defective, Buyer must notify Seller within 30 days after delivery. Seller has the right to inspect any goods before determination
of a reasonable settlement. Toward this end, Buyer must contact Seller’s headquarters requesting a formal Return Material Authorization (RMA).
Seller will not accept any material returns without reference to the RMA number of the Buyer’s returned goods packing list.
ORDERS FOR NON-STANDARD/SPECIAL ITEMS
Unless otherwise negotiated and confirmed in writing by the Seller, orders for non-standard and special items made to the Buyer’s specifications
are non-cancelable. Seller reserves the right to bill Buyer for materials purchased for the production of such items, and for all goods fully or partially
manufactured at the time of notice of the Buyer’s desire to cancel the order.
SPECIAL TOOLING
Special tooling required and paid for by the Buyer shall become the property of the Buyer. Where such tooling incorporates trade secrets, it shall be
held in perpetuity at the manufacturer’s premises for the exclusive use of the Buyer.
GENERAL
All agreements are contingent upon strikes, accidents, fires, availability of materials and all other causes beyond the Seller’s control. Typographical, accounting and other administrative errors are subject to correction. Buyer assumes the liability for patent and copyright infringement for goods
made to Buyer’s specifications. When Buyer furnishes material for use in production, ample allowance must be made for reasonable spoilage. Such
materials must be of suitable quality to facilitate efficient production. Conditions not specifically stated herein shall be governed by established trade
customs. Terms inconsistent with those stated herein that may appear on the Buyer’s formal order will not be binding on the Seller.
SUSPENSIONS & CANCELLATIONS
Unless otherwise negotiated and agreed to by the Seller, the Buyer must accept final and/or complete delivery on all orders within 90 days from
date of first shipment. Should the Buyer fail to accept the complete order within this or the negotiated period for order, the Seller reserves the right to
cancel the order and re-bill the Buyer at the price schedule covering the total quantity of parts shipped through the date of cancellation.
WARRANTY AND LIMITATIONS OF WARRANTY:
SCHMERSAL INC agrees to replace or repair products which have been found defective due to workmanship or material. This warranty is made
only for a period within one year of the date of the invoice to the Buyer. This warranty applies to products which have been subjected to normal
and proper usage, and to which inspection of the product by SCHMERSAL INC shows it to be thus defective. THE AGREEMENT TO REPAIR OR
REPLACE SUCH PRODUCT IS LIMITED TO F.O.B. SHIPPING POINT AND IS IN NO WAY A LIABILITY FOR DAMAGES, DIRECT OR CONSEQUEN-TIAL, OR FOR DELAYS, INSTALLATION, TRANSPORTATION, ADJUSTMENT OR OTHER EXPENSES ARISING IN CONNECTION WITH
SUCH PRODUCT. SCHMERSAL INC is not responsible in this warranty for product which is repaired or altered. Nor is SCHMERSAL INC responsible in this warranty for products subject to misuse, negligence, or accident. SCHMERSAL INC IS IN NO WAY LIABLE OR RESPONSIBLE FOR
INJURIES OR DAMAGES TO PERSONS OR PROPERTY ARISING FROM OR OUT OF USE OF THE PRODUCT WITHIN DESCRIBED SPECIFICATIONS. Except for the warranty herein before stated, THERE ARE NO EXPRESS WARRANTIES AND NO IMPLIED WARR-ANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTIC-ULAR PURPOSE, OTHER THAN THOSE EXPRESSLY SET FORTH ABOVE. THIS LIMITED
WARRANTY IS IN LIEU OF AND EXCLUDES ALL OTHER REPRE-SENTATIONS MADE, BOTH EXPRESS AND IMPLIED, UNLESS SET FORTH
IN WRITING AND SIGNED BY AN AUTHOR-IZED EXECUTIVE OF SCHMERSAL INC.
A-12
Product index - alphabetical
Part number
Chapter-Page
A
ADRR 40 RT
AZ 15
AZ 16
AZ 16-...I
AZ 16-STS30
AZ 17
AZ 200
AZ 3350
AZ 3350-STS30
AZ 415
AZ 415-STS30
AZM 161
AZM 161-STS30
AZM 170
AZM 190
AZM 300
AZM 200
AZM 415
AZM 415-STS30
4-11
2-12
2-16
4-11
1-102
1-96
1-107
1-106
1-105
1-104
1-100
1-98
1-109
C
CSP 34
CSS 16
CSS 180
CSS 30
CSS 30S
CSS 300
CSS 34
CSS-T
CSS-T-A
CSS-Y-8P
CSS-Y-A-8P
1-84
1-72
1-86
1-74
1-76
1-78
1-80
1-92
1-92
1-93
1-93
E
EDRRS 40 RT
EDRRZ 40 RT
Chapter-Page
L
2-11
1-7
1-8
1-12
1-11
1-2
1-20
1-16
1-18
1-21
1-25
1-36
1-41
1-28
1-44
1-64
1-54
1-46
1-51
B
BDB 01
BDF 100
BDF 200
BDT 01
BNS 16
BNS 260
BNS 30
BNS 300
BNS 303
BNS 333
BNS 36
BNS 40S
BNS-B20
Part number
2-9
2-9
LF 50
1-60
P
PROFIBUS-GATEWAY
1-90
R
RSS 36
1-70
S
SD-Gateway
SD-I-DP-V0-2
SD-I-U-...
SD-Junction boxes
SE 40
SE 70
SE-100C
SE-304C
SE-400C
SEPG
SEPK
SLB 200
SLB 200-C
SLB 400
SLB 400-C
SLC 220 IP69K
SLC 220 MASTER/SLAVE
SLC 220 STANDARD
SLC 420 IP69K
SLC 420 MASTER/SLAVE
SLC 420 STANDARD
SLC 421
SLC 425I
SLC 440
SLG 220 IP69K
SLG 220 STANDARD
SLG 220-P
SLG 420 IP69K
SLG 420 STANDARD
SLG 422-P
SLG 425I
SLG 425-IP
SLG 440
SMS 4
SMS 5
SRB 201ZH
SRB 301HC/R
SRB 301HC/T
Chapter-Page
T
4-23
M
MZM 100
Part number
1-90
1-90
1-91
1-94
3-2
3-2
3-6
3-8
3-10
2-27
2-26
4-18
4-22
4-19
4-24
4-15
4-14
4-12
4-8
4-7
4-6
4-10
4-3
4-2
4-15
4-12
4-13
4-8
4-6
4-9
4-3
4-4
4-2
3-12
3-12
2-28
3-14
3-14
T. 235
T. 236
T. 335
T. 336
T.C 235
T.C 236
T3Z 068
TFA
TFH 232-...UEDR
TFI
TV.S 335
TESZ
TESF
TZF
TZG
TZM
1-112
1-112
1-114
1-114
1-116
1-116
2-6
1-52
2-24
1-52
1-118
1-119
1-120
1-42
1-14
1-42
U
Universal-Gateway
1-90
Z
Z. 235
Z. 236
Z. 335
Z. 336
ZQ 700
ZQ 900
ZSD 5
ZSD 6
1-112
1-112
1-114
1-114
2-4
2-2
2-22
2-22
K
KDRRKZ 40 RT
2-10
A-13
We are at your disposal - anyplace, anywhere , anytime!
Schmersal USA Website
www.schmersalusa.com
Online Product Catalog
www.usa.schmersal.net
Application Finder
www.applicationfinder.net/us/home/
The Schmersal homepage contains up-to-date
information on general subjects, technical
articles on machine safety as well as news
regarding events and trainings.
The online catalog is continually updated.
The technical data of our entire product range
are always up-to-date. Declarations of conformity, test certificates, and mounting & wiring
instructions can be viewed or downloaded as
well.
The Application Finder displays an interactive
animated packaging plant floor. Users can
click on one of the work areas which will open
a window with a selection of Schmersal safety
switching devices that are optimal for the
particular application.
The online catalog can be consulted in several
languages: German, English, Spanish,
French, Italian, Russian, Chinese, Japanese,
and more.
Each selection ultimately links to the Schmersal online product catalog website, where
users can see technical data on the selected
components.
The online catalog also includes dimensional
drawings and links to CAD images of our
products - a special service to designers. In
this way, they can be downloaded and directly
fed in CAD systems.
There are many product-specific animations
available throughout, explaining the operation
of the switch or providing recommendations
for the integration of safety technology into the
processes of the machine.
Need a distributor? State by state listings of
our 100+ distributors can be found in our contact section.
This and all our printed catalogs are available
for download as PDFs. There is a video section with product demonstrations, webinar
recordings, safety tutorials, and product animations.
Sign up for our newsletter, the Gatekeeper, or
check our schedule of upcoming events.
Also available as an app for the iPad.
Download from iTunes: search Schmersal
Other catalogs and publications from Schmersal
Other catalogs and publications from Schmersal
GK-C Overview
GK-C Overview
Safety Controller
Safety
Guide Controller
(GK-2)
Guide (GK-2)
IP69K Controls
IP69K
Controls
and Joysticks
and Joysticks
Best of MRL News
Gatekeeper
Gatekeeper
newsletter
newsletter
Tech Briefs
Tech Briefs
Optoelectronic
Optoelectronic
EX Explosion
EX
Explosion
Proof
Proof
The direct approach
If you need further information or you want personal advice, please contact us:
USA:
914-347-4775
salesusa@schmersal.com
Canada: 905-495-7540
salescanada@schmersal.com
The addresses of our representatives and distributors can be found on our website:
USA:
http://www.schmersalusa.com/cms17/opencms/html/en/contact/usa/index.html
Canada: http://www.schmersalusa.com/cms17/opencms/html/en/contact/canada/index.html
AZM300 Brochure
AZM300 Brochure
SLC440 Brochure
SLC440 Brochure
AS-I Components
AS-I Components
Order catalogs from our website here:
A-14
Pulse Echo/RFID
Pulse Echo/RFID